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Prakash P, Erdjument-Bromage H, O'Dea MR, Munson CN, Labib D, Fossati V, Neubert TA, Liddelow SA. Proteomic profiling of interferon-responsive reactive astrocytes in rodent and human. Glia 2024; 72:625-642. [PMID: 38031883 PMCID: PMC10843807 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a heterogeneous population of central nervous system glial cells that respond to pathological insults and injury by undergoing a transformation called "reactivity." Reactive astrocytes exhibit distinct and context-dependent cellular, molecular, and functional state changes that can either support or disturb tissue homeostasis. We recently identified a reactive astrocyte sub-state defined by interferon-responsive genes like Igtp, Ifit3, Mx1, and others, called interferon-responsive reactive astrocytes (IRRAs). To further this transcriptomic definition of IRRAs, we wanted to define the proteomic changes that occur in this reactive sub-state. We induced IRRAs in immunopanned rodent astrocytes and human iPSC-differentiated astrocytes using TNF, IL1α, C1Q, and IFNβ and characterized their proteomic profile (both cellular and secreted) using unbiased quantitative proteomics. We identified 2335 unique cellular proteins, including IFIT2/3, IFITM3, OASL1/2, MX1/2/3, and STAT1. We also report that rodent and human IRRAs secrete PAI1, a serine protease inhibitor which may influence reactive states and functions of nearby cells. Finally, we evaluated how IRRAs are distinct from neurotoxic reactive astrocytes (NRAs). While NRAs are described by expression of the complement protein C3, it was not upregulated in IRRAs. Instead, we found ~90 proteins unique to IRRAs not identified in NRAs, including OAS1A, IFIT3, and MX1. Interferon signaling in astrocytes is critical for the antiviral immune response and for regulating synaptic plasticity and glutamate transport mechanisms. How IRRAs contribute to these functions is unknown. This study provides the basis for future experiments to define the functional roles of IRRAs in the context of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Prakash
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hediye Erdjument-Bromage
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael R O'Dea
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christy N Munson
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Labib
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Valentina Fossati
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Liddelow SA, Olsen ML, Sofroniew MV. Reactive Astrocytes and Emerging Roles in Central Nervous System (CNS) Disorders. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024:a041356. [PMID: 38316554 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
In addition to their many functions in the healthy central nervous system (CNS), astrocytes respond to CNS damage and disease through a process called "reactivity." Recent evidence reveals that astrocyte reactivity is a heterogeneous spectrum of potential changes that occur in a context-specific manner. These changes are determined by diverse signaling events and vary not only with the nature and severity of different CNS insults but also with location in the CNS, genetic predispositions, age, and potentially also with "molecular memory" of previous reactivity events. Astrocyte reactivity can be associated with both essential beneficial functions as well as with harmful effects. The available information is rapidly expanding and much has been learned about molecular diversity of astrocyte reactivity. Emerging functional associations point toward central roles for astrocyte reactivity in determining the outcome in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Michelle L Olsen
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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3
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Prescott K, Münch AE, Brahms E, Weigel MK, Inoue K, Buckwalter MS, Liddelow SA, Peterson TC. Blocking of microglia-astrocyte proinflammatory signaling is beneficial following stroke. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 16:1305949. [PMID: 38240014 PMCID: PMC10794541 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1305949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia and astrocytes play an important role in the neuroinflammatory response and contribute to both the destruction of neighboring tissue as well as the resolution of inflammation following stroke. These reactive glial cells are highly heterogeneous at both the transcriptomic and functional level. Depending upon the stimulus, microglia and astrocytes mount a complex, and specific response composed of distinct microglial and astrocyte substates. These substates ultimately drive the landscape of the initiation and recovery from the adverse stimulus. In one state, inflammation- and damage-induced microglia release tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1α (IL1α), and complement component 1q (C1q), together "TIC." This cocktail of cytokines drives astrocytes into a neurotoxic reactive astrocyte (nRA) substate. This nRA substate is associated with loss of many physiological astrocyte functions (e.g., synapse formation and maturation, phagocytosis, among others), as well as a gain-of-function release of neurotoxic long-chain fatty acids which kill neighboring cells. Here we report that transgenic removal of TIC led to reduction of gliosis, infarct expansion, and worsened functional deficits in the acute and delayed stages following stroke. Our results suggest that TIC cytokines, and likely nRAs play an important role that may maintain neuroinflammation and inhibit functional motor recovery after ischemic stroke. This is the first report that this paradigm is relevant in stroke and that therapies against nRAs may be a novel means to treat patients. Since nRAs are evolutionarily conserved from rodents to humans and present in multiple neurodegenerative diseases and injuries, further identification of mechanistic role of nRAs will lead to a better understanding of the neuroinflammatory response and the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Prescott
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States
| | - Alexandra E. Münch
- Neuroscience Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Evan Brahms
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Maya K. Weigel
- Neuroscience Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kenya Inoue
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States
| | - Marion S. Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Shane A. Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Todd C. Peterson
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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4
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Frazel PW, Labib D, Fisher T, Brosh R, Pirjanian N, Marchildon A, Boeke JD, Fossati V, Liddelow SA. Author Correction: Longitudinal scRNA-seq analysis in mouse and human informs optimization of rapid mouse astrocyte differentiation protocols. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:209. [PMID: 37996532 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Frazel
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
| | - David Labib
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Theodore Fisher
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Ran Brosh
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Nicolette Pirjanian
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Anne Marchildon
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Jef D Boeke
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Valentina Fossati
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
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Kim RD, Marchildon AE, Frazel PW, Hasel P, Guo AX, Liddelow SA. Temporal and spatial analysis of astrocytes following stroke identifies novel drivers of reactivity. bioRxiv 2023:2023.11.12.566710. [PMID: 38014211 PMCID: PMC10680590 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.12.566710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes undergo robust gene expression changes in response to a variety of perturbations, including ischemic injury. How these transitions are affected by time, and how heterogeneous and spatially distinct various reactive astrocyte populations are, remain unclear. To address these questions, we performed spatial transcriptomics as well as single nucleus RNAseq of ∼138,000 mouse forebrain astrocytes at 1, 3, and 14 days after ischemic injury. We observed a widespread and temporally diverse response across many astrocyte subtypes. We identified astrocyte clusters unique in injury, including a transiently proliferative substate that may be BRCA1-dependent. We also found an interferon-responsive population that rapidly expands to the perilesion cortex at 1 day and persists up to 14 days post stroke. These lowly abundant, spatially restricted populations are likely functionally important in post-injury stabilization and resolution. These datasets offer valuable insights into injury-induced reactive astrocyte heterogeneity and can be used to guide functional interrogation of biologically meaningful reactive astrocyte substates to understand their pro- and anti-reparative functions following acute injuries such as stroke.
