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Rakau KG, Nyaga MM, Gededzha MP, Mwenda JM, Mphahlele MJ, Seheri LM, Steele AD. Genetic characterization of G12P[6] and G12P[8] rotavirus strains collected in six African countries between 2010 and 2014. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:107. [PMID: 33482744 PMCID: PMC7821174 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND G12 rotaviruses were first observed in sub-Saharan Africa in 2004 and since then have continued to emerge and spread across the continent and are reported as a significant human rotavirus genotype in several African countries, both prior to and after rotavirus vaccine introduction. This study investigated the genetic variability of 15 G12 rotavirus strains associated with either P[6] or P[8] identified between 2010 and 2014 from Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Togo and Zambia. METHODS The investigation was carried out by comparing partial VP7 and partial VP4 sequences of the African G12P[6] and G12P[8] strains with the available GenBank sequences and exploring the recognized neutralization epitopes of these strains. Additionally, Bayesian evolutionary analysis was carried out using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) implemented in BEAST to estimate the time to the most recent ancestor and evolutionary rate for these G12 rotavirus strains. RESULTS The findings suggested that the VP7 and VP4 nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the G12 strains circulating in African countries are closely related, irrespective of country of origin and year of detection, with the exception of the Ethiopian strains that clustered distinctly. Neutralization epitope analysis revealed that rotavirus VP4 P[8] genes associated with G12 had amino acid sequences similar to those reported globally including the vaccine strains in RotaTeq and Rotarix. The estimated evolutionary rate of the G12 strains was 1.016 × 10- 3 substitutions/site/year and was comparable to what has been previously reported. Three sub-clusters formed within the current circulating lineage III shows the diversification of G12 from three independent ancestries within a similar time frame in the late 1990s. CONCLUSIONS At present it appears to be unlikely that widespread vaccine use has driven the molecular evolution and sustainability of G12 strains in Africa. Continuous monitoring of rotavirus genotypes is recommended to assess the long-term impact of rotavirus vaccination on the dynamic nature of rotavirus evolution on the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebareng G Rakau
- Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, WHO AFRO Rotavirus Regional Reference Laboratory, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Martin M Nyaga
- Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, WHO AFRO Rotavirus Regional Reference Laboratory, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.,Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Maemu P Gededzha
- Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, WHO AFRO Rotavirus Regional Reference Laboratory, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Service, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jason M Mwenda
- African Rotavirus Surveillance Network, Immunization, Vaccines and Development Cluster, WHO African Regional Office, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - M Jeffrey Mphahlele
- Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, WHO AFRO Rotavirus Regional Reference Laboratory, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council, Soutpansberg Road, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - L Mapaseka Seheri
- Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, WHO AFRO Rotavirus Regional Reference Laboratory, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A Duncan Steele
- Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, WHO AFRO Rotavirus Regional Reference Laboratory, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa. .,Present address: Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Reslan L, Mishra N, Finianos M, Zakka K, Azakir A, Guo C, Thakka R, Dbaibo G, Lipkin WI, Zaraket H. The origins of G12P[6] rotavirus strains detected in Lebanon. J Gen Virol 2020; 102. [PMID: 33331815 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The G12 rotaviruses are an increasingly important cause of severe diarrhoea in infants and young children worldwide. Seven human G12P[6] rotavirus strains were detected in stool samples from children hospitalized with gastroenteritis in Lebanon during a 2011-2013 surveillance study. Complete genomes of these strains were sequenced using VirCapSeq-VERT, a capture-based high-throughput viral-sequencing method, and further characterized based on phylogenetic analyses with global RVA and vaccine strains. Based on the complete genomic analysis, all Lebanese G12 strains were found to have Wa-like genetic backbone G12-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1. Phylogenetically, these strains fell into two clusters where one of them might have emerged from Southeast Asian strains and the second one seems to have a mixed backbone between North American and Southeast Asian strains. Further analysis of these strains revealed high antigenic variability compared to available vaccine strains. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the complete genome-based characterization of G12P[6] emerging in Lebanon. Additional studies will provide important insights into the evolutionary dynamics of G12 rotaviruses spreading in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Reslan
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nischay Mishra
- Center for Infection and the Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY 10032, New York
| | - Marc Finianos
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kimberley Zakka
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amanda Azakir
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Cheng Guo
- Center for Infection and the Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY 10032, New York
| | - Riddhi Thakka
- Center for Infection and the Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY 10032, New York
| | - Ghassan Dbaibo
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and the Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY 10032, New York
| | - Hassan Zaraket
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
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Zhou X, Wang YH, Pang BB, Chen N, Kobayashi N. Surveillance of Human Rotavirus in Wuhan, China (2011-2019): Predominance of G9P[8] and Emergence of G12. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100810. [PMID: 33023203 PMCID: PMC7600066 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are a major etiologic agent of gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. To learn the shift of genotypes and genetic characteristics of Rotavirus A (RVA) causing diarrhea in children and adults, a hospital-based surveillance of rotavirus was conducted in Wuhan, China from June 2011 through May 2019, and representative virus strains were phylogenetically analyzed. Among a total of 6733 stool specimens collected from both children and adults with acute gastroenteritis, RVA was detected in 25.5% (1125/4409) and 12.3% (285/2324) of specimens, respectively. G9P[8] was the most common genotype (74.5%), followed by G1P[8] (8.7%), G2P[4] (8.4%), and G3P[8] (7.3%), with G9P[8] increasing rapidly during the study period. The predominant genotype shifted from G1P[8] to G9P[8] in 2012-2013 epidemic season. G12P[6] strain RVA/Human-wt/CHN/Z2761/2019/G12P[6] was detected in April 2019 and assigned to G12-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T2-E1-H1 genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that VP7, VP4, VP6, VP3, NSP1, NSP2, and NSP5 genes of Z2761 clustered closely with those of Korean G12P[6] strain CAU_214, showing high nucleotide identities (98.0-98.8%). The NSP3 gene of Z2761 was closely related to those of G2P[4] and G12P[6] rotaviruses in Asia. All the eleven gene segments of Z2761 kept distance from those of cocirculating G9P[8], G1P[8], and G3P[8] strains detected in Wuhan during this study period. This is the first identification of G12 rotavirus in China. It is deduced that Z2761 is a reassortant having DS-1-like NSP3 gene in the background of G12P[6] rotavirus genetically close to CAU_214.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Division of Microbiology, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430024, China; (X.Z.); (B.-B.P.)
| | - Yuan-Hong Wang
- Division of Microbiology, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430024, China; (X.Z.); (B.-B.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: + 86-27-85801763
| | - Bei-Bei Pang
- Division of Microbiology, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430024, China; (X.Z.); (B.-B.P.)
