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Crespo-Medina M, Greaves I, Hunter PR, Minnigh H, Ramírez-Toro G. Detection of Shiga toxin-encoding genes in small community water supplies. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:937-945. [PMID: 33328365 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx), one of the most potent bacterial toxins known, can cause bloody diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome, kidney failure and death. The aim of this pilot was to investigate the occurrence of Shiga toxin-encoding genes, stx (stx1 and stx2) from total coliform (TC) and E. coli positive samples from small community water systems. After aliquots for TC and E. coli analyses were removed, the remnant volume of the samples was enriched, following a protocol developed for this study. Fifty-two per cent of the samples tested by multiplex PCR were positive for the presence of the stx genes; this percentage was higher in raw water samples. The stx2 gene was more abundant. Testing larger volumes of the samples increase the sensitivity of our assay, providing an alternative protocol for the detection of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) that might be missed by the TC assay. This study confirms the presence of Stx encoding genes in source and distributed water for all systems sampled and suggests STEC as a potential health risk in small systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melitza Crespo-Medina
- Center for Environmental Education, Conservation and Research, Inter-American University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 5100, San German 00683-9801, Puerto Rico E-mail:
| | - Isabel Greaves
- The Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Paul R Hunter
- The Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Harvey Minnigh
- Gabriella and Paul Rosenbaum Foundation, Bryn Mawr, PA, USA
| | - Graciela Ramírez-Toro
- Center for Environmental Education, Conservation and Research, Inter-American University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 5100, San German 00683-9801, Puerto Rico E-mail:
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Algammal AM, Hetta HF, Batiha GE, Hozzein WN, El Kazzaz WM, Hashem HR, Tawfik AM, El-Tarabili RM. Virulence-determinants and antibiotic-resistance genes of MDR-E. coli isolated from secondary infections following FMD-outbreak in cattle. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19779. [PMID: 33188216 PMCID: PMC7666185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, multidrug-resistance traits, PCR-detection of virulence, and antibiotic-resistance genes of E. coli isolated from secondary infections following FMD-outbreak in cattle. A total of 160 random samples were gathered from private dairy farms in Damietta Province, Egypt. The specimens were subjected to bacteriological examination, serotyping, congo-red binding assay, antibiogram-testing, and PCR-monitoring of virulence-determinant genes (tsh, phoA, hly, eaeA, sta, and lt) as well as the antibiotic-resistance genes (blaTEM, blaKPC, and blaCTX). The prevalence of E. coli was 30% (n = 48) distributed in 8 serogroups (40/48, 83.3%), while 8 isolates (8/48, 16.6%) were untypable. Besides, 83.3% of the examined isolates were positive for CR-binding. The tested strains harbored the virulence genes phoA, hly, tsh, eaeA, sta, and lt with a prevalence of 100% and 50%, 45.8%, 25%, 8.4%, and 6.2%, respectively. Furthermore, 50% of the recovered strains were multidrug-resistant (MDR) to penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems, and are harboring the blaTEM, blaCTX, and blaKPC genes. Moreover, 25% of the examined strains are resistant to penicillins, and cephalosporins, and are harboring the blaTEM and blaCTX genes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report concerning the E. coli secondary bacterial infections following the FMD-outbreak. The emergence of MDR strains is considered a public health threat and indicates complicated treatment and bad prognosis of infections caused by such strains. Colistin sulfate and levofloxacin have a promising in vitro activity against MDR-E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelazeem M Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, 71515, Egypt.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0595, USA
| | - Gaber E Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Wael N Hozzein
- Bioproducts Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Waleed M El Kazzaz
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Hany R Hashem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Ayat M Tawfik
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Port-Said University, Port-Said, 42526, Egypt
