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Baztarrika I, Salazar-Sánchez A, Laorden L, Martínez-Ballesteros I, Alonso R, Martinez-Malaxetxebarria I. Foodborne and waterborne Arcobacter species exhibit a high virulent activity in Caco-2. Food Microbiol 2024; 118:104424. [PMID: 38049262 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection mechanisms of Arcobacter remain uncertain. This study aimed to determine whether 65 food and waterborne isolates of at least six species were able to adhere and invade Caco-2 cells; and whether this ability could be related to cadF, cj1349, ciaB, and/or hecA, specific genetic markers related to host cell adhesion and invasion. All adhered and invaded the cells, and harboured at least two virulence markers. The mean virulent activity shown by A. butzleri was superior to that of A. cryaerophilus (p < 0.05); but the mean adhesion and invasion values of A. lanthieri, A. skirrowii, and A. vitoriensis were even higher. Sewage isolates were significantly (p < 0.05) more adherent and invasive than the rest, and their associated gene content was higher (p < 0.05). For the first time, an association between cadF and hecA and a high adhesion capability was identified (p < 0.05). The results provide new data on the pathogenic potential of Arcobacter species present in food and water by highlighting the superiority of A. butzleri over A. cryarophilus; providing evidence on the virulence of minority species as A. lanthieri and A. vitoriensis; and confirming sewage as an important source of potentially more virulent arcobacters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsaso Baztarrika
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Adrián Salazar-Sánchez
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Lorena Laorden
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ilargi Martínez-Ballesteros
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Alonso
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Irati Martinez-Malaxetxebarria
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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2
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Kim JJ, Seong HJ, Johnson TA, Cha CJ, Sul WJ, Chae JC. Persistence of antibiotic resistance from animal agricultural effluents to surface water revealed by genome-centric metagenomics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131761. [PMID: 37290355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) released from wastewaters of livestock or fish farming into the natural environment are increasing, but studies on unculturable bacteria related to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance are limited. Here, we reconstructed 1100 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) to assess the impact of microbial antibiotic resistome and mobilome in wastewaters discharged to Korean rivers. Our results indicate that ARGs harbored in the MAGs were disseminated from wastewater effluents into downstream rivers. Moreover, it was found that ARGs are more commonly co-localized with mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in agricultural wastewater than in river water. Among the effluent-derived phyla, uncultured members of the superphylum Patescibacteria possessed a high number of MGEs, along with co-localized ARGs. Our findings suggest that members of the Patesibacteria are a potential vector for propagating ARGs into the environmental community. Therefore, we propose that the dissemination of ARGs by uncultured bacteria should be further investigated in multiple environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ju Kim
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Je Seong
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea; Korean Medicine Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Timothy A Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Chang-Jun Cha
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jun Sul
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Chan Chae
- Division of Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Bagi A, Skogerbø G. Tracking bacterial pollution at a marine wastewater outfall site - A case study from Norway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154257. [PMID: 35247400 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Coastal marine environments are increasingly affected by anthropogenic impacts, such as the release of sewage at outfall sites and agricultural run-off. Fecal pollution introduced to the sea through these activities poses risks of spreading microbial diseases and disseminating antibiotic resistant bacteria and their genes. The study area of this research, Bore beach, is situated between two such point sources, an outfall site where treated sewage is released 1 km off the coast and a stream that carries run-off from an agricultural area to the northern end of the beach. In order to investigate whether and to what extent fecal contamination from the sewage outfall reached the beach, we used microbial source tracking, based on whole community analysis. Samples were collected from sea water at varying distances from the sewage outfall site and along the beach, as well as from the sewage effluent and the stream. Amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA genes from all the collected samples was carried out at two time points (June and September). In addition, the seawater at the sewage outfall site and the sewage effluent were subject to shotgun metagenomics. To estimate the contribution of the sewage effluent and the stream to the microbial communities at Bore beach, we employed SourceTracker2, a program that uses a Bayesian algorithm to perform such quantification. The SourceTracker2 results suggested that the sewage effluent is likely to spread fecal contamination towards the beach to a greater extent than anticipated based on the prevailing sea current. The estimated mixing proportions of sewage at the near-beach site (P4) were 0.22 and 0.035% in June and September, respectively. This was somewhat below that stream's contribution in June (0.028%) and 10-fold higher than the stream's contribution in September (0.004%). Our analysis identified a sewage signal in all the tested seawater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bagi
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Marine Ecology, Mekjarvik 12, 4070 Randaberg, Norway.
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4
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Nguyen PT, Tuz K, Restaino L, Juárez O. NRJ Media as the Gold-Standard Arcobacter-Specific Detection System: Applications in Poultry Testing. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:903079. [PMID: 35801110 PMCID: PMC9253625 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.903079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter species are ubiquitous emerging pathogens with an impact that has been underestimated due to limitations in isolation and detection methods. Our group recently developed the novel NRJ Arcobacter-detection system, with major improvements in specificity and selectivity compared to other culture-based methods. In this work, the NRJ detection system was evaluated using retail whole broiler chicken carcass. Nanopore 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing demonstrated that Arcobacter species are found in very low abundance in retail chicken and that indigenous microbiota could be a major factor interfering with detection. Comparison of the microbiome obtained from modified Houf broth (HB) method, as the standard detection system, and the novel NRJ method, showed Arcobacter abundances of <15% and >97%, respectively. The NRJ system significantly inhibits the growth of non-target microbiota, and specifically allows the multiplication of Arcobacter species. In this report, we describe the gold-standard of Arcobacter-specific culture-based method to test food matrices, which can be used for other applications, such as clinical and environmental sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Nguyen
- R & F Products, Inc., Downers Grove, IL, United States,Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Karina Tuz
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lawrence Restaino
- R & F Products, Inc., Downers Grove, IL, United States,*Correspondence: Lawrence Restaino,
| | - Oscar Juárez
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, United States,Oscar Juárez,
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5
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Prevalence and antibacterial susceptibilities of Arcobacter spp. and Campylobacter spp. from fresh vegetables. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:132. [PMID: 35689134 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at the isolation and identification of Arcobacter spp. and Campylobacter spp. from fresh vegetables sold at district markets in the Kayseri province, and at the determination of the antibacterial susceptibility of the recovered isolates. For this purpose, a total of 175 vegetable samples, including 35 spinach, 35 lettuce, 35 parsley, 35 arugula, and 35 radish samples, were collected. While the pre-enrichment and membrane filtration techniques were used for the isolation of Arcobacter spp., the pre-enrichment and direct inoculation methods were used for the isolation of Campylobacter spp. The isolates were identified by means of phenotypic tests and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using genus- and species-specific primers. In addition, the susceptibilities of the isolates to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, neomycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline were determined by the disk diffusion method. Out of the 175 vegetable samples tested, 93 (53.14%) were found to be positive for Arcobacter spp., and 119 Arcobacter spp. isolates were recovered from these 93 positive samples. All of the samples examined were found to be negative for Campylobacter spp. One hundred one (86%) and 14 (10%) of the 119 Arcobacter isolates obtained were identified as A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus, respectively, but four isolates could not be identified at the species level by mPCR. Mixed contamination with more than one species and/or genotypes of Arcobacter was detected in 24 of the positive samples. While all of the Arcobacter isolates were susceptible to erythromycin, gentamicin, streptomycin, and tetracycline, 2 (1.68%), 2 (1.68%), and 5 (4.20%) isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, and neomycin, respectively. Consequently, the determination of a high prevalence of arcobacters and mixed contamination with more than one species and/or genotypes of arcobacters in vegetables often consumed raw by humans demonstrated that the consumption of raw vegetables may be a risk to the public health.
