1
|
Foxall RL, Means J, Marcinkiewicz AL, Schillaci C, DeRosia-Banick K, Xu F, Hall JA, Jones SH, Cooper VS, Whistler CA. Inoviridae prophage and bacterial host dynamics during diversification, succession, and Atlantic invasion of Pacific-native Vibrio parahaemolyticus. mBio 2024; 15:e0285123. [PMID: 38112441 PMCID: PMC10790759 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02851-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE An understanding of the processes that contribute to the emergence of pathogens from environmental reservoirs is critical as changing climate precipitates pathogen evolution and population expansion. Phylogeographic analysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus hosts combined with the analysis of their Inoviridae phage resolved ambiguities of diversification dynamics which preceded successful Atlantic invasion by the epidemiologically predominant ST36 lineage. It has been established experimentally that filamentous phage can limit host recombination, but here, we show that phage loss is linked to rapid bacterial host diversification during epidemic spread in natural ecosystems alluding to a potential role for ubiquitous inoviruses in the adaptability of pathogens. This work paves the way for functional analyses to define the contribution of inoviruses in the evolutionary dynamics of environmentally transmitted pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randi L. Foxall
- Northeast Center for Vibrio Disease and Ecology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jillian Means
- Northeast Center for Vibrio Disease and Ecology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Ashely L. Marcinkiewicz
- Northeast Center for Vibrio Disease and Ecology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Christopher Schillaci
- Northeast Center for Vibrio Disease and Ecology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Kristin DeRosia-Banick
- Northeast Center for Vibrio Disease and Ecology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- Northeast Center for Vibrio Disease and Ecology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Hall
- Northeast Center for Vibrio Disease and Ecology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
- Hubbard Center for Genome Studies, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Stephen H. Jones
- Northeast Center for Vibrio Disease and Ecology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Vaughn S. Cooper
- Northeast Center for Vibrio Disease and Ecology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cheryl A. Whistler
- Northeast Center for Vibrio Disease and Ecology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mäntynen S, Laanto E, Oksanen HM, Poranen MM, Díaz-Muñoz SL. Black box of phage-bacterium interactions: exploring alternative phage infection strategies. Open Biol 2021; 11:210188. [PMID: 34520699 PMCID: PMC8440029 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical lytic-lysogenic binary has been challenged in recent years, as more evidence has emerged on alternative bacteriophage infection strategies. These infection modes are little studied, and yet they appear to be more abundant and ubiquitous in nature than previously recognized, and can play a significant role in the ecology and evolution of their bacterial hosts. In this review, we discuss the extent, causes and consequences of alternative phage lifestyles, and clarify conceptual and terminological confusion to facilitate research progress. We propose distinct definitions for the terms 'pseudolysogeny' and 'productive or non-productive chronic infection', and distinguish them from the carrier state life cycle, which describes a population-level phenomenon. Our review also finds that phages may change their infection modes in response to environmental conditions or the physiological state of the host cell. We outline known molecular mechanisms underlying the alternative phage-host interactions, including specific genetic pathways and their considerable biotechnological potential. Moreover, we discuss potential implications of the alternative phage lifestyles for microbial biology and ecosystem functioning, as well as applied topics such as phage therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sari Mäntynen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Elina Laanto
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland,Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hanna M. Oksanen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna M. Poranen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuel L. Díaz-Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA,Genome Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Peng SY, Chen LK, Wu WJ, Paramita P, Yang PW, Li YZ, Lai MJ, Chang KC. Isolation and Characterization of a New Phage Infecting Elizabethkingia anophelis and Evaluation of Its Therapeutic Efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:728. [PMID: 32477282 PMCID: PMC7237756 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elizabethkingia spp. are a group of non-fermentative, Gram-negative, catalase-positive, and non-motile bacilli. They can cause meningitis in neonates and immunosuppressed patients, and lead to high mortality. Considering the rising trend of drug resistance among bacteria pathogens, bacteriophage (phage) therapy is a potential alternative to antibiotics for treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. However, so far, no phages specific for Elizabethkingia spp. have been reported. Using a clinically isolated Elizabethkingia anophelis as the host, the phage TCUEAP1 was isolated from wastewater of Hualien Tzu Chi hospital. The phage particle of TCUEAP1 under electron microscopy was revealed to belong to the siphoviridae family, with a head size of 47 nm, and a tail dimension 12 nm in diameter and 172 nm in length. The one-step growth analysis showed that the latent period of TCUEAP1 was about 40 min