1
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Belmokhtar Z, Djaroud S, Matmour D, Merad Y. Atypical and Unpredictable Superficial Mycosis Presentations: A Narrative Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:295. [PMID: 38667966 PMCID: PMC11051100 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
While typically exhibiting characteristic features, fungal infections can sometimes present in an unusual context, having improbable localization (eyelid, face, or joint); mimicking other skin diseases such as eczema, psoriasis, or mycosis fungoides; and appearing with unexpected color, shape, or distribution. The emergence of such a challenging clinical picture is attributed to the complex interplay of host characteristics (hygiene and aging population), environment (climate change), advances in medical procedures, and agent factors (fungal resistance and species emergence). We aim to provide a better understanding of unusual epidemiological contexts and atypical manifestations of fungal superficial diseases, knowing that there is no pre-established clinical guide for these conditions. Thus, a literature examination was performed to provide a comprehensive analysis on rare and atypical superficial mycosis as well as an update on certain fungal clinical manifestations and their significance. The research and standard data extraction were performed using PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and EMBASE databases, and a total of 222 articles were identified. This review covers published research findings for the past six months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoubir Belmokhtar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Djilali Liabes University of Sidi-Bel-Abbes, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria;
- Laboratory of Plant and Microbial Valorization (LP2VM), University of Science and Technology of Oran, Mohamed Boudiaf (USTOMB), Oran 31000, Algeria
| | - Samira Djaroud
- Department of Chemistry, Djilali Liabes University of Sidi-Bel-Abbes, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria
| | - Derouicha Matmour
- Central Laboratory, Djilali Liabes University of Medicine of Sidi-Bel-Abbes, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria
| | - Yassine Merad
- Central Laboratory, Djilali Liabes University of Medicine of Sidi-Bel-Abbes, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria
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2
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Orschulok T, Whitfield J, Badrick T, Sivabalan P, Sowden D, Lehane F. Cutaneous protothecosis: contrasting case presentations. Pathology 2023; 55:1032-1035. [PMID: 37586976 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2023.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David Sowden
- Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Sunshine Coast, Qld, Australia
| | - Fiona Lehane
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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3
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Desta TW, Kedir A. Conjunctival Rhinosporidiosis in an Ethiopian Child: A Case Report. Int Med Case Rep J 2022; 15:405-408. [PMID: 35982772 PMCID: PMC9381007 DOI: 10.2147/imcrj.s365729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Case Presentation Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Wubshet Desta
- Department of Pathology, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Tewodros Wubshet Desta, Department of Pathology, Dire Dawa University, Po Box 1362, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, Tel +251-931262484, Fax +251-251127971, Email
| | - Abdo Kedir
- Department of Pathology, Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia
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4
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Gurnani B, Kaur K, Venugopal A, Srinivasan B, Bagga B, Iyer G, Christy J, Prajna L, Vanathi M, Garg P, Narayana S, Agarwal S, Sahu S. Pythium insidiosum keratitis - A review. Indian J Ophthalmol 2022; 70:1107-1120. [PMID: 35325996 PMCID: PMC9240499 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1534_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pythium insidiosum is an oomycete and is also called “parafungus” as it closely mimics fungal keratitis. The last decade saw an unprecedented surge in Pythium keratitis cases, especially from Asia and India, probably due to growing research on the microorganism and improved diagnostic and treatment modalities. The clinical features such as subepithelial infiltrate, cotton wool-like fluffy stromal infiltrate, satellite lesions, corneal perforation, endoexudates, and anterior chamber hypopyon closely resemble fungus. The classical clinical features of Pythium that distinguish it from other microorganisms are reticular dots, tentacular projections, peripheral furrowing, and early limbal spread, which require a high index of clinical suspicion. Pythium also exhibits morphological and microbiological resemblance to fungus on routine smearing, revealing perpendicular or obtuse septate or aseptate branching hyphae. Culture on blood agar or any other nutritional agar is the gold standard for diagnosis. It grows as cream-colored white colonies with zoospores formation, further confirmed using the leaf incarnation method. Due to limited laboratory diagnostic modalities and delayed growth on culture, there was a recent shift toward various molecular diagnostic modalities such as polymerase chain reaction, confocal microscopy, ELISA, and immunodiffusion. As corneal scraping (10% KOH, Gram) reveals fungal hyphae, antifungals are started before the culture results are available. Recent in vitro molecular studies have suggested antibacterials as the first-line drugs in the form of 0.2% linezolid and 1% azithromycin. Early therapeutic keratoplasty is warranted in nonresolving cases. This review aims to describe the epidemiology, clinical features, laboratory and molecular diagnosis, and treatment of Pythium insidiosum keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Gurnani
- Cataract, Cornea, External Disease, Trauma and Refractive Services, Aravind Eye Hospital and Post Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Pondicherry, India
| | - Kirandeep Kaur
- Pediatric and Squint Services, Aravind Eye Hospital and Post Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Pondicherry, India
| | - Anitha Venugopal
- Cornea, Ocular surface, Trauma and Refractive services, Aravind Eye Hospital and Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bhaskar Srinivasan
- Dr G Sitalakshmi Memorial Clinic for Ocular Surface Disorders, CJ Shah Cornea Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bhupesh Bagga
- Cornea Clinic, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Geetha Iyer