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The Prevalence of Arcobacteraceae in Aquatic Environments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020244. [PMID: 35215187 PMCID: PMC8880612 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the family Arcobacteraceae are distributed widely in aquatic environments, and some of its species have been associated with human and animal illness. However, information about the diversity and distribution of Arcobacteraceae in different water bodies is still limited. In order to better characterize the health risk posed by members in the family Arcobacteraceae, a systematic review and meta-analysis-based method was used to investigate the prevalence of Arcobacteraceae species in aquatic environments based on available data published worldwide. The database search was performed using related keywords and considering studies up to February 2021. The pooled prevalence in aquatic environments was 69.2%, ranging from 0.6 to 99.9%. These bacteria have a wide geographical distribution, being found in diverse aquatic environments with the highest prevalence found in raw sewage and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), followed by seawater, surface water, ground water, processing water from food processing plants and water for human consumption. Assessing the effectiveness of treatments in WWTP in eliminating this contamination, it was found that the wastewater treatment may not be efficient in the removal of Arcobacteraceae. Among the analyzed Arcobacteraceae species, Al. butzleri was the most frequently found species. These results highlight the high prevalence and distribution of Arcobacteraceae in different aquatic environments, suggesting a risk to human health. Further, it exposes the importance of identifying and managing the sources of contamination and taking preventive actions to reduce the burden of members of the Arcobacteraceae family.
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Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence gene profiles of Arcobacter species isolated from human stool samples, foods of animal origin, ready-to-eat salad mixes and environmental water. Gut Pathog 2021; 13:76. [PMID: 34930425 PMCID: PMC8686351 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Members of the genus Arcobacter are considered as emerging zoonotic food and waterborne pathogens that cause gastroenteritis and bacteremia in humans. However, the potential risk that Arcobacter species pose to public health remains unassessed in various countries, including Baltic states. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and presence of putative virulence genes of Arcobacter isolates recovered from humans, food products and environmental water in Lithuania. Results A total of 1862 samples were collected and examined from 2018 to 2020 in the city of Kaunas. Overall, 11.2% (n = 208) of the samples were positive for the presence of Arcobacter spp. The highest prevalence was detected in chicken meat (36%), followed by environmental water (28.1%), raw cow milk (25%), ready-to-eat salad mixes (7.1%) and human stool (1.7%). A. butzleri was the most frequently isolated species (n = 192; 92.3%), followed by A. cryaerophilus (n = 16; 7.7%). Arcobacter spp. antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed unimodally distributed aggregated minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for gentamicin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin and erythromycin. However, a bimodal distribution for azithromycin was found with 96.2% of determined MICs above the epidemiological cut-off value (ECOFF) defined for Campylobacter jejuni (0.25 µg/ml). Majority of the Arcobacter isolates (n = 187; 89.9%) showed high susceptibility to ciprofloxacin with MICs below or equal to the ECOFF value of 0.5 µg/ml. The putative virulence genes cadF (100%), ciaB (100%), cj1349 (99%), tlyA (99%), mviN (97.9%) and pldA (95.8%) were the predominant genes detected among A. butzleri isolates. In contrast, the mviN and ciaB genes were present in all, whereas cj1349 (12.5%), tlyA (25%) and hecA (12.5%) were only detected in few A. cryaerophilus isolates. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that food products and environmental water in Lithuania are frequently contaminated with Arcobacter spp. that carry multiple putative virulence genes. Furthermore, A. butzleri were isolated from 1.7% of inpatients. Fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides were found to be more effective against Arcobacter in comparison to other antimicrobial agents. However, further studies are needed to determine the pathogenic mechanisms and factors that facilitate the spread of Arcobacter infections.
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8
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On SL, Miller WG, Yee E, Sturgis J, Patsekin V, Lindsay JA, Robinson JP. Identification of colonies of cultured shellfish-associated Arcobacter species by Elastic Light Scatter Analysis. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100033. [PMID: 34841324 PMCID: PMC8610310 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of Arcobacter species (including several regarded as emerging human foodborne pathogens) have been isolated from shellfish, an important food commodity. A method to distinguish these species and render viable isolates for further analysis would benefit epidemiological and ecological studies. We describe a method based on Elastic Light Scatter analysis (ELSA) for the detection and discrimination of eleven shellfish-associated Arcobacter species. Although substantive differences in the growth rates of some taxa were seen, ELSA was able to differentiate all the species studied, apart from some strains of A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus, which were nonetheless distinguished from all other species examined. ELSA appears to be a promising new approach for the detection and identification of Arcobacter species in shellfish and may also be applicable for studies in other foods and matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L.W. On
- Department of Wine, Food & Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, New Zealand
| | - William G. Miller
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Emma Yee
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Sturgis
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, USA
| | - Valery Patsekin
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, USA
| | | | - J. Paul Robinson
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, USA
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Mateus C, Martins R, Luís Â, Oleastro M, Domingues F, Pereira L, Ferreira S. Prevalence of Arcobacter: From farm to retail – A systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Mudadu A, Salza S, Melillo R, Mara L, Piras G, Spanu C, Terrosu G, Fadda A, Virgilio S, Tedde T. Prevalence and pathogenic potential of Arcobacter spp. isolated from edible bivalve molluscs in Sardinia. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Kerkhof PJ, Van den Abeele AM, Strubbe B, Vogelaers D, Vandamme P, Houf K. Diagnostic approach for detection and identification of emerging enteric pathogens revisited: the (Ali)arcobacter lanthieri case. New Microbes New Infect 2020; 39:100829. [PMID: 33473321 PMCID: PMC7803648 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An immunocompetent patient without a history of recent travel or animal exposure developed persistent abdominal bloating and cramps without diarrhoea or fever. Negative additional investigations excluded gastritis, infectious colitis, inflammatory bowel disease and neoplasia, but routine stool culture detected a Campylobacter-like organism. The isolate was obtained with use of a polycarbonate filter technique, emphasizing the importance of culture to support and validate the occurrence of emerging and new bacterial enteric pathogens. The ensuing extensive laboratory examinations proved challenging in identifying this potential pathogen. Phylogenetic marker analysis based on the 16S ribosomal RNA and rpoB gene sequences revealed that the isolate was most closely related to Arcobacter lanthieri and Arcobacter faecis. Subsequent analysis of a draft whole genome sequence assigned the isolate to A. lanthieri. We report the presence of five virulence genes, cadF, ciaB, mviN, hecA and iroE, indicating a possible pathogenic nature of this organism. This case demonstrated the importance of the use of agnostic methods for the detection of emerging pathogens in cases of enteric disease with a wide array of gastrointestinal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.-J. Kerkhof
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Corresponding author: P.-J. Kerkhof, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - A.-M. Van den Abeele
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Saint-Lucas Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - B. Strubbe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saint-Lucas Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D. Vogelaers
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P. Vandamme
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K. Houf
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Jribi H, Sellami H, Amor SB, Ducournau A, SifrÉ E, Benejat L, MÉgraud F, Gdoura R. Occurrence and Antibiotic Resistance of Arcobacter Species Isolates from Poultry in Tunisia. J Food Prot 2020; 83:2080-2086. [PMID: 32634222 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Arcobacter is considered an emergent foodborne enteropathogen. Despite the high prevalence of this genus in poultry, the occurrence of Arcobacter spp. contamination in Tunisia remains unclear. The objectives of this study were (i) to isolate Arcobacter species (A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus) by the culture method from different species of raw poultry meat, (ii) to verify the isolates by multiplex PCR (m-PCR) assay and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and (iii) to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates. A total of 250 poultry product samples (149 chicken and 101 turkey) were collected from various supermarkets in Sfax. The samples consisted of breasts, wings, legs, and neck skins. The overall isolation frequency of Arcobacter spp. was 10.4%. Arcobacter spp. were found in 13.42% of the chicken samples and in 5.49% of the turkey samples. All the acquired isolates were subject to detailed confirmation with subsequent species classification using m-PCR and MALDI-TOF MS. A. butzleri was found in 22 samples (84.61%) and A. cryaerophilus in 4 samples (15.38%). Thus, m-PCR and MALDI-TOF MS were able to detect A. butzleri significantly better than the conventional method (χ2 = 49.1 and P < 0.001). Arcobacter was isolated from poultry in every season, at contamination levels of 30.76, 23.07, 19.23, and 26.92% in summer, spring, autumn, and winter, respectively. The disk diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility of Arcobacter isolates to six antimicrobial drugs. All A. butzleri isolates (n = 24) were significantly resistant to erythromycin (P = 0.0015), ampicillin (P = 0.001), and ciprofloxacin (P = 0.05). All tested A. cryaerophilus strains (n = 4) were susceptible to ampicillin, gentamicin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Multidrug resistance was observed in 83% of the Arcobacter spp. isolates. Our study detected Arcobacter spp. in Tunisian poultry; because of their multidrug resistance, these species may constitute a public health problem. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Hela Jribi
- Laboratoire de recherche Toxicologie Microbiologie Environnementale et Santé (LR17ES06), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hanen Sellami
- Laboratoire de recherche Toxicologie Microbiologie Environnementale et Santé (LR17ES06), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Tunisia.,Laboratoire de Traitement et de Valorisation des Rejets Hydriques (LTVRH), Water Researches and Technologies Center (CERTE), University of Carthage, Tourist route Soliman, BP 273-8020, Nabeul, Tunisia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5479-1707 [H.S.])