with a rise period lasting about 20 min, yielding a burst size of approximately 10 PFU/cell. The adsorption rate of TCUEAP1 reached about 70% in 20 min. Using 20 isolates of Elizabethkingia spp. to test the host range of TCUEAP1, it displayed narrow spectrum infecting three strains of E. anophelis, but forming spot lysis on 16 strains. The sequence result showed that the genome of TCUEAP1 is a double-stranded DNA of 49,816 bp, containing 73 predicted open reading frames. Further genomic analysis showed TCUEAP1 to be a new phage with no resemblance to publicly available phage genomes. Finally, in a mouse intraperitoneal infection model, at 6 h after the bacterial injection, TCUEAP1 decreased the bacterial load by fivefold in blood. Also, TCUEAP1 rescued 80% of mice heavily infected with E. anophelis from lethal bacteremia. We hope that the isolation and characterization of TCUEAP1, the first phage infecting Elizabethkingia spp., can promote more studies of the phages targeting this newly emerging bacterial pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yi Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kuang Chen
- Department of Clinic Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jui Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Prajna Paramita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wei Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Zhong Li
- Department of Clinic Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Jiun Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chih Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Obeng N, Pratama AA, Elsas JDV. The Significance of Mutualistic Phages for Bacterial Ecology and Evolution. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:440-449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
5
|
Uhlich GA, Chen CY, Cottrell BJ, Hofmann CS, Yan X, Nguyen L. Stx1prophage excision inEscherichia colistrain PA20 confers strong curli and biofilm formation by restoring nativemlrA. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw123. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
|
6
|
Yuan L, Cui Z, Wang Y, Guo X, Zhao Y. Complete genome sequence of virulent bacteriophage SHOU24, which infects foodborne pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Arch Virol 2014; 159:3089-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
7
|
Abstract
Pseudolysogeny can be defined as the stage of stalled development of a bacteriophage in a host cell without either multiplication of the phage genome (as in lytic development) or its replication synchronized with the cell cycle and stable maintenance in the cell line (as in lysogenization), which proceeds with no viral genome degradation, thus allowing the subsequent restart of virus development. This phenomenon is usually caused by unfavorable growth conditions for the host cell (such as starvation) and is terminated with initiation of either true lysogenization or lytic growth when growth conditions improve. Pseudolysogeny has been known for tens of years; however, its role has often been underestimated. Currently, it is being considered more often as an important aspect of phage-host interactions. The reason for this is mostly an increased interest in phage-host interactions in the natural environment. Pseudolysogeny seems to play an important role in phage survival, as bacteria in a natural environment are starved or their growth is very slow. This phenomenon can be an important aspect of phage-dependent bacterial mortality and may influence the virulence of some bacterial strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Łoś
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee WJ, Billington C, Hudson J, Heinemann J. Isolation and characterization of phages infecting Bacillus cereus. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 52:456-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
9
|
|
10
|
Zhou H, Liao X, Liu L, Wang T, Du G, Chen J. Enhanced l-phenylalanine production by recombinant Escherichia coli BR-42 (pAP-B03) resistant to bacteriophage BP-1 via a two-stage feeding approach. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 38:1219-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0900-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
11
|
Klumpp J, Lavigne R, Loessner MJ, Ackermann HW. The SPO1-related bacteriophages. Arch Virol 2010; 155:1547-61. [PMID: 20714761 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A large and diverse group of bacteriophages has been termed 'SPO1-like viruses'. To date, molecular data and genome sequences are available for Bacillus phage SPO1 and eight related phages infecting members of other bacterial genera. Many additional bacteriophages have been described as SPO1-related, but very few data are available for most of them. We present an overview of putative 'SPO1-like viruses' and shall discuss the available data in view of the recently proposed expansion of this group of bacteriophages to the tentative subfamily Spounavirinae. Characteristics of SPO1-related phages include (a) the host organisms are Firmicutes; (b) members are strictly virulent myoviruses; (c) all phages feature common morphological properties; (d) the phage genome consists of a terminally redundant, non-permuted dsDNA molecule of 127-157 kb in size; and (e) phages share considerable amino acid homology. The number of phages isolated consistent with these parameters is large, suggesting a ubiquitous nature of this group of viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Klumpp
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Baess I. Report on a pseudolysogenic mycobacterium and a review of the literature concerning pseudolysogeny. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION B: MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 79:428-34. [PMID: 5283061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1971.tb00084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
13