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan;
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Mandile MG, Argüelles MH, Temprana CF, Peri Ibáñez ES, Silvestre D, Musto A, Rodríguez Pérez A, Mistchenko A, Glikmann G, Castello AA. Pre-vaccine rotavirus surveillance in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Characterization of an emergent G1P[8] strain associated to fatal cases in 2014. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104192. [PMID: 31931256 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are the most frequent etiological agents causing severe diarrhea in infants and surveillance of genotype, and genetic characteristics of circulating strains are necessary in order to evaluate vaccine programs. The objectives of this work were to describe G and P genotype from 2012 through 2014 in Buenos Aires, Argentina completing an overview of 19 years of genotype surveillance in our region and to characterize an emerging G1P[8] strain associated with severe cases and five fatalities in 2014. We performed genotyping by RT-PCR. The sequencing of several genes, phylogenetic analyses, and comparative epidemiological data were used to know the origin and phylogenetic relationships of the emerging G1P[8] strain. Along with this report, 19 years of continuous RVA genotype surveillance in Argentina in the pre-vaccine era was covered. During the last year of this surveillance, 2014, a significantly increased incidence of RVA associated gastroenteritis was related to the reemergence of G1P[8] strains, being these ones detected in low frequency in the last nine years. Interestingly, the patients affected were significantly older when compared with those from the last six seasons. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of several genes infer that these G1P[8] strains were closely related to Asian strains circulating during 2012 and 2013. In addition to this, the suggested extra continental origin for the 2014 G1P[8] strains and the very low circulation of G1 type during nine years probably explain the increased incidence and severity in the gastroenteritis cases and the particular epidemiologic characteristics. In conclusion, this work gives us a whole panorama of the pre-vaccine era of the RVA molecular epidemiology in the most populated region of Argentina. In this way, this work inspires us to continue with this type of studies in the post-vaccination era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo G Mandile
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal 1876, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (1425), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marcelo H Argüelles
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal 1876, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos F Temprana
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal 1876, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (1425), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estefanía S Peri Ibáñez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal 1876, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (1425), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dalila Silvestre
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal 1876, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (1425), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Musto
- Hospital Interzonal de Agudos Evita Pueblo, Rio de Janeiro 1910, Lanús Oeste (1824), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto Rodríguez Pérez
- Hospital General de Agudos Dr. Alberto A. Eurnekian, Lavalle 583, La Union 1803, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Mistchenko
- Laboratorio de Virología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina; Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), La Plata (1900), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Glikmann
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal 1876, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro A Castello
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal 1876, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche, Félix Lope de Vega 2099, Florencio Varela 1888, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Arana A, Jere KC, Chaguza C, Montes M, Alkorta M, Iturriza-Gomara M, Cilla G. Molecular epidemiology of G12 rotavirus strains during eight consecutive epidemic seasons in the Basque Country (North of Spain), 2010–2018. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 71:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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6
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Damanka SA, Agbemabiese CA, Dennis FE, Lartey BL, Adiku TK, Enweronu-Laryea CC, Armah GE. Genetic analysis of Ghanaian G1P[8] and G9P[8] rotavirus A strains reveals the impact of P[8] VP4 gene polymorphism on P-genotyping. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218790. [PMID: 31242245 PMCID: PMC6594640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organisation rotavirus surveillance networks have documented and shown eclectic geographic and temporal diversity in circulating G- and P- genotypes identified in children <5 years of age. To effectively monitor vaccine performance and effectiveness, robust molecular and phylogenetic techniques are essential to detect novel strain variants that might emerge due to vaccine pressure. This study inferred the phylogenetic history of the VP7 and VP4 genes of previously non-typeable strains and provided insight into the diversity of P[8] VP4 sequences which impacted the outcome of our routine VP4 genotyping method. Near-full-length VP7 gene and the VP8* fragment of the VP4 gene were obtained by Sanger sequencing and genotypes were determined using RotaC v2.0 web-based genotyping tool. The genotypes of the 57 rotavirus-positive samples with sufficient stool was determined. Forty-eight of the 57 (84.2%) had the P[8] specificity, of which 43 (89.6%) were characterized as P[8]a subtype and 5 (10.4%) as the rare OP354-like subtype. The VP7 gene of 27 samples were successfully sequenced and their G-genotypes confirmed as G1 (18/27) and G9 (9/27). Phylogenetic analysis of the P[8]a sequences placed them in subcluster IIIc within lineage III together with contemporary G1P[8], G3P[8], G8P[8], and G9P[8] strains detected globally from 2006-2016. The G1 VP7 sequences of the study strains formed a monophyletic cluster with African G1P[8] strains, previously detected in Ghana and Mali during the RotaTeq vaccine trial as well as Togo. The G9 VP7 sequences of the study strains formed a monophyletic cluster with contemporary African G9 sequences from neighbouring Burkina Faso within the major sub-cluster of lineage III. Mutations identified in the primer binding region of the VP8* sequence of the Ghanaian P[8]a strains may have resulted in the genotyping failure since the newly designed primer successfully genotyped the previously non-typeable P[8] strains. In summary, the G1, G9, and P[8]a sequences were highly similar to contemporary African strains at the lineage level. The study also resolved the methodological challenges of the standard genotyping techniques and highlighted the need for regular evaluation of the multiplex PCR-typing method especially in the post-vaccination era. The study further highlights the need for regions to start using sequencing data from local rotavirus strains to design and update genotyping primers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Afua Damanka
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail:
| | - Chantal Ama Agbemabiese
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Francis Ekow Dennis
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Belinda Larteley Lartey
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Theophilus Korku Adiku
- School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | | | - George Enyimah Armah
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Islamuddin M, Khan WH, Gupta S, Tiku VR, Khan N, Akdag AI, Chaudhary S, Upadhyay A, Kumar P, Ghatwala G, Ray P. Surveillance and genetic characterization of rotavirus strains circulating in four states of North Indian children. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 62:253-261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Azaran A, Makvandi M, Teimoori A, Ebrahimi S, Heydari F, Nikfar R. Distribution of Rotavirus Genotypes Ccirculating
in Ahvaz, Iran in 2016. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2018; 22:107-16. [PMID: 28915725 PMCID: PMC5786656 DOI: 10.22034/ibj.22.2.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Group A rotavirus (RVA) mainly causes acute gastroenteritis, exclusively in young children in developing countries. The prevalence and determination of the molecular epidemiology of rotavirus genotypes will determine the dominant rotavirus genotypes in the region and provide a strategy for the development of appropriate vaccines. Methods A total of 100 fecal samples were collected from children below five years with acute gastroenteritis who referred to Aboozar Children’s Hospital of Ahvaz city during October 2015 to March 2016. All samples were screened by latex agglutination for the presence of rotavirus antigen. Rotavirus-positive samples were further analyzed by the semi-multiplex RT-PCR, and the sequencing was performed for G/P genotyping. Results Findings showed that 32% of the specimens were RVA-positive. Among the 32 VP7 genotyped strains, the predominant G genotype was G9 (37.5%), followed by G2 (21.9%), G1 (12.5%), G12 (9.4%), G4 (9.4%), G2G9 (6.3%), and G3 (3.1%). Among the 31 VP4 genotyped strains, P[8] genotype was the dominant (62.5%), followed by P[4] (31.3%) and P[4] P[8] (3.1%). The genotypes for G and P were identified for 31 rotaviruses (96.87%), but only one strain, G9, remained non-typeable for the P genotype. The most prevalent G/P combination was G9P[8] (28.5%), followed by G2P[4] (18.8%), G1P[8] (9.4%), G12P[8] (9.4%), G4P[8] (9.4%), G2G9P[4] (6.3%), G9P[4] P[8] (3.1%), G3P[8] (3.1%), G9P[4] (3.1%), G2P[8] (3.1%), and G9P[non-typeable] (3.1%). Conclusion A novel rotavirus strain, G12, was detected, for the first time, in patients from the southwest of Iran. Comprehensive investigations are required to evaluate the emergence of this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azarakhsh Azaran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Virology Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Manoochehr Makvandi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Virology Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Virology Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Ebrahimi
- Virology Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Farzad Heydari
- Cukurova University, Medicine Faculty, Medical Microbiology Department, Adana, Turkey
| | - Roya Nikfar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aboozar Children’s Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Silapong S, Sakpaisal P, Bodhidatta L, Lertsethtakarn P, Sethabutr O, Vansith K, Meng CY, Swierczewski BE, Mason CJ. Genotypic Distribution of Rotavirus in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: An Association of G9 with More Severe Diseases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:947-952. [PMID: 28167599 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRotavirus causes significant morbidity and mortality among children worldwide. Stool samples from a previous hospital-based surveillance study to detect diarrhea etiology at the National Pediatric Hospital in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, by Meng and others in 2011 were tested for rotavirus by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting vp6 gene and characterized for G- and P-genotypes of positive samples based on vp7 and vp4 genes, respectively. Rotavirus was detected in 159/531 (30%) of children with diarrhea and none was detected in 287 nondiarrhea controls. All but three of the rotavirus-positive cases were children under the age of 2. The most common genotypes characterized by PCR and sequencing were G1P[8] (69%), G9P[8] (11%), and G2P[4] (11%). Genotype G9 was detected at a relatively high percentage that is consistent with the global trend and found to be associated with hospitalization. Data on disease burden and genotypic distribution are required information for the planning of rotavirus vaccine implementation in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasikorn Silapong
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pimmada Sakpaisal
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paphavee Lertsethtakarn
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orntipa Sethabutr
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ket Vansith
- National Pediatric Hospital, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Brett E Swierczewski