| | - Salha B Amor
- Université de Bordeaux, National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, 33076 Bordeaux, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Astrid Ducournau
- Université de Bordeaux, National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, 33076 Bordeaux, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Elodie SifrÉ
- Université de Bordeaux, National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, 33076 Bordeaux, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Lucie Benejat
- Université de Bordeaux, National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, 33076 Bordeaux, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Francis MÉgraud
- Université de Bordeaux, National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, 33076 Bordeaux, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Radhouane Gdoura
- Laboratoire de recherche Toxicologie Microbiologie Environnementale et Santé (LR17ES06), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Tunisia
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13
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Vidal-Veuthey B, Jara R, Santander K, Mella A, Ruiz S, Collado L. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes profiles of Arcobacter butzleri strains isolated from back yard chickens and retail poultry meat in Chile. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:126-132. [PMID: 33025583 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This research aims to investigate the presence and pathogenic potential of Arcobacter in poultry meat samples purchased in the retail market of Valdivia (South of Chile) as well as in faecal samples from backyard chickens from rural areas around this city. The isolates obtained were identified by molecular methods. Furthermore, putative virulence genes were assessed by PCR and the antimicrobial resistance was tested by phenotypic methods. Arcobacter was present in 41·6% of the samples, with the highest value in retail poultry meat (55·7%) followed by backyard production (28·0%). Arcobacter butzleri was the most prevalent species (75·6%) followed by Arcobacter skirrowii (14·8%) and Arcobacter cryaerophilus (9·6%). An 8·5% of A. butzleri strains from meat were resistant to both ciprofloxacin and tetracycline and 6·1% were resistant to erythromycin, while none was resistant to gentamycin, unlike strains from domestic chickens, which showed no resistance. Furthermore, A. butzleri strains from chicken meat presented a higher prevalence of virulence genes than strains from domestic chickens. In fact, in this last group, some genes (hecA, hecB and irgA) were completely absent. Therefore, this study provides insight on the epidemiology of Arcobacter in Chilean poultry and suggests that under traditional breeding conditions strains are, apparently, less pathogenic and drug resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vidal-Veuthey
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - R Jara
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - K Santander
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - A Mella
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - S Ruiz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - L Collado
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
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Brückner V, Fiebiger U, Ignatius R, Friesen J, Eisenblätter M, Höck M, Alter T, Bereswill S, Gölz G, Heimesaat MM. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Arcobacter species in human stool samples derived from out- and inpatients: the prospective German Arcobacter prevalence study Arcopath. Gut Pathog 2020; 12:21. [PMID: 32322308 PMCID: PMC7160977 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-020-00360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arcobacter species, particularly A. butzleri, but also A. cryaerophilus constitute emerging pathogens causing gastroenteritis in humans. However, isolation of Arcobacter may often fail during routine diagnostic procedures due to the lack of standard protocols. Furthermore, defined breakpoints for the interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibilities of Arcobacter are missing. Hence, reliable epidemiological data of human Arcobacter infections are scarce and lacking for Germany. We therefore performed a 13-month prospective Arcobacter prevalence study in German patients. Results A total of 4636 human stool samples was included and Arcobacter spp. were identified from 0.85% of specimens in 3884 outpatients and from 0.40% of specimens in 752 hospitalized patients. Overall, A. butzleri was the most prevalent species (n = 24; 67%), followed by A. cryaerophilus (n = 10; 28%) and A. lanthieri (n = 2; 6%). Whereas A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. lanthieri were identified in outpatients, only A. butzleri could be isolated from samples of hospitalized patients. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Arcobacter isolates revealed high susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin, whereas bimodal distributions of MICs were observed for azithromycin and ampicillin. Conclusions In summary, Arcobacter including A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. lanthieri could be isolated in 0.85% of German outpatients and ciprofloxacin rather than other antibiotics might be appropriate for antibiotic treatment of infections. Further epidemiological studies are needed, however, to provide a sufficient risk assessment of Arcobacter infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Brückner
- 1Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Fiebiger
- 2Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité- University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Ignatius
- 2Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité- University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Labor 28, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Alter
- 1Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- 2Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité- University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Greta Gölz
- 1Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- 2Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité- University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Nelapati S, Tumati SR, Thirtham MR, Ramani Pushpa RN, Kamisetty AK, Ch BK. Occurrence, virulence gene and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Arcobacter sp. isolated from catla (Catla catla) in India. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 70:365-371. [PMID: 32012305 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a total of 100 catla (Catla catla-major South Asian carp, local name botcha) collected from local fish markets and aquaculture ponds were subjected for isolation and characterization of Arcobacter sp. In all, 21 Arcobacter sp. were isolated, of which 18 (85·7%) were Arcobacter butzleri and three (14%) were A. cryoaerophilus as identified by multiplex PCR. All 18 A. butzleri isolates were positive for mviN, ciaB and tlyA virulence genes, three of A. cryoaerophilus isolates carried mviN gene and none of the isolates were positive for cadF, irgA, cj1349, hecA and hecB genes. All isolates (n = 21) were resistant to penicillin (100%). Meanwhile, 71·43, 23·81, 23·81, 14·29 and 9·52% of the isolates showed resistance towards vancomycin, nalidixic acid, erythromycin, cefixime and kanamycin, respectively. Multidrug resistance was observed in 23·81% of the Arcobacter sp. isolates and none of the isolates were positive for any of the extended spectrum beta-lactamases either by phenotypic or by molecular identification genes (blaOXA , blaSHV , blaTEM , blaCTX-M1 , blaCTX-M2 and blaCTX-M9 groups). The results emphasize the need to implement specific control procedures to reduce the use of antibiotics in aquaculture particularly the ones which are very important in human medicine. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Arcobacter species are emerging food- and water-borne human pathogens. In this study, Arcobacter butzleri was predominant in fish compared to A. cryoaerohilus and A. skirrowii. Higher incidence of arcobacters in fish market samples suggests cross contamination and unhygienic handling of fish in markets. Virulence genes profile and antibiotics resistance of the Arcobacter sp. isolated in current study indicate pathogenic potential of Arcobacter sp. to humans. Occurrence of multidrug-resistant Arcobacter sp. in fish is a major concern in food safety. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Arcobacter sp. from freshwater fish, catla (Catla catla) in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nelapati
- NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - S R Tumati
- NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - M R Thirtham
- College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - R N Ramani Pushpa
- NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - A K Kamisetty
- NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - B K Ch
- NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Vasiljevic M, Fenwick AJ, Nematollahi S, Gundareddy VP, Romagnoli M, Zenilman J, Carroll KC. First Case Report of Human Bacteremia With Malacobacter (Arcobacter) mytili. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:5532792. [PMID: 31363766 PMCID: PMC6667711 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter spp. are commonly associated with shellfish and have been increasingly implicated in human gastrointestinal disease. We report the first case of human bacteremia with Malacobacter (previously Arcobacter) mytili acquired after exposure to Maryland crab. Arcobacter spp. should be considered in febrile illnesses when the history indicates exposure to seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saman Nematollahi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Venkat P Gundareddy
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Romagnoli
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jonathan Zenilman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karen C Carroll
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology.,Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
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17