- Dr G Sitalakshmi Memorial Clinic for Ocular Surface Disorders, CJ Shah Cornea Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Josephine Christy
- Cataract, Cornea and Refractive Services, Aravind Eye Hospital and Post Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Pondicherry, India
| | - Lalitha Prajna
- Microbiology Services, Aravind Eye Hospital and Post Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugesan Vanathi
- Cornea and Ocular Surface, Cataract and Refractive Services, Dr R P Centre, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Garg
- Director and Kallam Anji Reddy Chair of Ophthalmology Paul Dubord Chair of Cornea, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shivanand Narayana
- Cataract, Cornea, External Diseases, Trauma and Refractive Services, Aravind Eye Hospital and Post Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Pondicherry, India
| | - Shweta Agarwal
- Dr G Sitalakshmi Memorial Clinic for Ocular Surface Disorders, CJ Shah Cornea Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srikant Sahu
- Cornea and Anterior Segment, Contact Lens, Cataract, Laser Refractive Surgery Services, Mithu Tulsi Chanrai Campus, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
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5
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Pulmonary adiaspiromycosis in armadillos killed by motor vehicle collisions in Brazil. Sci Rep 2021; 11:272. [PMID: 33432031 PMCID: PMC7801722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79521-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of infectious diseases in wildlife provides important information for preventing potential outbreaks of zoonotic diseases. Adiaspiromycosis is a neglected human disease caused by dimorphic Onygenales fungi. The disease is produced by the inflammatory response against growing adiaspores, leading to granulomatous pneumonia. In humans, adiaspiromycosis is relevant in immunosuppressed patients. In animals, it is associated with pneumonia in fossorial species. Given the potential role of armadillos in the epidemiology of adiaspiromycosis, in this study, we sought to investigate the occurrence and pathological features of adiaspiromycosis in roadkilled armadillos. In total, 54 armadillo carcasses were suitable for postmortem pathologic examinations between February 2017 and 2020. Adiaspores, associated with granulomatous lesions, were observed in ten six-banded (Euphractus sexcinctus) and two southern naked-tailed armadillos (Cabassous unicinctus). A previously uncharacterized Onygenales species was molecularly identified in two E. sexcinctus. In summary, herein we report 12 cases of pulmonary adiaspiromycosis (PA) in two species of free-living armadillos in Brazil. Both, the morphology of the fungus, as well as the histopathological findings (granulomatous inflammatory response to adiaspores) are consistent with PA; however, as the molecular identification differs from the reported species, the potential impact of this fungus for human PA is unknown, and we cannot rule out its impact on public health.
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6
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Arias Sánchez AF, Romero Arias SD, Garcés Samudio CG. Case Report: Rhinosporidiosis, Case Report, and Literature Review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 104:708-711. [PMID: 33289469 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinosporidiosis is caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi, a pathogen currently considered a fungus-like parasite of the eukaryotic group Mesomycetozoea. It is usually a benign condition, with slow growth of polypoid lesions, with involvement of the nose, nasopharynx, or eyes. The clinical characteristics of a painless, friable, polypoid mass, usually unilateral, can guide the diagnosis, but the gold standard for diagnosis is histopathological findings. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathobiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic strategies, and treatment approach for rhinosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés F Arias Sánchez
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Erasmo Meoz Hospital Colombia, University of Pamplona, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | | | - Carlos G Garcés Samudio
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Antioquia, Cardiovid Clinic, Medellín, Colombia
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7
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Cocchetto A, Briola C, Furlanello T, Danesi P, Cirla A, Menchetti M. 3‐T MRI of protothecosis encephalic lesions in a Scottish shepherd dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Cocchetto
- Neurology and Neurosurgery DivisionSan Marco Veterinary ClinicVeggiano (Padova)Italy
| | - Chiara Briola
- Cambridge UniversityCambridgeUK
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology DivisionSan Marco Veterinary ClinicVeggiano (Padova)Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Danesi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVE)LegnaroItaly
| | - Alessandro Cirla
- Ophtalmology DivisionSan Marco Veterinary ClinicVeggiano (Padova)Italy
| | - Marika Menchetti
- Neurology and Neurosurgery DivisionSan Marco Veterinary ClinicVeggiano (Padova)Italy
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8
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Oladele RO, Akase IE, Fahal AH, Govender NP, Hoenigl M, Gangneux JP, Chiller TM, Denning DW, Cornely OA, Chakrabarti A. Bridging the knowledge gap on mycoses in Africa: Setting up a Pan-African Mycology Working Group. Mycoses 2019; 63:244-249. [PMID: 31829454 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Most African countries have poorly funded and overburdened health systems. Additionally, a high prevalence of HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa contributes to a high burden of opportunistic fungal infections. Data generated by GAFFI from 15 of 57 African countries revealed that an estimated 47 million Africans suffer from fungal diseases, of whom an estimated 1.7 million suffer from a serious fungal infection annually. Almost all African countries lack a surveillance system for fungal infections with the exception of South Africa. South Africa is also the only African country with a national mycology reference laboratory. Across the continent, there is a pervasive picture of inadequate/poor diagnostic capacity, low level of awareness among healthcare workers and policymakers and unavailability and non-accessibility to essential antifungal medications. Recent outreach efforts by the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM) and the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) have aimed to increase involvement of African countries and experts in global initiatives such as "One World One Guideline" and also the ECMM Academy. Recently, under the auspices of ISHAM, the African sub-region created a network of mycology experts whose goal is to organise and engage African leaders in the field of medical mycology. The aim of this ISHAM Working Group was to facilitate interaction and synergy among regional leaders in order to develop educational programmes for capacity building to aid in the diagnosis and care of patients with fungal infections in Africa. The working group will also encourage country initiatives to develop clinical guidelines, to support surveys and to support the establishment of reference mycology laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita O Oladele