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6
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Prescott K, Münch AE, Brahms E, Weigel MM, Inoue K, Buckwalter MS, Liddelow SA, Peterson TC. Blocking Formation of Neurotoxic Reactive Astrocytes is Beneficial Following Stroke. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.11.561918. [PMID: 37905154 PMCID: PMC10614742 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.11.561918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Microglia and astrocytes play an important role in the neuroinflammatory response and contribute to both the destruction of neighboring tissue as well as the resolution of inflammation following stroke. These reactive glial cells are highly heterogeneous at both the transcriptomic and functional level. Depending upon the stimulus, microglia and astrocytes mount a complex, and specific response composed of distinct microglial and astrocyte substates. These substates ultimately drive the landscape of the initiation and recovery from the adverse stimulus. In one state, inflammation- and damage-induced microglia release tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1α (IL1α), and complement component 1q (C1q), together 'TIC'. This cocktail of cytokines drives astrocytes into a neurotoxic reactive astrocyte (nRA) substate. This nRA substate is associated with loss of many physiological astrocyte functions (e.g., synapse formation and maturation, phagocytosis, among others), as well as a gain-of-function release of neurotoxic long-chain fatty acids which kill neighboring cells. Here we report that transgenic removal of TIC led to reduction of gliosis, infarct expansion, and worsened functional deficits in the acute and delayed stages following stroke. Our results suggest that TIC cytokines, and likely nRAs play an important role that may maintain neuroinflammation and inhibit functional motor recovery after ischemic stroke. This is the first report that this paradigm is relevant in stroke and that therapies against nRAs may be a novel means to treat patients. Since nRAs are evolutionarily conserved from rodents to humans and present in multiple neurodegenerative diseases and injuries, further identification of mechanistic role of nRAs will lead to a better understanding of the neuroinflammatory response and the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Prescott
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 28428
| | | | - Evan Brahms
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, 94305
| | | | - Kenya Inoue
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 28428
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, 94305
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford School of Medicine, 94305
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 10016
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 10016
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 10016
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 10016
| | - Todd C Peterson
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 28428
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, 94305
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7
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Frazel PW, Labib D, Fisher T, Brosh R, Pirjanian N, Marchildon A, Boeke JD, Fossati V, Liddelow SA. Longitudinal scRNA-seq analysis in mouse and human informs optimization of rapid mouse astrocyte differentiation protocols. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1726-1738. [PMID: 37697111 PMCID: PMC10763608 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Macroglia (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) are required for normal development and function of the central nervous system, yet many questions remain about their emergence during the development of the brain and spinal cord. Here we used single-cell/single-nucleus RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq/snRNA-seq) to analyze over 298,000 cells and nuclei during macroglia differentiation from mouse embryonic and human-induced pluripotent stem cells. We computationally identify candidate genes involved in the fate specification of glia in both species and report heterogeneous expression of astrocyte surface markers across differentiating cells. We then used our transcriptomic data to optimize a previous mouse astrocyte differentiation protocol, decreasing the overall protocol length and complexity. Finally, we used multi-omic, dual single-nuclei (sn)RNA-seq/snATAC-seq analysis to uncover potential genomic regulatory sites mediating glial differentiation. These datasets will enable future optimization of glial differentiation protocols and provide insight into human glial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Frazel
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
| | - David Labib
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Theodore Fisher
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Ran Brosh
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Nicolette Pirjanian
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Anne Marchildon
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Jef D Boeke
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Valentina Fossati
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
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8
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D'Elia KP, Hameedy H, Goldblatt D, Frazel P, Kriese M, Zhu Y, Hamling KR, Kawakami K, Liddelow SA, Schoppik D, Dasen JS. Determinants of motor neuron functional subtypes important for locomotor speed. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113049. [PMID: 37676768 PMCID: PMC10600875 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Locomotion requires precise control of the strength and speed of muscle contraction and is achieved by recruiting functionally distinct subtypes of motor neurons (MNs). MNs are essential to movement and differentially susceptible in disease, but little is known about how MNs acquire functional subtype-specific features during development. Using single-cell RNA profiling in embryonic and larval zebrafish, we identify novel and conserved molecular signatures for MN functional subtypes and identify genes expressed in both early post-mitotic and mature MNs. Assessing MN development in genetic mutants, we define a molecular program essential for MN functional subtype specification. Two evolutionarily conserved transcription factors, Prdm16 and Mecom, are both functional subtype-specific determinants integral for fast MN development. Loss of prdm16 or mecom causes fast MNs to develop transcriptional profiles and innervation similar to slow MNs. These results reveal the molecular diversity of vertebrate axial MNs and demonstrate that functional subtypes are specified through intrinsic transcriptional codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P D'Elia
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanna Hameedy
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dena Goldblatt
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Frazel
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mercer Kriese
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yunlu Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyla R Hamling
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Schoppik
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jeremy S Dasen
