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Grébert T, Garczarek L, Daubin V, Humily F, Marie D, Ratin M, Devailly A, Farrant GK, Mary I, Mella-Flores D, Tanguy G, Labadie K, Wincker P, Kehoe DM, Partensky F. Diversity and evolution of pigment types in marine Synechococcus cyanobacteria. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:6547267. [PMID: 35276007 PMCID: PMC8995045 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synechococcus cyanobacteria are ubiquitous and abundant in the marine environment and contribute to an estimated 16% of the ocean net primary productivity. Their light-harvesting complexes, called phycobilisomes (PBS), are composed of a conserved allophycocyanin core, from which radiates six to eight rods with variable phycobiliprotein and chromophore content. This variability allows Synechococcus cells to optimally exploit the wide variety of spectral niches existing in marine ecosystems. Seven distinct pigment types or subtypes have been identified so far in this taxon based on the phycobiliprotein composition and/or the proportion of the different chromophores in PBS rods. Most genes involved in their biosynthesis and regulation are located in a dedicated genomic region called the PBS rod region. Here, we examine the variability of gene content and organization of this genomic region in a large set of sequenced isolates and natural populations of Synechococcus representative of all known pigment types. All regions start with a tRNA-PheGAA and some possess mobile elements for DNA integration and site-specific recombination, suggesting that their genomic variability relies in part on a “tycheposon”-like mechanism. Comparison of the phylogenies obtained for PBS and core genes revealed that the evolutionary history of PBS rod genes differs from the core genome and is characterized by the co-existence of different alleles and frequent allelic exchange. We propose a scenario for the evolution of the different pigment types and highlight the importance of incomplete lineage sorting in maintaining a wide diversity of pigment types in different Synechococcus lineages despite multiple speciation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théophile Grébert
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144 Adaptation and Diversity in the Marine Environment, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Laurence Garczarek
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144 Adaptation and Diversity in the Marine Environment, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Vincent Daubin
- Université Lyon 1, UMR 5558 Biometry and Evolutionary Biology, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florian Humily
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144 Adaptation and Diversity in the Marine Environment, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Dominique Marie
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144 Adaptation and Diversity in the Marine Environment, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Morgane Ratin
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144 Adaptation and Diversity in the Marine Environment, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Alban Devailly
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144 Adaptation and Diversity in the Marine Environment, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Gregory K Farrant
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144 Adaptation and Diversity in the Marine Environment, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Isabelle Mary
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Daniella Mella-Flores
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144 Adaptation and Diversity in the Marine Environment, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Gwenn Tanguy
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FR 2424, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Karine Labadie
- Genoscope, Institut de biologie François-Jacob, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Patrick Wincker
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - David M Kehoe
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Frédéric Partensky
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144 Adaptation and Diversity in the Marine Environment, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
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Tan HT, Yusoff FM, Khaw YS, Ahmad SA, Shaharuddin NA. Uncovering Research Trends of Phycobiliproteins Using Bibliometric Approach. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112358. [PMID: 34834721 PMCID: PMC8622606 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phycobiliproteins are gaining popularity as long-term, high-value natural products which can be alternatives to synthetic products. This study analyzed research trends of phycobiliproteins from 1909 to 2020 using a bibliometric approach based on the Scopus database. The current findings showed that phycobiliprotein is a burgeoning field in terms of publications outputs with "biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology" as the most related and focused subject. The Journal of Applied Phycology was the most productive journal in publishing articles on phycobiliproteins. Although the United States of America (U.S.A.) contributed the most publications on phycobiliproteins, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (China) is the institution with the largest number of publications. The most productive author on phycobiliproteins was Glazer, Alexander N. (U.S.A.). The U.S.A. and Germany were at the forefront of international collaboration in this field. According to the keyword analysis, the most explored theme was the optimization of microalgae culture parameters and phycobiliproteins extraction methods. The bioactivity properties and extraction of phycobiliproteins were identified as future research priorities. Synechococcus and Arthrospira were the most cited genera. This study serves as an initial step in fortifying the phycobiliproteins market, which is expected to exponentially expand in the future. Moreover, further research and global collaboration are necessary to commercialize phycobiliproteins and increase the consumer acceptability of the pigments and their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Teng Tan
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.T.T.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Fatimah Md. Yusoff
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Port Dickson 71050, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yam Sim Khaw
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.T.T.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Siti Aqlima Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.A.A.); (N.A.S.)
| | - Noor Azmi Shaharuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.A.A.); (N.A.S.)