| | - Reham M El-Tarabili
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
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Riaz S, Steinsland H, Hanevik K. Human Mucosal IgA Immune Responses against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090714. [PMID: 32872549 PMCID: PMC7558491 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major contributor to diarrheal illness in children in low- and middle-income countries and travelers to these areas. There is an ongoing effort to develop vaccines against ETEC, and the most reliable immune correlate of protection against ETEC is considered to be the small intestinal secretory IgA response that targets ETEC-specific virulence factors. Since isolating IgA from small intestinal mucosa is technically and ethically challenging, requiring the use of invasive medical procedures, several other indirect methods are used as a proxy for gauging the small intestinal IgA responses. In this review, we summarize the literature reporting on anti-ETEC human IgA responses observed in blood, activated lymphocyte assayss, intestinal lavage/duodenal aspirates, and saliva from human volunteers being experimentally infected with ETEC. We describe the IgA response kinetics and responder ratios against classical and noncanonical ETEC antigens in the different sample types and discuss the implications that the results may have on vaccine development and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Riaz
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies veg 87, N-5021 Bergen, Norway;
- Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Hans Steinsland
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kurt Hanevik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies veg 87, N-5021 Bergen, Norway;
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-5597-5000; Fax: +47-5597-2950
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Canizalez-Roman A, Velazquez-Roman J, Valdez-Flores MA, Flores-Villaseñor H, Vidal JE, Muro-Amador S, Guadrón-Llanos AM, Gonzalez-Nuñez E, Medina-Serrano J, Tapia-Pastrana G, León-Sicairos N. Detection of antimicrobial-resistance diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains in surface water used to irrigate food products in the northwest of Mexico. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 304:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Mandal A, Sengupta A, Kumar A, Singh UK, Jaiswal AK, Das P, Das S. Molecular Epidemiology of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Pathotypes in Diarrheal Children from Low Socioeconomic Status Communities in Bihar, India: Emergence of the CTX-M Type. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017; 10:1178633617739018. [PMID: 29151781 PMCID: PMC5680932 DOI: 10.1177/1178633617739018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood diarrheal diseases remain highly endemic in India, but the emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli among children with diarrhea in Bihar remains elusive. In this study, we determine and characterize ESBL-producing E coli pathotypes among hospitalized diarrheal preschool children living in low socioeconomic level communities in Bihar, India. Materials and methods The stool samples were collected everyday throughout the year for 2 consecutive years. In our study, we collected stool samples randomly from every fifth patient. Stool samples were collected from a total of 633 randomly selected diarrheal children (age: 0-60 months) belonging to 17 communities and screened for identification of virulent diarrheagenic E coli (DEC) pathotype (viz, enteropathogenic E coli [EPEC], enteroaggregative E coli [EAEC], enterotoxigenic E coli [ETEC], enteroinvasive E coli [EIEC], and enterohemorrhagic E coli [EHEC]) by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Furthermore, ESBLs were screened by conventional antibiotic resistance pattern testing and later characterized for the presence of β-lactamase (bla) genes by PCR and DNA sequencing. Results Diarrheagenic E coli was detected in 191 cases (30.2%) of the total 633 diarrheic children. Maximum occurrence of DEC was found in ≤12 months age group (72.7%) with prevalence of the EAEC pathotype. Most isolates were resistant to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, piperacillin, levofloxacin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and gentamicin, whereas over 96% of them were sensitive to amikacin. About 37.6% of total 191 DEC isolates were ESBL producers (n = 72), being prevalent among ETEC (n = 35; 18.32%), followed by EPEC (n = 21; 10.9%), EAEC (n = 13; 6.8%), and EIEC (n = 3; 1.57%). Interestingly, the commonest β-lactamase was CTX-M type (blaCTX-M) in 86.1% (n = 62) of