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Woods SE, Lieberman MT, Lebreton F, Trowel E, de la Fuente-Núñez C, Dzink-Fox J, Gilmore MS, Fox JG. Characterization of Multi-Drug Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Cephalic Recording Chambers in Research Macaques (Macaca spp.). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169293. [PMID: 28081148 PMCID: PMC5231353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are commonly used for cognitive neuroscience research and often surgically implanted with cephalic recording chambers for electrophysiological recording. Aerobic bacterial cultures from 25 macaques identified 72 bacterial isolates, including 15 Enterococcus faecalis isolates. The E. faecalis isolates displayed multi-drug resistant phenotypes, with resistance to ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, bacitracin, and erythromycin, as well as high-level aminoglycoside resistance. Multi-locus sequence typing showed that most belonged to two E. faecalis sequence types (ST): ST 4 and ST 55. The genomes of three representative isolates were sequenced to identify genes encoding antimicrobial resistances and other traits. Antimicrobial resistance genes identified included aac(6’)-aph(2”), aph(3’)-III, str, ant(6)-Ia, tetM, tetS, tetL, ermB, bcrABR, cat, and dfrG, and polymorphisms in parC (S80I) and gyrA (S83I) were observed. These isolates also harbored virulence factors including the cytolysin toxin genes in ST 4 isolates, as well as multiple biofilm-associated genes (esp, agg, ace, SrtA, gelE, ebpABC), hyaluronidases (hylA, hylB), and other survival genes (ElrA, tpx). Crystal violet biofilm assays confirmed that ST 4 isolates produced more biofilm than ST 55 isolates. The abundance of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor genes in the ST 4 isolates likely relates to the loss of CRISPR-cas. This macaque colony represents a unique model for studying E. faecalis infection associated with indwelling devices, and provides an opportunity to understand the basis of persistence of this pathogen in a healthcare setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E. Woods
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mia T. Lieberman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Francois Lebreton
- Departments of Ophthalmology, and Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elise Trowel
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - César de la Fuente-Núñez
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Synthetic Biology Group, MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts, United States of America
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Biophysics Program, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joanne Dzink-Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Gilmore
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Bantar C, Di Chiara M, Nicola F, Relloso S, Smayevsky J. Comparative in vitro bactericidal activity between cefepime and ceftazidime, alone and associated with amikacin, against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2000; 37:41-4. [PMID: 10794939 DOI: 10.1016/s0732-8893(99)00156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen unique isolates of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa were selected for time-kill studies to assess the bactericidal activity of cefepime (CFP) and ceftazidime (CZD) (at 4 and 16 microg/mL), alone and associated with amikacin (AMK) (4 microg/mL). CFP proved more active than CZD (p < 0.05, Student's t test). Bactericidal activity after 24-h incubation was only achieved by the combination of CFP (16 microg/mL) plus AMK. The higher in vitro activity of cefepime over that of ceftazidime against imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa strains highlights the differences of these drugs beyond Enterobacterspp. and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bantar
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Norberto Quirno", Billingurst 2447, (1425), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Bantar C, Nicola F, Arenoso HJ, Galas M, Soria L, Dana D, Rossi A, Bianchini H, Jasovich A. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of amoxicillin-sulbactam, a novel aminopenicillin-beta-lactamase inhibitor combination, against Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:1503-4. [PMID: 10348782 PMCID: PMC89308 DOI: 10.1128/aac.43.6.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin-sulbactam (AMX-SUL), a novel drug combination, and its pharmacodynamics against Escherichia coli in 12 volunteers receiving a single oral dose (1, 000 mg). Peak serum bactericidal and urine inhibitory activities in most volunteers were observed against E. coli strains for which AMX-SUL MICs were low (2- to 4-mg/liter) (2 strains) and high (>/=16-mg/liter) (47 strains), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bantar
- Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Chow JW, Donabedian SM, Clewell DB, Sahm DF, Zervos MJ. In vitro susceptibility and molecular analysis of gentamicin-resistant enterococci. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 32:141-6. [PMID: 9884829 DOI: 10.1016/s0732-8893(98)00056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci with gentamicin MICs of 256 to 1,024 micrograms/mL were evaluated for susceptibility to ampicillin plus gentamicin synergism. Sixteen of eighteen enterococcal isolates were not susceptible to synergistic killing by ampicillin plus gentamicin; 11 possessed aac(6')-aph(2"), and 4 possessed aph(2")-Ic. A gentamicin MIC of 512 or 1,024 micrograms/mL predicted lack of ampicillin/gentamicin synergism, but a gentamicin MIC of 256 micrograms/mL did not. For six enterococcal strains possessing the gentamicin-resistance gene aph(2")-Ic, ampicillin plus dibekacin, ampicillin plus netilmicin, and ampicillin plus amikacin produced synergistic killing in five, three, and two strains, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Chow
- Research and Medical Service, Department of Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Swenson JM, Ferraro MJ, Sahm DF, Clark NC, Culver DH, Tenover FC. Multilaboratory evaluation of screening methods for detection of high-level aminoglycoside resistance in enterococci. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Study Group on Enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:3008-18. [PMID: 8576363 PMCID: PMC228624 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.11.3008-3018.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the early 1970s, the synergistic activity of an aminoglycoside with a cell wall-active agent has been predicted by determining the ability of an enterococcus to grow in the presence of high levels of the aminoglycoside (usually > or = 2,000 micrograms/ml). However, a variety of media and concentrations of aminoglycosides has been used for this screening procedure. In the present study, we sought to optimize the agar dilution, broth microdilution, and disk diffusion tests used to detect high-level gentamicin and streptomycin resistance in enterococci. For dilution tests, brain heart infusion agar or broth gave the best growth and performance. For agar dilution, 500 micrograms of gentamicin per ml, 2,000 micrograms of streptomycin per ml, and an inoculum of 1 x 10(6) CFU/ml were optimal, while for broth microdilution, 500 micrograms of gentamicin per ml, 1,000 micrograms of streptomycin per ml, and an inoculum of 5 x 10(5) CFU/ml were best. Growth of more than one colony in the agar dilution test was determined to be the best indicator of high-level resistance. For disk diffusion, Mueller-Hinton agar, 120-micrograms gentamicin disks, and 300-micrograms streptomycin disks with breakpoints of no zone for resistance and > or = 10 mm for susceptibility gave the best sensitivity and specificity if results for strains with zones of 7 to 9 mm are considered inconclusive, indicating that a broth or agar test should be performed to determine susceptibility or resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Swenson
- Hospital Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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Hayden MK, Koenig GI, Trenholme GM. Bactericidal activities of antibiotics against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium blood isolates and synergistic activities of combinations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38:1225-9. [PMID: 8092818 PMCID: PMC188190 DOI: 10.1128/aac.38.6.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of teicoplanin (8 micrograms/ml), ampicillin (64 micrograms/ml), imipenem (32 micrograms/ml), and gentamicin (4 micrograms/ml), alone and in combination, against 13 unique blood isolates of vancomycin-resistance (MIC for 90% of isolates tested [MIC90], 512 micrograms/ml), teicoplanin-susceptible (MIC90, 2.0 micrograms/ml), ampicillin-resistant (MIC90, 128 micrograms/ml), and non-beta-lactamase-producing Enterococcus facium (vancomycin-resistant enterococci [VRE] isolates) were evaluated by time-kill studies. All 13 isolates exhibited high-level resistance to streptomycin; 7 isolates exhibited high-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR). After 24 h of incubation, ampicillin (64 micrograms/ml) combined with gentamicin (4 micrograms/ml) was bactericidal against three of the VRE isolates that did not display HLGR. Synergy between ampicillin and gentamicin was not observed against these isolates. Teicoplanin (8 micrograms/ml) alone was bactericidal at 24 h against five of six VRE isolates that lacked HLGR, but was not bactericidal against any HLGR VRE isolate at that time point. The addition of ampicillin (64 micrograms/ml) or imipenem (32 micrograms/ml) to teicoplanin did not significantly enhance the killing of HLGR VRE isolates as a group (P = 0.335). However, there was a trend toward improved killing of some HLGR VRE isolates by teicoplanin plus imipenem. Vancomycin (32 micrograms/ml) combined with ampicillin (64 micrograms/ml) was neither bactericidal nor synergistic against HLGR VRE isolates. Overall, bactericidal activity was attainable against 7 of 13 VRE isolates at 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Hayden
- Department of Medicine, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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