|
Williamson KE, Schnitker JB, Radosevich M, Smith DW, Wommack KE. Cultivation-based assessment of lysogeny among soil bacteria. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2008; 56:437-447. [PMID: 18322729 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-008-9362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Lysogeny has long been proposed as an important long-term maintenance strategy for autochthonous soil bacteriophages (phages). Whole genome sequence data indicate that prophage-derived sequences pervade prokaryotic genomes, but the connection between inferred prophage sequence and an active temperate phage is tenuous. Thus, definitive evidence of phage production from lysogenic prokaryotes will be critical in determining the presence and extent of temperate phage diversity existing as prophage within bacterial genomes and within environmental contexts such as soils. This study optimized methods for systematic and definitive determination of lysogeny within a collection of autochthonous soil bacteria. Twenty bacterial isolates from a range of Delaware soil environments (five from each soil) were treated with the inducing agents mitomycin C (MC) or UV light. Six isolates (30%) carried inducible temperate phages as evidenced by an increase in virus direct counts. The magnitude of induction response was highly dependent upon specific induction conditions, and corresponding burst sizes ranged from 1 to 176. Treatment with MC for 30 min yielded the largest induction responses for three of the six lysogens. Morphological analysis revealed that four of the lysogens produced lambda-like Siphoviridae particles, whereas two produced Myoviridae particles. Additionally, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis data indicated that two of the six lysogens were polylysogens, producing more than one distinct type of phage particle. These results suggest that lysogeny is relatively common among soil bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt E Williamson
- Environmental Genomics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
The cycle for a Siphoviridae-like phage (VHS1) of Vibrio harveyi is dependent on the physiological state of the host. Virus Res 2008; 135:332-5. [PMID: 18448184 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In a previous report, we isolated Vibrio harveyi (VH) 1114 together with its bacteriophage, VHS1, from a black tiger shrimp-rearing pond. The VHS1 has its lysogenic relationship to the VH1114 host as either true lysogen (TL) or pseudolysogen (PL). The characters of TL are based on the extrachromosomal existence of the VHS1 phage genome in the VH host which also simultaneously produces the VHS1 phage particles and is resistant to super-infection. The original VH1114 host exhibits a clear plaque after infection with VHS1 phage. The PL, on the other hand, exhibits a turbid plaque and does not possess the phage genome but shows toleration to the phage infection. Maintaining the PL in artificial seawater (ASW) for 1h causes the PL to be sensitive to VHS1 infection and results in clear plaques as in the original clone. A chloramphenical-added-ASW treated pseudolysogen clone (PLC), however, prevented VHS1 infection. It is postulated that the infection of VHS1 phage is regulated with a phage binding receptor which supposed to be inducible.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
The discovery that viruses may be the most abundant organisms in natural waters, surpassing the number of bacteria by an order of magnitude, has inspired a resurgence of interest in viruses in the aquatic environment. Surprisingly little was known of the interaction of viruses and their hosts in nature. In the decade since the reports of extraordinarily large virus populations were published, enumeration of viruses in aquatic environments has demonstrated that the virioplankton are dynamic components of the plankton, changing dramatically in number with geographical location and season. The evidence to date suggests that virioplankton communities are composed principally of bacteriophages and, to a lesser extent, eukaryotic algal viruses. The influence of viral infection and lysis on bacterial and phytoplankton host communities was measurable after new methods were developed and prior knowledge of bacteriophage biology was incorporated into concepts of parasite and host community interactions. The new methods have yielded data showing that viral infection can have a significant impact on bacteria and unicellular algae populations and supporting the hypothesis that viruses play a significant role in microbial food webs. Besides predation limiting bacteria and phytoplankton populations, the specific nature of virus-host interaction raises the intriguing possibility that viral infection influences the structure and diversity of aquatic microbial communities. Novel applications of molecular genetic techniques have provided good evidence that viral infection can significantly influence the composition and diversity of aquatic microbial communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Wommack
- Center of Marine Biotechnology, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
KALLEN RG, SIMON M, MARMUR J. The new occurrence of a new pyrimidine base replacing thymine in a bacteriophage DNA:5-hydroxymethyl uracil. J Mol Biol 1998; 5:248-50. [PMID: 13961966 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(62)80087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
17
|
EISERLING FA, ROMIG WR. Studies of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages. Structural characterization by electron microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 6:540-6. [PMID: 13889701 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(62)80008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
18
|
|
19
|
