1
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Escoubas CC, Dorman LC, Nguyen PT, Lagares-Linares C, Nakajo H, Anderson SR, Barron JJ, Wade SD, Cuevas B, Vainchtein ID, Silva NJ, Guajardo R, Xiao Y, Lidsky PV, Wang EY, Rivera BM, Taloma SE, Kim DK, Kaminskaya E, Nakao-Inoue H, Schwer B, Arnold TD, Molofsky AB, Condello C, Andino R, Nowakowski TJ, Molofsky AV. Type-I-interferon-responsive microglia shape cortical development and behavior. Cell 2024; 187:1936-1954.e24. [PMID: 38490196 PMCID: PMC11015974 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are brain-resident macrophages that shape neural circuit development and are implicated in neurodevelopmental diseases. Multiple microglial transcriptional states have been defined, but their functional significance is unclear. Here, we identify a type I interferon (IFN-I)-responsive microglial state in the developing somatosensory cortex (postnatal day 5) that is actively engulfing whole neurons. This population expands during cortical remodeling induced by partial whisker deprivation. Global or microglial-specific loss of the IFN-I receptor resulted in microglia with phagolysosomal dysfunction and an accumulation of neurons with nuclear DNA damage. IFN-I gain of function increased neuronal engulfment by microglia in both mouse and zebrafish and restricted the accumulation of DNA-damaged neurons. Finally, IFN-I deficiency resulted in excess cortical excitatory neurons and tactile hypersensitivity. These data define a role for neuron-engulfing microglia during a critical window of brain development and reveal homeostatic functions of a canonical antiviral signaling pathway in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Escoubas
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Leah C Dorman
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Phi T Nguyen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christian Lagares-Linares
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Haruna Nakajo
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sarah R Anderson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jerika J Barron
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sarah D Wade
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Beatriz Cuevas
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ilia D Vainchtein
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nicholas J Silva
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ricardo Guajardo
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yinghong Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Peter V Lidsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ellen Y Wang
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; UCSF SRTP program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Brianna M Rivera
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sunrae E Taloma
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dong Kyu Kim
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Elizaveta Kaminskaya
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hiromi Nakao-Inoue
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Bjoern Schwer
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Bakar Aging Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Thomas D Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Carlo Condello
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tomasz J Nowakowski
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anna V Molofsky
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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2
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Boylan BT, Hwang M, Bergmann CC. The Impact of Innate Components on Viral Pathogenesis in the Neurotropic Coronavirus Encephalomyelitis Mouse Model. Viruses 2023; 15:2400. [PMID: 38140641 PMCID: PMC10747027 DOI: 10.3390/v15122400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition of viruses invading the central nervous system (CNS) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is crucial to elicit early innate responses that stem dissemination. These innate responses comprise both type I interferon (IFN-I)-mediated defenses as well as signals recruiting leukocytes to control the infection. Focusing on insights from the neurotropic mouse CoV model, this review discusses how early IFN-I, fibroblast, and myeloid signals can influence protective anti-viral adaptive responses. Emphasis is placed on three main areas: the importance of coordinating the distinct capacities of resident CNS cells to induce and respond to IFN-I, the effects of select IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) on host immune responses versus viral control, and the contribution of fibroblast activation and myeloid cells in aiding the access of T cells to the parenchyma. By unraveling how the dysregulation of early innate components influences adaptive immunity and viral control, this review illustrates the combined effort of resident CNS cells to achieve viral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T. Boylan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44196, USA; (B.T.B.); (M.H.)
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mihyun Hwang
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44196, USA; (B.T.B.); (M.H.)
- Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Cornelia C. Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44196, USA; (B.T.B.); (M.H.)