the ESBL isolates, followed by blaSHV (n = 49; 68%), blaTEM (n = 37; 51.8%), and blaOXA (n = 21; 29.1%) determinants. Resistance of ESBL isolates was mostly related to ampicillin (100%), ceftriaxone (98.1%), cefotaxime (92.4%), gentamicin (74.1%), and levofloxacin (73.2%), whereas best antimicrobial activities were observed for piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, meropenem, and imipenem. Conclusions This study revealed that EAEC (72.1%) is the predominant pathotype in Bihar, significantly high in ≤12 months age group children (P = .04). Moreover, the widespread prevalence of ESBLs in children, especially the CTX-M type, is of great concern, which requires monitoring of infection control measures through efficient antimicrobial management and detection of ESBL-producing isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mandal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Abhishek Sengupta
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Patna, Patna, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Utpal K Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Nalanda Medical College & Hospital, Patna, India
| | - Anil K Jaiswal
- Department of Pediatrics, Nalanda Medical College & Hospital, Patna, India.,Current address: Department of Pediatrics, Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Sushmita Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Patna, Patna, India
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Huang WC, Hsu BM, Kao PM, Tao CW, Ho YN, Kuo CW, Huang YL. Seasonal distribution and prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in different aquatic environments in Taiwan. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 124:37-41. [PMID: 26454073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are the most common agents of diarrhea. Waterborne DEC could pose a potential health risk to human through agricultural, household, recreational, and industrial use. There are few published reports on the detection of DEC and its seasonal distribution in aquatic environments. The presence of DEC in different types of aquatic environments was investigated in this study. Water samples were collected from major rivers, water reservoirs, and recreational hot springs throughout Taiwan. Moreover, an intensive water sampling plan was carried out along Puzih River. The detection of DEC target genes was used to determine the presence of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Among the 383 water samples analyzed, DEC was found in 122 (31.8%) samples. The detection rate varied by genotype, raging from 3.6% for STEC to 17.2% for EPEC. The DEC detection rate was higher from river waters than reservoirs and hot springs. In addition, DEC was detected at a higher rate in spring and summer. The presence of EPEC was significantly associated with total coliform levels among hot spring samples. Moreover, the presence of ETEC in river water samples was associated with heterotrophic plate counts. Water with EPEC differed significantly in pH from Puzih River samples. These results suggest that seasonal characteristics may affect the presence of DEC in different aquatic environments, and water quality indicators may be indicative of the presence of DEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chien Huang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medicine College, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bing-Mu Hsu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Po-Min Kao
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Wei Tao
- Section of Respiratory Therapy, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Ning Ho
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Wei Kuo
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Li Huang
- Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
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Lai CC, Ji DD, Wu FT, Mu JJ, Yang JR, Jiang DDS, Lin WY, Chen WT, Yen MY, Wu HS, Chen THH. Etiology and Risk Factors of Acute Gastroenteritis in a Taipei Emergency Department: Clinical Features for Bacterial Gastroenteritis. J Epidemiol 2015; 26:216-23. [PMID: 26639752 PMCID: PMC4808689 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20150061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The causative pathogen is rarely identified in the emergency department (ED), since the results of cultures are usually unavailable. As a result, antimicrobial treatment may be overused. The aim of our study was to investigate the pathogens, risk factors of acute gastroenteritis, and predictors of acute bacterial gastroenteritis in the ED. METHODS We conducted a matched case-control study of 627 stool samples and 612 matched pairs. RESULTS