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Brasil-Costa I, Souza CDO, Monteiro LCR, Santos MES, Oliveira EHCD, Burbano RMR. H. pylori Infection and Virulence Factors cagA and vacA (s and m Regions) in Gastric Adenocarcinoma from Pará State, Brazil. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040414. [PMID: 35456089 PMCID: PMC9028951 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
H. pylori shows a great variability in genes associated with virulence, which may influence properties related to gastric adenocarcinoma initiation and progression. Among them, cagA and vacA show a strong positive association with the disease. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was carried out with 281 samples of gastric adenocarcinoma, collected at a cancer reference center in the Brazilian Amazon. Detection of H. pylori was proceeded by PCR of the ureA and 16S genes. Positive samples were subjected to the cagA detection and vacA typing. The bacteria were observed in 32.03% of the samples. Positivity for H. pylori was associated with advanced age (p = 0.0093) and metastases (p = 0.0073). Among the positive cases, 80% (72/90) had the cagA gene. For the “s” position of the vacA gene, 98.8% (83/84) of the bacteria had genotype s1 and 1.2% (1/84) were genotyped as s2. For the “m” position, the results were: 63.6% (56/88) with m1 genotype, 2.3% (2/88) genotyped as m2 and 34.1% (30/88) m1/m2. Virulence factors did not impact an increase in the association with age or metastases. In conclusion, H. pylori infection is associated with malignant phenotype cases of gastric adenocarcinoma, involving metastases. The virulence factors related to the cagA and vacA genes showed a high prevalence in the Brazilian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Brasil-Costa
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Seção de Virologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-91-3214-2005
| | - Cintya de Oliveira Souza
- Laboratório de Enteroinfecções Bacterianas, Seção de Bacteriologia e Micologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (C.d.O.S.); (L.C.R.M.)
| | - Leni Célia Reis Monteiro
- Laboratório de Enteroinfecções Bacterianas, Seção de Bacteriologia e Micologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (C.d.O.S.); (L.C.R.M.)
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Xue Z, You Y, He L, Gong Y, Sun L, Han X, Fan R, Zhai K, Yang Y, Zhang M, Yan X, Zhang J. Diversity of 3' variable region of cagA gene in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from Chinese population. Gut Pathog 2021; 13:23. [PMID: 33849660 PMCID: PMC8042891 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA) is one of the most important virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). There is a highly polymorphic Glu-Pro-Ile-Tyr-Ala (EPIYA) repeat region in the C-terminal of CagA protein. This repeat region is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of cagA 3′ variable region and the amino acid polymorphisms in the EPIYA segments of the CagA C-terminal region of H. pylori, and their association with gastroduodenal diseases. Methods A total of 515 H. pylori strains from patients in 14 different geographical regions of China were collected. The genomic DNA from each strain was extracted and the cagA 3′ variable region was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were sequenced and analyzed using MEGA 7.0 software. Results A total of 503 (97.7%) H. pylori strains were cagA-positive and 1,587 EPIYA motifs were identified, including 12 types of EPIYA or EPIYA-like sequences. In addition to the four reported major segments, several rare segments (e.g., B′, B″ and D′) were defined and 20 different sequence types (e.g., ABD, ABC) were found in our study. A total of 481 (95.6%) strains carried the East Asian type CagA, and the ABD subtypes were most prevalent (82.1%). Only 22 strains carried the Western type CagA, which included AC, ABC, ABCC and ABCCCC subtypes. The CagA-ABD subtype had statistical difference in different geographical regions (P = 0.006). There were seven amino acid polymorphisms in the sequences surrounding the EPIYA motifs, among which amino acids 893 and 894 had a statistical difference with gastric cancer (P = 0.004). Conclusions In this study, 503 CagA sequences were studied and analyzed in depth. In Chinese population, most H. pylori strains were of the CagA-ABD subtype and its presence was associated with gastroduodenal diseases. Amino acid polymorphisms at residues 893 and 894 flanking the EPIYA motifs had a statistically significant association with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanhai You
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua He
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiurui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ruyue Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kangle Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yaming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Maojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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Vianna JS, Ramis IB, Halicki PCB, Gastal OL, Silva RA, Junior JS, Dos Santos DM, Chaves AL, Juliano CR, Jannke HA, da Silva LV, Von Groll A, da Silva PEA. Detection of Helicobacter pylori CagA EPIYA in gastric biopsy specimens and its relation to gastric diseases. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 83:89-92. [PMID: 26144892 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CagA of Helicobacter pylori undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation in a region containing differing numbers of repeat sequences (EPIYAs), which can result in a modulation of the inflammatory response. This study investigated whether the presence of CagA EPIYA variations in strains of H. pylori that are positive for this region contributes to differing degrees of disease severity in the gastric mucosa. In this study, 157 H. pylori-positive patients were included, and of those, 40.8% (64/157) were infected with cagA-positive strains, which were assayed for the presence of CagA EPIYA-ABC, EPIYA-ABCC, and EPIYA-ABCCC. Peptic ulcers were significantly more prevalent in patients infected with strains containing CagA EPIYA-ABCC/ABCCC than in those with CagA EPIYA ABC strains (P=0.044). This suggests that the number of repetitions of EPIYA-C influences the development of gastroduodenal lesions, highlighting the importance and usefulness of evaluating the cagA gene sequence when making therapeutic intervention decisions in patients infected with H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Silveira Vianna
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Universitário, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Ivy Bastos Ramis
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Microbiologia Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rua General Osório, S/N, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Otávio Leite Gastal
- Hospital Universitário São Francisco de Paula (HUSFP), Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Rua Marechal Deodoro 1123, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renato Azevedo Silva
- Hospital Universitário São Francisco de Paula (HUSFP), Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Rua Marechal Deodoro 1123, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Salomão Junior
- Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Côrrea Jr, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rua General Osório, S/N, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Deise Machado Dos Santos
- Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Côrrea Jr, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rua General Osório, S/N, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Chaves
- Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Côrrea Jr, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rua General Osório, S/N, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Renan Juliano
- Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Côrrea Jr, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rua General Osório, S/N, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Heitor Alberto Jannke
- Hospital Universitário São Francisco de Paula (HUSFP), Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Rua Marechal Deodoro 1123, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lande Vieira da Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Microbiologia Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rua General Osório, S/N, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andrea Von Groll
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Microbiologia Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rua General Osório, S/N, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pedro Eduardo Almeida da Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Microbiologia Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rua General Osório, S/N, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Polymorphisms of the IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 genes and the risk of gastric pathology in patients infected with Helicobacter pylori. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2015; 50:153-159. [PMID: 25888319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric mucosal inflammation is mediated by proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Polymorphisms in genes that code cytokines influence cytokine secretion levels and appear to contribute to the risk of gastric diseases. In this sense, we performed this study to identify the polymorphisms in the IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 genes and their associations with H. pylori infection and gastric pathologies. METHODS Gastric biopsy samples of 151 patients infected with H. pylori and 76 uninfected individuals were used. Helicobacter pylori infection was diagnosed by histological examination and the detection of the ureA and glmM genes. The polymorphisms in the IL-6 (at position -174), IL-8 (at position -251), and IL-10 (at position -819) were detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS Among the genetic polymorphisms studied, we observed that only the presence of the A allele at position -251 of the IL-8 gene was significantly associated with H. pylori infection. In addition, patient carriers of the A/A genotype at position -251 of the IL-8 gene and carriers of the T allele at position -819 of the IL-10 gene had an increased risk of peptic ulcer disease in the presence of H. pylori infection. We did not find a correlation between polymorphisms in the IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 genes and a higher risk of gastric carcinoma. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that polymorphisms in the IL-8 gene was significantly associated with H. pylori infection. Furthermore, polymorphisms in the IL-8 and IL-10 genes were associated with an enhanced risk of peptic ulcer disease in H. pylori-positive patients.