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Miller WG, Yee E. Complete Genome Sequence of the Arcobacter skirrowii Type Strain LMG 6621. Microbiol Resour Announc 2018; 7:e01308-18. [PMID: 30533756 PMCID: PMC6256491 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01308-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter skirrowii is a species of veterinary importance, originally recovered from the feces, aborted fetuses, and preputial fluids of livestock. We present here the whole-genome sequence of the A. skirrowii type strain LMG 6621 (= 449/80T = CCUG 10374T), isolated in the United Kingdom from a lamb diarrheal fecal sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G. Miller
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Emma Yee
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
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The possible relationship between Campylobacter spp./Arcobacter spp. and patients with ulcerative colitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 30:531-538. [PMID: 29432367 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The role of bacterial infection in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC) is under investigation. This study aims to (i) determine the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. and Arcobacter spp. in patients with UC, (ii) identify the antibiotic susceptibility of isolated agents, and (iii) investigate the role of these microorganisms in the pathogenesis and/or activation of UC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eighty patients with UC and 40 healthy individuals were included in the study. Stool samples were used for cultural examination. Direct plating, membrane filtration, and enrichment methods were used for isolation. 16s rRNA sequence analysis was used for definitive identification of isolates that were identified phenotypically. RESULTS In the UC group, 20 (25%) patients had proctitis, 40 (50%) patients had left-type involvement, and 20 (25%) patients had extensive involvement. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from four (5%) patients in the UC group and isolates were identified as C. curvus, C. concisus, C. sputorum, and C. jejuni. C. concisus and C. jejuni were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. C. jejuni was also resistant to tetracycline. All samples were negative for Arcobacter spp. The samples from the control group neither showed the presence of Campylobacter spp. nor Arcobacter spp. CONCLUSION Given the clinical, endoscopic, and bacteriological examination results, it is believed that Campylobacter spp. are agents that cause flare-up clinically by being superimposed on the primary disease, rather than agents that initiate the disease in patients with UC. Arcobacter spp., which are known to cause acute gastroenteritis, were not found to be associated with UC.
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Ramees TP, Dhama K, Karthik K, Rathore RS, Kumar A, Saminathan M, Tiwari R, Malik YS, Singh RK. Arcobacter: an emerging food-borne zoonotic pathogen, its public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2017; 37:136-161. [PMID: 28438095 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1323355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter has emerged as an important food-borne zoonotic pathogen, causing sometimes serious infections in humans and animals. Newer species of Arcobacter are being incessantly emerging (presently 25 species have been identified) with novel information on the evolutionary mechanisms and genetic diversity among different Arcobacter species. These have been reported from chickens, domestic animals (cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, dogs), reptiles (lizards, snakes and chelonians), meat (poultry, pork, goat, lamb, beef, rabbit), vegetables and from humans in different countries. Arcobacters are implicated as causative agents of diarrhea, mastitis and abortion in animals, while causing bacteremia, endocarditis, peritonitis, gastroenteritis and diarrhea in humans. Three species including A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii are predominantly associated with clinical conditions. Arcobacters are primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water sources. Identification of Arcobacter by biochemical tests is difficult and isolation remains the gold standard method. Current diagnostic advances have provided various molecular methods for efficient detection and differentiation of the Arcobacters at genus and species level. To overcome the emerging antibiotic resistance problem there is an essential need to explore the potential of novel and alternative therapies. Strengthening of the diagnostic aspects is also suggested as in most cases Arcobacters goes unnoticed and hence the exact epidemiological status remains uncertain. This review updates the current knowledge and many aspects of this important food-borne pathogen, namely etiology, evolution and emergence, genetic diversity, epidemiology, the disease in animals and humans, public health concerns, and advances in its diagnosis, prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thadiyam Puram Ramees
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- c Central University Laboratory , Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , India
| | - Ramswaroop Singh Rathore
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- d Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences , UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura , India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- e Division of Biological Standardization , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- f ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
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Barboza K, Cubillo Z, Castro E, Redondo-Solano M, Fernández-Jaramillo H, Echandi MLA. First isolation report of Arcobacter cryaerophilus from a human diarrhea sample in Costa Rica. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 59:e72. [PMID: 29116292 PMCID: PMC5679684 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201759072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter cryaerophilus is an emerging enteropathogen and potential
zoonotic agent transmitted by food and water. In Costa Rica, this bacterium has not
been associated with cases of human gastroenteritis, even though it has been isolated
from farm animals, especially poultry. This paper reports the first isolation of
A. cryaerophilus from a human case of bloody watery diarrhea and
the virulence genes associated with this isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eduardo Castro
- Universidad de Ciencias Médicas (UCIMED), San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mauricio Redondo-Solano
- Universidad de Costa Rica, Facultad de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales y Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | - María Laura Arias Echandi
- Universidad de Costa Rica, Facultad de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales y Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, San José, Costa Rica
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21
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Rovetto F, Carlier A, Van den Abeele AM, Illeghems K, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Cocolin L, Houf K. Characterization of the emerging zoonotic pathogen Arcobacter thereius by whole genome sequencing and comparative genomics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180493. [PMID: 28671965 PMCID: PMC5495459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Four Arcobacter species have been associated with human disease, and based on current knowledge, these Gram negative bacteria are considered as potential food and waterborne zoonotic pathogens. At present, only the genome of the species Arcobacter butzleri has been analysed, and still little is known about their physiology and genetics. The species Arcobacter thereius has first been isolated from tissue of aborted piglets, duck and pig faeces, and recently from stool of human patients with enteritis. In the present study, the complete genome and analysis of the A. thereius type strain LMG24486T, as well as the comparative genome analysis with 8 other A. thereius strains are presented. Genome analysis revealed metabolic pathways for the utilization of amino acids, which represent the main source of energy, together with the presence of genes encoding for respiration-associated and chemotaxis proteins. Comparative genome analysis with the A. butzleri type strain RM4018 revealed a large correlation, though also unique features. Furthermore, in silico DDH and ANI based analysis of the nine A. thereius strains disclosed clustering into two closely related genotypes. No discriminatory differences in genome content nor phenotypic behaviour were detected, though recently the species Arcobacter porcinus was proposed to encompass part of the formerly identified Arcobacter thereius strains. The report of the presence of virulence associated genes in A. thereius, the presence of antibiotic resistance genes, verified by in vitro susceptibility testing, as well as other pathogenic related relevant features, support the classification of A. thereius as an emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rovetto
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Forestry, Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Aurélien Carlier
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Koen Illeghems
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luca Cocolin
- Department of Forestry, Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Kurt Houf