Viruses (41.3%) were the leading cause of gastroenteritis, with noroviruses (32.2%) being the most prevalent, followed by bacteria (26.8%) and Giardia lamblia (12.4%). Taking antacids (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.57-6.53), household members/classmates with gastroenteritis (aOR 4.69; 95% CI, 2.76-7.96), attending a banquet (aOR 2.29; 95% CI, 1.64-3.20), dining out (aOR 1.70; 95% CI, 1.13-2.54), and eating raw oysters (aOR 3.10; 95% CI, 1.61-5.94) were highly associated with gastroenteritis. Elders (aOR 1.04; 05% CI, 1.02-1.05), those with CRP >10 mg/L (aOR 2.04; 95% CI, 1.15-3.62), or those who were positive for fecal leukocytes (aOR 2.04; 95% CI, 1.15-3.62) or fecal occult blood (aOR 1.97; 95% CI, 1.03-3.77) were more likely to be hospitalized in ED. In addition, presence of fecal leukocytes (time ratio [TR] 1.22; 95% CI, 1.06-1.41), abdominal pain (TR 1.20; 95% CI, 1.07-1.41), and frequency of vomiting (TR 0.79; 95% CI, 0.64-0.98) were significantly associated with the duration of acute gastroenteritis. Presence of fecal leukocytes (aOR 2.08; 95% CI, 1.42-3.05), winter season (aOR 0.45; 95% CI, 0.28-0.74), frequency of diarrhea (aOR 1.69; 95% CI, 1.01-2.83), and eating shrimp or crab (aOR 1.53; 95% CI, 1.05-2.23) were highly associated with bacterial gastroenteritis. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the final model was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.55-0.63). CONCLUSIONS Acute bacterial gastroenteritis was highly associated with season, frequency of diarrhea, frequency of vomiting, and eating shrimp or crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chih Lai
- Emergency Department, Taipei City Hospital, Ren-Ai Branch
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Salazar JK, Wang Y, Yu S, Wang H, Zhang W. Polymerase chain reaction-based serotyping of pathogenic bacteria in food. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 110:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Praekelt U, Reissbrodt R, Kresse A, Pavankumar A, Sankaran K, James R, Jesudason M, Anandan S, Prakasam A, Balaji V, Dutta S, Dutta S, Ramamurthy T, Fischer R, Sander P, Schaumann R, Navarro A, Williams P. Monoclonal antibodies against all known variants of EspA: development of a simple diagnostic test for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli based on a key virulence factor. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:1595-1607. [PMID: 25231626 PMCID: PMC4250835 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.076323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are a major cause of infant diarrhoea in developing countries and a significant public health issue in industrialized countries. Currently there are no simple tests available for the diagnosis of EPEC. Serology of O-antigens is widely used routinely in many laboratories throughout the world, even though it has been known for many years to be an unreliable indicator of EPEC virulence. We have developed a simple, low-cost immunodiagnostic test based on the EspA filament, an essential virulence factor of EPEC and the related enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). Using recombinant proteins of the five major variants of EspA as immunogens, we raised a panel of three monoclonal antibodies in mice that detects all variants of the native target in bacterial cultures. The antibodies proved suitable for application in sandwich-type assays, including ELISA and lateral flow immunoassays (LFI). Prototypes for both assays were specific for EPEC and EHEC strains when tested against a panel of control micro-organisms. We have also developed a simple, affordable culture medium, A/E medium, which optimizes expression of EspA allowing improved sensitivity of detection compared with standard Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium. Together these reagents form the basis of robust, informative tests for EPEC for use especially in developing countries but also for routine screening in any clinical laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Praekelt
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Rolf Reissbrodt
- Abteilung für Infektionskrankheiten, Robert Koch Institut, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Andreas Kresse
- Abteilung für Infektionskrankheiten, Robert Koch Institut, Wernigerode, Germany
| | | | | | - Roger James
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Shanta Dutta
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Sanjucta Dutta
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | | | - Reiner Schaumann
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Armando Navarro
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Peter Williams