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Oliveira JGD, Ferreira CHT, Camerin ACS, Rota CA, Meurer L, Silveira TRD. Prevalence of infection with cagA-positive Helicobacter pylori strains among children and adolescents in southern Brazil. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2015; 51:180-5. [PMID: 25296076 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-28032014000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has a worldwide distribution, but the prevalence of infection, virulence factors, and clinical presentation vary widely according to the studied population. In Brazil, a continental country composed of several ethnicities and cultural habits, the behavior of infection also appears to vary, as many other studies have shown. OBJECTIVES Describe the prevalence of infection with cagA-positive H. pylori strains in a group of children and adolescents who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. METHODS Fifty-four gastric biopsy specimens of children and adolescents with H. pylori infection demonstrated by histology, urease test and molecular analysis were tested for the presence of cagA positive H. pylori strains by the polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS The prevalence of cagA-positive H. pylori was 29.6% (95% confidence interval, 18 to 43.6%). There were no statistically significant differences in clinical or demographic characteristics or in the endoscopic and histological features of patients infected with cagA-positive strains as compared with those infected by cagA-negative strains. CONCLUSIONS he study showed a low prevalence of infection with cagA-positive H. pylori strains among children and adolescents who underwent EGD in southern Brazil, in comparison to studies conducted with children from other regions of Brazil. There was no association between the presence of cagA-positive strains and more severe clinical presentations in the studied sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Ghisleni de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Cristina Helena Targa Ferreira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Cláudia Augustin Rota
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Luíse Meurer
- Departamento de Patologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre e Medicina Digital, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Themis Reverbel da Silveira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Evaluation of the Pattern of EPIYA Motifs in the Helicobacter pylori cagA Gene of Patients with Gastritis and Gastric Adenocarcinoma from the Brazilian Amazon Region. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY 2014; 2014:418063. [PMID: 26904732 PMCID: PMC4745444 DOI: 10.1155/2014/418063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Helicobacter pylori is associated with the development of different diseases. The clinical outcome of infection may be associated with the cagA bacterial genotype. The aim of this study was to determine the EPIYA patterns of strains isolated from patients with gastritis and gastric adenocarcinoma and correlate these patterns with the histopathological features. Gastric biopsy samples were selected from 384 patients infected with H. pylori, including 194 with chronic gastritis and 190 with gastric adenocarcinoma. The presence of the cagA gene and the EPIYA motif was determined by PCR. The cagA gene was more prevalent in patients with gastric cancer and was associated with a higher degree of inflammation, neutrophil activity, and development of intestinal metaplasia. The number of EPIYA-C repeats showed a significant association with an increased risk of gastric carcinoma (OR = 3.79, 95% CI = 1.92-7.46, and P = 0.002). A larger number of EPIYA-C motifs were also associated with intestinal metaplasia. In the present study, infection with H. pylori strains harboring more than one EPIYA-C motif in the cagA gene was associated with the development of intestinal metaplasia and gastric adenocarcinoma but not with neutrophil activity or degree of inflammation.
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Ramis IB, Vianna JS, Silva Junior LVD, Von Groll A, Silva PEAD. cagE as a biomarker of the pathogenicity of Helicobacter pylori. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2013; 46:185-9. [PMID: 23740068 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0054-2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with gastro-duodenal diseases. Genes related to pathogenicity have been described for H. pylori and some of them appear to be associated with more severe clinical outcomes of the infection. The present study investigates the role of cagE as a pathogenicity biomarker of H. pylori compare it to cagA, vacA, iceA and babA2 genes and correlate with endoscopic diagnoses. METHODS Were collected biopsy samples of 144 dyspeptic patients at the Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. After collection, the samples were sent for histological examination, DNA extraction and detection of all putative pathogenicity genes by PCR. RESULTS Of the 144 patients undergoing endoscopy, 57 (39.6%) presented H. pylori by histological examination and PCR by detection of the ureA gene. Based on the endoscopic diagnoses, 45.6% (26/57) of the patients had erosive gastritis, while 54.4% (31/57) had enanthematous gastritis. The genes cagA, cagE, vacAs1/m1, vacAs1/m2 and iceA1 were related to erosive gastritis, while the genes vacAs2/m2, iceA2 and babA2 were associated to enanthematous gastritis. We found a statistically significant association between the presence of cagE and the endoscopic diagnosis. However, we detect no statistically significant association between the endoscopic diagnosis and the presence of cagA, vacA, iceA and babA2, although a biological association has been suggested. Conclusions Thus, cagE could be a risk biomarker for gastric lesions and may contribute to a better evaluation of the H. pylori pathogenic potential and to the prognosis of infection evolution in the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Bastos Ramis
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