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carl J Mason
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
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Cuffia VI, Díaz Ariza MDC, Silvera A, Sabini LI, Cordoba PA. Comparison of Antigenic Dominants of VP7 in G9 and G1 Rotavirus Strains Circulating in La Rioja, Argentina, with the Vaccine Strains. Viral Immunol 2016; 29:367-71. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria I. Cuffia
- Laboratorio 1, Departamento de Investigación, IUCS, Fundación Barceló H.A. Sede La Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina
| | - María del Carmen Díaz Ariza
- Laboratorio 1, Departamento de Investigación, IUCS, Fundación Barceló H.A. Sede La Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Silvera
- Laboratorio 1, Departamento de Investigación, IUCS, Fundación Barceló H.A. Sede La Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina
| | - Liliana I. Sabini
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Patricia A. Cordoba
- Laboratorio 1, Departamento de Investigación, IUCS, Fundación Barceló H.A. Sede La Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Rioja, Argentina
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da Silva MFM, Fumian TM, de Assis RMS, Fialho AM, Carvalho-Costa FA, da Silva Ribeiro de Andrade J, Leite JPG. VP7 and VP8* genetic characterization of group A rotavirus genotype G12P[8]: Emergence and spreading in the Eastern Brazilian coast in 2014. J Med Virol 2016; 89:64-70. [PMID: 27322509 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotavirus (RVA) genotype G12 is habitually associated with diarrhea disease (DD) in African children and recently its detection has increased worldwide. A total of 970 stool samples collected from individuals with DD in the Northeastern, Southeastern, and Southern Brazilian regions, Eastern coast, were analyzed and 321 (33%) were positive for RVA and of these, 241 (75%) genotyped as G12P[8]. The rate of RVA positivity was higher among children aged 5-10 years old (60%). All RVA infections observed in adults aged >21 years were G12P[8] (n = 27) showing that this genotype affected older age groups during the year of 2014 in Brazil. Phylogenetic analysis of VP7 and VP8* G12P[8] strains demonstrated an elevated similarity among Brazilian and G12-III prototypes strains circulating worldwide recently, suggesting that this lineage is associated with the global spread of the G12 genotype, considered as the 6th most prevalent human RVA genotype nowadays; while other G12 lineages remain sporadically detected and usually detected in association with other P genotypes. VP8* analysis revealed that Brazilian strains belong to P[8]-3 lineage, the single P[8] lineage presently detected in the country. No major nucleotide/amino acid disparities were observed among strains recovered from children and adults for VP7 and VP8* genes. These data are essential to support the surveillance studies, particularly in countries where the RVA vaccine was introduced in their National Immunization Program enabling identification of potential alterations in the epidemiological profile that can impact its efficacy in vaccination programs. J. Med. Virol. 89:64-70, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelle Figueira Marques da Silva
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosane Maria Santos de Assis
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Madi Fialho
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Filipe Anibal Carvalho-Costa
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Silva Ribeiro de Andrade
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Paulo Gagliardi Leite
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Luchs A, Cilli A, Morillo SG, Gregório DDS, de Souza KAF, Vieira HR, Fernandes ADM, Carmona RDCC, Timenetsky MDCST. Detection of the emerging rotavirus G12P[8] genotype at high frequency in brazil in 2014: Successive replacement of predominant strains after vaccine introduction. Acta Trop 2016; 156:87-94. [PMID: 26748357 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The continuum characterization of rotavirus (RVA) genotypes is essential to understand how vaccine introduction could impact virus epidemiology. In the present study, an unexpected rapid changing pattern of RVA genotypes distribution in Brazilian population during three followed seasons is described. From January/2012 to December/2014, a total of 3441 fecal specimens were collected from collaborating centers across Southern, Southeastern and Midwest of Brazil. All specimens were screened for RVA using ELISA, and genotyped by RT-PCR. Differences in proportions were tested using Chi-Squares. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RVA was detected in 19.7% (677/3441). Among RVA positive cases (n=677), a total of 652 (96.3%) samples were successfully amplified by RT-PCR. G3P[8] remained prevalent in 2012 (37.6%, 69/185) and 2013 (40.1%, 74/186) (χ(2)=0.107, p=0.743), but declined markedly in 2014 (3.5%, 10/281) (χ(2)=71.770, p=0.000). G12P[8] was second highest strain in 2012 (22.7%, 42/185), decrease rapidly in 2013 (2.7%, 5/186) (χ(2)=26.224, p=0.000) and re-emerged as the predominant genotype in 2014 (86.6%, 243/281) (χ(2)=118.299, p=0.000). From July/2014, G12P[8] was the single genotype detected in all regions studied. The sudden emergence, spread and predominance of G12P[8] strain in Brazil, raised the hypothesis of a possible G12 outbreak being in progress. Nationally, the long term decline in gastroenteritis hospitalization observed in the country after RVA vaccine introduction was confirmed. Nevertheless, the sharp increase in diarrhea hospitalization prevalence from 2013 to 2014 observed in Southern and Southeastern regions is consistent with what appears to be an outbreak of G12P[8]. Continued surveillance is needed to verify the effectiveness of the RotarixTM vaccine in Brazil together with potential emergence of unusual genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Luchs
- Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Centre, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Audrey Cilli
- Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Centre, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Heloísa Rosa Vieira
- Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Centre, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Tort LFL, Victoria M, Lizasoain A, García M, Berois M, Cristina J, Leite JPG, Gómez MM, Miagostovich MP, Colina R. Detection of Common, Emerging and Uncommon VP4, and VP7 Human Group A Rotavirus Genotypes from Urban Sewage Samples in Uruguay. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2015; 7:342-353. [PMID: 26267835 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-015-9213-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Environmental approach has proven to be a useful tool for epidemiological studies demonstrating through environmental studies the diversity of viruses circulating in a given population. The aim of this study was to perform a phylogenetic characterization of the group A rotavirus (RVA) glycoprotein (G)- and protease-sensitive (P)-genotypes obtained from sewage samples (n = 116) collected in six cities of Uruguay during March 2011 to April 2013. A worldwide standardized semi-nested multiplex RT-PCR (SNM RT-PCR) protocol directed against VP4 and VP7 genes were conducted for RVA detection and consensual DNA fragments were submitted to nucleotide sequencing. P and/or G genotype was successfully determined by phylogenetic analysis in 61% (n = 37) of the positive samples obtained by SNM RT-PCR (n = 61). The RVA genotypes were as follow: G1 (n = 2), G2 (n = 14), G3 (n = 5), G12 (n = 2), P[4] (n = 4), P[8] (n = 16), and P[3] (n = 2). Interestingly, through phylogenetic analysis, emerging, and uncommon human genotypes could be detected. Results obtained from the comparison of RVA genotypes detected in the current study and Uruguayan RVA strains previously described for contemporary clinical pediatric cases showed that monitoring sewage may be a good screening option for a rapid and economical overview of the circulating genotypes in the surrounding human population and a useful approximation to study RVA epidemiology in a future vaccine monitoring program. The present study represents the first report in Uruguay that describes the phylogenetic diversity of RVA from urban sewage samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Lopez Tort
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Regional Norte - CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, 50000, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Matías Victoria
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Regional Norte - CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, 50000, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Andrés Lizasoain
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Regional Norte - CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, 50000, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Mariana García
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Regional Norte - CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, 50000, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Mabel Berois
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Cristina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - José Paulo Gagliardi Leite
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Mariela Martínez Gómez
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Rodney Colina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Regional Norte - CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, 50000, Salto, Uruguay.
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Controlling Rotavirus-associated diarrhea: Could single-domain antibody fragments make the difference? Rev Argent Microbiol 2015; 47:368-79. [PMID: 26654700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Rotavirus (RVA) remains a leading cause of severe diarrhea and child mortality. The variable domain of camelid heavy chain antibodies (VHH) display potent antigen-binding capacity, have low production costs and are suitable for oral therapies. Two sets of anti-RVA VHHs have been developed: ARP1-ARP3; 2KD1-3B2. Here, we explore the potential of both sets as a prevention strategy complementary to vaccination and a treatment option against RVA-associated diarrhea in endangered populations. Both sets have been expressed in multiple production systems, showing extensive neutralizing capacity against strains of RVA in vitro. They were also tested in the neonatal mouse model with various degrees of success in preventing or treating RVA-induced diarrhea. Interestingly, mitigation of the symptoms was also achieved with freeze-dried ARP1, so that it could be applied in areas where cold chains are difficult to maintain. 3B2 was tested in a pre-clinical trial involving gnotobiotic piglets where it conferred complete protection against RVA-induced diarrhea. ARP1 was used in the first clinical trial for anti-RVA VHHs, successfully reducing stool output in infants with RVA diarrhea, with no detected side effects.
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Tong Y, Lee BE, Pang XL. Rapid genotyping of human rotavirus using SYBR green real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with melting curve analysis. World J Virol 2015; 4:365-371. [PMID: 26568918 PMCID: PMC4641228 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v4.i4.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To develop a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay to genotype rotavirus (G and P) in Alberta from January 2012 to June 2013.
METHODS: We developed and validated a different approach to perform rotavirus G and P genotyping using a two-step SYBR green RT-PCR (rt-gPCR) by selecting genotype-specific primers of published conventional RT nested PCR (cnRT-PCR) assay and optimizing the amplification conditions. cDNA was first synthesized from total RNA with SuperScript™ II reverse transcriptase kit followed by amplication step using monoplex SYBR green real-time PCR. After the PCR reaction, melting curve analysis was used to determine specific genotype. Sixteen samples previously genotyped using cnRT-PCR were tested using the new assay and the genotyping results were compared as sensitivity analysis. Assay specificity was evaluated by testing other gastroenteritis viruses with the new assay. The amplicon size of each available genotype was determined by gel-electrophoresis and DNA sequences were obtained using Sanger-sequencing method. After validation and optimization, the new assay was used to genotype 122 pediatric clinical stool samples previously tested positive for rotavirus using electron microscopy between January 2012 and June 2013.