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Frazel PW, Fricano-Kugler K, May-Zhang AA, O'Dea MR, Prakash P, Desmet NM, Lee H, Meltzer RH, Fontanez KM, Hettige P, Agam Y, Lithwick-Yanai G, Lipson D, Luikart BW, Dasen JD, Liddelow SA. Single-cell analysis of the nervous system at small and large scales with instant partitions. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.14.549051. [PMID: 37503160 PMCID: PMC10370061 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.14.549051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing is a new frontier across all biology, particularly in neuroscience. While powerful for answering numerous neuroscience questions, limitations in sample input size, and initial capital outlay can exclude some researchers from its application. Here, we tested a recently introduced method for scRNAseq across diverse scales and neuroscience experiments. We benchmarked against a major current scRNAseq technology and found that PIPseq performed similarly, in line with earlier benchmarking data. Across dozens of samples, PIPseq recovered many brain cell types at small and large scales (1,000-100,000 cells/sample) and was able to detect differentially expressed genes in an inflammation paradigm. Similarly, PIPseq could detect expected and new differentially expressed genes in a brain single cell suspension from a knockout mouse model; it could also detect rare, virally-la-belled cells following lentiviral targeting and gene knockdown. Finally, we used PIPseq to investigate gene expression in a nontraditional model species, the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea). In total, PIPSeq was able to detect single-cell gene expression changes across models and species, with an added benefit of large scale capture and sequencing of each sample.
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Abstract
Despite advances in uncovering the mechanisms that underlie neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disease, therapies that prevent neuronal loss remain elusive. Targeting of disease-defining markers in conditions such as Alzheimer disease (amyloid-β and tau) or Parkinson disease (α-synuclein) has been met with limited success, suggesting that these proteins do not act in isolation but form part of a pathological network. This network could involve phenotypic alteration of multiple cell types in the CNS, including astrocytes, which have a major neurosupportive, homeostatic role in the healthy CNS but adopt reactive states under acute or chronic adverse conditions. Transcriptomic studies in human patients and disease models have revealed the co-existence of many putative reactive sub-states of astrocytes. Inter-disease and even intra-disease heterogeneity of reactive astrocytic sub-states are well established, but the extent to which specific sub-states are shared across different diseases is unclear. In this Review, we highlight how single-cell and single-nuclei RNA sequencing and other 'omics' technologies can enable the functional characterization of defined reactive astrocyte states in various pathological scenarios. We provide an integrated perspective, advocating cross-modal validation of key findings to define functionally important sub-states of astrocytes and their triggers as tractable therapeutic targets with cross-disease relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickie Patani
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, Human Stem Cells and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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11
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Kloske CM, Barnum CJ, Batista AF, Bradshaw EM, Brickman AM, Bu G, Dennison J, Gearon MD, Goate AM, Haass C, Heneka MT, Hu WT, Huggins LKL, Jones NS, Koldamova R, Lemere CA, Liddelow SA, Marcora E, Marsh SE, Nielsen HM, Petersen KK, Petersen M, Piña-Escudero SD, Qiu WQ, Quiroz YT, Reiman E, Sexton C, Tansey MG, Tcw J, Teunissen CE, Tijms BM, van der Kant R, Wallings R, Weninger SC, Wharton W, Wilcock DM, Wishard TJ, Worley SL, Zetterberg H, Carrillo MC. APOE and immunity: Research highlights. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:2677-2696. [PMID: 36975090 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION At the Alzheimer's Association's APOE and Immunity virtual conference, held in October 2021, leading neuroscience experts shared recent research advances on and inspiring insights into the various roles that both the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) and facets of immunity play in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. METHODS The meeting brought together more than 1200 registered attendees from 62 different countries, representing the realms of academia and industry. RESULTS During the 4-day meeting, presenters illuminated aspects of the cross-talk between APOE and immunity, with a focus on the roles of microglia, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), and components of inflammation (e.g., tumor necrosis factor α [TNFα]). DISCUSSION This manuscript emphasizes the importance of diversity in current and future research and presents an integrated view of innate immune functions in Alzheimer's disease as well as related promising directions in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andre F Batista
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Bradshaw
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam M Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, G.H. Sergievsky Center, and Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jessica Dennison
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mary D Gearon
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christian Haass
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany 3 Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB) University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - William T Hu
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Center for Healthy Aging, Rutgers Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lenique K L Huggins
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nahdia S Jones
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Radosveta Koldamova
- EOH, School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute and Departments of Neuroscience & Physiology and of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Edoardo Marcora
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Dept. of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Dept. of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samuel E Marsh
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Henrietta M Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kellen K Petersen
- The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Melissa Petersen
- Department of Family Medicine, Institute of Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Stefanie D Piña-Escudero
- Global Brain Health Institute, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yakeel T Quiroz
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric Reiman
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Banner Research, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Julia Tcw
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry department, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Program Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Betty M Tijms
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik van der Kant
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Wallings
- CTRND, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Donna M Wilcock
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Tyler James Wishard
- Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Susan L Worley
- Independent science writer, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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12