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Ramis IB, de Moraes EP, Fernandes MS, Mendoza-Sassi R, Rodrigues O, Juliano CRV, Scaini CJ, da Silva PEA. Evaluation of diagnostic methods for the detection of Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsy specimens of dyspeptic patients. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:903-8. [PMID: 24031905 PMCID: PMC3768872 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822012000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infects nearly 50% of the world’s population. This microorganism is accepted as the most important agent of gastritis and as a risk factor for peptic ulcer disease and gastric adenocarcinoma. Currently many diagnostic methods exist for detecting H. pylori, however they all have limitations, thus it is recommend a combination of at least two methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate diagnostic methods, such as in-house urease test, culture and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), for the detection of the H. pylori in gastric biopsy specimens of 144 dyspeptic patients, using as gold standard the association between histology and rapid urease test. According to the gold standard used in this study, 48 (33.3%) patients were infected with H. pylori, while 96 (66.7%) were classified as not infected. The in-house urease test and the PCR were the most sensitive methods (100%), followed by culture (85.4%). However, the inhouse urease test and the culture were the most specific (100%), followed by PCR (75%). In conclusion, this study showed that, in comparison with the combination of histology and rapid urease test, the in-house urease test and the PCR presented 100% of sensitivity in the diagnosis of gastric infection by H. pylori, while the in-house urease test and the culture reached 100% of specificity. These finding suggest that the combination of two or more methods may improve the accuracy of the H. pylori detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Bastos Ramis
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande , Rio Grande do Sul , Brasil
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Chattopadhyay S, Patra R, Chatterjee R, De R, Alam J, Ramamurthy T, Chowdhury A, Nair GB, Berg DE, Mukhopadhyay AK. Distinct repeat motifs at the C-terminal region of CagA of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from diseased patients and asymptomatic individuals in West Bengal, India. Gut Pathog 2012; 4:4. [PMID: 22631862 PMCID: PMC3405419 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-4-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with Helicobacter pylori strains that express CagA is associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric adenocarcinoma. The biological function of CagA depends on tyrosine phosphorylation by a cellular kinase. The phosphate acceptor tyrosine moiety is present within the EPIYA motif at the C-terminal region of the protein. This region is highly polymorphic due to variations in the number of EPIYA motifs and the polymorphism found in spacer regions among EPIYA motifs. The aim of this study was to analyze the polymorphism at the C-terminal end of CagA and to evaluate its association with the clinical status of the host in West Bengal, India. RESULTS Seventy-seven H. pylori strains isolated from patients with various clinical statuses were used to characterize the C-ternimal polymorphic region of CagA. Our analysis showed that there is no correlation between the previously described CagA types and various disease outcomes in Indian context. Further analyses of different CagA structures revealed that the repeat units in the spacer sequences within the EPIYA motifs are actually more discrete than the previously proposed models of CagA variants. CONCLUSION Our analyses suggest that EPIYA motifs as well as the spacer sequence units are present as distinct insertions and deletions, which possibly have arisen from extensive recombination events. Moreover, we have identified several new CagA types, which could not be typed by the existing systems and therefore, we have proposed a new typing system. We hypothesize that a cagA gene encoding higher number EPIYA motifs may perhaps have arisen from cagA genes that encode lesser EPIYA motifs by acquisition of DNA segments through recombination events.
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Karlsson A, Ryberg A, Nosouhi Dehnoei M, Borch K, Monstein HJ. Variation in number of cagA EPIYA-C phosphorylation motifs between cultured Helicobacter pylori and biopsy strain DNA. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 12:175-9. [PMID: 22085823 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Helicobacter pylori cagA gene encodes a cytotoxin which is activated by phosphorylation after entering the host epithelial cell. Phosphorylation occurs on specific tyrosine residues within EPIYA motifs in the variable 3'-region. Four different cagA EPIYA motifs have been defined according to the surrounding amino acid sequence; EPIYA-A, -B, -C and -D. Commonly, EPIYA-A and -B are followed by one or more EPIYA-C or -D motif. Due to observed discrepancies in cagA genotypes in cultured H. pylori and the corresponding DNA extracts it has been suggested that genotyping assays preferentially should be performed directly on DNA isolated from biopsy specimens. Gastric biopsies randomly selected from a Swedish cohort were homogenised and used for both direct DNA isolation and for H. pylori specific culturing and subsequent DNA isolation. In 123 of 153 biopsy specimens, the cagA EPIYA genotypes were in agreement with the corresponding cultured H. pylori strains. A higher proportion of mixed cagA EPIYA genotypes were found in the remaining 30 biopsy specimens. Cloning and sequencing of selected cagA EPIYA amplicons revealed variations in number of cagA EPIYA-C motifs in the mixed amplicons. The study demonstrates that culturing of H. pylori introduces a bias in the number of EPIYA-C motif. Consistent with other H. pylori virulence genotyping studies, we suggest that cagA EPIYA analysis should be performed using total DNA isolated from biopsy specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Karlsson
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, County Council of Östergötland, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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Meine GC, Rota C, Dietz J, Sekine S, Prolla JC. Relationship between cagA-positive Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of gastric cancer: a case control study in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2011; 48:41-5. [PMID: 21537541 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-28032011000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer related death worldwide. Although Helicobacter pylori has been classified as a class I carcinogen, the presence of infection is not a factor that alone is able to lead to gastric cancer, and one of the possible explanations for this is the existence of different strains of H. pylori with different degrees of virulence. OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between cagA-positive H. pylori and gastric cancer, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of this bacterial strain. METHODS Twenty-nine patients with gastric cancer were matched by sex and age (± 5 years) with 58 patients without gastric cancer, submitted to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. All patients were evaluated for the status of infection by H. pylori (through urease test, histological analysis and PCR for the genes ureA and 16SrRNA) and by cagA-positive strain (through PCR for cagA gene). RESULTS Evaluating the presence of infection by cagA-positive H. pylori, it was verified that the rate of infection was significantly higher in the group with gastric cancer when compared with the matched controls, occurring in 62.1% and 29.3%, respectively (OR = 3.95; CI 95% 1.543-10.096). CONCLUSIONS There is an association between cagA-positive H. pylori strain and risk of gastric cancer.