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Sánchez-Baracaldo P, Bianchini G, Di Cesare A, Callieri C, Chrismas NAM. Insights Into the Evolution of Picocyanobacteria and Phycoerythrin Genes ( mpeBA and cpeBA). Front Microbiol 2019; 10:45. [PMID: 30761097 PMCID: PMC6363710 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine picocyanobacteria, Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, substantially contribute to marine primary production and have been the subject of extensive ecological and genomic studies. Little is known about their close relatives from freshwater and non-marine environments. Phylogenomic analyses (using 136 proteins) provide strong support for the monophyly of a clade of non-marine picocyanobacteria consisting of Cyanobium, Synechococcus and marine Sub-cluster 5.2; this clade itself is sister to marine Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus. The most basal lineage within the Syn/Pro clade, Sub-Cluster 5.3, includes marine and freshwater strains. Relaxed molecular clock (SSU, LSU) analyses show that while ancestors of the Syn/Pro clade date as far back as the end of the Pre-Cambrian, modern crown groups evolved during the Carboniferous and Triassic. Comparative genomic analyses reveal novel gene cluster arrangements involved in phycobilisome (PBS) metabolism in freshwater strains. Whilst PBS genes in marine Synechococcus are mostly found in one type of phycoerythrin (PE) rich gene cluster (Type III), strains from non-marine habitats, so far, appear to be more diverse both in terms of pigment content and gene arrangement, likely reflecting a wider range of habitats. Our phylogenetic analyses show that the PE genes (mpeBA) evolved via a duplication of the cpeBA genes in an ancestor of the marine and non-marine picocyanobacteria and of the symbiotic strains Synechococcus spongiarum. A 'primitive' Type III-like ancestor containing cpeBA and mpeBA had thus evolved prior to the divergence of the Syn/Pro clade and S. spongiarum. During the diversification of Synechococcus lineages, losses of mpeBA genes may explain the emergence of pigment cluster Types I, II, IIB, and III in both marine and non-marine habitats, with few lateral gene transfer events in specific taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgio Bianchini
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Di Cesare
- Institute of Ecosystem Study–Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Verbania, Italy
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cristiana Callieri
- Institute of Ecosystem Study–Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Verbania, Italy
| | - Nathan A. M. Chrismas
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, United Kingdom
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Duanmu D, Rockwell NC, Lagarias JC. Algal light sensing and photoacclimation in aquatic environments. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2558-2570. [PMID: 28245058 PMCID: PMC5705019 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Anoxygenic photosynthetic prokaryotes arose in ancient oceans ~3.5 billion years ago. The evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria followed soon after, enabling eukaryogenesis and the evolution of complex life. The Archaeplastida lineage dates back ~1.5 billion years to the domestication of a cyanobacterium. Eukaryotic algae have subsequently radiated throughout oceanic/freshwater/terrestrial environments, adopting distinctive morphological and developmental strategies for adaptation to diverse light environments. Descendants of the ancestral photosynthetic alga remain challenged by a typical diurnally fluctuating light supply ranging from ~0 to ~2000 μE m-2 s-1 . Such extreme changes in light intensity and variations in light quality have driven the evolution of novel photoreceptors, light-harvesting complexes and photoprotective mechanisms in photosynthetic eukaryotes. This minireview focuses on algal light sensors, highlighting the unexpected roles for linear tetrapyrroles (bilins) in the maintenance of functional chloroplasts in chlorophytes, sister species to streptophyte algae and land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Duanmu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Corresponding authors: Deqiang Duanmu, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. Tel:+86-27-87282101; Fax:+86-27-87282469; ; J. Clark Lagarias, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis CA 95616. Tel: 530-752-1865; Fax: 530-752-3085;
| | - Nathan C. Rockwell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis CA 95616
| | - J. Clark Lagarias
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis CA 95616