Jiang SC, Kellogg CA, Paul JH. Characterization of marine temperate phage-host systems isolated from Mamala Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:535-42. [PMID: 9464390 PMCID: PMC106079 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.2.535-542.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the ecological and genetic role of viruses in the marine environment, it is critical to know the infectivity of viruses and the types of interactions that occur between marine viruses and their hosts. We isolated four marine phages from turbid plaques by using four indigenous bacterial hosts obtained from concentrated water samples from Mamala Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Two of the rod-shaped bacterial hosts were identified as Sphingomonas paucimobilis and Flavobacterium sp. All of the phage isolates were tailed phages and contained double-stranded DNA. Two of the phage isolates had morphologies typical of the family Siphoviridae, while the other two belonged to the families Myoviridae and Podoviridae. The head diameters of these viruses ranged from 47 to 70.7 nm, and the tail lengths ranged from 12 to 146 nm. The burst sizes ranged from 7.8 to 240 phage/bacterial cell, and the genome sizes, as determined by restriction digestion, ranged from 36 to 112 kb. The members of the Siphoviridae, T-phi HSIC, and T-phi D0, and the member of the Myoviridae, T-phi D1B, were found to form lysogenic associations with their bacterial hosts, which were isolated from the same water samples. Hybridization of phage T-phi HSIC probe with lysogenic host genomic DNA was observed in dot blot hybridization experiments, indicating that prophage T-phi HSIC was integrated within the host genome. These phage-host systems are available for use in studies of marine lysogeny and transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Jiang
- Department of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg 33701, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ripp S, Miller RV. The role of pseudolysogeny in bacteriophage-host interactions in a natural freshwater environment. Microbiology (Reading) 1997; 143:2065-2070. [DOI: 10.1099/00221287-143-6-2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages occur in high numbers in environmental ecosystems and are thus significant mediators of microbial survival and activities. However, interactions between microbial populations and phages in situ have been largely ignored. Current understanding of the process relies on studies performed with well-fed, laboratory-grown host bacteria. The purpose of the experiments reported here was to determine bacteriophage-host interactions under environmentally relevant conditions of nutrient limitation. These studies have revealed the importance of a phenomenon called pseudolysogeny in the maintenance of viral genetic material for extended periods of time in natural ecosystems. Pseudolysogeny is a form of phage-host cell interaction in which the nucleic acid of the phage resides within its starved host in an unstable, inactive state. It is hypothesized that pseudolysogeny occurs due to the cell's highly starved condition. In such cells, there is insufficient energy available for the phage to initiate genetic expression leading to either a true temperate response or to the lytic response. However, upon nutrient addition, the pseudolysogenic state is resolved, resulting in either the establishment of true lysogeny or the initiation of the lytic production of progeny virions. The pseudolysogenic state may explain the long-term survival of viruses in unfavourable environments in which the infective half-life of their virions is relatively short.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Ripp
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Robert V. Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
NISHIHARA M, ROMIG WR. TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE MUTANTS OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS BACTERIOPHAGE SP3. II. IN VIVO COMPLEMENTATION STUDIES. J Bacteriol 1996; 88:1230-9. [PMID: 14234775 PMCID: PMC277398 DOI: 10.1128/jb.88.5.1230-1239.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nishihara, Mutsuko (University of California, Los Angeles), and W. R. Romig. Temperature-sensitive mutants of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SP3. II. In vivo complementation studies. J. Bacteriol. 88:1230-1239. 1964.-A plate-spotting procedure was used in initial attempts to group the temperature-sensitive Bacillus subtilis phage SP3 mutants by complementation. The results obtained did not show any clear patterns of reactions among the mutants. Crosses were, therefore, repeated in broth at a temperature of 49 C, which greatly reduced the extent of replication of each mutant type alone. The data on mixed infections indicated that there was a minimum of six complementation groups. Of the 12 isolates, 7 did not seem to complement with each other; the rest complemented with each other and with the seven noncomplementing mutants. There was a positive correlation between the complementation reaction of a pair and the recovery of wild-phenotype phages from a 49 C broth lysate. The relative proportion of phages capable of forming wild-phenotype plaques on plates incubated at 46 C to the total number of plaque-forming units was higher in a lysate of a mixed infection with two mutants than in lysates of each mutant alone. Moreover, this frequency was higher for a mixed lysate made at 49 C than for a lysate of the same two mutants made at 37 C. These observations suggested that genetic recombination might occur at 49 C, and that the increased recovery of wild-phenotype phages in lysates made at this temperature might be due to a selective advantage for these phages. Recombination experiments at 37 C with some complementing pairs gave frequencies of 2.0 to 4.8%. The ratio of wild-phenotype revertants to total phages in the stock lysates used for these crosses at 37 C was less than 10(-6). The noncomplementing mutants were not conclusively shown to be nonidentical.