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Cho JI, Joo IS, Park KS, Han MK, Son NR, Jeong SJ, Heo J, Kim YJ, Oh MH, Kim SH, Lee SH. Characterization of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains linked to an outbreak associated with kimchi consumption in South Korea, 2012. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Cooley MB, Jay-Russell M, Atwill ER, Carychao D, Nguyen K, Quiñones B, Patel R, Walker S, Swimley M, Pierre-Jerome E, Gordus AG, Mandrell RE. Development of a robust method for isolation of shiga toxin-positive Escherichia coli (STEC) from fecal, plant, soil and water samples from a leafy greens production region in California. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65716. [PMID: 23762414 PMCID: PMC3675059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During a 2.5-year survey of 33 farms and ranches in a major leafy greens production region in California, 13,650 produce, soil, livestock, wildlife, and water samples were tested for Shiga toxin (stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Overall, 357 and 1,912 samples were positive for E. coli O157:H7 (2.6%) or non-O157 STEC (14.0%), respectively. Isolates differentiated by O-typing ELISA and multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) resulted in 697 O157:H7 and 3,256 non-O157 STEC isolates saved for further analysis. Cattle (7.1%), feral swine (4.7%), sediment (4.4%), and water (3.3%) samples were positive for E. coli O157:H7; 7/32 birds, 2/145 coyotes, 3/88 samples from elk also were positive. Non-O157 STEC were at approximately 5-fold higher incidence compared to O157 STEC: cattle (37.9%), feral swine (21.4%), birds (2.4%), small mammals (3.5%), deer or elk (8.3%), water (14.0%), sediment (12.3%), produce (0.3%) and soil adjacent to produce (0.6%). stx1, stx2 and stx1/stx2 genes were detected in 63%, 74% and 35% of STEC isolates, respectively. Subtilase, intimin and hemolysin genes were present in 28%, 25% and 79% of non-O157 STEC, respectively; 23% were of the "Top 6″ O-types. The initial method was modified twice during the study revealing evidence of culture bias based on differences in virulence and O-antigen profiles. MLVA typing revealed a diverse collection of O157 and non-O157 STEC strains isolated from multiple locations and sources and O157 STEC strains matching outbreak strains. These results emphasize the importance of multiple approaches for isolation of non-O157 STEC, that livestock and wildlife are common sources of potentially virulent STEC, and evidence of STEC persistence and movement in a leafy greens production environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Cooley
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, United States of America.
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Fialho OB, de Souza EM, de Borba Dallagassa C, de Oliveira Pedrosa F, Klassen G, Irino K, Paludo KS, de Assis FEA, Surek M, de Souza Santos Farah SM, Fadel-Picheth CMT. Detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli using a two-system multiplex-PCR protocol. J Clin Lab Anal 2013; 27:155-61. [PMID: 23424166 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) strains are important causes of diarrhea. However, they cannot be distinguished from E. coli of the intestinal microbiota by conventional microbiological tests. METHODS This work presents a two-system multiplex PCR for detection of DEC. Primers for 16S rRNA gene were added as internal amplification control to validate negative reactions. The multiplex-PCR system 1 contains primers for detection of Shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC; stx1, stx2), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC; eae, bfpA), atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEc; eae), enteroinvasive E. coli (ETEC; lt, st), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC; ial), and the internal amplification control 16S rRNA. The system 2 contains primers for EIEC (ipaH), enteroaggregative E. coli (CVD432), diffusely adherent E. coli (daaE), and 16S rRNA. The protocol was tested with E. coli reference strains, and also with cultures of fecal specimens of people with diarrhea and healthy controls. RESULTS The protocol correctly identified the DEC reference strains. No DEC marker was amplified for negative controls; these results were validated by the amplification of a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene. The frequency of DEC was 7.6% for both patients and healthy controls; two Shigella sonnei strains were detected in the group with diarrhea. The identity of the amplicons was confirmed by DNA sequencing. CONCLUSION The protocol is specific for DEC Shigella and is suitable for clinical laboratories.