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Castranio EL, Hasel P, Haure-Mirande JV, Ramirez Jimenez AV, Hamilton BW, Kim RD, Glabe CG, Wang M, Zhang B, Gandy S, Liddelow SA, Ehrlich ME. Microglial INPP5D limits plaque formation and glial reactivity in the PSAPP mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:2239-2252. [PMID: 36448627 PMCID: PMC10481344 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase D (INPP5D) gene encodes a dual-specificity phosphatase that can dephosphorylate both phospholipids and phosphoproteins. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in INPP5D impact risk for developing late onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). METHODS To assess the consequences of inducible Inpp5d knockdown in microglia of APPKM670/671NL /PSEN1Δexon9 (PSAPP) mice, we injected 3-month-old Inpp5dfl/fl /Cx3cr1CreER/+ and PSAPP/Inpp5dfl/fl /Cx3cr1CreER/+ mice with either tamoxifen (TAM) or corn oil (CO) to induce recombination. RESULTS At age 6 months, we found that the percent area of 6E10+ deposits and plaque-associated microglia in Inpp5d knockdown mice were increased compared to controls. Spatial transcriptomics identified a plaque-specific expression profile that was extensively altered by Inpp5d knockdown. DISCUSSION These results demonstrate that conditional Inpp5d downregulation in the PSAPP mouse increases plaque burden and recruitment of microglia to plaques. Spatial transcriptomics highlighted an extended gene expression signature associated with plaques and identified CST7 (cystatin F) as a novel marker of plaques. HIGHLIGHTS Inpp5d knockdown increases plaque burden and plaque-associated microglia number. Spatial transcriptomics identifies an expanded plaque-specific gene expression profile. Plaque-induced gene expression is altered by Inpp5d knockdown in microglia. Our plaque-associated gene signature overlaps with human Alzheimer's disease gene networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie L. Castranio
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Philip Hasel
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine,
New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - B. Wade Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rachel D. Kim
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine,
New York, New York, USA
| | - Charles G. Glabe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry,
University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School
of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School
of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sam Gandy
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Alzheimer’s Disease
Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York,
USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York,
USA
| | - Shane A. Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine,
New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, NYU Grossman
School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of
Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman
School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michelle E. Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School
of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at
Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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13
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Hasel P, Cooper ML, Marchildon AE, Rufen-Blanchette UA, Kim RD, Ma TC, Kang UJ, Chao MV, Liddelow SA. Defining the molecular identity and morphology of glia limitans superficialis astrocytes in mouse and human. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.06.535893. [PMID: 37066303 PMCID: PMC10104130 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.06.535893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a highly abundant glial cell type that perform critical homeostatic functions in the central nervous system. Like neurons, astrocytes have many discrete heterogenous subtypes. The subtype identity and functions are, at least in part, associated with their anatomical location and can be highly restricted to strategically important anatomical domains. Here, we report that astrocytes forming the glia limitans superficialis, the outermost border of brain and spinal cord, are a highly specialized astrocyte subtype and can be identified by a single marker: Myocilin (Myoc). We show that Myoc+ astrocytes cover the entire brain and spinal cord surface, exhibit an atypical morphology, and are evolutionarily conserved from rodents to humans. Identification of this highly specialized astrocyte subtype will advance our understanding of CNS homeostasis and potentially be targeted for therapeutic intervention to combat peripheral inflammatory effects on the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Hasel
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
| | - Melissa L Cooper
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
| | - Anne E Marchildon
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
| | | | - Rachel D Kim
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
| | - Thong C Ma
- Fresco Institute for Parkinson’s and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
| | - Un Jung Kang
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
- Fresco Institute for Parkinson’s and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
| | - Moses V Chao
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
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14
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Hasel P, Aisenberg WH, Bennett FC, Liddelow SA. Molecular and metabolic heterogeneity of astrocytes and microglia. Cell Metab 2023; 35:555-570. [PMID: 36958329 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes and microglia are central players in a myriad of processes in the healthy and diseased brain, ranging from metabolism to immunity. The crosstalk between these two cell types contributes to pathology in many if not all neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advancements in integrative multimodal sequencing techniques have begun to highlight how heterogeneous both cell types are and the importance of metabolism to their regulation. We discuss here the transcriptomic, metabolic, and functional heterogeneity of astrocytes and microglia and highlight their interaction in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Hasel
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - William H Aisenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - F Chris Bennett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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15
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Saunders NR, Dziegielewska KM, Fame RM, Lehtinen MK, Liddelow SA. The choroid plexus: a missing link in our understanding of brain development and function. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:919-956. [PMID: 36173801 PMCID: PMC9678431 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00060.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the choroid plexus lag behind those of the more widely known blood-brain barrier, despite a much longer history. This review has two overall aims. The first is to outline long-standing areas of research where there are unanswered questions, such as control of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion and blood flow. The second aim is to review research over the past 10 years where the focus has shifted to the idea that there are choroid plexuses located in each of the brain's ventricles that make specific contributions to brain development and function through molecules they generate for delivery via the CSF. These factors appear to be particularly important for aspects of normal brain growth. Most research carried out during the twentieth century dealt with the choroid plexus, a brain barrier interface making critical contributions to the composition and stability of the brain's internal environment throughout life. More recent research in the twenty-first century has shown the importance of choroid plexus-generated CSF in neurogenesis, influence of sex and other hormones on choroid plexus function, and choroid plexus involvement in circadian rhythms and sleep. The advancement of technologies to facilitate delivery of brain-specific therapies via the CSF to treat neurological disorders is a rapidly growing area of research. Conversely, understanding the basic mechanisms and implications of how maternal drug exposure during pregnancy impacts the developing brain represents another key area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman R Saunders