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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3
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Syage A, Pachow C, Cheng Y, Mangale V, Green KN, Lane TE. Microglia influence immune responses and restrict neurologic disease in response to central nervous system infection by a neurotropic murine coronavirus. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1291255. [PMID: 38099152 PMCID: PMC10719854 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1291255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracranial (i.c.) inoculation of susceptible mice with a glial-tropic strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV), a murine coronavirus, results in an acute encephalomyelitis followed by viral persistence in white matter tracts accompanied by chronic neuroinflammation and demyelination. Microglia serve numerous functions including maintenance of the healthy central nervous system (CNS) and are among the first responders to injury or infection. More recently, studies have demonstrated that microglia aid in tailoring innate and adaptive immune responses following infection by neurotropic viruses including flaviviruses, herpesviruses, and picornaviruses. These findings have emphasized an important role for microglia in host defense against these viral pathogens. In addition, microglia are also critical in optimizing immune-mediated control of JHMV replication within the CNS while restricting the severity of demyelination and enhancing remyelination. This review will highlight our current understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which microglia aid in host defense, limit neurologic disease, and promote repair following CNS infection by a neurotropic murine coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Syage
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Collin Pachow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Yuting Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Vrushali Mangale
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Kim N. Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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4
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Bormann D, Copic D, Klas K, Direder M, Riedl CJ, Testa G, Kühtreiber H, Poreba E, Hametner S, Golabi B, Salek M, Haider C, Endmayr V, Shaw LE, Höftberger R, Ankersmit HJ, Mildner M. Exploring the heterogeneous transcriptional response of the CNS to systemic LPS and Poly(I:C). Neurobiol Dis 2023; 188:106339. [PMID: 37913832 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral contact to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) evokes a systemic innate immune response which is rapidly relayed to the central nervous system (CNS). The remarkable cellular heterogeneity of the CNS poses a significant challenge to the study of cell type and stimulus dependent responses of neural cells during acute inflammation. Here we utilized single nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNAseq), serum proteome profiling and primary cell culture methods to systematically compare the acute response of the mammalian brain to the bacterial PAMP lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the viral PAMP polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)), at single cell resolution. Our study unveiled convergent transcriptional cytokine and cellular stress responses in brain vascular and ependymal cells and a downregulation of several key mediators of directed blood brain barrier (BBB) transport. In contrast the neuronal response to PAMPs was limited in acute neuroinflammation. Moreover, our study highlighted the dominant role of IFN signalling upon Poly(I:C) challenge, particularly in cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage. Collectively our study unveils heterogeneous, shared and distinct cell type and stimulus dependent acute responses of the CNS to bacterial and viral PAMP challenges. Our findings highlight inflammation induced dysregulations of BBB-transporter gene expression, suggesting potential translational implications on drug pharmacokinetics variability during acute neuroinflammation. The pronounced dependency of oligodendrocytes on IFN stimulation during viral PAMP challenges, emphasizes their limited molecular viral response repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bormann
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dragan Copic
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria; Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Klas
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Direder
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria; Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian J Riedl
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giulia Testa
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Kühtreiber
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Emilia Poreba
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Hametner
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bahar Golabi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Salek
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carmen Haider
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Endmayr
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa E Shaw
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hendrik J Ankersmit
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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5
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Cheng Y, Javonillo DI, Pachow C, Scarfone VM, Fernandez K, Walsh CM, Green KN, Lane TE. Ablation of microglia following infection of the central nervous system with a neurotropic murine coronavirus infection leads to increased demyelination and impaired remyelination. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 381:578133. [PMID: 37352687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Intracranial inoculation of susceptible mice with a glial-tropic strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV), a murine coronavirus, results in an acute encephalomyelitis followed by viral persistence in white matter tracts accompanied by chronic neuroinflammation and demyelination. Microglia are the resident immune cell of the central nervous system (CNS) and are considered important in regulating events associated with neuroinflammation as well as influencing both white matter damage and remyelination. To better understand mechanisms by which microglia contribute to these immune-mediated events, JHMV-infected mice with established demyelination were treated with the small molecular inhibitor of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), PLX5622, to deplete microglia. Treatment with PLX5622 did not affect viral replication within the CNS yet the severity of demyelination was increased and remyelination impaired compared to control mice. Gene expression analysis revealed that targeting microglia resulted in altered expression of genes associated with immune cell activation and phagocytosis of myelin debris. These findings indicate that microglia are not critical in viral surveillance in persistently JHMV-infected mice yet restrict white matter damage and remyelination, in part, by influencing phagocytosis of myelin debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA
| | - Dominic Ibarra Javonillo
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA
| | - Collin Pachow
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA
| | - Vanessa M Scarfone
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA
| | - Kellie Fernandez
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA
| | - Craig M Walsh
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA
| | - Kim N Green
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA
| | - Thomas E Lane
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA; Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA; Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA.