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Estrada-Garcia T, Navarro-Garcia F. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli pathotype: a genetically heterogeneous emerging foodborne enteropathogen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 66:281-98. [PMID: 22775224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.01008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Until now, a common feature that defines the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) strains is the ability to produce a 'stacked-brick' appearance on epithelial cells, but it does not distinguish between pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains. Numerous adhesins, toxins, and proteins associated with virulence have been described, as well as multiple factors contributing to EAEC-induced inflammation. None of these factors are found in all EAEC isolates, and no single factor has ever been implicated in EAEC virulence. The European outbreak of Shiga-toxin-producing EAEC raises its pathogenic potential and interest on finding the true pathogenic factors that may define this pathotype. EAEC were first associated with persistent diarrhea in infants from developing countries, since then they have increasingly been linked as a cause of acute and persistent diarrhea in young infants and children in developing and industrialized countries, individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus, as a cause of acute diarrhea in travelers from industrialized regions, and with foodborne outbreaks. A major effect of EAEC infection is on the malnourished children in developing countries. Here, we will discuss the EAEC public health relevance and their complexity because of the strain heterogeneity regarding their pathogenesis, identification, diagnosis, lineage, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Estrada-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México DF, Mexico
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Najibi S, Bakhshi B, Fallahzad S, Pourshafie MR, Katouli M, Sattari M, Alebouyeh M, Tajbakhsh M. Distribution of class 1 integrons among enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Can J Microbiol 2012; 58:637-43. [PMID: 22540184 DOI: 10.1139/w2012-035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of and resistance gene content of class 1 integrons among enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and non-EPEC and to investigate intraspecies genetic diversity of EPEC strains isolated from children with diarrhea in Iran. Twenty-eight EPEC and 16 non-EPEC strains isolated from children with diarrhea were tested for the presence of a class 1 integron associated integrase gene (int1). Sequence analysis was performed to identify the resistance gene content of integrons. Genetic diversity and cluster analysis of EPEC isolates were also investigated using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic concensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) fingerprinting. Twenty-three (82%) EPEC isolates and 11 (68.7%) non-EPEC isolates harbored the int1 gene specific to the conserved integrase region of class 1 integrons. Sequence analysis revealed the dominance of dfrA and aadA gene cassettes among the isolates of both groups. ERIC-PCR fingerprinting of EPEC isolates revealed a high diversity among these isolates. The widespread distribution of 2 resistance gene families (dfrA and aadA) among both groups of EPEC and non-EPEC isolates indicates the significance of integrons in antibiotic resistance transfer among these bacteria. Furthermore, clonal diversity of EPEC isolates harbouring a class 1 integron also suggests the circulation of these mobile elements among a diverse population of EPEC in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Najibi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal-Ale-Ahmad Avenue, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
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Huang SW, Hsu BM, Su YJ, Ji DD, Lin WC, Chen JL, Shih FC, Kao PM, Chiu YC. Occurrence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli genes in raw water of water treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 19:2776-2783. [PMID: 22327641 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The high incidences of waterborne diseases are frequently associated with diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC). DEC may pose a health risk to people who contact surface water for recreation or domestic use. However, there is no published report on the monitoring of DEC in drinking water sources in Taiwan. In this study, the occurrence of DEC genes in raw water for water treatment plants in Taiwan was investigated. METHOD Raw water samples were taken from water treatment plants adjacent to the Kaoping River in southern Taiwan. Each water sample was treated with membrane filtration followed by DNA extraction from the concentrate and concentrate enrichment, respectively. The target genes for various DEC strains of genes were identified, including enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). RESULTS Among 55 water samples analyzed, DEC genes were detected in 16 (29.1%) samples. Strain-specific genes for EAEC, EHEC, EIEC, and EPEC were found in the percentages of 3.6%, 10.9%, 9.1%, and 9.1%, respectively. The specific gene for ETEC is not detected in the study. By looking at the presence/absence of specific genes and water sample characteristics, water temperature was found to differ significantly between samples with and without EHEC gene. In addition, pH levels differed significantly for EHEC and EPEC presence/absence genes, and turbidity was significantly different for water with and without EPEC genes. CONCLUSION DEC genes were detected in 29.1% of the raw water samples in the study location. The potential health threat may be increased if the treatment efficiencies are not properly maintained. Routine monitoring of DEC in drinking water sources should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wei Huang