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Rathlavath S, Kumar S, Nayak BB. Comparative isolation and genetic diversity of Arcobacter sp. from fish and the coastal environment. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 65:42-49. [PMID: 28394467 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Arcobacter species are emerging food-borne and water-borne human pathogens associated mostly with food animals and their environment. The present study was aimed to isolate Arcobacter species from fish, shellfish and coastal water samples using two methods and to determine their genetic diversity. Of 201 samples of fish, shellfish and water samples analysed, 66 (32·8%) samples showed the presence of Arcobacter DNA from both Arcobacter enrichment broth and Bolton broth. Arcobacters were isolated from 58 (87·8%) and 38 (57·5%) of Arcobacter DNA-positive samples using Arcobacter blood agar and Preston blood agar, respectively. Arcobacter sp. identified by biochemical tests were further analysed by a genus-specific PCR, followed by a multiplex-PCR and 16S rRNA-RFLP. From both the methods, four different Arcobacter species namely Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter skirrowii, Arcobacter mytili and Arcobacter defluvii were isolated, of which A. butzleri was the predominant species. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR fingerprint analysis revealed that the arcobacters isolated in this study were genetically very diverse and no specific genotype was found associated with a specific source (seafood or water). Since pathogenic arcobacters are not known to be natural inhabitants of coastal marine environment, identifying the sources of contamination will be crucial for effective management of this problem. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Arcobacter sp. are emerging food- and water-borne human pathogens. In this study, comparison of two selective media suggested Arcobacter blood agar to be more efficient in yielding Arcobacter sp. from seafood. Furthermore, the isolation of Arcobacter sp. such as Arcobacter butzleri, A. skirrowii, A. mytili and A. defluvii from seafood suggests diverse sources of contamination of seafood by Arcobacter sp. Analysis of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-PCR patterns of A. butzleri showed high genetic diversity and lack of clonality among the isolates. Arcobacter contamination of seafood is an emerging issue both from seafood safety and seafood trade point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rathlavath
- Quality Control Laboratory, Post-Harvest Technology Department, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, India
| | - S Kumar
- Quality Control Laboratory, Post-Harvest Technology Department, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, India
| | - B B Nayak
- Quality Control Laboratory, Post-Harvest Technology Department, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, India
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Pathogens of Food Animals: Sources, Characteristics, Human Risk, and Methods of Detection. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2017; 82:277-365. [PMID: 28427535 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens associated with food production (livestock) animals come in many forms causing a multitude of disease for humans. For the purpose of this review, these infectious agents can be divided into three broad categories: those that are associated with bacterial disease, those that are associated with viruses, and those that are parasitic in nature. The goal of this chapter is to provide the reader with an overview of the most common pathogens that cause disease in humans through exposure via the food chain and the consequence of this exposure as well as risk and detection methods. We have also included a collection of unusual pathogens that although rare have still caused disease, and their recognition is warranted in light of emerging and reemerging diseases. These provide the reader an understanding of where the next big outbreak could occur. The influence of the global economy, the movement of people, and food makes understanding production animal-associated disease paramount to being able to address new diseases as they arise.
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Mottola A, Bonerba E, Bozzo G, Marchetti P, Celano GV, Colao V, Terio V, Tantillo G, Figueras MJ, Di Pinto A. Occurrence of emerging food-borne pathogenic Arcobacter spp. isolated from pre-cut (ready-to-eat) vegetables. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 236:33-7. [PMID: 27442848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Given that changes in consumer food behaviours have led to an increase in the demand for pre-cut ready-to-eat (RTE) vegetables, and that few data are currently available on the occurrence of Arcobacter spp. in such foods, the aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence of Arcobacter spp. that carry virulence-associated genes on pre-cut RTE vegetables, using cultural and molecular methods. Arcobacter was detected using biomolecular identification methods in 44/160 (27.5%) of the samples, of which 40/44 (90.9%) isolates corresponded to A. butzleri and 4/44 (9.1%) to A. cryaerophilus. Studying the incidence of 9 virulence-associated genes revealed the widespread distribution of these genes among the Arcobacter isolates tested. The results obtained in our research provided plenty of information on the health risks associated with the direct consumption of raw vegetables, and highlight the need to implement further studies at each level of the production chain, in order to obtain further information to help protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mottola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Prov. le Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Bonerba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Prov. le Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Bozzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Prov. le Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Marchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Prov. le Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Gaetano Vitale Celano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Prov. le Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Valeriana Colao
- A.B.A.P. (Apulian Society of Biologists), Via Giulio Petroni 15/F, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Terio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Prov. le Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Tantillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Prov. le Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria José Figueras
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Angela Di Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Prov. le Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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Mottola A, Bonerba E, Figueras MJ, Pérez-Cataluña A, Marchetti P, Serraino A, Bozzo G, Terio V, Tantillo G, Di Pinto A. Occurrence of potentially pathogenic arcobacters in shellfish. Food Microbiol 2016; 57:23-7. [PMID: 27052698 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Considering that several recent cases of human gastroenteritis have been associated with species from the Arcobacter genus, and that few data are currently available about the occurrence of this genus in Italian shellfish, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of Arcobacter spp. and the presence of virulence-associated genes. The approach consisted of cultural and biomolecular (multiplex-PCR and 16S-RFLP) methods identifying isolates, followed by PCR assays aimed at the cadF, ciaB, cjl349, irgA, hecA putative virulence genes. Arcobacter spp. was detected in 16/70 (22.8%) shellfish samples. Specifically, Arcobacter spp. was highlighted in 10/42 (23.8%) mussel and in 6/28 (21.4%) clam samples. Subsequently, biomolecular assays revealed Arcobacter butzleri in 12/16 (75%) and Arcobacter cryaerophilus 1B in 4/16 (25%) isolates. PCRs aimed at the five putative virulence genes demonstrated widespread distribution of these genes among Arcobacter isolates and some differences from the results published by other authors. Our research provides more information regarding the health risks associated with the consumption of raw bivalve molluscs and underlines the need to implement an adequate control plan by performing intensive and continuous monitoring in order to guarantee human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mottola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Prov. le Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Bonerba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Prov. le Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria José Figueras
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Alba Pérez-Cataluña
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Patrizia Marchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Prov. le Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Giancarlo Bozzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Prov. le Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Terio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Prov. le Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Tantillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Prov. le Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Di Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Prov. le Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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Prevalence of ten putative virulence genes in the emerging foodborne pathogen Arcobacter isolated from food products. Food Microbiol 2015; 52:146-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Genetic Diversity and Incidence of Virulence-Associated Genes of Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus Isolates from Pork, Beef, and Chicken Meat in Poland. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:956507. [PMID: 26539546 PMCID: PMC4619883 DOI: 10.1155/2015/956507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Incidence of 9 virulence-associated genes and genetic diversity was determined in 79 A. butzleri and 6 A. cryaerophilus isolates from pork, beef, and chicken meat. All A. butzleri isolates harboured the tlyA gene, and most of them carried ciaB, mviN, pldA, cadF, and cj1349 genes. ciaB was found to occur with higher frequency in poultry if compared with pork (p = 0.0007), while irgA was more frequent in poultry than in beef (p = 0.007). All 6 A. cryaerophilus isolates harboured the ciaB gene, while mviN and tlyA were detected in 3 out of these isolates. Only one isolate carried the cadF gene. All beef-derived A. cryaerophilus isolates carried ciaB, mviN, and tlyA genes. A. cryaerophilus isolates from chicken meat harboured ciaB gene only. The pork-derived isolate harboured ciaB and cadF genes. Seventy-four genotypes were distinguished within 79 A. butzleri isolates. Nineteen from 21 isolates derived from beef and pork were found to be closely related to A. butzleri from chicken meat. Each of the 6 A. cryaerophilus isolates was found to have unique genotype. We demonstrated that closely related genotypes can spread within pork, beef, and chicken meat populations of A. butzleri but not A. cryaerophilus.