- Corresponding authors: Deqiang Duanmu, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. Tel:+86-27-87282101; Fax:+86-27-87282469; ; J. Clark Lagarias, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis CA 95616. Tel: 530-752-1865; Fax: 530-752-3085;
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Pina A, Costa A, Lage-Yusty M, López-Hernández J. An evaluation of edible red seaweed (Chondrus crispus) components and their modification during the cooking process. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Gutu A, Kehoe DM. Emerging perspectives on the mechanisms, regulation, and distribution of light color acclimation in cyanobacteria. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:1-13. [PMID: 21772031 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chromatic acclimation (CA) provides many cyanobacteria with the ability to tailor the properties of their light-harvesting antennae to the spectral distribution of ambient light. CA was originally discovered as a result of its dramatic cellular phenotype in red and green light. However, discoveries over the past decade have revealed that many pairs of light colors, ranging from blue to infrared, can trigger CA responses. The capacity to undergo CA is widespread geographically, occurs in most habitats around the world, and is found within all major cyanobacterial groups. In addition, many other cellular activities have been found to be under CA control, resulting in distinct physiological and morphological states for cells under different light-color conditions. Several types of CA appear to be the result of convergent evolution, where different strategies are used to achieve the final goal of optimizing light-harvesting antenna composition to maximize photon capture. The regulation of CA has been found to occur primarily at the level of RNA abundance. The CA-regulatory pathways uncovered thus far are two-component systems that use phytochrome-class photoreceptors with sensor-kinase domains to control response regulators that function as transcription factors. However, there is also at least one CA-regulatory pathway that operates at the post-transcriptional level. It is becoming increasingly clear that large numbers of cyanobacterial species have the capacity to acclimate to a wide variety of light colors through the use of a range of different CA processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrian Gutu
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Six C, Thomas JC, Garczarek L, Ostrowski M, Dufresne A, Blot N, Scanlan DJ, Partensky F. Diversity and evolution of phycobilisomes in marine Synechococcus spp.: a comparative genomics study. Genome Biol 2008; 8:R259. [PMID: 18062815 PMCID: PMC2246261 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-12-r259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marine Synechococcus owe their specific vivid color (ranging from blue-green to orange) to their large extrinsic antenna complexes called phycobilisomes, comprising a central allophycocyanin core and rods of variable phycobiliprotein composition. Three major pigment types can be defined depending on the major phycobiliprotein found in the rods (phycocyanin, phycoerythrin I or phycoerythrin II). Among strains containing both phycoerythrins I and II, four subtypes can be distinguished based on the ratio of the two chromophores bound to these phycobiliproteins. Genomes of eleven marine Synechococcus strains recently became available with one to four strains per pigment type or subtype, allowing an unprecedented comparative genomics study of genes involved in phycobilisome metabolism. RESULTS By carefully comparing the Synechococcus genomes, we have retrieved candidate genes potentially required for the synthesis of phycobiliproteins in each pigment type. This includes linker polypeptides, phycobilin lyases and a number of novel genes of uncharacterized function. Interestingly, strains belonging to a given pigment type have similar phycobilisome gene complements and organization, independent of the core genome phylogeny (as assessed using concatenated ribosomal proteins). While phylogenetic trees based on concatenated allophycocyanin protein sequences are congruent with the latter, those based on phycocyanin and phycoerythrin notably differ and match the Synechococcus pigment types. CONCLUSION We conclude that the phycobilisome core has likely evolved together with the core genome, while rods must have evolved independently, possibly by lateral transfer of phycobilisome rod genes or gene clusters between Synechococcus strains, either via viruses or by natural transformation, allowing rapid adaptation to a variety of light niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Six
- UMR 7144 Université Paris VI and CNRS, Station Biologique, Groupe Plancton Océanique, F-29682 Roscoff cedex, France.