Collapse
|
22
|
DAVISON PF, FREIFELDER D, HOLLOWAY BW. INTERRUPTIONS IN THE POLYNUCLEOTIDE STRANDS IN BACTERIOPHAGE DNA. J Mol Biol 1996; 8:1-10. [PMID: 14149959 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(64)80142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
23
|
OKUBO S, STRAUSS B, STODOLSKY M. THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF RECOMBINATION IN THE INFECTION OF COMPETENT BACILLUS SUBTILIS BY BACTERIOPHAGE DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID. Virology 1996; 24:552-62. [PMID: 14240402 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(64)90207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
24
|
BOTT K, STRAUSS B. THE CARRIER STATE OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS INFECTED WITH THE TRANSDUCING BACTERIOPHAGE SP10. Virology 1996; 25:212-25. [PMID: 14297209 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(65)90200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
25
|
ROSENBERG E. D-MANNOSE AS A CONSTITUENT OF THE DNA OF A MUTANT STRAIN OF BACTERIOPHAGE SP8. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 53:836-41. [PMID: 14324543 PMCID: PMC221076 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.53.4.836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
26
|
APOSHIAN HV. A DTMPASE FOUND AFTER INFECTION OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS WITH PHAGE SP5C. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 18:230-5. [PMID: 14282022 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(65)90745-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
27
|
|
28
|
|
29
|
Goodrich-Blair H, Shub DA. The DNA polymerase genes of several HMU-bacteriophages have similar group I introns with highly divergent open reading frames. Nucleic Acids Res 1994; 22:3715-21. [PMID: 7937082 PMCID: PMC308352 DOI: 10.1093/nar/22.18.3715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A previous report described the discovery of a group I, self-splicing intron in the DNA polymerase gene of the Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPO1 (1). In this study, the DNA polymerase genes of three close relatives of SPO1: SP82, 2C and phi e, were also found to be interrupted by an intron. All of these introns have group I secondary structures that are extremely similar to one another in primary sequence. Each is interrupted by an open reading frame (ORF) that, unlike the intron core or exon sequences, are highly diverged. Unlike the relatives of Escherichia coli bacteriophage T4, most of which do not have introns (2), this intron seems to be common among the relatives of SPO1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Goodrich-Blair
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, SUNY 12222
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ripp S, Ogunseitan OA, Miller RV. Transduction of a freshwater microbial community by a new Pseudomonas aeruginosa generalized transducing phage, UT1. Mol Ecol 1994; 3:121-6. [PMID: 8019688 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.1994.tb00112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A pseudolysogenic, generalized transducing bacteriophage, UT1, isolated from a natural freshwater habitat, is capable of mediating the transfer of both chromosomal and plasmid DNA between strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Several chromosomal alleles from three different P. aeruginosa strains were found to transduce at frequencies from 10(-8) to 10(-10) transductants per PFU at multiplicities of infection (MOI) between 0.1 and 1. Transduction frequencies of certain alleles increased up to 1000-fold as MOIs were decreased to 0.01. UT1 is also capable of transducing plasmid DNA to indigenous populations of microorganisms in natural lake-water environments. Data obtained in this study suggest that environmentally endemic bacteriophages such as UT1 are formidable transducers of naturally occurring microbial communities. It should be possible to develop model systems to test transduction in freshwater environments using components derived exclusively from these environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ripp