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Saxena A, Shukla S, Prasad K, Ghoshal U. Virulence attributes of Helicobacter pylori isolates & their association with gastroduodenal disease. Indian J Med Res 2011; 133:514-20. [PMID: 21623037 PMCID: PMC3121283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Certain genotype(s) of Helicobacter pylori strains may play important role in the development of gastric cancer (GC) and peptic ulcer disease (PUD). This study was undertaken to investigate the association of cagA, cagA3/ region subtypes, babA2 and vacA genotypes of H. pylori with GC, PUD and non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) as there are no such studies from India. METHODS A total of 348 consecutive adult patients (NUD 241, PUD 45, GC 62) undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy between September 2002 and May 2007 in a tertiary referral centre at Lucknow, north India, were enrolled. H. pylori infection was diagnosed by rapid urease test, culture, histopathology and PCR. Genotyping for cagA, cagA3/ subtypes, babA2 and vacA was performed by PCR using sequence specific primers. RESULTS H. pylori infection was higher in patients with PUD than with GC (80 vs. 56.5%, P < 0.01) and NUD (80 vs. 55.2%, P= 0.002). cagA positive H. pylori isolates were detected in 80 per cent in GC, 83.3 per cent in PUD and 76.7 per cent in NUD with no significant difference among them. Only A subtype of cagA3/ was detected and its distribution in GC, PUD and NUD was 68.8, 69.4 and 52.6 per cent respectively. Presence of babA2 genotype was 31.4 per cent and it had significant association with PUD when compared with NUD (52.8 vs. 26.3%, P<0.003). On univariate regression analysis, s1a allele was associated with GC (P<0.050) and s1a/m2 vacA genotype with both GC (P=0.014) and PUD (P=0.016). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS H. pylori infection was strongly associated with PUD with a very high proportion of patients with GC have s1a allele and s1a/m2 vacA genotype. Both s1a/m2 vacA genotype and babA2 are associated with PUD. The study shows that different virulence attributes of H. pylori are involved in different gastroduodenal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Saxena
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - S. Shukla
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - K.N. Prasad
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India,Reprint requests: Dr Kashi N. Prasad, Professor, Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226 014, India e-mail:
| | - U.C. Ghoshal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Peek RM, Fiske C, Wilson KT. Role of innate immunity in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric malignancy. Physiol Rev 2010; 90:831-58. [PMID: 20664074 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the majority of persons worldwide, and the ensuing gastric inflammatory response is the strongest singular risk factor for peptic ulceration and gastric cancer. However, only a fraction of colonized individuals ever develop clinically significant outcomes. Disease risk is combinatorial and can be modified by bacterial factors, host responses, and/or specific interactions between host and microbe. Several H. pylori constituents that are required for colonization or virulence have been identified, and their ability to manipulate the host innate immune response will be the focus of this review. Identification of bacterial and host mediators that augment disease risk has profound ramifications for both biomedical researchers and clinicians as such findings will not only provide mechanistic insights into inflammatory carcinogenesis but may also serve to identify high-risk populations of H. pylori-infected individuals who can then be targeted for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279, USA.
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Molecular Basis of pathogenicity in Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:3776-8. [PMID: 20686086 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00472-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study identified pathogenicity genes in 40 Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates. The cagA, vacA, and iceA genes were detected in 65%, 97.5%, and 97.5% of the isolates, respectively. The cagA, iceA1, and vacAs1a/m1 genes were related to erosive gastritis, whereas the vacAs2/m2 and iceA2 genes were associated with enanthematous gastritis.
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Gastric adenocarcinoma and Helicobacter pylori: correlation with p53 mutation and p27 immunoexpression. Cancer Epidemiol 2010; 34:618-25. [PMID: 20541486 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Helicobacter pylori infection is an established risk factor for gastric cancer development, but the exact underlying mechanism still remains obscure. The inactivation of tumor suppressor genes such as p53 and p27(KIP1) is a hypothesized mechanism, although there is no consensus regarding the influence of H. pylori cagA(+) in the development of these genetic alterations. GOALS To verify the relationship among H. pylori infection, p53 mutations and p27(Kip1) Protein (p27) expression in gastric adenocarcinomas (GA) seventy-four tissues were assayed by PCR for H. pylori and cagA presence. Mutational analysis of p53 gene was performed by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). Seventy tissues were analyzed by an immunohistochemical method for p27 expression. RESULTS From the samples examined, 95% (70/74) were H. pylori positive, 63% cagA(+). Altered p53 electrophoretic mobility was found in 72% of cases and significantly more frequent in the presence of cagA. Considerable reduction in p27 expression (19%) was found with a tendency for association between cagA(+) and p27(-), although the results were not statistically significant. Concomitant alterations of both suppressor genes were detected in 60% of cases. In the cases cagA(+), 66.7% of them had these concomitant alterations. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that H. pylori cagA(+) contributes to p53 alteration and indicate that concomitant gene inactivation, with reduced p27 expression, may be a mechanism in which H. pylori can promote the development and progression of gastric cancer.
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Detection of Helicobacter pylori by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:1643-8. [PMID: 19693671 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-0928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This research evaluated the utilization of a urease in-house test, culture and molecular method (ureA PCR) as a diagnostic tool for Helicobacter pylori infection. Furthermore, we assessed the presence of the cagA gene in the specimens and in isolated strains that were positive for ureA by PCR positive. RESULTS Sensitivity and specificity, respectively, were 100 and 95.8% for the urease in-house test 93.3 and 95.8 for the ureA PCR assay of the specimen and 100 and 100% for the culture. The presence of the cagA gene was observed in eight (53%) ureA-positive samples. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found that the PCR technique has applicability in the study of cagA, and other genes related to the H. pylori pathogen. This method can be applied to samples directly from biopsy or isolated from the bacteria.