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Iorhen E Akase
- Department of Medicine, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Nelesh P Govender
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, A Division of the National Health Laboratory Service and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public, Health University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Section of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jean Pierre Gangneux
- CHU de Rennes, University of Rennes, INSERM, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Tom M Chiller
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David W Denning
- Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, Geneva, Switzerland.,The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Oliver A Cornely
- Department I of Internal Medicine, European Diamond Excellence Center of Medical Mycology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany.,Centre for Clinical Trials, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
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9
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Oddó D, Cisternas D, Méndez GP. Pseudodematiaceous Fungi in Rhinosinusal Biopsies: Report of 2 Cases With Light and Electron Microscopy Analysis. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:2632010X19874766. [PMID: 31579897 PMCID: PMC6757491 DOI: 10.1177/2632010x19874766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of a mycosis is often established through a biopsy, which allows to differentiate invasive and non-invasive lesions, and also to identify hyaline and dematiaceous fungi. However, pigmented fungal elements that do not correspond to dematiaceous fungi, which we have called pseudodematiaceous, can occasionally be present in biopsies. Herein, we present 2 cases of mycosis caused by pseudodematiaceous fungi in rhinosinusal biopsies. A new classification for fungi identified in biopsies is proposed, dividing them into 3 groups: hyaline, dematiaceous, and pseudodematiaceous.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Oddó
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daisy Cisternas
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo P Méndez
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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10
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11
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel O. Oluwayelu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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12
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Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Goeken JA, Leidinger MR, Ofori-Amanfo GK, Brown HC, Businga TR, Stoltz DA, Reznikov LR, Flaherty HA. Glycogen depletion can increase the specificity of mucin detection in airway tissues. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:763. [PMID: 30359291 PMCID: PMC6203197 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3855-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Mucin is an important parameter for detection and assessment in studies of airway disease including asthma and cystic fibrosis. Histochemical techniques are often used to evaluate mucin in tissues sections. Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) is a common technique to detect neutral mucins in tissue, but this technique also detects other tissue components including cellular glycogen. We tested whether depletion of glycogen, a common cellular constituent, could impact the detection of mucin in the surface epithelium of the trachea. Results Normal tissues stained by PAS had significantly more staining than serial sections of glycogen-depleted tissue with PAS staining (i.e. dPAS technique) based on both quantitative analysis and semiquantitative scores. Most of the excess stain by the PAS technique was detected in ciliated cells adjacent to goblet cells. We also compared normal tissues using the Alcian blue technique, which does not have reported glycogen staining, with the dPAS technique. These groups had similar amounts of staining consistent with a high degree of mucin specificity. Our results suggest that when using PAS techniques to stain airways, the dPAS approach is preferred as it enhances the specificity for airway mucin.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, 1165ML, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - J Adam Goeken
- Department of Pathology, 1165ML, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Mariah R Leidinger
- Department of Pathology, 1165ML, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Georgina K Ofori-Amanfo
- Department of Pathology, 1165ML, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Hannah C Brown
- Department of Pathology, 1165ML, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Thomas R Businga
- Department of Pathology, 1165ML, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - David A Stoltz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Leah R Reznikov
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Heather A Flaherty
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
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13
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Antifungal Susceptibility of Emerging Dimorphic Pathogens in the Family Ajellomycetaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 62:AAC.01886-17. [PMID: 29084748 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01886-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro susceptibilities of 24 molecularly identified dimorphic fungi belonging to the genera Adiaspiromyces, Blastomyces, and Emergomyces within the family Ajellomycetaceae were tested against 8 standard antifungal agents using CLSI document M38-A2. Amphotericin B and posaconazole had the lowest geometric mean MICs (<0.05 μg/ml) followed by itraconazole (<0.07 μg/ml), voriconazole (<0.15 μg/ml), and isavuconazole (<0.42 μg/ml) while fluconazole was not active. Micafungin demonstrated good in vitro antifungal activity against Emergomyces (geometric mean minimum effective concentration [GM MEC] 0.1 μg/ml) and Blastomyces (GM MEC <0.017 μg/ml).