- Department of Neuroscience, The Alfred Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ryann M Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
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16
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Hasel P, O'Dea M, Sadick JS, Liddelow SA. Multi‐modal sequencing analysis of astrocytes in human and mouse reveals strategically positioned novel reactive sub‐states. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.068389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jessica S Sadick
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY USA
- Valo Health Boston MA USA
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17
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Titus HE, Xu H, Robinson AP, Patel PA, Chen Y, Fantini D, Eaton V, Karl M, Garrison ED, Rose IVL, Chiang MY, Podojil JR, Balabanov R, Liddelow SA, Miller RH, Popko B, Miller SD. Repurposing the cardiac glycoside digoxin to stimulate myelin regeneration in chemically-induced and immune-mediated mouse models of multiple sclerosis. Glia 2022; 70:1950-1970. [PMID: 35809238 PMCID: PMC9378523 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. The ideal MS therapy would both specifically inhibit the underlying autoimmune response and promote repair/regeneration of myelin as well as maintenance of axonal integrity. Currently approved MS therapies consist of non-specific immunosuppressive molecules/antibodies which block activation or CNS homing of autoreactive T cells, but there are no approved therapies for stimulation of remyelination nor maintenance of axonal integrity. In an effort to repurpose an FDA-approved medication for myelin repair, we chose to examine the effectiveness of digoxin, a cardiac glycoside (Na+ /K+ ATPase inhibitor), originally identified as pro-myelinating in an in vitro screen. We found that digoxin regulated multiple genes in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) essential for oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation in vitro, promoted OL differentiation both in vitro and in vivo in female naïve C57BL/6J (B6) mice, and stimulated recovery of myelinated axons in B6 mice following demyelination in the corpus callosum induced by cuprizone and spinal cord demyelination induced by lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), respectively. More relevant to treatment of MS, we show that digoxin treatment of mice with established MOG35-55 -induced Th1/Th17-mediated chronic EAE combined with tolerance induced by the i.v. infusion of biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles coupled with MOG35-55 (PLG-MOG35-55 ) completely ameliorated clinical disease symptoms and stimulated recovery of OL lineage cell numbers. These findings provide critical pre-clinical evidence supporting future clinical trials of myelin-specific tolerance with myelin repair/regeneration drugs, such as digoxin, in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley E. Titus
- Department of Microbiology‐Immunology and the Interdepartmental Immunobiology CenterNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Huan Xu
- NeurologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Andrew P. Robinson
- Department of Microbiology‐Immunology and the Interdepartmental Immunobiology CenterNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Priyam A. Patel
- Quantitative Data Science Core Center for Genetic MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Yanan Chen
- NeurologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Damiano Fantini
- UrologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Valerie Eaton
- Department of Microbiology‐Immunology and the Interdepartmental Immunobiology CenterNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Molly Karl
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Eric D. Garrison
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Indigo V. L. Rose
- Neuroscience Institute and Departments of Neuroscience, & Physiology, and OphthalmologyNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Ming Yi Chiang
- Department of Microbiology‐Immunology and the Interdepartmental Immunobiology CenterNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Joseph R. Podojil
- Department of Microbiology‐Immunology and the Interdepartmental Immunobiology CenterNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Cour Pharmaceutical Development CompanyNorthbrookIllinoisUSA
| | - Roumen Balabanov
- NeurologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Shane A. Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute and Departments of Neuroscience, & Physiology, and OphthalmologyNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Robert H. Miller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Brian Popko
- NeurologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Department of Microbiology‐Immunology and the Interdepartmental Immunobiology CenterNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
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18
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Kleffman K, Levinson G, Rose IV, Blumenberg L, Shadaloey SA, Dhabaria A, Wong E, Galán-Echevarría F, Karz A, Argibay D, Von-Itter R, Floristán A, Baptiste G, Eskow N, Tranos J, Chen J, de Miera ECVS, Call M, Rogers R, Jour G, Wadghiri YZ, Osman I, Li YM, Mathews P, Demattos R, Ueberheide B, Ruggles K, Liddelow SA, Schneider RJ, Hernando E. Abstract LB052: Melanoma-secreted amyloid beta suppresses neuroinflammation and promotes brain metastasis. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-lb052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Brain metastasis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in multiple cancer types and represents an unmet clinical need. The mechanisms that mediate metastatic cancer growth in the brain parenchyma are largely unknown. Melanoma, which has the highest rate of brain metastasis among common cancer types, is an ideal model to study how cancer cells adapt to the brain parenchyma. Our unbiased proteomics analysis of melanoma short-term cultures revealed that proteins implicated in neurodegenerative pathologies are differentially expressed in melanoma cells explanted from brain metastases compared to those derived from extracranial metastases. We showed that melanoma cells require amyloid beta (Aβ) for growth and survival in the brain parenchyma. Melanoma-secreted Aβ activates surrounding astrocytes to a prometastatic, anti-inflammatory phenotype and prevents phagocytosis of melanoma by microglia. Finally, we demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of Aβ decreases brain metastatic burden. Our results reveal a novel mechanistic connection between brain metastasis and Alzheimer’s disease - two previously unrelated pathologies, establish Aβ as a promising therapeutic target for brain metastasis, and demonstrate suppression of neuroinflammation as a critical feature of metastatic adaptation to the brain parenchyma.