- Center for General Education, Cheng-Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Lai CC, Wu FT, Ji DD, Mu JJ, Yang JR, Chiu KT, Lin WY, Li C, Fu YP, Chen WT, Lee BC, Jiang DDS, Yen MY, Wu HS. Gastroenteritis in a Taipei emergency department: aetiology and risk factors. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:1071-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ram S, Vajpayee P, Dwivedi PD, Shanker R. Culture-free detection and enumeration of STEC in water. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:551-557. [PMID: 21459445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes worldwide outbreaks of food and waterborne diseases. Rapid identification of causative agents is critical for early intervention in the case of widespread diarrheal epidemics to prevent mortality. In this study, a Molecular-Beacon targeting stx2 gene (highly associated with human illness) was designed to develop a culture-independent real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of STEC in water samples. The assay could detect lowest 10 genomic equivalent (GE) of the reference strain (E. coli I.T.R.C.-18) per PCR or 100 GE/mL. The presence of 10(6)CFU/mL of non-pathogenic E. coli DH5α has no impact on sensitivity of the assay. The assay could successfully enumerate STEC in surface water (collected from a sewage impacted river) and potable water samples collected from Lucknow city without prior enrichment. The assay will be useful in pre-emptive monitoring of surface/potable waters to prevent waterborne outbreaks caused by STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ram
- Environmental Microbiology, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (C.S.I.R), Post Box 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, UP, India
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Pavlovic M, Huber I, Skala H, Konrad R, Schmidt H, Sing A, Busch U. Development of a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction for simultaneous detection of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:801-8. [PMID: 20156086 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed for the simultaneous detection of genes encoding intimin (eae) and all variants of Shiga toxins 1 and 2 (stx1 and stx2) in diagnostic samples. The uidA gene encoding a beta-glucuronidase specific for Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. was included in the multiplex PCR assay as an internal amplification control. The multiplex PCR was tested on 30 E. coli reference strains and 174 diagnostic samples already characterized as harboring stx1, stx2, and eae genes. The multiplex PCR correctly detected the genes in all strains examined. No cross reaction was observed with 68 strains representing other gastrointestinal pathogens, normal gastrointestinal flora, or closely related bacteria, reflecting 100% specificity of the assay. The detection limits of the multiplex PCR were 5 genome equivalents for stx2 and 50 genome equivalents for eae and stx1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Pavlovic
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Cupples AM, Xagoraraki I, Rose JB. New Molecular Methods for Detection of Waterborne Pathogens. Environ Microbiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470495117.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Foreign travel is a major risk factor for colonization with Escherichia coli producing CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: a prospective study with Swedish volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:3564-8. [PMID: 20547788 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00220-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Foreign travel has been suggested to be a risk factor for the acquisition of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae. To our knowledge, this has not previously been demonstrated in a prospective study. Healthy volunteers traveling outside Northern Europe were enrolled. Rectal swabs and data on potential travel-associated risk factors were collected before and after traveling. A total of 105 volunteers were enrolled. Four of them did not complete the study, and one participant carried ESBL-producing Escherichia coli before travel. Twenty-four of 100 participants with negative pretravel samples were colonized with ESBL-producing Escherichia coli after the trip. All strains produced CTX-M enzymes, mostly CTX-M-15, and some coproduced TEM or SHV enzymes. Coresistance to several antibiotic subclasses was common. Travel to India was associated with the highest risk for the acquisition of ESBLs (88%; n = 7). Gastroenteritis during the trip was an additional risk factor (P = 0.003). Five of 21 volunteers who completed the follow-up after 6 months had persistent colonization with ESBLs. This is the first prospective study demonstrating that international travel is a major risk factor for colonization with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Considering the high acquisition rate of 24%, it is obvious that global efforts are needed to meet the emergence and spread of CTX-M enzymes and other antimicrobial resistances.