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14
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Kiernan JA. Fibers, bacteria and things that look like fungi under the microscope. J Histotechnol 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2017.1323575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Kim JE, Oh TH, Lee KH, Shin JH, Jung SI. Successful Treatment of Protothecal Tenosynovitis in an Immunocompetent Patient using Amphotericin B Deoxycholate. Infect Chemother 2017; 49:293-296. [PMID: 29299897 PMCID: PMC5754341 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2017.49.4.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protothecosis is an uncommon human infection caused by achlorophyllic algae of the genus Prototheca, especially P. wickerhamii. The skin is the most frequently involved organ and cases of protothecal tenosynovitis are very rare. A 71-year-old woman without prior medical history except hypertension presented with painful swelling of her right hand that did not improve despite receiving antibiotic treatment. She underwent tenosynovectomy and drainage. Histopathologic examination revealed necrotizing granulomatous inflammation and numerous spherical or morula-like organisms with a spoked wheel appearance. P. wickerhamii was identified from tissue culture. The lesion did not improve with empirical fluconazole therapy. Conventional amphotericin B was administered according to antifungal susceptibility tests and the lesion completely resolved. Protothecosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis for chronic tenosynovitis that does not respond to conventional antibacterial treatment; tissue biopsy with culture is required for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Oh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jong Hee Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sook In Jung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
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16
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Arora N, Bhargava EK, Rai V. Nasal Conidiobolomycosis- The Unknown Threat. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:MJ01. [PMID: 28208896 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/21480.8946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Arora
- Senior Resident, Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Maulanaazad Medical College , New Delhi, India
| | - Eishaan K Bhargava
- Senior Resident, Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Maulanaazad Medical College , New Delhi, India
| | - Varun Rai
- Senior Resident, Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Maulanaazad Medical College , New Delhi, India
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17
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Cherian LM, Varghese L, Panchatcharam BS, Parmar HV, Varghese GM. Nasal conidiobolomycosis: a successful treatment option for localized disease. J Postgrad Med 2016; 61:143-4. [PMID: 25766357 PMCID: PMC4943445 DOI: 10.4103/0022-3859.153112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L M Cherian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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18
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Ramírez I, Nieto-Ríos JF, Ocampo-Kohn C, Aristizábal-Alzate A, Zuluaga-Valencia G, Muñoz Maya O, Pérez JC. Protothecal bursitis after simultaneous kidney/liver transplantation: a case report and review. Transpl Infect Dis 2016; 18:266-74. [PMID: 26779785 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation is an accepted therapy for end-stage diseases of the kidneys, liver, heart, and lungs. Unfortunately, transplantation is associated with infectious complications. Here, we present a case report of Prototheca wickerhamii olecranon bursitis and review all of the cases in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients published in the literature to date. In our patient, the infection resolved with surgical therapy and limited antifungal therapy, and no symptoms have recurred over 24 months of follow-up. A review of the literature suggests that 50% of SOT recipients with Prototheca infection present with disseminated infection, and the overall mortality is 75%. More studies are required to determine the optimal management of protothecosis in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ramírez
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - J F Nieto-Ríos
- Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Colombia
| | - C Ocampo-Kohn
- Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Colombia
| | - A Aristizábal-Alzate
- Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Colombia
| | - G Zuluaga-Valencia
- Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Colombia
| | - O Muñoz Maya
- Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - J C Pérez
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Dinámica IPS, Medellín, Colombia
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Malik R, Capoor MR, Vanidassane I, Gogna A, Singh A, Sen B, Rudramurthy SM, Honnavar P, Gupta S, Chakrabarti A. Disseminated Emmonsia pasteuriana infection in India: a case report and a review. Mycoses 2015; 59:127-32. [PMID: 26647904 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report here the first case of disseminated Emmonsia pasteuriana infection in a patient with AIDS in India. The patient presented with weight loss, dyspnoea, left-sided chest pain and multiple non-tender skin lesions over face and body for 3 months. Disseminated emmonsiosis was diagnosed on microscopic examination and fungal culture of skin biopsy and needle aspirate of lung consolidation. It was confirmed by sequencing internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA, beta tubulin, actin, and intein PRP8. The patient responded to amphotericin B and itraconazole therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Malik
- Department of Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College (VMMC) and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Malini R Capoor
- Department of Microbiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College (VMMC) and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ilavarasi Vanidassane
- Department of Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College (VMMC) and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Gogna
- Department of Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College (VMMC) and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Avninder Singh
- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Biswajit Sen
- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivaprakash M Rudramurthy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Prasanna Honnavar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunita Gupta
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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20
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Neglected fungal zoonoses: hidden threats to man and animals. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:416-25. [PMID: 25769429 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic fungi can be naturally transmitted between animals and humans, and in some cases cause significant public health problems. A number of mycoses associated with zoonotic transmission are among the group of the most common fungal diseases, worldwide. It is, however, notable that some fungal diseases with zoonotic potential have lacked adequate attention in international public health efforts, leading to insufficient attention on their preventive strategies. This review aims to highlight some mycoses whose zoonotic potential received less attention, including infections caused by Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei, Lacazia loboi, Emmonsia spp., Basidiobolus ranarum, Conidiobolus spp. and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.