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Bogantes EV, Fallas-Padilla KL, Rodríguez-Rodríguez CE, Jaramillo HF, Echandi MLA. Zoonotic species of the genus Arcobacter in poultry from different regions of Costa Rica. J Food Prot 2015; 78:808-11. [PMID: 25836409 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, emerging pathogens have received special attention due to their consequences for public health. Given that Arcobacter has been isolated in Costa Rica from commercial meat poultry samples, the aim of this research was to determine its isolation frequency from laying hens, broilers, ducks, and geese and to compare two types of samples, namely, cloacal swabs and stool collection. Arcobacter was isolated from 22 (11%) of the 200 samples examined. Fifteen (55%), eight (30%), and four (15%) of the isolated strains were identified as A. butzleri, A. cryareophilus, and Arcobacter spp., respectively. Also, there is a statistically significant difference among the isolation frequencies of Arcobacter for the types of samples evaluated, yielding more isolates from stool samples than from cloacal swab collection. This work describes the distribution of Arcobacter in farm animals as potential sources for its spread from animal-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Valverde Bogantes
- Tropical Disease Research Center and Microbiology Faculty, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Karolina L Fallas-Padilla
- Tropical Disease Research Center and Microbiology Faculty, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | | | | | - María Laura Arias Echandi
- Tropical Disease Research Center and Microbiology Faculty, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica.
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Ferreira S, Queiroz JA, Oleastro M, Domingues FC. Insights in the pathogenesis and resistance of Arcobacter: A review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:364-83. [PMID: 25806423 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.954523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Arcobacter genus currently comprises 18 recognized species, among which Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus and Arcobacter skirrowii have been associated with human and animal disease. Although these organisms, with special emphasis A. butzleri, are emerging as clinical pathogens, several aspects of their epidemiology and virulence are only starting to be clarified. In vitro human and animal cell culture assays have been used to show that several Arcobacter species can adhere to and invade eukaryotic cells, induce an immune response and produce toxins that damage host cells. In addition, data from genome sequencing highlighted several potential markers that may be helpful candidates for the study and understanding of these mechanisms; however, more work is necessary to clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in Arcobacter virulence. Arcobacter can be considered a relatively robust organism showing to be able to survive in adverse conditions, as the ones imposed by food processing and storage. Moreover, these bacteria have shown increased antibiotic resistance, along with high multidrug resistance. In this review, we seek to update the state-of-the-art concerning Arcobacter distribution, its interaction with the host, the trends of antibiotic resistance, its ability to survive, and finally the use of natural antimicrobials for control of Arcobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Ferreira
- a CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal and
| | - João A Queiroz
- a CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal and
| | - Mónica Oleastro
- b Department of Infectious Diseases , National Reference Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Infections, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Fernanda C Domingues
- a CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal and
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Zacharow I, Bystroń J, Wałecka-Zacharska E, Podkowik M, Bania J. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus isolates from retail meat in Lower Silesia region, Poland. Pol J Vet Sci 2015; 18:63-9. [DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2015-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractArcobacter butzleriandA. cryaerophilusare considered potential foodborne pathogens. Consumption ofArcobacter-contaminated food is regarded the most likely source of human poisoning. We investigated the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance ofArcobacterisolates in 210 retail meat samples. Seventy-nineA. butzleriand 6A. cryaerophiluswere isolated from pork, beef and chicken meat. Incidence ofA. butzleriwas found to be the highest in chicken meat (83%). Less ofA. butzleriwas isolated from beef (16%) and pork (14%). Most of theA. butzleriisolates were resistant to β-lactams, like ampicillin (85%), amoxicillin with clavulonic acid (63%), cefotaxime (66%) and macrolides, i.e., erythromycin (62%). In contrast, all except oneA. cryaerophilusisolates were susceptible to erythromycin. Tetracycline and aminoglycosides showed the highest efficacy againstA. butzleriandA. cryaerophilussince almost 80% of their population was susceptible to these agents. All, except oneA. cryaerophilusand the majority ofA. butzleriisolates (70%) were susceptible to fluoroquinolones. The incidence of multiresistant isolates was found in forty two (53%)A. butzleri, and one (16%)A. cryaerophilusisolates. EightA. butzleriisolates were resistant to all antimicrobials tested. These results indicate significant incidence of potential foodborne zoonotic agents, i.e.A. butzleriandA. cryaerophilusincluding multiresistant isolates in retail meat in Poland.
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Arcobacter Species. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800245-2.00012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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32
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Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of table eggs due to deterioration and development of pathogens. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Mohan HV, Rathore RS, Dhama K, Ramees TP, Patya A, Bagalko PS, Wani MY, Bhilegaonk KN, Kumar A. Prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in Humans, Animals and Foods of Animal
Origin in India Based on Cultural Isolation, Antibiogram, PCR and Multiplex
PCR Detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2014.452.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fallas-Padilla KL, Rodríguez-Rodríguez CE, Fernández Jaramillo H, Arias Echandi ML. Arcobacter: comparison of isolation methods, diversity, and potential pathogenic factors in commercially retailed chicken breast meat from Costa Rica. J Food Prot 2014; 77:880-4. [PMID: 24853508 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Arcobacter species have been recognized as potential food- and waterborne pathogens. The lack of standardized isolation methods and the relatively scarce knowledge about their prevalence and distribution as emerging pathogens are due to the limitations in their detection and identification. This study aimed to determine the presence and the identification of Arcobacter in chicken breast samples commercially retailed in San José, Costa Rica, as well as to describe the adherence and invasive potential of the strains to human cells (HEp-2). Fifty chicken breast samples were collected from retail markets in the metropolitan area of the country. Six different isolation methodologies were applied for the isolation of Arcobacter. Isolation strategies consisted of combinations of enrichments in de Boer or Houf selective broths and subsequent isolation in blood agar (directly or with a previous passive membrane filtration step) or Arcobacter selective agar. Suspicious colonies were identified with a genus-specific PCR, whereas species-level identification was achieved with a multiplex PCR. The overall isolation frequency of Arcobacter was 56%. From the isolation strategies, the combination of enrichment in Houf selective broth followed by filtration on blood agar showed the best performance, with a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 84%. A total of 46 isolates were confirmed as Arcobacter with the genus-specific PCR, from which 27 (59%) corresponded to Arcobacter butzleri, 9 (19%) to Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and 10 (22%) were not identified with this multiplex PCR. Regarding the potential pathogenicity, 75% of the isolates presented adherence to HEp-2 cells, while only 22% were invasive to that cell line. All invasive strains were A. butzleri or nonidentified strains. The results show the presence of potentially pathogenic Arcobacter in poultry and recognize the importance it should receive as a potential foodborne pathogen from public health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina L Fallas-Padilla
- Tropical Disease Research Center and Microbiology Faculty, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | | | | | - María Laura Arias Echandi
- Tropical Disease Research Center and Microbiology Faculty, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica.