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6
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Spiteri AG, Wishart CL, Ni D, Viengkhou B, Macia L, Hofer MJ, King NJC. Temporal tracking of microglial and monocyte single-cell transcriptomics in lethal flavivirus infection. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:60. [PMID: 37016414 PMCID: PMC10074823 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the resident parenchymal myeloid population in the central nervous system (CNS), microglia are strategically positioned to respond to neurotropic virus invasion and have been implicated in promoting both disease resolution and progression in the acute and post-infectious phase of virus encephalitis. In a mouse model of West Nile virus encephalitis (WNE), infection of the CNS results in recruitment of large numbers of peripheral immune cells into the brain, the majority being nitric oxide (NO)-producing Ly6Chi inflammatory monocyte-derived cells (MCs). In this model, these cells enhance immunopathology and mortality. However, the contribution of microglia to this response is currently undefined. Here we used a combination of experimental tools, including single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), microglia and MC depletion reagents, high-dimensional spectral cytometry and computational algorithms to dissect the differential contribution of microglia and MCs to the anti-viral immune response in severe neuroinflammation seen in WNE. Intriguingly, analysis of scRNA-seq data revealed 6 unique microglia and 3 unique MC clusters that were predominantly timepoint-specific, demonstrating substantial transcriptional adaptation with disease progression over the course of WNE. While microglia and MC adopted unique gene expression profiles, gene ontology enrichment analysis, coupled with microglia and MC depletion studies, demonstrated a role for both of these cells in the trafficking of peripheral immune cells into the CNS, T cell responses and viral clearance. Over the course of infection, microglia transitioned from a homeostatic to an anti-viral and then into an immune cell-recruiting phenotype. Conversely, MC adopted antigen-presenting, immune cell-recruiting and NO-producing phenotypes, which all had anti-viral function. Overall, this study defines for the first time the single-cell transcriptomic responses of microglia and MCs over the course of WNE, demonstrating both protective and pathological roles of these cells that could potentially be targeted for differential therapeutic intervention to dampen immune-mediated pathology, while maintaining viral clearance functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna G Spiteri
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Claire L Wishart
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Duan Ni
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Chronic Diseases Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Barney Viengkhou
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Chronic Diseases Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Markus J Hofer
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Nicholas J C King
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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7
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Escoubas CC, Dorman LC, Nguyen PT, Lagares-Linares C, Nakajo H, Anderson SR, Cuevas B, Vainchtein ID, Silva NJ, Xiao Y, Lidsky PV, Wang EY, Taloma SE, Nakao-Inoue H, Schwer B, Andino R, Nowakowski TJ, Molofsky AV. Type I interferon responsive microglia shape cortical development and behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2021.04.29.441889. [PMID: 35233577 PMCID: PMC8887080 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.29.441889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are brain resident phagocytes that can engulf synaptic components and extracellular matrix as well as whole neurons. However, whether there are unique molecular mechanisms that regulate these distinct phagocytic states is unknown. Here we define a molecularly distinct microglial subset whose function is to engulf neurons in the developing brain. We transcriptomically identified a cluster of Type I interferon (IFN-I) responsive microglia that expanded 20-fold in the postnatal day 5 somatosensory cortex after partial whisker deprivation, a stressor that accelerates neural circuit remodeling. In situ, IFN-I responsive microglia were highly phagocytic and actively engulfed whole neurons. Conditional deletion of IFN-I signaling (Ifnar1fl/fl) in microglia but not neurons resulted in dysmorphic microglia with stalled phagocytosis and an accumulation of neurons with double strand DNA breaks, a marker of cell stress. Conversely, exogenous IFN-I was sufficient to drive neuronal engulfment by microglia and restrict the accumulation of damaged neurons. IFN-I deficient mice had excess excitatory neurons in the developing somatosensory cortex as well as tactile hypersensitivity to whisker stimulation. These data define a molecular mechanism through which microglia engulf neurons during a critical window of brain development. More broadly, they reveal key homeostatic roles of a canonical antiviral signaling pathway in brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C. Escoubas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/ Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Leah C. Dorman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/ Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Phi T. Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/ Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Christian Lagares-Linares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/ Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Haruna Nakajo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/ Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sarah R. Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/ Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Beatriz Cuevas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/ Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ilia D. Vainchtein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/ Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Nicholas J. Silva