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Lelievre L, Borderie V, Garcia-Hermoso D, Brignier AC, Sterkers M, Chaumeil C, Lortholary O, Lanternier F. Imported pythium insidiosum keratitis after a swim in Thailand by a contact lens-wearing traveler. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 92:270-3. [PMID: 25535313 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A 30-year-old woman with a history of contact lens wear and exposure to swimming pool water in Thailand presented with a non-responsive, progressive corneal ulcer of the right eye. Confocal microscopy evidenced septate linear branching structures, raising suspicion of fungal keratitis. She was promptly treated with topical antibiotics and both topical and intravenous caspofungin plus voriconazole. Worsening of the clinical picture after 1 month of intensive medical therapy led to a large therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty being performed. Corneal cultures grew a mold-like organism, which was identified by sequencing as Pythium insidiosum, an aquatic oomycete. After 4 years of follow-up, the graft exhibits no infection relapse, but graft transparency has been lost after two rejection episodes. Keratoplasty combined with antifungal treatment may offer a cure to P. insidiosum keratitis, although long-term preservation of corneal transparency is difficult to obtain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Lelievre
- Université Paris-Descartes, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, IHU Imagine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France; Fédération de Pathologie Infectieuse Oculaire, Centre de Recherche Institut de la Vision, UMR S 968 Inserm/UPMC/CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, CNRS URA3012, Paris, France; Service de Microbiologie, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Borderie
- Université Paris-Descartes, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, IHU Imagine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France; Fédération de Pathologie Infectieuse Oculaire, Centre de Recherche Institut de la Vision, UMR S 968 Inserm/UPMC/CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, CNRS URA3012, Paris, France; Service de Microbiologie, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
| | - Dea Garcia-Hermoso
- Université Paris-Descartes, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, IHU Imagine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France; Fédération de Pathologie Infectieuse Oculaire, Centre de Recherche Institut de la Vision, UMR S 968 Inserm/UPMC/CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, CNRS URA3012, Paris, France; Service de Microbiologie, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
| | - Anne C Brignier
- Université Paris-Descartes, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, IHU Imagine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France; Fédération de Pathologie Infectieuse Oculaire, Centre de Recherche Institut de la Vision, UMR S 968 Inserm/UPMC/CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, CNRS URA3012, Paris, France; Service de Microbiologie, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
| | - Margaret Sterkers
- Université Paris-Descartes, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, IHU Imagine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France; Fédération de Pathologie Infectieuse Oculaire, Centre de Recherche Institut de la Vision, UMR S 968 Inserm/UPMC/CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, CNRS URA3012, Paris, France; Service de Microbiologie, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
| | - Christine Chaumeil
- Université Paris-Descartes, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, IHU Imagine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France; Fédération de Pathologie Infectieuse Oculaire, Centre de Recherche Institut de la Vision, UMR S 968 Inserm/UPMC/CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, CNRS URA3012, Paris, France; Service de Microbiologie, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lortholary
- Université Paris-Descartes, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, IHU Imagine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France; Fédération de Pathologie Infectieuse Oculaire, Centre de Recherche Institut de la Vision, UMR S 968 Inserm/UPMC/CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, CNRS URA3012, Paris, France; Service de Microbiologie, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Lanternier
- Université Paris-Descartes, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, IHU Imagine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France; Fédération de Pathologie Infectieuse Oculaire, Centre de Recherche Institut de la Vision, UMR S 968 Inserm/UPMC/CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, CNRS URA3012, Paris, France; Service de Microbiologie, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
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22