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Asadi Karam MR, Bouzari S, Oloomi M, Aslani MM, Jafari A. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains in Tehran, Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2010; 2:3-7. [PMID: 22347543 PMCID: PMC3279762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains can be detected by serogrouping and the presence of enterocyte attaching- effacing (eae) gene. Most EPEC strains belong to a certain O antigenic group. Locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) Pathogenicity Island contains the eae gene and secretory proteins (ESPs) that introduce the attaching-effacing lesion. LEE inserted in tRNA genes include the SelC, PheU and PheV sites. The aim of the present study was to genetically characterize EPEC strains isolated from children with diarrhea. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serogrouping was performed by EPEC antisera in 321 E. coli isolates. The presence of eae, stx, espB, and eaf genes and detection of insertion sites of LEE was done by PCR using specific primers. RESULTS Seventeen (5.3%) isolates belonging to 7 EPEC serogroups were identified among the whole material and all carried the eae gene. None of the 321 isolates showed presence of stx gene indicating that all 17 isolates classified as EPEC by O serogrouping did not belong to the enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) group. Of these, 8 (53%) isolates carried the eaf and 16 (94.1%) carried the espB gene. The insertion sites of LEE in serogrouped isolates were selC (in 6 isolates), pheU (in 7 isolates) and pheV (in 2 isolates). The insertion site in 2 isolates was not determined by PCR. CONCLUSION Serogrouping and detection of the eae gene showed to be reliable for detection of EPEC strains. No Shigatoxin- producing E. coli (STEC) strain was found among the isolates. Detection of the insertion site of LEE showed that selC, pheU or PheV are insertion sites of LEE in the EPEC strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- MR Asadi Karam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran
| | - S Bouzari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran,Corresponding author: Saeid Bouzari Ph.D. Address: Department of Molecular biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave., Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-21-66953311. E-mail:
| | - M Oloomi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran
| | - MM Aslani
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran
| | - A Jafari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran
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Lin WS, Cheng CM, Van KT. A quantitative PCR assay for rapid detection of Shigella species in fresh produce. J Food Prot 2010; 73:221-33. [PMID: 20132666 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.2.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay with two primers and a TaqMan probe targeting conserved regions of the specific ipaH gene of Shigella species and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) were developed. This qPCR assay was used to identify 206 Shigella strains (including four Shigella species with all serotypes and two provisional Shigella species), 3 EIEC strains, and 113 non-Shigella strains with 100% accuracy. Pure cultures of six Shigella reference strains were used to derive standard curves to determine the detection limit and efficiency of the qPCR method. The ipaH qPCR assay had an equally low detection limit (0.12 to 0.74 CFU per PCR) for the four Shigella species tested. The average qPCR efficiency was 99.29% (95.36 to 103.92%). The detection limit of the qPCR assay tested on 15 varieties of inoculated fresh produce ranged from 0.4 to 16 CFU/100 ml of buffer rinse. This qPCR assay took the variation of wild-type nucleotides into consideration and was used successfully to screen fresh produce. This highly sensitive qPCR assay can be completed within 24 h and has potential use as a screening tool for all four Shigella species and EIEC in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen S Lin
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Field Science, 5600 Fishers Lane, Room 12-41, Rockville, Maryland 20857, USA.
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Abstract
Traditional risk factors do not explain the individual differences in susceptibility to travelers' diarrhea (TD) among the increasing number of travelers to the developing world. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the genes encoding for lactoferrin and interleukin 8 (IL-8) have been linked to susceptibility to TD. Subjects with mutations of the FUT2 gene are immune to norovirus infection. The recognition of individual variations in susceptibility to TD will aid in risk stratification of travelers to the developing world. Diagnosis is usually syndromic, but improved diagnostic methods are in development. Quinolones have been the mainstay of antibiotic treatment, but azithromycin (for resistant organisms) and rifaximin (for noninvasive organisms) may provide advantages. Transcutaneous vaccines for the major Escherichia coli enteropathogens are in development. In the future, travel advice, prophylactic medication regimens, and standby treatment for TD will be better tailored to each patient's specific risk factors.
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