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/ Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Yinghong Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Peter V. Lidsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ellen Y. Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/ Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- UCSF SRTP program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sunrae E. Taloma
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/ Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hiromi Nakao-Inoue
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/ Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Bjoern Schwer
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Tomasz J. Nowakowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/ Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | - Anna V. Molofsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/ Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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8
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Hasel P, Aisenberg WH, Bennett FC, Liddelow SA. Molecular and metabolic heterogeneity of astrocytes and microglia. Cell Metab 2023; 35:555-570. [PMID: 36958329 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes and microglia are central players in a myriad of processes in the healthy and diseased brain, ranging from metabolism to immunity. The crosstalk between these two cell types contributes to pathology in many if not all neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advancements in integrative multimodal sequencing techniques have begun to highlight how heterogeneous both cell types are and the importance of metabolism to their regulation. We discuss here the transcriptomic, metabolic, and functional heterogeneity of astrocytes and microglia and highlight their interaction in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Hasel
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - William H Aisenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - F Chris Bennett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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9
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Hwang M, Savarin C, Kim J, Powers J, Towne N, Oh H, Bergmann CC. Trem2 deficiency impairs recovery and phagocytosis and dysregulates myeloid gene expression during virus-induced demyelination. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:267. [PMID: 36333761 PMCID: PMC9635103 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02629-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) plays a protective role in neurodegenerative diseases. By contrast, Trem2 functions can exacerbate tissue damage during respiratory viral or liver infections. We, therefore, investigated the role of Trem2 in a viral encephalomyelitis model associated with prominent Th1 mediated antiviral immunity leading to demyelination. Methods Wild-type (WT) and Trem2 deficient (Trem2−/−) mice were infected with a sublethal glia tropic murine coronavirus (MHV–JHM) intracranially. Disease progression and survival were monitored daily. Leukocyte accumulation and pathological features including demyelination and axonal damage in spinal cords (SC) were determined by flow cytometry and tissue section immunofluorescence analysis. Expression of select inflammatory cytokines and chemokines was measured by RT-PCR and global myeloid cell gene expression in SC-derived microglia and infiltrated bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) were determined using the Nanostring nCounter platform. Results BMDM recruited to SCs in response to infection highly upregulated Trem2 mRNA compared to microglia coincident with viral control. Trem2 deficiency did not alter disease onset or severity, but impaired clinical recovery after onset of demyelination. Disease progression in Trem2−/− mice could not be attributed to altered virus control or an elevated proinflammatory response. A prominent difference was increased degenerated myelin not associated with the myeloid cell markers IBA1 and/or CD68. Gene expression profiles of SC-derived microglia and BMDM further revealed that Trem2 deficiency resulted in impaired upregulation of phagocytosis associated genes Lpl and Cd36 in microglia, but a more complex pattern in BMDM. Conclusions Trem2 deficiency during viral-induced demyelination dysregulates expression of other select genes regulating phagocytic pathways and lipid metabolism, with distinct effects on microglia and BMDM. The ultimate failure to remove damaged myelin is reminiscent of toxin or autoimmune cell-induced demyelination models and supports that Trem2 function is regulated by sensing tissue damage including a dysregulated lipid environment in very distinct inflammatory environments. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02629-1.