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Capra E, Cremonesi P, Cortimiglia C, Bignoli G, Ricchi M, Moroni P, Pesce A, Luini M, Castiglioni B. Simultaneous identification by multiplex PCR of major Prototheca spp. isolated from bovine and buffalo intramammary infection and bulk tank. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 59:642-7. [PMID: 25196253 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bovine mastitis caused by Prototheca spp. infection is increasing worldwide, therefore becoming more relevant to the dairy industry. Almost all Prototheca isolates from bovine mammary protothecosis came from P. zopfii genotype 2, with a lower prevalence of infection due to P. blaschkeae and rarely to P. wickerhamii. In this study, we report the development of two multiplex PCR assays able to discriminate among the three species responsible for bovine intramammary infection (IMI). Our assay is based on the specific amplification of new DNA target from mitochondria and chloroplasts partial sequences, of different Prototheca isolates. Both methods were set up using reference strains belonging to all Prototheca species and validated by the analysis of 93 isolates from bovine and buffalo IMI and bulk tank milk samples. The investigation involves 70 isolates from North, 13 from Central and 10 from South Italian regions. Isolates from bovine were most commonly identified as P. zopfii genotype 2, and only in one case as P. blaschkeae, whereas isolates from buffaloes belonged both to P. zopfii genotype 2 and P. wickerhamii. These findings proved the suitability of our multiplex PCRs as a rapid test to discriminate among pathogenic Prototheca strains. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work reports PCR assays based on novel Prototheca spp. mitochondrial and chloroplastic target sequences. The multiplex PCR protocol described in this study is useful for rapid simultaneous detection of P. zopfii, P. wickerhamii and P. blaschkeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Capra
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Lodi, Italy
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23
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El-Shabrawi MHF, Arnaout H, Madkour L, Kamal NM. Entomophthoromycosis: a challenging emerging disease. Mycoses 2014; 57 Suppl 3:132-7. [PMID: 25319641 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Entomophthoromycosis is a rare fungal infection that may affect immunocompetent hosts; predominantly in tropical and subtropical regions. Recently, the importance of this emerging mycosis has increased and the scope of its manifestations has been expanded. These manifestations; however, may masquerade as other clinical entities. Prompt diagnosis of this infection requires a high index of suspicion. Although histopathological examination and cultures are the gold standard diagnostic tools; molecular diagnosis is now available and started to play an important role. The cornerstone treatment is prolonged anti-fungal therapy along with surgical debridement. More awareness of this mycosis is warranted for definitive diagnosis and implementation of early proper therapeutic strategies.
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24
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El-Shabrawi MH, Kamal NM, Kaerger K, Voigt K. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis: a mini-review. Mycoses 2014; 57 Suppl 3:138-43. [PMID: 25186791 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Basidiobolus ranarum (Entomophthoromycotina) very rarely affects the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. To date, reported paediatric GI basidiobolomycosis cases are 27 worldwide; 19 from Saudi Arabia and 8 from other parts of the world. Often these cases present a diagnostic dilemma, are prone to misdiagnosis and lack of disease confirmation by proper molecular methodologies. The fungal mass removed by surgery is usually sent for conciliar histopathology, isolation by fungal cultures and final molecular testing for basidiobolomycosis. The incidence of basidiobolomycoses, their predisposing factors and the molecular diagnosis of the fungus causing the disease in combination with a phylogenetic framework are reviewed.
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26
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Abstract
Protothecosis is a rare human infection. There are 3 clinical forms: cutaneous, olecranon bursitis and systemic. Here we present the first case of disseminated protothecosis in Mexico in an immunocompetent girl whose lesions were mostly dermatologic. The patient was successfully treated with amphotericin B colloidal dispersion and gentamicin, followed by itraconazole.
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27
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Abstract
Protothecosis is a rare infection caused by achlorophyllic algae that are members of the genus Prototheca. They are ubiquitous in nature in organic material. The clinical manifestations can be acute or chronic and local or disseminated. The disease is classified as cutaneous, causing bursitis or disseminated/systemic, affecting both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients, with more severe and disseminated infections occurring in immunocompromised individuals. Prototheca wickerhamii and Prototheca zopfii are the most frequent organisms reported in humans. Diagnosis is made by observing asexual sporangia (thecas) on histopathological examination of tissue. Medical and surgical treatment should be considered. Ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, and amphotericin B are the most commonly used antifungals. Voriconazole and amphotericin B are highly effective against Prototheca spp. Treatment failure is not uncommon because of the comorbidities that limit the therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mayorga
- Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco Dr. José Barba Rubio, Zapopan, Avenida Federalismo #3102, Colonia Atemajac, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
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28
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Murugaiyan J, Ahrholdt J, Kowbel V, Roesler U. Establishment of a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry database for rapid identification of infectious achlorophyllous green micro-algae of the genus Prototheca. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:461-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Pythium aphanidermatum is a fungus-like plant pathogen which has never been reported as a cause of human infection. We report a case of P. aphanidermatum invasive wound infection in a 21-year-old male injured during combat operations in Afghanistan.