RESULTS: The new rt-gPCR assay was validated and optimized. The assay detected G1 to G4, G9, G12 and P[4] and P[8] that were available as positive controls in our laboratory. A single and clear peak of melting curve was generated for each of specific G and P genotypes with a Tm ranging from 80 °C to 82 °C. The sensitivity of rt-gPCR was comparable to cnRT-PCR with 100% correlation of the 16 samples with known G and P genotypes. No cross reaction was found with other gastroenteritis viruses. Using the new rt-gPCR assay, genotypes were obtained for 121 of the 122 pediatric clinical samples tested positive for rotavirus: G1P[8] (42.6%), G2P[4] (4.9%), G3P[8] (10.7%), G9P[8] (10.7%), G9P[4] (6.6%), G12P[8] (23.0%), and unknown GP[8] (0.8%). For the first time, G12 rotavirus strains were found in Alberta and G12 was the second most common genotype during the study period. Gel electrophoresis of all the genotypes showed expected amplicon size for each genotype. The sequence data of the two G12 samples along with other genotypes were blasted in NCBI BLAST or analyzed with Rota C Genotyping tool (http://rotac.regatools.be/). All genotyping results were confirmed to be correct.
CONCLUSION: rt-gPCR is a useful tool for the genotyping and characterization of rotavirus. Monitoring of rotavirus genotypes is important for the identification of emerging strains and ongoing evaluation of rotavirus vaccination programs.
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Agbemabiese CA, Nakagomi T, Doan YH, Nakagomi O. Whole genomic constellation of the first human G8 rotavirus strain detected in Japan. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 35:184-93. [PMID: 26275468 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human G8 Rotavirus A (RVA) strains are commonly detected in Africa but are rarely detected in Japan and elsewhere in the world. In this study, the whole genome sequence of the first human G8 RVA strain designated AU109 isolated in a child with acute gastroenteritis in 1994 was determined in order to understand how the strain was generated including the host species origin of its genes. The genotype constellation of AU109 was G8-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2. Phylogenetic analyses of the 11 genome segments revealed that its VP7 and VP1 genes were closely related to those of a Hungarian human G8P[14] RVA strain and these genes shared the most recent common ancestors in 1988 and 1982, respectively. AU109 possessed an NSP2 gene closely related to those of Chinese sheep and goat RVA strains. The remaining eight genome segments were closely related to Japanese human G2P[4] strains which circulated around 1985-1990. Bayesian evolutionary analyses revealed that the NSP2 gene of AU109 and those of the Chinese sheep and goat RVA strains diverged from a common ancestor around 1937. In conclusion, AU109 was generated through genetic reassortment event where Japanese DS-1-like G2P[4] strains circulating around 1985-1990 obtained the VP7, VP1 and NSP2 genes from unknown ruminant G8 RVA strains. These observations highlight the need for comprehensive examination of the whole genomes of RVA strains of less explored host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Ama Agbemabiese
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toyoko Nakagomi
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yen Hai Doan
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakagomi
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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17
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Evolution of a G6P[6] rotavirus strain isolated from a child with acute gastroenteritis in Ghana, 2012. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2219-2231. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Bucardo F, Nordgren J. Impact of vaccination on the molecular epidemiology and evolution of group A rotaviruses in Latin America and factors affecting vaccine efficacy. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:106-13. [PMID: 26079278 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite high rotavirus (RV) vaccine coverage (∼83%) and good effectiveness (∼77%) against RV-diarrhea hospitalization, RV is still contributing to the burden of diarrhea that persists in hospital settings in several Latin American countries, where RV vaccination is being implemented. Due to the extensive genomic and antigenic diversity, among co-circulating human RV, a major concern has been that the introduction of RV vaccination could exert selection pressure leading to higher prevalence of strains not included in the vaccines and/or emergence of new strains, thus, reducing the efficacy of vaccination. Here we review the molecular epidemiology of RV in Latin America and explore issues of RV evolution and selection in light of vaccination. We further explore etiologies behind the large burden of diarrhea remaining after vaccination in some countries and discuss plausible reasons for vaccine failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filemón Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of León, Nicaragua (UNAN-León), Nicaragua.
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Virology, Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty University of Linköping, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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Large increase of rotavirus diarrhoea in the hospital setting associated with emergence of G12 genotype in a highly vaccinated population in Nicaragua. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:603.e1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Tort LFL, Victoria M, Lizasoain A A, Castells M, Maya L, Gómez MM, Arreseigor E, López P, Cristina J, Leite JPG, Colina R. Molecular epidemiology of group a rotavirus among children admitted to hospital in Salto, Uruguay, 2011-2012: First detection of the emerging genotype G12. J Med Virol 2015; 87:754-63. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matías Victoria
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, North Regional; University of Republic; Salto Uruguay
| | - Andrés Lizasoain A
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, North Regional; University of Republic; Salto Uruguay
| | - Matías Castells
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, North Regional; University of Republic; Salto Uruguay
| | - Leticia Maya
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, North Regional; University of Republic; Salto Uruguay
| | - Mariela Martínez Gómez
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology; Oswaldo Cruz Institute; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Patricia López
- Pediatric Unit of Regional Public Hospital; Salto Uruguay
| | - Juan Cristina
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences; University of Republic; Montevideo Uruguay
| | | | - Rodney Colina
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, North Regional; University of Republic; Salto Uruguay
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Degiuseppe JI, Parra GI, Stupka JA. Genetic diversity of G3 rotavirus strains circulating in Argentina during 1998-2012 assessed by full genome analyses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110341. [PMID: 25337915 PMCID: PMC4206407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal shifts in the predominant strains and the periodic emergence of new strains are epidemiological features of human rotaviruses. After the sporadic detection in two samples in 1998, G3P[8] strains reemerged as the predominant rotavirus during 2008-2009 in Argentina. Notably, in 2011 6.3% (37/587) of samples presented the G3P[6] genotypes, which coincided with the recent detection of G3P[6] and G2P[6] strains in South America and Europe. Analyses of the 11 gene segments of four G3P[8] and two G3P[6] strains revealed that G3P[8] strains detected a decade apart (1998 and 2009) presented minor differences, while the G3P[6] strains presented a complete different genomic constellation albeit showing a similar VP7 gene. This study provides insights in the dynamics and evolution of one of the genotypes with the wider range of hosts and inter-species transmission potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ignacio Degiuseppe
- Laboratorio de Gastroenteritis Virales, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS) “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Ignacio Parra
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Juan Andrés Stupka
- Laboratorio de Gastroenteritis Virales, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS) “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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22
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Shetty SA, Mathur M, Deshpande JM. Complete genome analysis of a rare group A rotavirus, G11P[25], isolated from a child in Mumbai, India, reveals interspecies transmission and reassortment with human rotavirus strains. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:1220-1227. [PMID: 24951672 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.070524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hospital-based rotavirus surveillance was carried out in Mumbai during 2005-2009. An isolate (B08299) with a rare genotype combination (G11P[25]) was detected. The present study was undertaken to characterize the complete genome of the isolate. B08299 exhibited a G11-P[25]-I12-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 genotype constellation. Phylogenetic analysis of the 11 gene segments of B08299 revealed that the VP2 and NSP5 genes of B08299 had a human origin, while the VP6 gene represented an I12 genotype of obscure origin. The remaining six genes formed a lineage distinct from human and porcine rotaviruses within genotype 1. Analysis of the structural and non-structural genes suggested that B08299 has evolved by gene reassortment. Our findings provide further evidence that interspecies transmission is an important mechanism involved in the evolution and genetic diversity of human rotaviruses in nature.