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8
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Abstract
Biliproteins are a widespread group of brilliantly coloured photoreceptors characterized by linear tetrapyrrolic chromophores, bilins, which are covalently bound to the apoproteins via relatively stable thioether bonds. Covalent binding stabilizes the chromoproteins and is mandatory for phycobilisome assembly; and, it is also important in biliprotein applications such as fluorescence labelling. Covalent binding has, on the other hand, also considerably hindered biliprotein research because autocatalytic chromophore additions are rare, and information on enzymatic addition by lyases was limited to a single example, an EF-type lyase attaching phycocyanobilin to cysteine-alpha84 of C-phycocyanin. The discovery of new activities for the latter lyases, and of new types of lyases, have reinvigorated research activities in the subject. So far, work has mainly concentrated on cyanobacterial phycobiliproteins. Methodological advances in the process, however, as well as the finding of often large numbers of homologues, opens new possibilities for research on the subsequent assembly/disassembly of the phycobilisome in cyanobacteria and red algae, on the assembly and organization of the cryptophyte light-harvesting system, on applications in basic research such as protein folding, and on the use of phycobiliproteins for labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Scheer
- Department Biologie I, Universität München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 München, Germany
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Zhao KH, Su P, Tu JM, Wang X, Liu H, Plöscher M, Eichacker L, Yang B, Zhou M, Scheer H. Phycobilin:cystein-84 biliprotein lyase, a near-universal lyase for cysteine-84-binding sites in cyanobacterial phycobiliproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:14300-5. [PMID: 17726096 PMCID: PMC1955460 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0706209104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycobilisomes, the light-harvesting complexes of cyanobacteria and red algae, contain two to four types of chromophores that are attached covalently to seven or more members of a family of homologous proteins, each carrying one to four binding sites. Chromophore binding to apoproteins is catalyzed by lyases, of which only few have been characterized in detail. The situation is complicated by nonenzymatic background binding to some apoproteins. Using a modular multiplasmidic expression-reconstitution assay in Escherichia coli with low background binding, phycobilin:cystein-84 biliprotein lyase (CpeS1) from Anabaena PCC7120, has been characterized as a nearly universal lyase for the cysteine-84-binding site that is conserved in all biliproteins. It catalyzes covalent attachment of phycocyanobilin to all allophycocyanin subunits and to cysteine-84 in the beta-subunits of C-phycocyanin and phycoerythrocyanin. Together with the known lyases, it can thereby account for chromophore binding to all binding sites of the phycobiliproteins of Anabaena PCC7120. Moreover, it catalyzes the attachment of phycoerythrobilin to cysteine-84 of both subunits of C-phycoerythrin. The only exceptions not served by CpeS1 among the cysteine-84 sites are the alpha-subunits from phycocyanin and phycoerythrocyanin, which, by sequence analyses, have been defined as members of a subclass that is served by the more specialized E/F type lyases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hong Zhao
- Colleges of *Life Science and Technology and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Ping Su
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Jun-Ming Tu
- Colleges of *Life Science and Technology and
- Department Biologie I–Botanik, Universität München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Xing Wang
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Hui Liu
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Matthias Plöscher
- Department Biologie I–Botanik, Universität München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Lutz Eichacker
- Department Biologie I–Botanik, Universität München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Bei Yang
- Colleges of *Life Science and Technology and
| | - Ming Zhou
- Colleges of *Life Science and Technology and
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Hugo Scheer
- Department Biologie I–Botanik, Universität München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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Abstract
Photosynthetic prokaryotes have highly developed abilities to detect and react to environmental signals. Light sensing is one of the most important capabilities of organisms that use light for photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis. This review addresses photoreception in cyanobacteria from the perception of light through the physiological responses observed in response to light-dependent signalling. Recent progress made in our understanding of the structure and function of photosensory receptors and their downstream effector molecules is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beronda L Montgomery