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Monstein HJ, Karlsson A, Ryberg A, Borch K. Application of PCR amplicon sequencing using a single primer pair in PCR amplification to assess variations in Helicobacter pylori CagA EPIYA tyrosine phosphorylation motifs. BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:35. [PMID: 20181142 PMCID: PMC2829584 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of various EPIYA tyrosine phosphorylation motifs in the CagA protein of Helicobacter pylori has been suggested to contribute to pathogenesis in adults. In this study, a unique PCR assay and sequencing strategy was developed to establish the number and variation of cagA EPIYA motifs. Findings MDA-DNA derived from gastric biopsy specimens from eleven subjects with gastritis was used with M13- and T7-sequence-tagged primers for amplification of the cagA EPIYA motif region. Automated capillary electrophoresis using a high resolution kit and amplicon sequencing confirmed variations in the cagA EPIYA motif region. In nine cases, sequencing revealed the presence of AB, ABC, or ABCC (Western type) cagA EPIYA motif, respectively. In two cases, double cagA EPIYA motifs were detected (ABC/ABCC or ABC/AB), indicating the presence of two H. pylori strains in the same biopsy. Conclusion Automated capillary electrophoresis and Amplicon sequencing using a single, M13- and T7-sequence-tagged primer pair in PCR amplification enabled a rapid molecular typing of cagA EPIYA motifs. Moreover, the techniques described allowed for a rapid detection of mixed H. pylori strains present in the same biopsy specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Jürg Monstein
- Clinical Microbiology, Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
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Kumar S, Kumar A, Dixit VK. Diversity in the cag pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori isolates in populations from North and South India. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59:32-40. [PMID: 19815664 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.013763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI) has been reported to be the major virulence determinant in Helicobacter pylori-related diseases. In the present study, the diversity of the cagA gene and the integrity of the cagPAI in 158 H. pylori strains from Varanasi (North India) and Hyderabad (South India) were studied by amplifying the cagA gene (approximately 3.5 kb), followed by PCR-RFLP analysis. The results revealed significant differences in the cagA gene and the integrity of the cagPAI between North and South Indian isolates. Of 158 isolates, 40 (34.8 %) from Varanasi and 20 (46.5 %) from Hyderabad were found to carry an intact cagPAI. A partially deleted cagPAI was present in 75 (65.2 %) isolates from Varanasi and 23 (53.5 %) from Hyderabad. None of the isolates showed complete deletion of the cagPAI. Differences in the cagA 5' and 3' regions were also noted, and 11 isolates (8 from Varanasi and 3 from Hyderabad) that were cagA negative with primers for the 5' region turned out to be cagA positive with primers for the 3' variable region. It is tentatively concluded that the 3' variable region may be a better marker for cagA typing. The results also showed that the majority of the isolates harboured the Western-type EPIYA motif. PCR-RFLP analysis of the cagA gene showed 29 distinguishable digestion patterns, and cluster analysis of RFLP types from a random selection of 32 isolates placed all of the isolates into 5 groups. These results demonstrate that significant differences in the cagPAI occur among isolates from North and South India, and that RFLP of cagA could be employed for elucidating genetic variations among various isolates of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Dixit
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Abstract
Microbial pathogens contribute to the development of more than 1 million cases of cancer per year. Gastric adenocarcinoma is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the world, and gastritis induced by Helicobacter pylori is the strongest known risk factor for this malignancy. H. pylori colonizes the stomach for years, not days or weeks, as is usually the case for bacterial pathogens and it always induces inflammation; however, only a fraction of colonized individuals ever develop disease. Identification of mechanisms through which H. pylori co-opts host defenses to facilitate its own persistence will not only improve diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, but may also provide insights into other diseases that arise within the context of long-term pathogen-initiated inflammatory states, such as chronic viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn A Israel
- Department of Medicine; Division of Gastroenterology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA
| | - Richard M Peek
- Department of Medicine; Division of Gastroenterology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA,Department of Cancer Biology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA
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Xia Y, Yamaoka Y, Zhu Q, Matha I, Gao X. A comprehensive sequence and disease correlation analyses for the C-terminal region of CagA protein of Helicobacter pylori. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7736. [PMID: 19893742 PMCID: PMC2768901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Helicobacter pylori infection is known to be associated with the development of peptic ulcer, gastric cancer and gastric lymphoma. Currently, the bacterial factors of H. pylori are reported to be important in the development of gastroduodenal diseases. CagA protein, encoded by the cagA, is the best studied virulence factor of H. pylori. The pathogenic CagA protein contains a highly polymorphic Glu-Pro-Ile-Tyr-Ala (EPIYA) repeat region in the C-terminal. This repeat region is reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal diseases. The segments containing EPIYA motifs have been designated as segments A, B, C, and D; however the classification and disease relation are still unclear. This study used 560 unique CagA sequences containing 1,796 EPIYA motifs collected from public resources, including 274 Western and 286 East Asian strains with clinical data obtained from 433 entries. Fifteen types of EPIYA or EPIYA-like sequences are defined. In addition to four previously reported major segment types, several minor segment types (e.g., segment B′, B′′) and more than 30 sequence types (e.g., ABC, ABD) were defined using our classification method. We confirm that the sequences from Western and East Asian strains contain segment C and D, respectively. We also confirm that strains with two EPIYA segment C have a greater chance of developing gastric cancer than those with one segment C. Our results shed light on the relationships between the types of CagAs, the country of origin of each sequence type, and the frequency of gastric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youlin Xia
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
- * E-mail: (YY); (XG)
| | - Qi Zhu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ivan Matha
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaolian Gao
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YY); (XG)
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Li J, Ou Z, Wang F, Guo Y, Zhang R, Zhang J, Li P, Xu W, He Y. Distinctiveness of the cagA genotype in children and adults with peptic symptoms in South China. Helicobacter 2009; 14:248-55. [PMID: 19674128 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori infection is different between children and adults, not only in infection rate but also in virulence genotypes. However, the 3' region of CagA, important in stomach carcinogenesis, still remains unclear in children. The present study aims to compare the frequency of cagA and the distribution of its subtypes between children and adults in South China. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and twenty-eight children and 99 adults with peptic symptoms were enrolled in our research. Histology, rapid urease test, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay were used to diagnose H. pylori infection. vacA s1 was detected by real-time PCR, and EPIYA motifs in the 3' region of CagA by conventional PCR and DNA sequencing. RESULTS H. pylori infection was diagnosed in 53 children and 62 adults. vacA s1 was identified in 90.6% and 91.9% of infected children and adults, respectively. Furthermore, cagA was identified in 73.6% and 82.3% of infected children and adults, respectively. No patient with multiple cagA subtypes was observed. A higher prevalence of more virulent cagA genotype was found in children compared to adults (p < .05). Thirty-eight of 39 (97.4%) cagA-positive children were found to have EPIYA-ABD and only one (2.6%) with EPIYA-ABC. In adults, four types of EPIYA motifs--ABC (29.4%), ABD (64.7%), ABAB (2%), and AAD (3.9%)--were identified, and the ABD type was found more commonly in severe diseases, such as atrophic gastritis (53.3%) and gastric cancer (71.4%). CONCLUSION cagA genotypes in children and in adults are different, and EPIYA-ABD may have potential clinical implication in the development of gastric cancer in South China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Schneider N, Krishna U, Romero-Gallo J, Israel DA, Piazuelo MB, Camargo MC, Sicinschi LA, Schneider BG, Correa P, Peek RM. Role of Helicobacter pylori CagA molecular variations in induction of host phenotypes with carcinogenic potential. J Infect Dis 2009; 199:1218-21. [PMID: 19278338 DOI: 10.1086/597416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori cagA-positive strains exert population-specific risks for gastric cancer. We determined whether variations in CagA phosphorylation motifs were associated with carcinogenic or proinflammatory epithelial phenotypes induced by strains from regions with divergent cancer risks (Colombia and Nashville, TN). Motif number was significantly related to levels of CagA phosphorylation and cytoskeletal abnormalities. Precancerous isolates possessed a higher number of motifs, and precancerous strains from Nashville induced higher levels of IL-8 than Colombian strains. These results indicate that CagA variants are linked with premalignant lesions in distinct populations and that epithelial responses to these strains are selective based upon locale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Schneider