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Istock CA. Genetic exchange and genetic stability in bacterial populations. BIOTECHNOLOGY (READING, MASS.) 1991; 15:123-49. [PMID: 2009379 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-409-90199-3.50013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
32
|
Seldin L, van Elsas JD, Penido EG. Bacillus polymyxa bacteriophages from Brazilian soils. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1984; 50:39-51. [PMID: 6721474 DOI: 10.1007/bf00404906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ten phages of Bacillus polymyxa were isolated from four different Brazilian soils. All were dsDNA-containing phages belonging to Bradley types A and B. Data obtained from electron microscopy and tests of resistance against physical and chemical agents showed that the isolates could be distributed among six different groups. Host range data were in agreement with this classification. When tested against 88 strains of 18 Bacillus species, these phages only infected B. polymyxa strains, thus revealing specificity for this species. Three phage groups lysed all 42 available B. polymyxa strains and are suggested for use in rapid identification of this species.
Collapse
|
33
|
Thompson BJ, Wagner MS, Domingo E, Warner RC. Pseudolysogenic conversion of Azotobacter vinelandii by phage A21 and the formation of a stably converted form. Virology 1980; 102:278-85. [PMID: 7368571 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
34
|
Casella E, Markewych O, Dosmar M, Witmer H. Production and expression of dTMP-enriched DNA of bacteriophage SP15. J Virol 1978; 28:753-66. [PMID: 153409 PMCID: PMC525799 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.28.3.753-766.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal DNA of Bacillus subtilis phage SP15 contains approximately equimolar quantities of dTMP and a hypermodified nucleotide, 5-dihydroxypentyl-dUMP (DHPdUMP). Deoxythymidine (dThd) rescue of phage DNA synthesis in 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR)-inhibited cultures resulted in the synthesis of SP15 DNA containing enhanced levels of dTMP and correspondingly reduced levels of DHPdUMP. This rescued system was used to probe possible roles of DHPdUMP in phage development. The results suggested that normal levels of DHPdUMP were not required for proper transcription of phage DNA, but normal amounts of DHPdUMP were indispensable for phage assembly and/or DNA maturation. The amount of exogenous dThd required to rescue phage DNA synthesis in FUdR-inhibited cultures was 20-fold higher than the concentration required to rescue cellular replication, whereas the same low concentrations of dThd sufficed to rescue viral and bacterial DNA syntheses in aminopterin-inhibited cultures. Normal SP15 DNA was made in rescued, aminopterin-inhibited cultures. We suggest that FUdR (but not aminopterin) partially suppresses biosynthesis of the hypermodified nucleotide and that there is a barrier to replacement of DHPdUMP by dTMP; therefore, exceptionally large amounts of dThd must be salvaged in FUdR-inhibited cultures to force replacement of the unusual nucleotide by dTMP.