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23
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Mandile MG, Esteban LE, Argüelles MH, Mistchenko A, Glikmann G, Castello AA. Surveillance of group A Rotavirus in Buenos Aires 2008-2011, long lasting circulation of G2P[4] strains possibly linked to massive monovalent vaccination in the region. J Clin Virol 2014; 60:282-9. [PMID: 24875137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are the most frequent single etiological agents of severe diarrhea in infants. Since 2006 RVA vaccines have been introduced in national schedules of middle and high income countries with substantial declines in rotavirus associated disease burden. However, surveillance must be maintained to, eventually, detect emerging types or variants selected by the new pressure imposed by vaccination. OBJECTIVES To analyze the molecular epidemiology of group A rotavirus after vaccine introduction in the region in the context of data from more than 15 years of continuous surveillance in Buenos Aires. STUDY DESIGN RVA positive diarrhea samples collected in Buenos Aires from 2008 to 2011 were genotyped by RT-PCR. Selected samples were sequenced to gain insight on evolution of common and globally emerging human RVA strains. RESULTS Lineage III G12P[8] strain emerged in 2008 in Buenos Aires and shared co-dominancy with G3 strains during 2009. An atypical long lasting circulation of G2P[4] strains since 2004 reached rates around 80% in 2011 in Buenos Aires. Sequencing of the VP7 and VP4 genes of representative G2P[4] isolates suggests Brazil as the origin of the 2010-2011 strains. CONCLUSIONS Globally emergent G12 lineage III strains could be established as dominant strains in a very populated area in two years since emergence. In this work it was also shown that the persistence of G2P[4] strains during 8 years could be related to massive immunization with the monovalent vaccine in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo G Mandile
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal 1876, Argentina.
| | - Laura E Esteban
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal 1876, Argentina
| | - Marcelo H Argüelles
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal 1876, Argentina
| | - Alicia Mistchenko
- Laboratorio de Virología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Sánchez de Bustamante 1330, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
| | - Graciela Glikmann
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal 1876, Argentina
| | - Alejandro A Castello
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal 1876, Argentina
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Group A rotaviruses in children with gastroenteritis in a Canadian pediatric hospital: The prevaccine era. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 24:e1-6. [PMID: 24421793 DOI: 10.1155/2013/982385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A publicly funded, group A rotavirus (RVA) vaccination program was implemented in Quebec in November 2011. OBJECTIVES To evaluate trends in RVA infections and describe circulating genotypes before the implementation of a publicly funded vaccination program. METHODS The Montreal Children's Hospital (Montreal, Quebec) virology laboratory database was reviewed for RVA ELISA performed between July 2006 and June 2011. A five-week moving average was used to follow the proportion of positive RVA ELISA test results. A season was defined as starting with the first two and ending with the final two consecutive weeks in which the percentage of specimens testing positive for RVA was ≥10%. Duplicate tests were excluded. A random sample of 39 RVA-positive fecal samples from the final season (2010/2011) was genetically characterized: VP4, VP6, VP7 and NSP4 gene segments were genotyped using sequence analysis. RESULTS Of the 3403 nonduplicate tests, 433 were RVA positive: 15.1% (2006/2007) to 9.3% (2010/2011) of the samples were positive during the study period, with a proportionally larger decrease in the percentage of positive tests compared with the decrease in the number of tests performed. The most common RVA strain types detected were G9P[8]I1 (n=19) and G1P[8]I1 (n=14), followed by G2P[4]I2 (n=4), G3P[6]I1 (n=1) and G4P[8]I2 (n=1). Mixed RVA infection was observed in two samples. CONCLUSION Before the implementation of the vaccination program, the proportion of positive RVA tests had already begun to steadily decline. The present study was the first to report the genetic makeup of human RVA collected from a Canadian hospital based on the genotyping of four gene segments. The present study provided a baseline with which to monitor the impact of the universal vaccination program.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The African Rotavirus Surveillance Network has been detecting and documenting rotavirus genotypes in the subcontinent since 1998, largely based on intercountry workshops conducted at Rotavirus Regional Reference Laboratories. This article reports on rotavirus genotypes generated at Regional Reference Laboratories, South Africa between 2007 and 2011 from 16 African countries. METHODS Stool samples were collected from <5-year-old children with diarrhea following World Health Organization criteria of hospital-based rotavirus surveillance. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was performed by National Laboratories. Regional Reference Laboratories retested 10% of randomly selected EIA positives and 10% of EIA negatives from each country as part of quality control. At least 50 rotavirus EIA positives from each country per year were subjected to reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction based on G-/P-types. Sequencing was conducted in 5-10% of each representative G or P genotype to confirm the genotype, as well as to type some of the samples that could not be genotyped with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction-based methods. RESULTS A total of 2555 of rotavirus EIA positives were genotyped. G1 was the most predominant (28.8%), followed by G9 (17.3%), G2 (16.8%), G8 (8.2%), G12 (6.2%) and G3 (5.9%). Similarly, the P[8] strain was the most prevalent (40.6%), followed by P[6] (30.9%) and P[4] (13.9%). The top G/P combinations detected were G1P[8] (18.4%), G9P[8] (11.7%), G2P[4] (8.6%), G2P[6] (6.2%), G1P[6] (4.9%), G3P[6] (4.3%), G8P[6] (3.8%) and G12P[8] (3.1%). CONCLUSIONS There is high genetic diversity of rotavirus strains circulating in the subcontinent. Understanding the strain diversity pre- and postvaccine introduction are important in Africa to understand the broader impact of the rotavirus vaccines on regionally circulating strains.
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Kang G, Desai R, Arora R, Chitamabar S, Naik TN, Krishnan T, Deshpande J, Gupte MD, Venkatasubramaniam S, Gentsch JR, Parashar UD, Mathew A, Anita, Ramani S, Sowmynarayanan TV, Moses PD, Agarwal I, Simon A, Bose A, Arora R, Chhabra P, Fadnis P, Bhatt J, Shetty SJ, Saxena VK, Mathur M, Jadhav A, Roy S, Mukherjee A, Singh NB. Diversity of circulating rotavirus strains in children hospitalized with diarrhea in India, 2005-2009. Vaccine 2013; 31:2879-83. [PMID: 23624096 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND India accounts for 22% of the 453,000 global rotavirus deaths among children <5 years annually. The Indian Rotavirus Strain Surveillance Network provides clinicians and public health partners with valuable rotavirus disease surveillance data. Our analysis offers policy-makers an update on rotavirus disease burden with emphasis on regional shifts in rotavirus strain epidemiology in India. METHODS Children <5 years requiring hospitalization for acute gastroenteritis were selected from 10 representative hospitals in 7 cities throughout India between November 2005 through June 2009. We used a modified World Health Organization protocol for rotavirus surveillance; stool specimens were collected and tested for rotavirus using enzyme immunoassay and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS A total of 7285 stool specimens collected were tested for rotavirus, among which 2899 (40%) were positive for rotavirus. Among the 2899 rotavirus detections, a G-type could not be determined for 662 (23%) and more than one G type was detected in 240 (8%). Of 1997 (69%) patients with only one G-type, the common types were G1 (25%), G2 (21%), G9 (13%), and G12 (10%). The proportion of rotavirus infections attributed to G12 infections rose from 8% to 39% in the Northern region and from 8% to 24% in the Western region. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the large, ongoing burden of rotavirus disease in India, as well as interesting regional shifts in rotavirus strain epidemiology, including an increasing detection of G12 rotavirus strains in some regions. While broad heterotypic protection from rotavirus vaccination is expected based on pre- and post-licensure data from other settings, effectiveness assessments and rotavirus strain monitoring after vaccine introduction will be important.