Citation Format: Kevin Kleffman, Grace Levinson, Indigo V. Rose, Lili Blumenberg, Sorin A. Shadaloey, Avantika Dhabaria, Eitan Wong, Francisco Galán-Echevarría, Alcida Karz, Diana Argibay, Richard Von-Itter, Alfredo Floristán, Gillian Baptiste, Nicole Eskow, James Tranos, Jenny Chen, Eleazar C. Vega Saenz de Miera, Melissa Call, Robert Rogers, George Jour, Youssef Zaim Wadghiri, Iman Osman, Yue Ming Li, Paul Mathews, Ronald Demattos, Beatrix Ueberheide, Kelly Ruggles, Shane A. Liddelow, Robert J. Schneider, Eva Hernando. Melanoma-secreted amyloid beta suppresses neuroinflammation and promotes brain metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr LB052.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eitan Wong
- 2Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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19
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Labib D, Wang Z, Prakash P, Zimmer M, Smith MD, Frazel PW, Barbar L, Sapar ML, Calabresi PA, Peng J, Liddelow SA, Fossati V. Proteomic Alterations and Novel Markers of Neurotoxic Reactive Astrocytes in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Models. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:870085. [PMID: 35592112 PMCID: PMC9113221 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.870085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes respond to injury, infection, and inflammation in the central nervous system by acquiring reactive states in which they may become dysfunctional and contribute to disease pathology. A sub-state of reactive astrocytes induced by proinflammatory factors TNF, IL-1α, and C1q ("TIC") has been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases as a source of neurotoxicity. Here, we used an established human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) model to investigate the surface marker profile and proteome of TIC-induced reactive astrocytes. We propose VCAM1, BST2, ICOSL, HLA-E, PD-L1, and PDPN as putative, novel markers of this reactive sub-state. We found that several of these markers colocalize with GFAP+ cells in post-mortem samples from people with Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, our whole-cells proteomic analysis of TIC-induced reactive astrocytes identified proteins and related pathways primarily linked to potential engagement with peripheral immune cells. Taken together, our findings will serve as new tools to purify reactive astrocyte subtypes and to further explore their involvement in immune responses associated with injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Labib
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Priya Prakash
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Matthew Zimmer
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Matthew D. Smith
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul W. Frazel
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lilianne Barbar
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria L. Sapar
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter A. Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Junmin Peng
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Shane A. Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Valentina Fossati
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
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20
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Sadick JS, O'Dea MR, Hasel P, Dykstra T, Faustin A, Liddelow SA. Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes undergo subtype-specific transcriptional changes in Alzheimer's disease. Neuron 2022; 110:1788-1805.e10. [PMID: 35381189 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Resolving glial contributions to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is necessary because changes in neuronal function, such as reduced synaptic density, altered electrophysiological properties, and degeneration, are not entirely cell autonomous. To improve understanding of transcriptomic heterogeneity in glia during AD, we used single-nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) to characterize astrocytes and oligodendrocytes from apolipoprotein (APOE) Ɛ2/3 human AD and age- and genotype-matched non-symptomatic (NS) brains. We enriched astrocytes before sequencing and characterized pathology from the same location as the sequenced material. We characterized baseline heterogeneity in both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and identified global and subtype-specific transcriptomic changes between AD and NS astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. We also took advantage of recent human and mouse spatial transcriptomics resources to localize heterogeneous astrocyte subtypes to specific regions in the healthy and inflamed brain. Finally, we integrated our data with published AD snRNA-seq datasets, highlighting the power of combining datasets to resolve previously unidentifiable astrocyte subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Sadick
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael R O'Dea
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Philip Hasel
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Taitea Dykstra
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Arline Faustin
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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21
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Wareham LK, Liddelow SA, Temple S, Benowitz LI, Di Polo A, Wellington C, Goldberg JL, He Z, Duan X, Bu G, Davis AA, Shekhar K, Torre AL, Chan DC, Canto-Soler MV, Flanagan JG, Subramanian P, Rossi S, Brunner T, Bovenkamp DE, Calkins DJ. Solving neurodegeneration: common mechanisms and strategies for new treatments. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:23. [PMID: 35313950 PMCID: PMC8935795 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Across neurodegenerative diseases, common mechanisms may reveal novel therapeutic targets based on neuronal protection, repair, or regeneration, independent of etiology or site of disease pathology. To address these mechanisms and discuss emerging treatments, in April, 2021, Glaucoma Research Foundation, BrightFocus Foundation, and the Melza M. and Frank Theodore Barr Foundation collaborated to bring together key opinion leaders and experts in the field of neurodegenerative disease for a virtual meeting titled "Solving Neurodegeneration". This "think-tank" style meeting focused on uncovering common mechanistic roots of neurodegenerative disease and promising targets for new treatments, catalyzed by the goal of finding new treatments for glaucoma, the world's leading cause of irreversible blindness and the common interest of the three hosting foundations. Glaucoma, which causes vision loss through degeneration of the optic nerve, likely shares early cellular and molecular events with other neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system. Here we discuss major areas of mechanistic overlap between neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system: neuroinflammation, bioenergetics and metabolism, genetic contributions, and neurovascular interactions. We summarize important discussion points with emphasis on the research areas that are most innovative and promising in the treatment of neurodegeneration yet require further development. The research that is highlighted provides unique opportunities for collaboration that will lead to efforts in preventing neurodegeneration and ultimately vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Wareham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sally Temple
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, NY, 12144, Rensselaer, USA
| | - Larry I Benowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery and F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cheryl Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, CA, Palo Alto, USA
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, MA, Boston, USA