Collapse
|
35
|
Dosmar M, Markewych O, Witmer H. Effect of antibiotics on certain aspects of bacteriophage SP-15 development in Bacillus subtilis W23. J Virol 1977; 21:924-31. [PMID: 403301 PMCID: PMC515630 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.21.3.924-931.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis W23 was infected with bacteriophage SP-15. Two waves of phage-specific RNA synthesis were observed. Wave I was prereplicative, and wave II was coincident with replication of the viral genome. To determine the temporal appearance of general classes of phage-coded messengers and proteins, we studied the dependence of lysozyme synthesis, phage production, and DNA synthesis on time of addition of transcriptional and translational inhibitors. Lysozyme synthesis started to become refractile to a variety of transcriptional inhibitors (rifampin, streptolydigin, and actinomycin D) between 20 and 22 min postinfection and was completely refractile by 30 min. Nevertheless, functional enzyme did not appear until 45 to 47 min postinfection; lysozyme was maximal by 65 min. Rna isolated from SP-15 phage-infected cells was used to program the cell-free synthesis of lysozyme. The messenger was synthesized exclusively between 20 and 30 min postinfection. Lysozyme messengers were stable. The data imply that lysozyme messengers were present 52 min prior to their translation. Progeny virus formation remained sensitive to transcriptional inhibitors until 40 to 50 min postinfection, and sensitivity to chloramphenicol lasted 65 min. The first progeny viruses appeared at 75 min. Again, an unusually long lag between completion of functional messengers and their translation was evident. The aforementioned data indicated that transcription of lysozyme messengers and, at least, some messengers, whose products are essential for phage production, are uniquely associated with waves I and II of RNA synthesis, respectively. However, messengers whose products are essential for normal amounts of DNA synthesis were apparently synthesized during both waves; transcription of these messengers was transiently repressed (using the term broadly) between 30 and 40 min postinfection. Judging from the dependence of DNA synthesis on time of chloramphenicol addition, proteins essential for normal amounts of DNA synthesis were also synthesized in two discrete waves, each yielding sufficient protein for half-maximal levels of DNA synthesis. An hiatus in the synthesis of the proteins in question was evident between 45 and 65 min postinfection; evidence cited in this paper indicates that this hiatus did not result from messenger depletion, which, in turn, implied some type of translational-level control. This latter conclusion is substantiated by the lysozyme synthesis that occurred during the same interval when synthesis of certain proteins for DNA replication was transiently repressed.
Collapse
|
36
|
Zamchuk LA, Magradze NM, Goldfarb DM. Immunogenic DNA of Shigella sonnei bacteriophage. IMMUNOCHEMISTRY 1976; 13:985-9. [PMID: 65323 DOI: 10.1016/0019-2791(76)90269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
37
|
|
38
|
Erickson RJ, Young FE. Characterization of a virulent bacteriophage for Bacillus subtilis (var. amyloliquefaciens). Appl Microbiol 1974; 27:600-2. [PMID: 4132958 PMCID: PMC380090 DOI: 10.1128/am.27.3.600-602.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A phage, designated PBA12, has been isolated from the soil and found to be virulent on Bacillus subtilis (var. amyloliquefaciens). PBA12 has a large cylindrical head that is 100 nm long and 35 nm in diameter and a tail that is 200 nm in length. The phage contains double-stranded DNA and demonstrates chloroform sensitivity. The processes of both adsorption and replication appear to be slow and inefficient.
Collapse
|
39
|
Chia D, Schumaker VN. A rotor speed dependent crossover in sedimentation velocities of DNA's of different sizes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 56:241-6. [PMID: 4207287 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(74)80340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
40
|
Péne JJ, Barrow-Carraway J. Initiation of Bacillus subtilis ribonucleic acid polymerase on deoxyribonucleic acid from bacteriophages 2C, phi 29, T4, and lambda. J Bacteriol 1972; 111:15-23. [PMID: 4204905 PMCID: PMC251234 DOI: 10.1128/jb.111.1.15-23.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis primed by bacteriophage T4 or lambda deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase is severely inhibited by high ionic strength. In contrast, RNA synthesis on B. subtilis bacteriophage 2C, SPO1, or phi29 DNA is only moderately affected under similar conditions. The basis of this inhibition lies in the inability of the enzyme to initiate RNA chains with adenosine triphosphate or guanosine triphosphate (ATP, GTP). Binding to templates and the rate of catalysis in high salt after initiation do not seem to be affected. Incorporation of gamma-(32)P-ATP and GTP under a variety of conditions suggests that the specificity of B. subtilis RNA polymerase is different from that of the Escherichia coli enzyme and that it recognizes few promoters on T4 and lambda DNA. Although B. subtilis RNA polymerase initiates RNA chains primarily with ATP or GTP, initiations with pyrimidines can occur on DNA molecules in which hydroxymethyluracil replaces thymine. RNA synthesis on denatured DNA does not seem to be inhibited by high ionic strength, and on native T4 or lambda DNA the inhibition of initiation at constant ionic strength is inversely but not linearly proportional to the ionic radii of cations used to stabilize bihelical DNA to denaturation.
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Abstract
Studies of bacteriophages GH5 and GH8 of Bacillus stearothermophilus strain NCA1518 revealed that their properties were sufficiently different from known phages and from each other to indicate that each was a different entity, although no major deviation was demonstrated.