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Ndze VN, Achidi EA, Papp H, Kovács E, Farkas S, Adiogo D, Kisfali P, Ngeng MB, Abena MTO, Martella V, Esona MD, Bányai K. Shared G12 VP7 gene among human and bovine rotaviruses detected in Cameroonian villages. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2013; 60:21-8. [PMID: 23529296 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.60.2013.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are an important enteric pathogen in humans and livestock animals. Transmission of animal RVA strains to humans has been documented on several occasions. A reverse route of transmission of RVA under natural circumstances is anticipated, although evidence is scarce. However, experimental studies indicated that animals can be infected with human RVAs. By screening the stool samples collected from 157 cattle during 2011 in two Cameroonian villages, four samples (2.5%) were found positive for RVA. Upon sequence analysis of a 410 bp fragment of the VP7 gene, the RVA strains shared up to 100% nt identity to each other and to G12 RVAs identified in human patients living in the same geographic regions. This finding provides evidence for a human-to-animal transmission of an epidemic human rotavirus strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Ngum Ndze
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Chigor VN, Okoh AI. Quantitative RT-PCR detection of hepatitis A virus, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in the Buffalo River and source water dams in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012. [PMID: 23202829 PMCID: PMC3524610 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9114017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human enteric viruses (HEntVs) are a major cause of water-related diseases. The prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV), rotaviruses (RoV) and enteroviruses (EnV) in Buffalo River waters was assessed quantitatively over a period of 12 months (August 2010 to July 2011). Seventy-two samples were collected from six sites, including three dams, and concentrated using the adsorption-elution method. Viral RNA was extracted using a commercial kit, and the viruses were quantified by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR). Two or more viruses were detected in 12.5% of the samples. HAV was detected in 43.1% of the samples and in significantly (p < 0.05) varying concentrations of 1.5 × 10(1)–1.9 × 10(5) genome copies/L compared to RoV and EnV, while RoVs were detected in 13.9% of samples, with concentrations ranging from 2.5 × 10(1)–2.1 × 10(3) genome copies/L, and EnV were detected in 9.7% of the samples, with concentrations ranging from 1.3 × 10(1)–8.6 × 10(1) genome copies/L. Only HAV was detected at all the sites, with the Bridle Drift Dam recording significantly higher (p < 0.05) concentrations. The presence of enteric viruses in Buffalo River may constitute public health risks and the incidence of HAV at all the sites could reflect both the epidemiological status of hepatitis A and HAV persistence in the water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Nnamdigadi Chigor
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
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Ansari S, Sherchand JB, Rijal BP, Parajuli K, Mishra SK, Dahal RK, Shrestha S, Tandukar S, Chaudhary R, Kattel HP, Basnet A, Pokhrel BM. Characterization of rotavirus causing acute diarrhoea in children in Kathmandu, Nepal, showing the dominance of serotype G12. J Med Microbiol 2012; 62:114-120. [PMID: 23038804 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.048124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhoeal diseases are a major problem in developing countries. Though precise data on childhood mortality associated with diarrhoeal diseases in Nepal are not available, it has been estimated that approximately 25 % of child deaths are associated with diarrhoeal disease, particularly acute diarrhoea. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of rotavirus causing acute diarrhoea in children less than 5 years of age. A total of 525 children with acute diarrhoea in a children's hospital of Kathmandu, Nepal, were enrolled between April and September 2011. The incidence of acute diarrhoea due to rotavirus was 25.9 % (136/525) as determined by ELISA. The percentage of rotavirus-infected males was higher (64.5 %) than females (35.5 %). The frequency of rotavirus cases was higher in children less than 2 years of age, among which the majority of cases (80.2 %) were in children between 6 and 24 months old (P<0.01). Genotypic characterization by RT-PCR revealed that the serotype G12 represented 55.9 % of cases in this study associated with P-types of either P[6], P[4] or P[8]. Further to this, a total of eight G/P combinations were identified, G12P[6] being the most common strain type of rotavirus in Nepal, with a prevalence rate of 46.4 %. The aim of this study was to find out the major genotypes of rotavirus causing acute diarrhoea in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshul Ansari
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jeevan Bahadur Sherchand
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Basista Prasad Rijal
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Keshab Parajuli
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shyam Kumar Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rajan Kumar Dahal
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shovita Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sarmila Tandukar
- Public Health Research Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Raina Chaudhary
- Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Hari Prasad Kattel
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Amul Basnet
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bharat Mani Pokhrel
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Rotavirus genotypes in children in the Basque Country (North of Spain): rapid and intense emergence of the G12[P8] genotype. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 141:868-74. [PMID: 22873952 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812001306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Between July 2009 and June 2011, rotavirus was detected in 507 of 4597 episodes of acute gastroenteritis in children aged <3 years in Gipuzkoa (Basque Country, Spain), of which the G-type was determined in 458 (90·3%). During the annual seasonal epidemic of 2010-2011, the unusual G-type 12 was predominant, causing 65% (145/223) of cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis. All the G12 strains were clustered in lineage III and were preferentially associated with P-type 8. This epidemic was characterized by broad geographical distribution (rural and urban) and, over 7 months, affected both infants and children, the most frequently affected being children between 4 and 24 months. Of children with rotavirus G12, 16% required hospital admission, the admission rate in children aged <2 years being 20·7 cases/10 000 children. The sudden emergence and predominance of G12 rotaviruses documented in this winter outbreak suggest that they may soon become a major human rotavirus genotype.
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Stupka JA, Degiuseppe JI, Parra GI. Increased frequency of rotavirus G3P[8] and G12P[8] in Argentina during 2008–2009: Whole-genome characterization of emerging G12P[8] strains. J Clin Virol 2012; 54:162-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Soares LDS, Lobo PDS, Mascarenhas JDP, Neri DL, Guerra SDFDS, de Oliveira ADSL, Maestri RP, Oliveira DDS, de Menezes EMDFC, Linhares ADC. Identification of lineage III of G12 rotavirus strains in diarrheic children in the Northern Region of Brazil between 2008 and 2010. Arch Virol 2011; 157:135-9. [PMID: 21947565 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the surveillance for rotavirus genotypes and the identification of G12 human rotavirus in the Northern Region of Brazil. Rotavirus-positive samples were collected from children <5 years of age with acute diarrhea from January 2008 to October 2010. G2P[4] was the most prevalent genotype, accounting for 45.6% (126/303) of cases. Five rotavirus strains bearing G12P[6] genotype specificity were detected. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP7 gene showed that G12 strains clustered into lineage III. This is the first detection of G12 strains from lineage III in Latin America, broadening the current evidence for the worldwide emergence of this genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana da Silva Soares
- Seção de Virologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Rodovia BR 316-KM 07, S/N, Levilândia, 67.030-000 Ananindeua, Pará, Brasil.
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Wu FT, Bányai K, Huang JC, Wu HS, Chang FY, Hsiung CA, Huang YC, Lin JS, Hwang KP, Jiang B, Gentsch JR. Human infection with novel G3P[25] rotavirus strain in Taiwan. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:1570-3. [PMID: 21851477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genotype P[25] rotaviruses are rare and to date have been reported to occur only in a few countries of mainland Asia. Here we report the molecular characterization of a novel human rotavirus genotype combination, G3P[25], detected in a 17-month-old child hospitalized due to severe gastroenteritis during 2009 in central Taiwan. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the VP4 gene demonstrated a distinct origin from other strains bearing the P[25] VP4 gene, whereas the VP7, VP6 and NSP4 gene phylogenies identified common origins with cognate genes of other, presumed human-porcine reassortment Taiwanese strains. These results suggest that interactions between human and animal strains appear to contribute to the generation of genetic and antigenic diversity of rotavirus strains, with potential public health importance in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- F-T Wu
- Department of Health, Centre for Research and Diagnostics, Centres for Disease Control, Taiwan.
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Rotavirus infection: a perspective on epidemiology, genomic diversity and vaccine strategies. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2011; 22:11-23. [PMID: 23637497 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-011-0039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, acute diarrhea has been a major cause of death in young children worldwide, and until 1973, before rotavirus was discovered; no infectious agents could be identified in about 80% of patients admitted to hospital with severe dehydrating diarrhea. Rotaviruses have now been shown to cause 40-50% of severe acute diarrhea in young children worldwide in both developing and developed countries. More than 600,000 young children die and approximately 2.4 million hospitalize annually from rotavirus disease, especially in South-East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Two safe and effective vaccines are now licensed in 100 countries but used in 17 countries. Rotarix (GSK) vaccine is derived from single attenuated human rotavirus G1P[8], representative of the most common serotype identified worldwide. RotaTeq (Merck) is a pentavalent mixture of naturally attenuated bovine/human rotavirus reassortants representing G1, G2, G3, G4, and P[8] serotypes. Though these vaccines have already dramatically decreased the morbidity associated with rotavirus in countries where they are widely used, the third generation of vaccines, based on inactivated viruses or recombinant virus like particle are already in pipeline. Continuous surveillance and the genetic and antigenic analysis of the various strains of rotavirus circulating worldwide will aid significantly in assessing the effectiveness of these vaccines and monitor emergence of new strains. Introduction of rotavirus vaccines in national vaccine policy along with other childhood vaccines may result in significant reduction in mortality in children in poor socioeconomic countries.
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Ribas MDLA, Nagashima S, Calzado A, Acosta G, Tejero Y, Cordero Y, Piedra D, Kobayashi N. Emergence of G9 as a predominant genotype of human rotaviruses in Cuba. J Med Virol 2011; 83:738-44. [PMID: 21328392 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To study human rotaviruses in Cuban children up to 5 years old with acute diarrhea, a total of 64 faecal samples from two pediatric hospitals between 2006 and 2008 were analyzed. Thirty-nine samples (60.9%) were found positive for rotaviruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), while four (6.2%) exhibited discordant results (ELISA positives/PAGE negatives). All the positive samples were genotyped by a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The most prevalent G and P types were G1 (60.5%) and P[8] (90.6%), respectively. Among the rotaviruses detected, two long RNA patterns were identified by PAGE (L/A and L/B). The predominant genotype in 2006 and 2007 was G1/P[8] with detection rates 71.4% and 80%, respectively. In contrast, G9/P[8] was found at the highest rate (78.5%) in 2008. The phylogenetic analysis of VP7 genes of the ten representative strains indicated that Cuban G1/P[8] rotaviruses were close to those reported in the Americas, and G9/P[8] rotaviruses were located in the lineage of the emerging G9 strains spreading worldwide. This is the first molecular epidemiologic study of rotaviruses in Cuba, highlighting the current increase of the G9 rotavirus which has been recognized globally as an emerging genotype. The study reinforces the need for a systematic surveillance of the molecular epidemiology of rotaviruses.