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10
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Skinner DD, Syage AR, Olivarria GM, Stone C, Hoglin B, Lane TE. Sustained Infiltration of Neutrophils Into the CNS Results in Increased Demyelination in a Viral-Induced Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:931388. [PMID: 36248905 PMCID: PMC9562915 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial inoculation of the neuroadapted JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) into susceptible strains of mice results in acute encephalomyelitis followed by a cimmune-mediated demyelination similar to the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). JHMV infection of transgenic mice in which expression of the neutrophil chemoattractant chemokine CXCL1 is under the control of a tetracycline-inducible promoter active within GFAP-positive cells results in sustained neutrophil infiltration in the central nervous system (CNS) that correlates with an increase in spinal cord demyelination. We used single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) and flow cytometry to characterize molecular and cellular changes within the CNS associated with increased demyelination in transgenic mice compared to control animals. These approaches revealed the presence of activated neutrophils as determined by expression of mRNA transcripts associated with neutrophil effector functions, including CD63, MMP9, S100a8, S100a9, and ASPRV1, as well as altered neutrophil morphology and protein expression. Collectively, these findings reveal insight into changes in the profile of neutrophils associated with increased white matter damage in mice persistently infected with a neurotropic coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic D. Skinner
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Amber R. Syage
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Gema M. Olivarria
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Colleen Stone
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Bailey Hoglin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States,Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Thomas E. Lane,
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11
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Cowan MN, Sethi I, Harris TH. Microglia in CNS infections: insights from Toxoplasma gondii and other pathogens. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:217-229. [PMID: 35039238 PMCID: PMC8852251 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are poised to respond to neuropathology. Microglia play multiple roles in maintaining homeostasis and promoting inflammation in numerous disease states. The study of microglial innate immune programs has largely focused on exploring neurodegenerative disease states with the use of genetic targeting approaches. Our understanding of how microglia participate in immune responses against pathogens is just beginning to take shape. Here, we review existing animal models of CNS infection, with a focus on how microglial physiology and inflammatory processes control protozoan and viral infections of the brain. We further discuss how microglial participation in over-exuberant immune responses can drive immunopathology that is detrimental to CNS health and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen N. Cowan
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Ish Sethi
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Tajie H. Harris
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States,Correspondence: (T. H. Harris)
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12
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O'Brien CA, Bennett FC, Bennett ML. Microglia in antiviral immunity of the brain and spinal cord. Semin Immunol 2022; 60:101650. [PMID: 36099864 PMCID: PMC9934594 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are a significant cause of neurological impairment and mortality worldwide. As tissue resident macrophages, microglia are critical initial responders to CNS viral infection. Microglia seem to coordinate brain-wide antiviral responses of both brain resident cells and infiltrating immune cells. This review discusses how microglia may promote this antiviral response at a molecular level, from potential mechanisms of virus recognition to downstream cytokine responses and interaction with antiviral T cells. Recent advancements in genetic tools to specifically target microglia in vivo promise to further our understanding about the precise mechanistic role of microglia in CNS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carleigh A O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
| | - F Chris Bennett
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Mariko L Bennett
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
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13
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Microglia Do Not Restrict SARS-CoV-2 Replication following Infection of the Central Nervous System of K18-Human ACE2 Transgenic Mice. J Virol 2022; 96:e0196921. [PMID: 34935438 PMCID: PMC8865461 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01969-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, infection with SARS-CoV-2, the viral pathogen responsible for COVID-19, is often associated with neurologic symptoms that range from mild to severe, yet increasing evidence argues the virus does not exhibit extensive neuroinvasive properties. We demonstrate SARS-CoV-2 can infect and replicate in human iPSC-derived neurons and that infection shows limited antiviral and inflammatory responses but increased activation of EIF2 signaling following infection as determined by RNA sequencing. Intranasal infection of K18 human ACE2 transgenic mice (K18-hACE2) with SARS-CoV-2 resulted in lung pathology associated with viral replication and immune cell infiltration. In addition, ∼50% of infected mice exhibited CNS infection characterized by wide-spread viral replication in neurons accompanied by increased expression of chemokine (Cxcl9, Cxcl10, Ccl2, Ccl5 and Ccl19) and cytokine (Ifn-λ and Tnf-α) transcripts associated with microgliosis and a neuroinflammatory response consisting primarily of monocytes/macrophages. Microglia depletion via administration of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor, PLX5622, in SARS-CoV-2 infected mice did not affect survival or viral replication but did result in dampened expression of proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine transcripts and a reduction in monocyte/macrophage infiltration. These results argue that microglia are dispensable in terms of controlling SARS-CoV-2 replication in in the K18-hACE2 model but do contribute to an inflammatory response through expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Collectively, these findings contribute to previous work demonstrating the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect neurons as well as emphasizing the potential use of the K18-hACE2 model to study immunological and neuropathological aspects related to SARS-CoV-2-induced neurologic disease. IMPORTANCE Understanding the immunological mechanisms contributing to both host defense and disease following viral infection of the CNS is of critical importance given the increasing number of viruses that are capable of infecting and replicating within the nervous system. With this in mind, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of microglia in aiding in host defense following experimental infection of the central nervous system (CNS) of K18-hACE2 with SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. Neurologic symptoms that range in severity are common in COVID-19 patients and understanding immune responses that contribute to restricting neurologic disease can provide important insight into better understanding consequences associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection of the CNS.