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279, USA
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Proença-Modena JL, Acrani GO, Brocchi M. Helicobacter pylori: phenotypes, genotypes and virulence genes. Future Microbiol 2009; 4:223-40. [PMID: 19257848 DOI: 10.2217/17460913.4.2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucus overlying the epithelium of the stomach in more than 50% of the world's population. This gastric colonization induces chronic gastric inflammation in all infected individuals, but only induces clinical diseases in 10-20% of infected individuals. These include peptic ulcers, acute and atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric B-cell lymphoma. Various bacterial virulence factors are associated with the development of such gastric diseases, and the characterization of these markers could aid medical prognosis, which could be extremely important in predicting clinical outcomes. The purpose of this review is to summarize the role of the phenotypes, virulence-related genes and genotypes of H. pylori in the establishment of gastric colonization and the development of associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luiz Proença-Modena
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Proença Módena JL, Lopes Sales AI, Olszanski Acrani G, Russo R, Vilela Ribeiro MA, Fukuhara Y, da Silveira WD, Módena JLP, de Oliveira RB, Brocchi M. Association between Helicobacter pylori genotypes and gastric disorders in relation to the cag pathogenicity island. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 59:7-16. [PMID: 17521839 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 03/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/25/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium associated with upper gastrointestinal diseases in humans. However, only a small proportion of infected people become sick. Although several studies have tried to establish an association between known virulence markers and clinical outcomes, in many cases the results have been conflicting. The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of virulence markers to predict clinical outcome in Brazil. Mixed infections by genetically unrelated strains detected by vacA genotyping were found in 18% of the patients. The cagA and cagE genes and the vacAs1 genotype were associated with the development of peptic ulcer disease (PUD). The cagAvacAs1m1 genotype was associated with PUD and duodenal ulcer (DU). Conversely, jhp947 was not associated with DU or PUD, indicating that this gene is not a universal virulence marker. These results also show that a high proportion of the patients were simultaneously infected by cag-positive and cag-negative H. pylori types. This finding suggests the existence of a dynamic equilibrium between the loss and gain of the cag pathogenicity island, probably depending on the physiologic conditions of the patient's stomach. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has documented this finding in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luiz Proença Módena
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Bolek BK, Salih BA, Sander E. Genotyping of Helicobacter pylori strains from gastric biopsies by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. How advantageous is it? Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 58:67-70. [PMID: 17300903 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 12/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent application of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for genotyping Helicobacter pylori direct from biopsies revealed variable results (detection of amplicons from DNA extracted by boiling biopsies, variable size amplicons and deletions, uniform intensity of amplicon bands). We aimed to look at how applicable the technique is for determining cagA and vacA genotypes and to correlate the results with the severity of the disease. H. pylori strains from 52 patients (35 duodenal ulcers [DUs], 7 gastric ulcers [GUs], 10 gastritis) were included. Three antral biopsies were obtained for Campylobacter-like organism (CLO) and PCR. Primers for cagA, vacA s1s2, and m1m2 alleles were used. No PCR amplicons were detected from boiling biopsies; thus, DNA was extracted by QIAamp kit. H. pylori was positive in 84.6% of the patients (85.7% DU, 100% GU, and 70% gastritis). The cagA gene was detected in 86.6% DU, 71.4% GU, and 57.0% gastritis patients. The vacA allelic distribution among cagA-positive strains was 80.7% s1m1 in DU and 60.0% in GU patients, whereas 75.0% of gastritis had s1m2. No variability in the amplicon sizes was found, and the intensity of the amplicon bands was not uniform. A deleted band of approximately 420 bp below the m1 band was detected in strains from 2 DU and 1 GU patients. Although the multiplex PCR is a rapid and an effective tool for detecting several genes in a single-step system, one has to adjust for optimization of the technique when genotyping H. pylori direct from biopsies. A significant association was found between the cagA-positive vacA-s1m1 genotype and peptic ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Kazim Bolek
- Department of Biology/Microbiology Unit, Faculty of Science and Literature, Fatih University, B.cekmece, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey
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Nimri LF, Matalka I, Hani KB, Ibrahim M. Helicobacter pylori genotypes identified in gastric biopsy specimens from Jordanian patients. BMC Gastroenterol 2006; 6:27. [PMID: 17018159 PMCID: PMC1599735 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-6-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic diversity of Helicobacter pylori can be analyzed at two different levels: the genomic variation between strains originating from different individuals, and the variation in bacterial populations within an individual host. We reported for the first time the H. pylori genotypes in Jordanian patients with gastrointestinal diseases. METHODS Upper endoscopy was performed on 250 patients with symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases. Multiple gastric biopsy specimens were taken from the antrum. All the biopsies were tested by PCR for the H. pylori virulence genes vacA, cagA, and iceA, and 151 were tested by histology. RESULTS The biopsies positive for H. pylori by PCR were 110/250 (44%), and by histology 117/151 (77.5%), and these results were highly associated (P < 0.02). Analyses of virulence genes revealed that iceA2 (73.6%) was the predominant genotype, the vacAs2 allele was more frequently identified than the vacAs1 allele, while the cagA genotype was low (26.4%). The presence of certain genotypes might be associated with each other, but the presence of certain genotypes was not significantly associated with the age, or gender of the patient. CONCLUSION The results illustrate the geographic nature of the genetic diversity of H. pylori, as the identified genotypes are similar to those reported in neighboring countries. This study provides a baseline data of H. pylori genotypes identified in gastric biopsy specimens from Jordan, serving as a powerful epidemiological tool for prospective investigations to better understand the genetic diversity of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila F Nimri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ismail Matalka
- Pathology and Microbiology Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Kamal Bani Hani
- Surgery, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Marwa Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Sokić-Milutinović A, Todorović V, Milosavljević T. [Clinical significance of infection with cag A and vac A positive Helicobacter pylori strains]. SRP ARK CELOK LEK 2005; 132:458-62. [PMID: 15938230 DOI: 10.2298/sarh0412458s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical relevance of infection with different Helicobacter pylori strains was reviewed in this paper. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection plays a role in pathogenesis of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma. Extragastric manifestations of H. pylori infection most probably include acne rosacea and chronic urticaria, while the importance of H. pylori infection for pathogenesis of growth retardation in children, iron deficiency anemia, coronary heart disease, stroke and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura remains vague. The expression of two H. pylori proteins, cytotoxin associated protein (cag A) and vacuolization cytotoxin (vac A) is considered to be related with pathogenicity of the bacterium. It is clear that presence of cag A+ strains is important for development of peptic ulcer; nevertheless, it is also protective against esophageal reflux disease. On the other hand, cag A+ strains are common in gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma patients, but it seems that certain subtypes of vac A cytotoxin are more important risk factors. Infection with cag A+ strains is more common in patients with acne rosacea, stroke and coronary heart disease.