| | - Xin Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Albert A Davis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Karthik Shekhar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Anna La Torre
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David C Chan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, CA, 91125, Pasadena, USA
| | - M Valeria Canto-Soler
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Research Program, Department of Ophthalmology, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John G Flanagan
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - David J Calkins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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22
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Kleffman K, Levinson G, Rose IVL, Blumenberg LM, Shadaloey SAA, Dhabaria A, Wong E, Galan-Echevarria F, Karz A, Argibay D, Von Itter R, Floristan A, Baptiste G, Eskow NM, Tranos JA, Chen J, Vega Y Saenz de Miera EC, Call M, Rogers R, Jour G, Wadghiri YZ, Osman I, Li YM, Mathews P, DeMattos R, Ueberheide B, Ruggles KV, Liddelow SA, Schneider RJ, Hernando E. Melanoma-secreted Amyloid Beta Suppresses Neuroinflammation and Promotes Brain Metastasis. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:1314-1335. [PMID: 35262173 PMCID: PMC9069488 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastasis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in multiple cancer types and represents an unmet clinical need. The mechanisms that mediate metastatic cancer growth in the brain parenchyma are largely unknown. Melanoma, which has the highest rate of brain metastasis among common cancer types, is an ideal model to study how cancer cells adapt to the brain parenchyma. Our unbiased proteomics analysis of melanoma short-term cultures revealed that proteins implicated in neurodegenerative pathologies are differentially expressed in melanoma cells explanted from brain metastases compared to those derived from extracranial metastases. We showed that melanoma cells require amyloid beta (AB) for growth and survival in the brain parenchyma. Melanoma-secreted AB activates surrounding astrocytes to a pro-metastatic, anti-inflammatory phenotype and prevents phagocytosis of melanoma by microglia. Finally, we demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of AB decreases brain metastatic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kleffman
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Grace Levinson
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Indigo V L Rose
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | | | | | - Avantika Dhabaria
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research and Technology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York., New York, NY, United States
| | - Eitan Wong
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States
| | | | - Alcida Karz
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Diana Argibay
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Gillian Baptiste
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - James A Tranos
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jenny Chen
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | | | - Melissa Call
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Robert Rogers
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - George Jour
- New York University, New York, New York, United States
| | | | - Iman Osman
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Paul Mathews
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Ronald DeMattos
- Eli Lilly (United States), Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research and Technology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York., United States
| | - Kelly V Ruggles
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States
| | | | | | - Eva Hernando
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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23
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Prakash P, Jethava KP, Korte N, Izquierdo P, Favuzzi E, Rose IVL, Guttenplan KA, Manchanda P, Dutta S, Rochet JC, Fishell G, Liddelow SA, Attwell D, Chopra G. Monitoring phagocytic uptake of amyloid β into glial cell lysosomes in real time. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10901-10918. [PMID: 34476070 PMCID: PMC8372545 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03486c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis by glial cells is essential to regulate brain function during health and disease. Therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have primarily focused on targeting antibodies to amyloid β (Aβ) or inhibitng enzymes that make it, and while removal of Aβ by phagocytosis is protective early in AD it remains poorly understood. Impaired phagocytic function of glial cells during later stages of AD likely contributes to worsened disease outcome, but the underlying mechanisms of how this occurs remain unknown. We have developed a human Aβ1-42 analogue (AβpH) that exhibits green fluorescence upon internalization into the acidic organelles of cells but is non-fluorescent at physiological pH. This allowed us to image, for the first time, glial uptake of AβpH in real time in live animals. We find that microglia phagocytose more AβpH than astrocytes in culture, in brain slices and in vivo. AβpH can be used to investigate the phagocytic mechanisms responsible for removing Aβ from the extracellular space, and thus could become a useful tool to study Aβ clearance at different stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Krupal P Jethava
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Nils Korte
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Pablo Izquierdo
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Emilia Favuzzi
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School 220 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA
- Stanley Center at the Broad 75 Ames Street Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Indigo V L Rose
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY 10016 USA
| | | | - Palak Manchanda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Sayan Dutta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Rochet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Gord Fishell
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School 220 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA
- Stanley Center at the Broad 75 Ames Street Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY 10016 USA
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY 10016 USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY 10016 USA
| | - David Attwell
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Gaurav Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery 720 Clinic Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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24
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Guttenplan KA, Stafford BK, El-Danaf RN, Adler DI, Münch AE, Weigel MK, Huberman AD, Liddelow SA. Neurotoxic Reactive Astrocytes Drive Neuronal Death after Retinal Injury. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107776. [PMID: 32579912 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease that features the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the retina, often as a result of prolonged increases in intraocular pressure. We show that preventing the formation of neuroinflammatory reactive astrocytes prevents the death of RGCs normally seen in a mouse model of glaucoma. Furthermore, we show that these spared RGCs are electrophysiologically functional and thus still have potential value for the function and regeneration of the retina. Finally, we demonstrate that the death of RGCs depends on a combination of both an injury to the neurons and the presence of reactive astrocytes, suggesting a model that may explain why reactive astrocytes are toxic only in some circumstances. Altogether, these findings highlight reactive astrocytes as drivers of RGC death in a chronic neurodegenerative disease of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Guttenplan