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14
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Hohsfield LA, Tsourmas KI, Ghorbanian Y, Syage AR, Jin Kim S, Cheng Y, Furman S, Inlay MA, Lane TE, Green KN. MAC2 is a long-lasting marker of peripheral cell infiltrates into the mouse CNS after bone marrow transplantation and coronavirus infection. Glia 2022; 70:875-891. [PMID: 35025109 PMCID: PMC8930563 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the primary resident myeloid cells of the brain responsible for maintaining homeostasis and protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from damage and infection. Monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages arising from the periphery have also been implicated in CNS pathologies, however, distinguishing between different myeloid cell populations in the CNS has been difficult. Here, we set out to develop a reliable histological marker that can assess distinct myeloid cell heterogeneity and functional contributions, particularly in the context of disease and/or neuroinflammation. scRNAseq from brains of mice infected with the neurotropic JHM strain of the mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV), a mouse coronavirus, revealed that Lgals3 is highly upregulated in monocyte and macrophage populations, but not in microglia. Subsequent immunostaining for galectin-3 (encoded by Lgals3), also referred to as MAC2, highlighted the high expression levels of MAC2 protein in infiltrating myeloid cells in JHMV-infected and bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice, in stark contrast to microglia, which expressed little to no staining in these models. Expression of MAC2 was found even 6-10 months following BM-derived cell infiltration into the CNS. We also demonstrate that MAC2 is not a specific label for plaque-associated microglia in the 5xFAD mouse model, but only appears in a distinct subset of these cells in the presence of JHMV infection or during aging. Our data suggest that MAC2 can serve as a reliable and long-lasting histological marker for monocyte/macrophages in the brain, identifying an accessible approach to distinguishing resident microglia from infiltrating cells in the CNS under certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Hohsfield
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kate I Tsourmas
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Yasamine Ghorbanian
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Amber R Syage
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sung Jin Kim
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Yuting Cheng
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Susana Furman
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Matthew A Inlay
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Thomas E Lane
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kim N Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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15
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Olivarria G, Lane TE. Evaluating the role of chemokines and chemokine receptors involved in coronavirus infection. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:57-66. [PMID: 34964406 PMCID: PMC8851429 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2017282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronaviruses are a large family of positive-stranded nonsegmented RNA viruses with genomes of 26-32 kilobases in length. Human coronaviruses are commonly associated with mild respiratory illness; however, the past three decades have seen the emergence of severe acute respiratory coronavirus (SARS-CoV), middle eastern respiratory coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2 which is the etiologic agent for COVID-19. Severe forms of COVID-19 include acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with cytokine release syndrome that can culminate in multiorgan failure and death. Among the proinflammatory factors associated with severe COVID-19 are the chemokines CCL2, CCL3, CXCL8, and CXCL10. Infection of susceptible mice with murine coronaviruses, such as mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), elicits a similar chemokine response profile as observed in COVID-19 patients and these in vivo models have been informative and show that targeting chemokines reduces the severity of inflammation in target organs. AREAS COVERED PubMed was used using keywords: Chemokines and coronaviruses; Chemokines and mouse hepatitis virus; Chemokines and COVID-19. Clinicaltrials.gov was used using keywords: COVID-19 and chemokines; COVID-19 and cytokines; COVID-19 and neutrophil. EXPERT OPINION Chemokines and chemokine receptors are clinically relevant therapeutic targets for reducing coronavirus-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Olivarria
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine 92697
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine 92697
- Department of Molecular Biology & Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92697
- Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine 92697
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16
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Beneficial and detrimental functions of microglia during viral encephalitis. Trends Neurosci 2021; 45:158-170. [PMID: 34906391 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) with multiple functions in health and disease. Their response during encephalitis depends on whether inflammation is triggered in a sterile or infectious manner, and in the latter case on the type of the infecting pathogen. Even though recent technological innovations advanced the understanding of the broad spectrum of microglia responses during viral encephalitis (VE), it is not entirely clear which microglia gene expression profiles are associated with antiviral and detrimental activities. Here, we review novel approaches to study microglia and the latest concepts of their function in VE. Improved understanding of microglial functions will be essential for the development of new therapeutic interventions for VE.