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Linhares AC, Stupka JA, Ciapponi A, Bardach AE, Glujovsky D, Aruj PK, Mazzoni A, Rodriguez JAB, Rearte A, Lanzieri TM, Ortega-Barria E, Colindres R. Burden and typing of rotavirus group A in Latin America and the Caribbean: systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol 2011; 21:89-109. [PMID: 21384462 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of licensed rotavirus vaccines has only been shown against certain rotavirus group A (RV-A) types. It is critical to understand the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) and its prevalent types to assess the potential impact of these vaccines in Latin America and the Caribbean (LA&C). We performed a systematic review and meta-analyses of all the available evidence reported from 1990 to 2009 on the burden of rotavirus disease and strains circulating in LA&C. Eligible studies--185 country-level reports, 174 951 faecal samples--were selected from MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, LILACS, regional Ministries of Health, PAHO, regional proceedings, doctoral theses, reference lists of included studies and consulting experts. Arc-sine transformations and DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model were used for meta-analyses. The proportion of gastroenteritis cases due to rotavirus was 24.3% (95%CI 22.3-26.4) and the incidence of RVGE was 170 per 1000 children-years (95%CI 130-210). We estimated a global annual mortality for 22 countries of 88.2 (95%CI 79.3-97.1) deaths per 100 000 under 5 years (47 000 deaths).The most common G type detected was G1 (34.2%), followed by G9 (14.6%), and G2 (14.4%). The most common P types detected were P[8] (56.2%), P[4] (22.1%) and P[1] 5.4%, and the most prevalent P-G type associations were P[8]G1 17.9%, P[4]G2 9.1% and P[8]G9 8.8%. In the last 10 years, G9 circulation increased remarkably and G5 almost disappeared. More recently, G12 appeared and P[4]G2 re-emerged. To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis of rotavirus infection and burden of disease in LA&C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre C Linhares
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Virology Section. Belém, Brazil.
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Than VT, Le VP, Lim I, Kim W. Complete genomic characterization of cell culture adapted human G12P[6] rotaviruses isolated from South Korea. Virus Genes 2011; 42:317-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0576-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Nakagomi O, Nakagomi T. Rotarix in Japan: Expectations and Concerns. BIOLOGICS IN THERAPY 2011; 1:4. [PMID: 24392294 PMCID: PMC3873079 DOI: 10.1007/s13554-011-0007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A live-attenuated, orally-administered, monovalent, human rotavirus vaccine, Rotarix® (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium), was licensed and launched in 2011 as the first rotavirus vaccine in Japan. The rotavirus causes a substantial disease burden with an estimated 790,000 outpatient visits, 27,000–78,000 hospitalizations, and approximately 10 deaths each year in Japan. Since a recent clinical trial showed that Rotarix was as efficacious in Japan as in other industrialized countries, it is expected that the annual number of rotavirus hospitalizations will be reduced to between 1000–3000, and that outpatient visits will be reduced to 200,000. The universal rotavirus immunization program with Rotarix was calculated to be at the threshold of being cost-effective, even from the healthcare perspective, and it was highly cost-effective from the societal perspective, assuming that Rotarix is co-administered with other childhood vaccines. While Rotarix contains only a single G1P[8] human rotavirus, the postlicensure studies in Brazil showed that Rotarix provided a 75%–85% protective efficacy against severe dehydrating diarrhea or hospitalizations due to fully-heterotypic G2P[4] strains. While postlicensure studies detected a small and finite risk of intussusception associated with the administration of Rotarix, the authors conclude that Rotarix is safe to administer to infants between 6-12 weeks of age for the first dose and by 24 weeks of age for the second dose. However, the authors strongly discourage the delayed administration of the first dose between 13-20 weeks of age, which is allowed without any warning. Given the high incidence of naturally-occurring intussusception in Japan (185 cases per 100,000 children/year among children less than 1 year of age), this should prevent pediatricians and parents from having ill-perceptions of Rotarix being associated with an increased number of temporally-associated intussusception, and fully appreciate the benefit of the rotavirus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Nakagomi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, and the Global Center of Excellence, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523 Japan
| | - Toyoko Nakagomi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, and the Global Center of Excellence, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523 Japan
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Molecular characterization of rare G12P[6] rotavirus isolates closely related to G12 strains from the United States, CAU 195 and CAU 214. Arch Virol 2010; 156:511-6. [PMID: 21132336 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Two human G12 rotaviruses, CAU 195 and CAU 214, were isolated from South Korea using cell culture and characterized on the basis of sequence divergence in the VP7, VP4, and NSP4 genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP7 gene sequences indicated that these strains clustered into lineage III and were most closely related to G12 rotaviruses isolated in the United States. The VP4 and NSP4 gene sequences showed that two strains belonged to the P[6]-Ia lineage and genotype [B]. This finding provides information that can be used to evaluate G12 strains and aid in the development of effective vaccines in the future.
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Barril PA, Giordano MO, Isa MB, Masachessi G, Ferreyra LJ, Castello AA, Glikmann G, Nates SV. Correlation between rotavirus A genotypes detected in hospitalized children and sewage samples in 2006, Córdoba, Argentina. J Med Virol 2010; 82:1277-81. [PMID: 20513096 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Routine rotavirus A (RV-A) surveillance is based on clinical cases, so only symptomatic infections are reported. The objective of this study was to determine whether the RV-A genotypes and cold seasonal pattern described in patients with diarrhea is reflected by sewage surveillance, which could be representative of the RV-A genotypes circulating in the population. The genotype distribution of RV-A in effluent samples from a local sewage treatment plant was compared to those from local clinical cases. A total of 52 sewage samples and 70 stool specimens from children with acute non-bacterial diarrhea were collected from January to December 2006. The effluent specimens were concentrated and RNA extracts from concentrated sewage and clinical samples were genotyped for the rotavirus VP7 gene. The proportional distribution of the RV-A G-genotypes in sewage and clinical samples during the cold season was similar: G1 accounted for 26.6% of the typed sewage isolates and 28.8% of the clinical infections; G3 type accounted for 21.9% and 25.8%; G2 type 15.6% and 10.6%; G4 type 17.2% and 21.2%; G8 type 1.6% and 0%; and the G9 type 17.2% and 13.6%, respectively. A similar picture of RV-A genotype detection was obtained in sewage samples collected during the cold and warm seasons. The results indicate that there is a correlation between genotypes of RV-A isolates from human diarrheic patients and of those from sewage samples. In addition, sewage monitoring highlighted the uniform all-year RV-A circulation, which was in contrast to the peak incidence of RV-A infection in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Barril
- Virology Institute Dr. J M Vanella, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Rajal VB, Cruz C, Last JA. Water quality issues and infant diarrhoea in a South American province. Glob Public Health 2010; 5:348-63. [PMID: 20473801 DOI: 10.1080/17441690802447267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the province of Salta, in the Northwest region of Argentina, almost two-thirds of the population live in absolute poverty, and diseases associated with poverty are rampant. Almost 12% of the total population of the province are children below 5 years of age; almost half of these infants are living in situations where the basic necessities are not available. Primitive sanitary conditions, including widespread contamination of available water supplies with pathogens, contribute to a major public health problem. Infant mortality was 17% higher for Salta than for Argentina as a whole in 2001. A major cause of death for these children is infectious disease, especially respiratory and intestinal diseases. In Salta, more than half of the total population of infants is affected by diarrhoea annually. The infectious pathogens are diverse: bacteria (predominantly in spring and summer), viruses (especially in the winter) and parasites (endemic in some situations). This paper evaluates current methods used to test for the presence of pathogens in drinking water; discusses why these methods are less than adequate; documents an episode of contamination in a local water supply source; and suggests appropriate methods that can be used to better address this major public health issue effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Rajal
- INIQUI, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Argentina