- Department of Energy - Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Adir N, Dines M, Klartag M, McGregor A, Melamed-Frank M. Assembly and Disassembly of Phycobilisomes. MICROBIOLOGY MONOGRAPHS 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/7171_020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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12
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Kehoe DM, Gutu A. Responding to color: the regulation of complementary chromatic adaptation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 57:127-50. [PMID: 16669758 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The acclimation of photosynthetic organisms to changes in light color is ubiquitous and may be best illustrated by the colorful process of complementary chromatic adaptation (CCA). During CCA, cyanobacterial cells change from brick red to bright blue green, depending on their light color environment. The apparent simplicity of this spectacular, photoreversible event belies the complexity of the cellular response to changes in light color. Recent results have shown that the regulation of CCA is also complex and involves at least three pathways. One is controlled by a phytochrome-class photoreceptor that is responsive to green and red light and a complex two-component signal transduction pathway, whereas another is based on sensing redox state. Studies of CCA are uncovering the strategies used by photosynthetic organisms during light acclimation and the means by which they regulate these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Kehoe
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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Steglich C, Frankenberg-Dinkel N, Penno S, Hess WR. A green light-absorbing phycoerythrin is present in the high-light-adapted marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus sp. MED4. Environ Microbiol 2005; 7:1611-8. [PMID: 16156734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the high-light-adapted unicellular marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus sp. MED4 the cpeB gene is the only gene coding for a structural phycobiliprotein. The absence of any other phycoerythrin gene in the fully sequenced genome of this organism, the previous inability to detect a gene product, and the mutation of two out of four cysteine residues, normally involved in binding chromophores, suggested that MED4-cpeB might not code for a functional protein. Here, transcription of MED4-cpeB at a low level was detected and the transcriptional start site was mapped. Enrichment of the protein identified phycoerythrobilin as its sole chromophore in vivo, which was confirmed by chromophorylation assays in vitro using the recombinant protein. Phycourobilin is the major chromophore in low-light-adapted Prochlorococcus ecotypes such as strain SS120. Therefore, spectrally tuned phycoerythrins are a characteristic feature of distinct Prochlorococcus ecotypes. Further in vitro mutagenesis experiments replacing one or both cysteines C61R/C82S by arginine or serine, respectively, revealed that only Cys82 is required for chromophore binding. Thus, an unusual green light-absorbing phycoerythrin evolved in the high-light-adapted ecotypes of Prochlorococcus, which potentially serves as a photoreceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Steglich
- Department of Biology/Genetics, Humboldt University, Chausseestrasse 117, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
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Li L, Kehoe DM. In vivo analysis of the roles of conserved aspartate and histidine residues within a complex response regulator. Mol Microbiol 2005; 55:1538-52. [PMID: 15720559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RcaC is the founding member of a group of large response regulators with complex domain combinations containing at least two receiver domains, an OmpR-class winged helix-turn-helix DNA binding domain, and a histidine phosphotransfer (HPt) domain. Within its two receiver and HPt domains, RcaC contains consensus phosphorylation sites at aspartates 51, 576 and histidine 316. RcaC operates in the pathway regulating transcription of genes encoding components of photosynthetic light harvesting antenna to changes in light colour. We show that phycocyanin gene expression requires RcaC. RcaC contributes to light regulation of phycoerythrin genes, but is not part of the second light regulation pathway controlling these genes. Substitutions at aspartate 51 or histidine 316 severely impaired light responsiveness while substitutions at aspartate 576 had little effect. Complete loss of light regulation, measured by phycocyanin gene expression, only occurred in the triple mutant. We conclude that aspartate 51 primarily controls light colour responsiveness and is regulated by histidine 316, and that these residues are likely phosphorylated in red light and dephosphorylated in green light. The carboxy-terminal receiver domain has a minor role in controlling this response. RcaC abundance is also light regulated and depends on aspartate 51 and histidine 316, but not aspartate 576.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Li
- Department of Biology, 1001 East 3rd Street, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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