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Douidah L, De Zutter L, Baré J, Houf K. Towards a Typing Strategy forArcobacterSpecies Isolated from Humans and Animals and Assessment of theIn VitroGenomic Stability. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:272-80. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laid Douidah
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Julie Baré
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kurt Houf
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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González I, Fernández-Tomé S, García T, Martín R. Genus-specific PCR assay for screening Arcobacter spp. in chicken meat. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1218-1224. [PMID: 24105785 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of emerging pathogenic species described within the genus Arcobacter has increased rapidly during the last few years. In this work a genus-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for detection of the species of Arcobacter most commonly associated with foods. The assay uses primers designed to amplify an 85 bp DNA fragment on the 16S rRNA gene and was applied to the detection of Arcobacter spp. in retail chicken meat. RESULTS Primer specificity was tested against a panel of Arcobacter spp., related Campylobacter and Helicobacter spp. and other food bacteria. Arcobacter primers consistently and selectively amplified the expected DNA fragment in all tested Arcobacter spp. Bacterial control primers confirmed the presence of amplifiable DNA in the samples. The applicability of the PCR assay to food was validated through screening of fresh retail chicken samples for the presence of Arcobacter spp., with a result of 45% (23 out of 51) positive samples. CONCLUSION The genus-specific PCR assay developed has the potential to be used as a quick and sensitive alternative method for the survey of Arcobacter contamination in meats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel González
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
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Figueras MJ, Levican A, Pujol I, Ballester F, Rabada Quilez MJ, Gomez-Bertomeu F. A severe case of persistent diarrhoea associated with Arcobacter cryaerophilus but attributed to Campylobacter sp. and a review of the clinical incidence of Arcobacter spp. New Microbes New Infect 2014; 2:31-7. [PMID: 25356338 PMCID: PMC4184587 DOI: 10.1002/2052-2975.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although rarely, Arcobacter spp. have been associated with diarrhoea and bacteraemia. We report a persistent case in a healthy 26-year-old Spanish male of bloody diarrhoea, which was attributed to Campylobacter but in fact was caused by Arcobacter cryaerophilus, as determined by sequencing of the rpoB gene. The isolate was re-identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) and genotyped for five putative virulence genes and for seven genes included in the Arcobacter multilocus sequence typing database. The low score obtained by MALDI-TOF indicates the need to complement the database with more isolates. Only the ciaB gene, which encodes for an invasin, was detected. Despite the isolate belonging to a new sequence type, three of the alleles (glnA, pgm and tkt) had been found previously in isolates from faeces of patients with diarrhoea. This study, together with the reviewed literature, indicates that Arcobacter can produce bacteraemia and that the isolation from patients with diarrhoea range from 0.11% to 1.25%. This study also demonstrates that Arcobacter species are confused with Campylobacter spp., as previously suggested. This is one of the factors that leads to underestimation of their incidence together with the use of inappropriate detection and identification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Figueras
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Cièancies Mediques Básiques, Facultad de Medicina i Ciencias de la Salud, IISPV, Universidad Rovira i Virgili Sant Lorenzo 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - A Levican
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Cièancies Mediques Básiques, Facultad de Medicina i Ciencias de la Salud, IISPV, Universidad Rovira i Virgili Sant Lorenzo 21, 43201, Reus, Spain ; Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnolog\xEDa Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicasl, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - I Pujol
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Cièancies Mediques Básiques, Facultad de Medicina i Ciencias de la Salud, IISPV, Universidad Rovira i Virgili Sant Lorenzo 21, 43201, Reus, Spain ; Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus Reus, Spain, Tarragona, Spain
| | - F Ballester
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Cièancies Mediques Básiques, Facultad de Medicina i Ciencias de la Salud, IISPV, Universidad Rovira i Virgili Sant Lorenzo 21, 43201, Reus, Spain ; Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus Reus, Spain, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - F Gomez-Bertomeu
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Joan XXII Tarragona, Spain
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Presence and analysis of plasmids in human and animal associated arcobacter species. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85487. [PMID: 24465575 PMCID: PMC3896396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the screening of four Arcobacter species for the presence of small and large plasmids. Plasmids were present in 9.9% of the 273 examined strains. One Arcobacter cryaerophilus and four Arcobacter butzleri plasmids were selected for further sequencing. The size of three small plasmids isolated from A. butzleri and the one from A. cryaerophilus strains ranged between 4.8 and 5.1 kb, and the size of the large plasmid, isolated from A. butzleri, was 27.4 kbp. The G+C content of all plasmids ranged between 25.4% and 26.2%. A total of 95% of the large plasmid sequence represents coding information, which contrasts to the 20 to 30% for the small plasmids. Some of the open reading frames showed a high homology to putative conserved domains found in other related organisms, such as replication, mobilization and genes involved in type IV secretion system. The large plasmid carried 35 coding sequences, including seven genes in a contiguous region of 11.6 kbp that encodes an orthologous type IV secretion system found in the Wolinella succinogenes genome, Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni plasmids, which makes this plasmid interesting for further exploration.
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Temporal and farm-management-associated variation in faecal pat prevalence ofArcobacterspp. in ruminants. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 142:861-70. [DOI: 10.1017/s095026881300160x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYIn a 2-year longitudinal study of adult animals on 15 dairy farms and four sheep farms in Lancashire, UK,Arcobacterspp. were isolated from all farms although not at every sampling occasion. Faecal samples were collected and cultured using standard techniques for isolation of campylobacters. Assignment to species was via PCR assays. Apparent prevalence ofArcobacterspp. was higher in dairy cattle compared to sheep (40·1%vs.8%,P < 0·001) and in housed cattle compared to cattle at pasture (50·1%vs.20·9%,P < 0·001). This was reflected in the higher prevalence observed in herds that were housed (n = 4) all year compared to herds that grazed cattle on pasture in the summer and housed cattle in the winter (n = 11) (55·5%vs. 36%,P < 0·001). In the case of sheep, peak prevalence was observed in autumn with increased prevalence also being associated with improving pasture quality. There was an apparent inverse association between the faecal pat prevalence ofArcobacterspp. andCampylobacter jejunialthough this may in part be an artefact of laboratory test method sensitivity, whereby a relative increase in the frequency of one bacterial species would reduce the sensitivity of detecting the other.