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30
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Abstract
Fungal infections are becoming more frequent because of expansion of at-risk populations and the use of treatment modalities that permit longer survival of these patients. Because histopathologic examination of tissues detects fungal invasion of tissues and vessels as well as the host reaction to the fungus, it is and will remain an important tool to define the diagnostic significance of positive culture isolates or results from PCR testing. However, there are very few instances where the morphological characteristics of fungi are specific. Therefore, histopathologic diagnosis should be primarily descriptive of the fungus and should include the presence or absence of tissue invasion and the host reaction to the infection. The pathology report should also include a comment stating the most frequent fungi associated with that morphology as well as other possible fungi and parasites that should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Alternate techniques have been used to determine the specific agent present in the histopathologic specimen, including immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and PCR. In addition, techniques such as laser microdissection will be useful to detect the now more frequently recognized dual fungal infections and the local environment in which this phenomenon occurs.
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31
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Bento DP, Tavares R, Martins MDL, Faria N, Maduro AP, Araújo C, Ventura F, Mansinho K. Atypical presentation of entomophthoromycosis caused byConidiobolus coronatus. Med Mycol 2010; 48:1099-104. [DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2010.497973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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32
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Abstract
Conidiobolus coronatus is a zygomycete that commonly involves the rhinomaxillary area in humans and animals. Infections are reported mostly from West Africa and South East Asia. Vaginal involvement in humans has not been described before. We report a case of C. coronatus infection involving the vagina that was successfully treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra Subramanian
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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34
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Chlorella infection in a sheep in Mexico and minireview of published reports from humans and domestic animals. Mycopathologia 2010; 169:461-6. [PMID: 20165921 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Algal infections are rare in humans and domestic animals. Prototheca spp. and Chlorella spp. are among the most commonly reported. Herein, we present a brief review on Chlorella spp. infections and related pathologies and discuss this information including a natural case in a sheep in Mexico with a disseminated form of the disease.
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35
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Martínez-Girón R. Images in cytology. Sporangia, sporangium-like spherules and mimicking structures in respiratory cytopathology. Diagn Cytopathol 2009; 38:897-9. [PMID: 20014313 DOI: 10.1002/dc.21284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Radhakrishnan N, Sachdeva A, Oberoi J, Yadav SP. Conidiobolomycosis in relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009; 53:1321-3. [PMID: 19731329 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised children suffering from hematological malignancies have been a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In recent years fungi other than aspergillus and candida are gaining importance. These emerging fungal infections have distinct epidemiological features and management issues especially in immunocompromised patients. Here we report the isolation of Conidiobolus coronatus, a rarely reported zygomycetes infection in a patient suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Conidiobolus generally causes indolent infection in the sino-respiratory tract. They are known to be angioinvasive and can disseminate. There is no consensus regarding appropriate antifungal treatment for Conidiobolus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nita Radhakrishnan
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology and BMT Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
An adult dog with ataxia and a lingual mass, previously diagnosed as protothecosis, was euthanized. At the postmortem examination, the lingual mass, regions of the lungs and hilar lymph nodes, liver, mesenteric and sublumbar lymph nodes, and spinal meninges had pronounced green discoloration. Histologically, pyogranulomatous inflammation and algal organisms were found in the tongue, spinal meninges, hilar and mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, and lung. The algae had cell walls positive for periodic acid-Schiff and cytoplasmic granules. Ultrastructurally, the algae had a well-defined cell wall, stacks of grana and thylakoid membrane, and dense bodies, typical of starch granules. The organisms were identified as Chlorella, a green alga, based on the results of histochemistical and electron microscopic examination. To the author's knowledge this is the first report of disseminated Chlorella infection and the first report in a companion animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Quigley
- Oakland Veterinary Referral Services, 1400 South Telegraph Road, Bloomfield Hills, MI 48302, USA.