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Tao R, Fang PC, Liu HY, Jiang YS, Chen J. A new subtype of 3’ region of cagA gene in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from Zhejiang Province in China. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:3284-8. [PMID: 15484301 PMCID: PMC4572296 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i22.3284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To isolate the subtypes of 3’ region of cagA gene in Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) strains from Zhejiang Province in China and to investigate their relations to H pylori-associated gastroduodenal diseases.
METHODS: One hundred and thirty-seven H pylori clinical strains were isolated from the gastric mucosa specimens of 74 patients with chronic gastritis, 61 with peptic ulceration, and 2 with gastric cancer. Bacterial genomic DNA was extracted and 3’ region of cagA gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Subtypes of 3’ region of cagA gene were determined by the size of PCR amplified segments. The sequences of the subtypes were analyzed by PCR-based sequencing.
RESULTS: Of the 137 H pylori isolates from Zhejiang Province, 132 (96.4%) yielded PCR products that could be classified into three groups of subtypes, named as subtypes I, II, and III according to their sizes. The sizes of subtypes I, II, and III were 648-650 bp, 705-707 bp, and 815 bp, respectively. Among the 132 cagA-positive H pylori strains, 123 (93.2%) belonged to the group of subtype I, 6 (4.5%) presented subtype II, 1 (0.8%) was subtype III, and 2 (1.5%) presented subtypes I and III both. The primary structure of subtype I was composed of 3 repeats of R1, 1 repeat of R2 and 1 repeat of R3. Subtype II possessing 4 repeats of R1, 2 repeats of R2 and 1 repeat of R3 was a newly found type of 3’ region of cagA gene which had not been reported before. The primary structure of subtype III consisted of 4 repeats of R1, 1 repeat of R2 and 2 repeats of R3. Comparison of the sequences of subtype I strains with the corresponding sequences deposited in GenBank, showed a similarity of 95.0% (94.0%-96.1%) for nucleotide sequences and 95.9% (94.9%-97.4%) for deduced amino acid sequences. Comparison of the sequences of subtype III strains with the corresponding sequences deposited in GenBank, showed a similarity of 93.9% (90.8%-96.9%) for nucleotide sequences and 93.2% (90.2%-96.2%) for deduced amino acid sequences. Among subtype II strains, the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences showed a similarity of 95.2% (94.1%-96.5%) and 96.4% (93.8%-97.9%), respectively. There were no statistical differences in the distribution of subtypes of 3’ region of cagA gene among different H pylori-associated gastroduodenal diseases (χ2 = 11.544, P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: There are three subtypes (I, II, and III) of 3’ region of cagA gene in H pylori strains isolated from Zhejiang Province, and subtypeIis predominant. Subtype II is a newly found subtype of 3’ region of cagA gene. The result of this study does not support the view that the subtypes of 3’ region of cagA gene in H pylori isolated from Zhejiang Province are correlated with the clinical outcomes of H pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 353 Yan'an Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
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Pereira-Lima JC, Marques DL, Pereira-Lima LF, Hornos AP, Rota C. The role of cagA Helicobacter pylori strains in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 16:643-7. [PMID: 15201576 DOI: 10.1097/01.meg.0000108340.41221.9e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of colonization by cagA-positive and cagA-negative H. pylori strains in the spectrum of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. METHODS A total of 108 patients (50 male/58 female; mean age, 50.3 years) with dyspepsia and peptic ulcer or erosive gastritis/duodenitis were categorized into patients without reflux and patients with reflux oesophagitis graded from I to IV. All patients underwent upper endoscopy with biopsies of the antrum. H. pylori was detected by histology, urease test and polymerase chain reaction. The cagA status was diagnosed in the gastric biopsy by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The overall prevalence of H. pylori colonization in patients with reflux was 68.6% and was 70.2% in those without oesophageal disease (P = 0.862). Colonization by cagA-positive strains was also not statistically different between the two groups (31.4% versus 40.4%, P = 0.332). However, patients with grades II-IV reflux oesophagitis were less colonized by the bacterium (36.4%) than patients with grade I oesophagitis (77.5%) (P = 0.009). H. pylori cagA-positive strains were also less likely to colonize the stomach of patients with grades II-IV oesophagitis (0%), than grade I reflux oesophagitis (40%) patients and controls (40.4%). CONCLUSIONS Infection of the stomach by H. pylori and especially by H. pylori cagA strains may play a protective role against the development of the most severe forms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio C Pereira-Lima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology of the Porto Alegre School of Medical Sciences (FFFCMPA) of the Santa Casa University Hospital, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Saribasak H, Salih BA, Yamaoka Y, Sander E. Analysis of Helicobacter pylori genotypes and correlation with clinical outcome in Turkey. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1648-51. [PMID: 15071020 PMCID: PMC387623 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.4.1648-1651.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Revised: 12/23/2003] [Accepted: 01/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The predominant Helicobacter pylori strains circulating among geographic locations differ in regard to genomic structure. The association of the cagA-positive, vacA s1 genotypes with peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastric cancer was reported in Western countries but not in East Asian countries. Strains from Western countries predominantly possessed cagA type 2a, vacA s1a or s1b/m1a, or vacA m2a genotypes, whereas strains from East Asia possessed cagA type 1a, vacA s1c/m1b, or vacA m2b genotypes. Whether the Turkish strains possessed such genotypes was investigated and correlated with the disease outcome. Seventy-three patients from Turkey were enrolled. H. pylori was detected in 65 (89%) patients (22 with gastritis, 33 with PUD, and 10 with gastric cancer) by any of the following tests: Campylobacter-like organism test, culture, or PCR. Among the H. pylori-positive patients, presence of the cagA gene (78%) was significantly associated with PUD (P < 0.00001), gastric cancer (P < 0.001), and vacA s1a genotypes (P < 0.0001). Multiple vacA genotypes were more prevalent in PUD and gastric cancer patients than in patients with gastritis. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the cagA gene revealed three different patterns with no significant association with clinical outcome. Turkish strains examined predominantly possessed cagA type 2a, vacA s1a/m1a, or vacA m2a genotypes, which were typical genotypes in strains from Western countries. This fact might be one of the reasons for the low prevalence of severe gastroduodenal diseases in Turkey compared to the East Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Saribasak
- Fatih University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology/Microbiology Unit, Istanbul, Turkey