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Ahmed R, Balamurugan S. Evaluation of three Arcobacter selective agars for selective enumeration of Arcobacter butzleri in beef. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Martinez-Malaxetxebarria I, Muts R, van Dijk L, Parker CT, Miller WG, Huynh S, Gaastra W, van Putten JPM, Fernandez-Astorga A, Wösten MMSM. Regulation of energy metabolism by the extracytoplasmic function (ECF) σ factors of Arcobacter butzleri. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44796. [PMID: 23028624 PMCID: PMC3445524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracytoplasmic function (ECF) σ factors are fundamental for bacterial adaptation to distinct environments and for survival under different stress conditions. The emerging pathogen Arcobacter butzleri possesses seven putative pairs of σ/anti-σ factors belonging to the ECF family. Here, we report the identification of the genes regulated by five out of the seven A. butzleri ECF σ factors. Three of the ECF σ factors play an apparent role in transport, energy generation and the maintenance of redox balance. Several genes like the nap, sox and tct genes are regulated by more than one ECF σ factor, indicating that the A. butzleri ECF σ factors form a network of overlapping regulons. In contrast to other eubacteria, these A. butzleri ECF regulons appear to primarily regulate responses to changing environments in order to meet metabolic needs instead of an obvious role in stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irati Martinez-Malaxetxebarria
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Rudy Muts
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linda van Dijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Craig T. Parker
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - William G. Miller
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Steven Huynh
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Wim Gaastra
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos P. M. van Putten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aurora Fernandez-Astorga
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Marc M. S. M. Wösten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Kayman T, Abay S, Hizlisoy H, Atabay Hİ, Diker KS, Aydin F. Emerging pathogen Arcobacter spp. in acute gastroenteritis: molecular identification, antibiotic susceptibilities and genotyping of the isolated arcobacters. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:1439-1444. [PMID: 22700547 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.044594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were as follows: (i) to isolate Arcobacter spp. from the stool samples of patients with gastroenteritis; (ii) to identify them with molecular methods; (iii) to genotype them using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR; and (iv) to determine their antibiotic susceptibilities. For the study, a total of 3287 diarrhoeal stool samples submitted to the Microbiology Laboratory of the Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey, between 2010 and 2011 were analysed. Campylobacter blood-free selective medium supplemented with cefoperazone, amphotericin B and teicoplanin was used for isolation. Medium inoculated with stool samples was incubated microaerobically at 37 °C for 72-96 h. Phenotypic tests, a genus-specific PCR and a multiplex PCR were used to identify the arcobacters, whilst ERIC-PCR was used for genotyping and the antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolates were detected by E-test. Arcobacter spp. were isolated from nine of the 3287 samples. These nine isolates were identified as Arcobacter butzleri and all showed different ERIC-PCR profiles. All nine isolates were resistant to ampicillin and susceptible to gentamicin, tetracycline, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin. As far as is known, this is the first study in which A. butzleri has been isolated from human acute gastrointestinal infections in Turkey. According to these results, it is recommended that, when investigating the aetiology of infections of the digestive system in humans, Arcobacter spp. be considered for inclusion. The results of this study should contribute to our knowledge related to A. butzleri infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Kayman
- Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Seçil Abay
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Harun Hizlisoy
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - H İbrahim Atabay
- Sifa University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, İzmir, TurkeyI˙zmir
| | - K Serdar Diker
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fuat Aydin
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Kayseri, Turkey
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Arcobacter in Lake Erie beach waters: an emerging gastrointestinal pathogen linked with human-associated fecal contamination. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:5511-9. [PMID: 22660704 DOI: 10.1128/aem.08009-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Arcobacter has been associated with human illness and fecal contamination by humans and animals. To better characterize the health risk posed by this emerging waterborne pathogen, we investigated the occurrence of Arcobacter spp. in Lake Erie beach waters. During the summer of 2010, water samples were collected 35 times from the Euclid, Villa Angela, and Headlands (East and West) beaches, located along Ohio's Lake Erie coast. After sample concentration, Arcobacter was quantified by real-time PCR targeting the Arcobacter 23S rRNA gene. Other fecal genetic markers (Bacteroides 16S rRNA gene [HuBac], Escherichia coli uidA gene, Enterococcus 23S rRNA gene, and tetracycline resistance genes) were also assessed. Arcobacter was detected frequently at all beaches, and both the occurrence and densities of Arcobacter spp. were higher at the Euclid and Villa Angela beaches (with higher levels of fecal contamination) than at the East and West Headlands beaches. The Arcobacter density in Lake Erie beach water was significantly correlated with the human-specific fecal marker HuBac according to Spearman's correlation analysis (r = 0.592; P < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that most of the identified Arcobacter sequences were closely related to Arcobacter cryaerophilus, which is known to cause gastrointestinal diseases in humans. Since human-pathogenic Arcobacter spp. are linked to human-associated fecal sources, it is important to identify and manage the human-associated contamination sources for the prevention of Arcobacter-associated public health risks at Lake Erie beaches.
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González I, García T, Fernández S, Martín R. Current Status on Arcobacter Research: An Update on DNA-Based Identification and Typing Methodologies. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-011-9343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Occurrence of putative virulence genes in arcobacter species isolated from humans and animals. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 50:735-41. [PMID: 22170914 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.05872-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in arcobacters in veterinary and human public health has increased since the first report of the isolation of arcobacters from food of animal origin. Since then, studies worldwide have reported the occurrence of arcobacters on food and in food production animals and have highlighted possible transmission, especially of Arcobacter butzleri, to the human population. In humans, arcobacters are associated with enteritis and septicemia. To assess their clinical relevance for humans and animals, evaluation of potential virulence factors is required. However, up to now, little has been known about the mechanisms of pathogenicity. Because of their close phylogenetic affiliation to the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter and their similar clinical manifestations, the presence of nine putative Campylobacter virulence genes (cadF, ciaB, cj1349, hecA, hecB, irgA, mviN, pldA, and tlyA) previously identified in the recent Arcobacter butzleri ATCC 49616 genome sequence was determined in a large set of human and animal Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii strains after the development of rapid and accurate PCR assays and confirmed by sequencing and dot blot hybridization.
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Dumas MD, Polson SW, Ritter D, Ravel J, Gelb J, Morgan R, Wommack KE. Impacts of poultry house environment on poultry litter bacterial community composition. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24785. [PMID: 21949751 PMCID: PMC3174962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral and bacterial pathogens are a significant economic concern to the US broiler industry and the ecological epicenter for poultry pathogens is the mixture of bedding material, chicken excrement and feathers that comprises the litter of a poultry house. This study used high-throughput sequencing to assess the richness and diversity of poultry litter bacterial communities, and to look for connections between these communities and the environmental characteristics of a poultry house including its history of gangrenous dermatitis (GD). Cluster analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed differences in the distribution of bacterial phylotypes between Wet and Dry litter samples and between houses. Wet litter contained greater diversity with 90% of total bacterial abundance occurring within the top 214 OTU clusters. In contrast, only 50 clusters accounted for 90% of Dry litter bacterial abundance. The sixth largest OTU cluster across all samples classified as an Arcobacter sp., an emerging human pathogen, occurring in only the Wet litter samples of a house with a modern evaporative cooling system. Ironically, the primary pathogenic clostridial and staphylococcal species associated with GD were not found in any house; however, there were thirteen 16S rRNA gene phylotypes of mostly gram-positive phyla that were unique to GD-affected houses and primarily occurred in Wet litter samples. Overall, the poultry house environment appeared to substantially impact the composition of litter bacterial communities and may play a key role in the emergence of food-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Dumas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Shawn W. Polson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Don Ritter
- Mountaire Farms Inc., Millsboro, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jack Gelb
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Robin Morgan
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - K. Eric Wommack
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
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Small ruminants as carriers of the emerging foodborne pathogen Arcobacter on small and medium farms. Small Rumin Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Healthy pigs are an important reservoir for the emerging human pathogen Arcobacter which can result in contamination of porcine carcasses and pork and the spread of arcobacters into the environment. Up to now, the excretion of arcobacters by pigs has been studied, but information about the transmission routes in fattening pigs is lacking. The present study aimed to elucidate the Arcobacter population dynamics in pigs during the fattening period on four farrow-to-finish farms. On each farm, 30 clinically healthy, 12-week-old piglets were selected. Fecal samples were collected on 10 sampling occasions until a slaughter age of 30 weeks was reached. Arcobacter spp. were isolated by a selective method and identified by multiplex PCR. The genetic diversity was examined by amplified fragment length polymorphism and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR. The Arcobacter presence in the fecal samples on the four farms ranged from 11.3 to 50.0%, with excretion levels of up to 10(4) CFU/g feces. The ratio in which Arcobacter species were isolated varied between the farms and over time. Characterization revealed a high degree of genotypic diversity among the isolates. Arcobacter strains persisted and spread within the finishing unit during the fattening period. The occurrence of both unique and shared genotypes in pigs in adjacent and nonadjacent pens demonstrates that transmission routes other than fecal-oral transmission occur.
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