Collapse
|
43
|
Rima BK, Steensma HY. Bacteriophages of Bacillus subtilis: comparison of different isolation techniques and possible use for classification of Bacillus subtilis strains. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1971; 37:425-34. [PMID: 5003220 DOI: 10.1007/bf02218513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
44
|
Hemphill HE, Whiteley HR. Nucleic acid synthesis in Bacillus subtilis infected with bacteriophage beta-22. J Virol 1970; 6:381-92. [PMID: 4993332 PMCID: PMC376134 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.6.4.381-392.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the synthesis of host and phage nucleic acid after infection of Bacillus subtilis with virulent bacteriophage beta22 were analyzed by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA)-DNA hybridization. Host DNA replication continued during the first third of the 55-min latent period and then ceased at approximately the time replication of the phage genome was initiated. Host-specific RNA was synthesized concurrently with phage RNA during the first half of the latent period but was repressed late in the infection. For much of the latent period, the population of phage-specific RNA changed continually as new species were transcribed and earlier species were repressed; detectable changes ceased coincidentally with the appearance of intracellular phage. Control over transcription of phage DNA was to some degree an intrinsic property of the interaction of B. subtilis DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the phage genome, since only the early species of phage RNA were synthesized in vitro by B. subtilis polymerase and pure beta22 DNA. In vitro transcription of late functions was demonstrated by using the endogenous RNA polymerase activity of the nucleoprotein complex (nuclear fraction) from infected cells.
Collapse
|
45
|
Truffaut N, Revet B, Soulie MO. [Comparative study of the DNA of phages 2C, SP8*, SP82, phi e, SP01 and SP50]. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1970; 15:391-400. [PMID: 4993758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1970.tb01020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
46
|
|
47
|
Boice LB. Evidence that Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SP02 is temperate and heteroimmune to bacteriophage phi-105. J Virol 1969; 4:47-9. [PMID: 4980071 PMCID: PMC375836 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.4.1.47-49.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Some characteristics of Bacillus subtilis phage SPO2 which show that it is a temperate phage are presented. Wild-type SPO2 forms turbid plaques, similar to those of other temperate phages. SPO2 lysogenic strains which are resistant to SPO2 can be isolated; these strains remain stable lysogens despite the fact that they can no longer adsorb SPO2. SPO2 lysogenic strains can be grown for many generations in SPO2 antiserum and remain lysogenic. Phage SPO2 plates on phi105 lysogens and phage phi105 plates on SPO2 lysogens; this indicates that SPO2 and phi105 are heteroimmune. Phage phi105 plates on an SPO2-resistant strain; this indicates that SPO2 and phi105 adsorb to different receptor sites on the bacterial surface.
Collapse
|
48
|
Willis DB, Ennis HL. Potassium requirement for synthesis of macromolecules in Bacillus subtilis infected with bacteriophage 2C. J Virol 1969; 3:1-7. [PMID: 4977239 PMCID: PMC375722 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.3.1.1-7.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A mutant of Bacillus subtilis 168 (strain 168 KW), defective in its ability to concentrate K(+) from low levels in the growth medium, was used to study the role of K(+) in the development of phage 2C. Both the final burst size and the duration of the rise period depended on the K(+) concentration in the medium. During normal infection (in the presence of K(+)), host deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis stopped. The synthesis of host messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) continued throughout infection, albeit at a steadily decreasing rate. The synthesis of ribosomal RNA and its subsequent incorporation into mature ribosomes also proceeded. In contrast to these findings, host DNA and messenger RNA synthesis were not inhibited in cells infected in the absence of K(+). Only "early" phage messenger RNA was synthesized under these conditions of infection. Phage DNA synthesis was dependent on K(+) irrespective of the requirement for this cation in protein synthesis.
Collapse
|
49
|
Host macromolecular synthesis in bacteriophage-infected Bacillus subtilis. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1968. [DOI: 10.1128/br.32.4_pt_1.379-386.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
50
|
Pène JJ. Host macromolecular synthesis in bacteriophage-infected Bacillus subtilis. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1968; 32:379-86. [PMID: 4974089 PMCID: PMC408309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|