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Zhou J, Zhang J, Xu C, He L. cagA genotype and variants in Chinese Helicobacter pylori strains and relationship to gastroduodenal diseases. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53:231-235. [PMID: 14970249 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have implicated CagA [encoded by cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA)] in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastroduodenal pathology and distinct subgenotypes of cagA may circulate in different pathological manifestations of cagA-positive H. pylori infection. To investigate cagA genotype and variants in Chinese H. pylori strains and explore their relationship with gastroduodenal diseases, the cagA status of 82 Chinese H. pylori strains was examined and variation in size of the 3' region of cagA in 71 of these strains was analysed by PCR. cagA was detected in 28 (100%) of 28 strains from peptic ulcer patients, two (100%) of two strains from gastric cancer patients, 32 (94.1%) of 34 strains from chronic gastritis patients and 17 (94.4%) of 18 strains from healthy volunteers. PCR products of the cagA 3' variable region were obtained from 71 (92.2%) of 77 Chinese H. pylori strains and could be classified into subgenotypes I, II and III, which gave PCR products of around 825, 900 and 950 bp, respectively. Subgenotype I cagA predominated in Chinese H. pylori strains (67/71), whereas subgenotype II cagA presented in two isolates from patients with chronic gastritis and subgenotype III presented in two isolates from healthy volunteers. Therefore, neither cagA nor its 3' region variants can be used as a sole marker for the presence of particular H. pylori-related gastroduodenal diseases in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchang Zhou
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206 Beijing, P.R. China 2Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206 Beijing, P.R. China 2Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Caipu Xu
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206 Beijing, P.R. China 2Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Lihua He
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206 Beijing, P.R. China 2Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, P.R. China
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Toro C, García-Samaniego J, Alarcón T, Baquero M. [Association among anti-CagA antibody detection, antibiotic susceptibility, and peptic ulcer in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2003; 21:137-41. [PMID: 12586018 DOI: 10.1016/s0213-005x(03)72902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to determine the relationship among antibodies against virulence factors (CagA and VacA), clinical status and primary resistance in dyspeptic patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. METHODS Ninety-eight adult patients with Helicobacter pylori infection who underwent gastric endoscopy for dyspepsia were studied. Specific serum IgG antibodies against CagA and VacA proteins were detected by Western-blot (Helicoblot 2.0). Minimum inhibitory concentrations of metronidazole, amoxicillin, tetracycline and clarithromycin were determined with the E-test. RESULTS Thirty-nine patients presented peptic ulcer disease and 59 had non-ulcer dyspepsia. CagA protein was detected in 63 patients, and VacA protein in 52 subjects, and both were significantly associated with peptic ulcers (p 5 0.034 and p 5 0.029, respectively). Susceptibility results showed 38.8% of strains resistant to metronidazole and 10.3% resistant to clarithromycin. No resistance to amoxicillin or tetracycline was found. Susceptibility to clarithromycin was more frequent in ulcer patients than in non-ulcer dyspepsia patients (p 5 0.046). CagA protein was more frequent in patients with clarithromycin-sensitive strains (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Antibodies against CagA protein were associated with higher antibiotic susceptibility in patients with ulcers or non-ulcer dyspepsia. Thus, anti-CagA antibody detection could be a useful marker of favorable prognosis with antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Toro
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Hospital Carlos III. Madrid. España.
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Monstein HJ, Ellnebo-Svedlund K. Molecular typing of Helicobacter pylori by virulence-gene based multiplex PCR and RT-PCR analysis. Helicobacter 2002; 7:287-96. [PMID: 12390208 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-5378.2002.00099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, numerous PCR amplification typing methods have been developed for the identification of H. pylori specific virulence genes. To reduce the number of PCR amplifications needed we have previously developed virulence gene based multiplex PCR and RT-PCR assays. AIM The aim of the present study was to characterise Helicobacter pylori strains by means of virulence-gene based multiplex PCR and reverse-transcription PCR. SUBJECTS Helicobacter pylori clinical reference strains HP-HJM 1-25 originally obtained from routine cultures of clinical gastric biopsy specimens from dyspeptic patients were used in the present study. METHODS Helicobacter pylori multiplex PCR and RT-PCR assays were carried out using primer pairs targeting the cagA, vacA, ureA, ureI, hspA (hsp60), and sodB genes and their cDNA. RESULTS Unexpected multiplex PCR and RT-PCR patterns were observed by ethidium bromide staining of agarose gels and Southern blot hybridisation analysis. DNA sequence analysis revealed a complex pattern of point mutations, deletions and insertions in the sodB, cagA and vacA genes, respectively. Mutations occurring in the PCR and hybridisation primer binding sites might explain some of the discrepancies previously observed in the expression of these genes. Furthermore, the present data show that coexpression of cagA and vacA transcripts of different sizes may take place in the same strain. CONCLUSIONS The multiplex PCR and RT-PCR assay described allows rapid characterisation of H. pylori virulence genes at the DNA and RNA (cDNA) levels. However, extensive DNA sequence analysis seems necessary if one wants to reveal details of mutations occurring in the cagA and vacA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Jürg Monstein
- Molecular Biology Laboratory-LMO, University Hospital, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, S-58 185 Linköping, Sweden
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Dong Q, O'Sullivan M, Hall W, Herra C, Kean C, O'Morain C, Buckley M. Identification of a new segment involved in cagA 3' region variation of Helicobacter pylori. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2002; 33:51-5. [PMID: 11985969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2002.tb00572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cagA 3' region shows marked variation among Helicobacter pylori strains. Two segments of 102 bp and 57 bp are reportedly responsible for this variation. We analysed the cagA 3' region in 70 H. pylori strains using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. We found that another segment, namely beta segment, was also involved in the variation of this region. The beta segment was 105 bp long and located between the aforementioned two segments. Six genotypes were identified based on the structure of the cagA 3' region. No relationship was found between these genotypes and the clinical outcomes or vacA genotypes. The numbers of tyrosine phosphorylation sites within the cagA 3' region varied among strains, but this was not related to the cagA genotypes. Our data suggest that the cagA 3' region is significantly variable. It appears that the variation of the cagA 3' region might contribute to the modification of virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanjiang Dong
- Department of Microbiology, Sir Patrick Dun's Research, St James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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Yamaoka Y, Graham DY. Clarifications regarding the 3' repeat region of the cagA gene in Helicobacter pylori and clinical outcome. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:2369-70. [PMID: 11414245 PMCID: PMC88152 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.6.2369-2370.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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