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39
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Lopes M, Ribeiro R, Carvalho D, Freitas G. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Prototheca spp. isolated from bovine mastitis in a Portugal dairy herd. J Mycol Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Salvadori C, Gandini G, Ballarini A, Cantile C. Protothecal granulomatous meningoencephalitis in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 2008; 49:531-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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41
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Macedo JTSA, Riet-Correa F, Dantas AFM, Simões SVD. Cutaneous and nasal protothecosis in a goat. Vet Pathol 2008; 45:352-4. [PMID: 18487492 DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-3-352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A case of protothecosis is reported in an adult goat with inspiratory dyspnea and stertor. Dermatitis with prominent ulcerated nodules up to 3 cm in diameter was observed in the muzzle at the mucocutaneous junctions of nasal and lip skin, and in the border of the pinna. Histologic lesions were necrotizing pyogranulomatous dermatitis and rhinitis with myriads of walled sporangia, characteristic of Prototheca wickerhamii. This seems to be the first report of protothecosis in a goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T S A Macedo
- Hospital Veterinário, CSTR, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus de Patos, Patos, Paraíba, 58700-000, Brazil
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42
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Abstract
Prototheca species are unicellular algae of low virulence that are rarely associated with human infections. We report a liver transplant recipient with disseminated protothecosis and review the literature on this unusual opportunistic infection in transplant recipients. Of 9 cases, including ours, 5 had a localized infection, and 4 had disseminated protothecosis. Seven cases were due to Prototheca wickerhamii, and 2 were due to Prototheca zopfii. Overall mortality in transplant recipients with Prototheca infections was 88% (7/8). All 4 cases of disseminated protothecosis died despite therapy with amphotericin B. Posttransplant protothecosis is a rare but significant infection that is associated with a grave prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Narita
- VA Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
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44
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Carneiro FP, Moraes MAP, Rebêlo AMG, Coutinho AM. Prototecose cutânea: relato de caso. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2007; 40:466-8. [PMID: 17876472 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822007000400018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Descreve-se um caso de prototecose cutânea em paciente de 78 anos, submetido a tratamento para pênfigo foliáceo e feohifomicose. Ele apresentava lesões eritematosas infiltradas na perna direita e o diagnóstico foi feito através de estudo histológico e através de cultura da pele lesada. A cura foi obtida com o uso oral de itraconazol.
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45
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Makimura K. [Pathogenic fungi, mycoses and current Japanese problems in human sources for mycological research in the medical field]. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 2007; 62:295-312. [PMID: 17575796 DOI: 10.3412/jsb.62.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Makimura
- Department of Molecular Biology and Gene Diagnosis, Institute of Medical Mycology and Genome Research Center, Graduate School of Medical Science and Faculty of Medicine, Teikyo University
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46
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Abstract
Human protothecosis is a rare infection caused by members of the genus Prototheca. Prototheca species are generally considered to be achlorophyllic algae and are ubiquitous in nature. The occurrence of protothecosis can be local or disseminated and acute or chronic, with the latter being more common. Diseases have been classified as (i) cutaneous lesions, (ii) olecranon bursitis, or (iii) disseminated or systemic manifestations. Infections can occur in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients, although more severe and disseminated infections tend to occur in immunocompromised individuals. Prototheca wickerhamii and Prototheca zopfii have been associated with human disease. Usually, treatment involves medical and surgical approaches; treatment failure is not uncommon. Antifungals such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, and amphotericin B are the most commonly used drugs to date. Among them, amphotericin B displays the best activity against Prototheca spp. Diagnosis is largely made upon detection of characteristic structures observed on histopathologic examination of tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz Pregl Str. 3/III, 6020 Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria.
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47
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Sheikh-Ahmad M, Goldstein S, Potasman I. Prototheca wickerhamii hand infection successfully treated by itraconazole and voriconazole. J Travel Med 2006; 13:321-3. [PMID: 16987132 DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2006.00062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sheikh-Ahmad
- Infectious Diseases and Travel Clinic, Bnai Zion Medical Centre, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, 47 Golomb Street, Haifa 31048, Israel
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Stipa G, Taiuti R, de Scisciolo G, Arnetoli G, Tredici MR, Biondi N, Barsanti L, Lolli F. Sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as an infectious disease: A possible role of cyanobacteria? Med Hypotheses 2006; 67:1363-71. [PMID: 16890380 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The available epidemiological data for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) support an infectious etiology and lead us to propose a new hypothesis. We examined older epidemiological data concerning categories of the population with increased incidence (aged people, people living in rural areas, farmers, breeders), more recent epidemiological reports regarding Italian soccer players, AIDS patients, people living in highly polluted areas, and reports of cases of conjugal and pregnancy-associated ALS. The toxic and infectious hypotheses lead us to suggest a role for cyanobacteria in the production of endogenous beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine. Infection from a cyanobacterium, or another ubiquitous bacterium having similar characteristics, may be the missing clue to the etiology of ALS. We speculate that ubiquitous bacteria secreting toxic amino acids and "colonizing" tissues and organs in the human body might be the common element linking motor neuron diseases in Guam to sporadic ALS in the rest of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Stipa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche e Psichiatriche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, and Neurofisiopatologia-Unità Spinale, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Italy
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