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17
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Wan Z, Sun R, Liu YW, Li S, Sun J, Li J, Zhu J, Moharil P, Zhang B, Ren P, Ren G, Zhang M, Ma X, Dai S, Yang D, Lu B, Li S. Targeting metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 for cancer immunotherapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj4226. [PMID: 34890233 PMCID: PMC8664261 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj4226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report a novel role of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (GRM4) in suppressing antitumor immunity. We revealed in three murine syngeneic tumor models (B16, MC38, and 3LL) that either genetic knockout (Grm4−/−) or pharmacological inhibition led to significant delay in tumor growth. Mechanistically, perturbation of GRM4 resulted in a strong antitumor immunity by promoting natural killer (NK), CD4+, and CD8+ T cells toward an activated, proliferative, and functional phenotype. Single-cell RNA sequencing and T cell receptor profiling further defined the clonal expansion and immune landscape changes in CD8+ T cells. We further showed that Grm4−/− intrinsically activated interferon-γ production in CD8+ T cells through cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP)/cAMP response element binding protein–mediated pathway. Our study appears to be of clinical significance as a signature of NKhigh-GRM4low and CD8high-GRM4low correlated with improved survival in patients with melanoma. Targeting GRM4 represents a new approach for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoya Wan
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Runzi Sun
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yang-Wuyue Liu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sihan Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jiang Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Pearl Moharil
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Bei Zhang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Pengfei Ren
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Guolian Ren
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Shuangshuang Dai
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Da Yang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Binfeng Lu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Song Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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18
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Olivarria GM, Cheng Y, Furman S, Pachow C, Hohsfield LA, Smith-geater C, Miramontes R, Wu J, Burns MS, Tsourmas KI, Stocksdale J, Manlapaz C, Yong WH, Teijaro J, Edwards R, Green KN, Thompson LM, Lane TE. Microglia do not restrict SARS-CoV-2 replication following infection of the central nervous system of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice.. [PMID: 34816260 PMCID: PMC8609895 DOI: 10.1101/2021.11.15.468761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractUnlike SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, infection with SARS-CoV-2, the viral pathogen responsible for COVID-19, is often associated with neurologic symptoms that range from mild to severe, yet increasing evidence argues the virus does not exhibit extensive neuroinvasive properties. We demonstrate SARS-CoV-2 can infect and replicate in human iPSC-derived neurons and that infection shows limited anti-viral and inflammatory responses but increased activation of EIF2 signaling following infection as determined by RNA sequencing. Intranasal infection of K18 human ACE2 transgenic mice (K18-hACE2) with SARS-CoV-2 resulted in lung pathology associated with viral replication and immune cell infiltration. In addition, ∼50% of infected mice exhibited CNS infection characterized by wide-spread viral replication in neurons accompanied by increased expression of chemokine (Cxcl9, Cxcl10, Ccl2, Ccl5 and Ccl19) and cytokine (Ifn-λ and Tnf-α) transcripts associated with microgliosis and a neuroinflammatory response consisting primarily of monocytes/macrophages. Microglia depletion via administration of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor, PLX5622, in SARS-CoV-2 infected mice did not affect survival or viral replication but did result in dampened expression of proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine transcripts and a reduction in monocyte/macrophage infiltration. These results argue that microglia are dispensable in terms of controlling SARS-CoV-2 replication in in the K18-hACE2 model but do contribute to an inflammatory response through expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Collectively, these findings contribute to previous work demonstrating the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect neurons as well as emphasizing the potential use of the K18-hACE2 model to study immunological and neuropathological aspects related to SARS-CoV-2-induced neurologic disease.ImportanceUnderstanding the immunological mechanisms contributing to both host defense and disease following viral infection of the CNS is of critical importance given the increasing number of viruses that are capable of infecting and replicating within the nervous system. With this in mind, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of microglia in aiding in host defense following experimental infection of the central nervous system (CNS) of K18-hACE2 with SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. Neurologic symptoms that range in severity are common in COVID-19 patients and understanding immune responses that contribute to restricting neurologic disease can provide important insight into better understanding consequences associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection of the CNS.
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