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Esteban LE, Rota RP, Gentsch JR, Jiang B, Esona M, Glass RI, Glikmann G, Castello AA. Molecular epidemiology of group A rotavirus in Buenos Aires, Argentina 2004-2007: reemergence of G2P[4] and emergence of G9P[8] strains. J Med Virol 2010; 82:1083-93. [PMID: 20419826 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Detection and characterization of group A rotavirus in Buenos Aires, Argentina, was conducted on 710 fecal samples from children 0-15 years old collected between 2004 and 2007. Rotavirus was detected in 140 (19.7%) samples with G9P[8] (30.0%) and G2P[4] (21.4%) as the most common genotypes. Mixed (G and/or P) infections accounted for 17.9% of the samples and the emerging G12 strain was detected during 2004 (3.5%) and 2007 (2.5%). Genotype G2 was the most prevalent during 2004 (43.9%) and 2007 (57.5%) and G9 during 2005 (58.0%) and 2006 (61.5%). Analysis of genotype prevalences from studies performed since 1996 in the same area showed striking natural fluctuations in G and P genotype frequencies. In particular, G2P[4] strains disappeared after 1999 and reemerged in 2004 to become the predominant strain by 2007 with a concomitant major decrease in G1P[8] prevalence. The VP7 genes from Argentinian G9 and G2 strains were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis was conducted in order to compare with sequences from strains isolated in regional countries reported previously. Several changes in the deduced amino acid sequence in antigenic regions of the VP7 protein from Argentinian and Brazilian strains were identified compared to vaccine strains. Overall, this study revealed relationships in the circulation of rotavirus strains in South American countries and major replacements in dominant genotypes, including the virtual disappearance of G1P[8] strains in a non-vaccinated population. High numbers of mixed infections speeding up evolution, circulation of rare serotypes, and antigenic drift could, eventually, become challenges for new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Esteban
- Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Trinh QD, Pham NTK, Nguyen TA, Phan TG, Yan H, Hoang LP, Khamrin P, Maneekarn N, Li Y, Okitsu S, Mizuguchi M, Ushijima H. Sequence analysis of the VP7 gene of human rotaviruses G2 and G4 isolated in Japan, China, Thailand, and Vietnam during 2001-2003. J Med Virol 2010; 82:878-85. [PMID: 20336736 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the rotavirus VP7 gene were performed on 52 human G2 and G4 strains isolated in Japan, China, Thailand, and Vietnam during 2001-2003. All genotype G2 strains included in the study clustered into lineage II of the phylogenetic tree, together with the majority of global G2 strains detected since 1995. The amino acid substitution at position 96 from aspartic acid to asparagine was noted among the emerging or re-emerging G2 rotavirus strains in Japan, Thailand, and Vietnam during 2002-2003. Genotype G4 strains detected in Vietnam grouped into lineage Ia of the phylogenetic tree, whereas Japanese G4 strains clustered in lineage Ic which included emerging G4 strains from Argentina, Italy, Paraguay, and Uruguay. It is noteworthy that an insertion of asparagine was found at position 76 in all the Japanese strains and that its presence might be involved in the emergence of G4 rotavirus in Japan during 2002-2003.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Duy Trinh
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Institute of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Mukherjee A, Chattopadhyay S, Bagchi P, Dutta D, Singh NB, Arora R, Parashar UD, Gentsch JR, Chawla-Sarkar M. Surveillance and molecular characterization of rotavirus strains circulating in Manipur, North-Eastern India: Increasing prevalence of emerging G12 strains. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 10:311-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Aladin F, Nawaz S, Iturriza-Gómara M, Gray J. Identification of G8 rotavirus strains determined as G12 by rotavirus genotyping PCR: updating the current genotyping methods. J Clin Virol 2010; 47:340-4. [PMID: 20138804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotaviruses are classified into G- and P-types, which are determined by the reactivity with antibodies to the outer viral proteins, VP7 and VP4, respectively, or sequence variation in the genes encoding these proteins. There are presently a number of different rotavirus strains co-circulating within the UK, with the common human strains G1P[8], G2P[4] and G9P[8] being the most prevalent. As part of strain surveillance for the European Rotavirus Network (EuroRotaNet) a cluster (n=29) of G8 strains was detected in the UK between February and May 2009. OBJECTIVES G8 strains were initially mistyped as G12 through multiplex RT-PCR, therefore further investigation was performed to ascertain the reasons behind this mistyping. STUDY DESIGN The genes encoding the VP7 of these G8 strains were sequenced and aligned with the existing G8- and G12-specific oligonucleotide primers. RESULTS Multiple alignment of sequences derived from these strains and the G8- and G12-specific oligonucleotide primers revealed a series of point mutations which resulted in mismatches at the 3' end of the G8-specific primer binding site that prevented amplification with the G8-specific primer, whilst a close homology with the G12-specific primer allowed mis-priming. Both the G8 and G12 primers were redesigned and their ability to correctly identify G8 and G12 strains was evaluated and confirmed. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the importance of monitoring the specificity and sensitivity of the genotyping methods in order to detect changes in the genotype distribution and changes associated with genetic drift of common or uncommon genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Aladin
- Health Protection Agency, Centre for Infections, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5HT, United Kingdom
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46
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A long-term survey on the distribution of the human rotavirus G type in Thailand. J Med Virol 2010; 82:157-63. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Nakagomi T, Nakagomi O. A critical review on a globally-licensed, live, orally-administrable, monovalent human rotavirus vaccine: Rotarix. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 9:1073-86. [PMID: 19591630 DOI: 10.1517/14712590903103787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus is the major cause of severe gastroenteritis in children worldwide, and two, live, orally-administrable vaccines are licensed globally. They are Rotarix, a monovalent, human rotavirus-based vaccine (GlaxoSmithKline), and RotaTeq, a pentavalent, bovine-human reassortant vaccine (Merck). The RIX4414 strain, a G1P[8] virus, is contained in the Rotarix vaccine. It grows efficiently in the human intestine, as evidenced by vaccine virus shedding into faeces. Efficient multiplication of RIX4414 in the intestines may play a role in stimulating immune effectors other than neutralizing antibodies that may explain the protective immunity against fully heterotypic G2P[4] strains. The protective efficacy against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis afforded by Rotarix is consistently better against strains that share with RIX4414 both G and P serotypes (i.e., G1P[8]), or only P serotype (i.e., G3P[8], G4P[8] and G9P[8]). The Rotarix vaccine is safe regarding intussusception if its first dose is administered between 6 and 12 weeks of age and the last dose by 24 weeks of age with a minimum interval of 4 weeks between the two doses. The expansion by Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, USA, of the age limit for the first dose to age <15 weeks, and the last dose by 8 months requires close monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyoko Nakagomi
- Nagasaki University, The Global Centre of Excellence, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki, Japan
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Emergence of unusual human rotavirus strains in Salento, Italy, during 2006-2007. BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9:43. [PMID: 19368717 PMCID: PMC2676288 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, rotavirus genotyping by RT-PCR has provided valuable information about the diversity of rotaviruses (RV) circulating throughout the world.The purpose of the present study was to monitor the prevalence of the different G and P genotypes of rotaviruses circulating in Salento and detect any uncommon or novel types. METHODS During the period from January 2006 to December 2007, a total of 243 rotavirus positive stool samples were collected from children with diarrhoea admitted to four Hospitals in the province of Lecce (Copertino, Galatina, Gallipoli and Tricase).All the specimens were tested for RV by real time PCR and genotyped for VP7 (G-type) and VP4 (P-type) gene by reverse transcription (RT) and multiplex PCR using different type specific primers. RESULTS In course of this study we identified 4 common G&P combinations viz. G2P[8], G1P[8], G2P[4] and G9P[8] amongst 59.8% of the typeable rotavirus positives.Rotavirus G2P[8] was recognized as the most widespread genotype during the sentinel-based survey in Salento.The detection of other novel and unusual strains, such as G2P[10], G4P[10], G8P[4], G9P[11] and G10P[8] is noteworthy.Furthermore, a significant number of mixed infections were observed during the survey period but G3P[8] rotaviruses were not detected. CONCLUSION This study highlights the genetic diversity among rotaviruses isolated from children in Salento and the emergence of some novel strains. Therefore, it is highly essential to continuously monitor for these strains so as to assess the impact of vaccines on RV strains circulating in Salento and understand the effect of strain variation on efficacy of presently available vaccines.
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Freeman M, Kerin T, Hull J, Teel E, Esona M, Parashar U, Glass R, Gentsch J. Phylogenetic analysis of novel G12 rotaviruses in the United States: A molecular search for the origin of a new strain. J Med Virol 2009; 81:736-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Predominance and circulation of enteric viruses in the region of Greater Cairo, Egypt. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:1037-45. [PMID: 19193841 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01381-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The circulation of enteric viruses among the population of Cairo, Egypt, between March 2006 and February 2007 was studied. At least one virus was detected in 50% of fecal samples, 57.4% of which were positive for rotavirus, 26% for norovirus, 10.4% for adenovirus, and 1.7% for astrovirus. Over 10% of infections were mixed infections. Rotavirus typing showed that G1P[8] and G2P[4] were predominant but that the unusual G12P[4] and G12P[6] reassortants were also present. Among the noroviruses, half belonged to the predominant GGII.4 cluster. The phylogenetic analysis of the capsid gene suggested that GGII.4 strains from Cairo were similar to those circulating elsewhere. It also showed the emergence of new GGII.4 variants that were not associated with any previously known GGII.4 isolate. Further studies are required to assess the disease burden of enteric viruses in Egypt and the impact of atypical strains.
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