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | | | - Rana N El-Danaf
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, NYU Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Drew I Adler
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alexandra E Münch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maya K Weigel
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew D Huberman
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Philip Hasel and Shane Liddelow introduce astrocytes - glial cells that help to maintain the homeostasis of the central nervous system during development, normal physiology, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Hasel
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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26
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Kwon AHK, Liddelow SA. Astrocytes have a license to kill inflammatory T cells. Immunity 2021; 54:614-616. [PMID: 33852828 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbiome-induced interferon signaling through gut-derived natural killer cells is integral to minimize peripheral inflammatory responses in the brain and spinal cord. In a recent issue of Nature, Sanmarco, Wheeler, et al. define how interferon signaling induces LAMP1+TRAIL+ astrocytes, which cause death of inflammatory T cells, mitigating degeneration in a mouse model of demyealination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice H K Kwon
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, the Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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27
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Escartin C, Galea E, Lakatos A, O'Callaghan JP, Petzold GC, Serrano-Pozo A, Steinhäuser C, Volterra A, Carmignoto G, Agarwal A, Allen NJ, Araque A, Barbeito L, Barzilai A, Bergles DE, Bonvento G, Butt AM, Chen WT, Cohen-Salmon M, Cunningham C, Deneen B, De Strooper B, Díaz-Castro B, Farina C, Freeman M, Gallo V, Goldman JE, Goldman SA, Götz M, Gutiérrez A, Haydon PG, Heiland DH, Hol EM, Holt MG, Iino M, Kastanenka KV, Kettenmann H, Khakh BS, Koizumi S, Lee CJ, Liddelow SA, MacVicar BA, Magistretti P, Messing A, Mishra A, Molofsky AV, Murai KK, Norris CM, Okada S, Oliet SHR, Oliveira JF, Panatier A, Parpura V, Pekna M, Pekny M, Pellerin L, Perea G, Pérez-Nievas BG, Pfrieger FW, Poskanzer KE, Quintana FJ, Ransohoff RM, Riquelme-Perez M, Robel S, Rose CR, Rothstein JD, Rouach N, Rowitch DH, Semyanov A, Sirko S, Sontheimer H, Swanson RA, Vitorica J, Wanner IB, Wood LB, Wu J, Zheng B, Zimmer ER, Zorec R, Sofroniew MV, Verkhratsky A. Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:312-325. [PMID: 33589835 PMCID: PMC8007081 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 937] [Impact Index Per Article: 312.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes are astrocytes undergoing morphological, molecular, and functional remodeling in response to injury, disease, or infection of the CNS. Although this remodeling was first described over a century ago, uncertainties and controversies remain regarding the contribution of reactive astrocytes to CNS diseases, repair, and aging. It is also unclear whether fixed categories of reactive astrocytes exist and, if so, how to identify them. We point out the shortcomings of binary divisions of reactive astrocytes into good-vs-bad, neurotoxic-vs-neuroprotective or A1-vs-A2. We advocate, instead, that research on reactive astrocytes include assessment of multiple molecular and functional parameters-preferably in vivo-plus multivariate statistics and determination of impact on pathological hallmarks in relevant models. These guidelines may spur the discovery of astrocyte-based biomarkers as well as astrocyte-targeting therapies that abrogate detrimental actions of reactive astrocytes, potentiate their neuro- and glioprotective actions, and restore or augment their homeostatic, modulatory, and defensive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Escartin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Elena Galea
- Institut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - András Lakatos
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and Division of Stem Cell Neurobiology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - James P O'Callaghan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Gabor C Petzold
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Division of Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Volterra
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Carmignoto
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Amit Agarwal
- The Chica and Heinz Schaller Research Group, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicola J Allen
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alfonso Araque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Ari Barzilai
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dwight E Bergles
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gilles Bonvento
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Arthur M Butt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Wei-Ting Chen
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB and University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martine Cohen-Salmon
- 'Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit' Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241 CNRS, Unité1050 INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Colm Cunningham
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Benjamin Deneen
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB and University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University College London, London, UK
| | - Blanca Díaz-Castro
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cinthia Farina
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe) and Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington DC, USA
| | - James E Goldman
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Steven A Goldman
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Science and Rigshospitalet, Kobenhavn N, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet & Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Synergy, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonia Gutiérrez
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Philip G Haydon
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dieter H Heiland
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew G Holt
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Masamitsu Iino
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ksenia V Kastanenka
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Baljit S Khakh
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science 55, Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Ophthalmology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Brian A MacVicar
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pierre Magistretti
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Centre de Neurosciences Psychiatriques, University of Lausanne and CHUV, Site de Cery, Prilly-Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Albee Messing
- Waisman Center and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anusha Mishra
- Department of Neurology Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Anna V Molofsky
- Departments of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neuroscience University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Keith K Murai
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher M Norris
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Seiji Okada
- Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Stéphane H R Oliet
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - João F Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- IPCA-EST-2Ai, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Applied Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Campus of IPCA, Barcelos, Portugal
| | - Aude Panatier
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Luc Pellerin
- INSERM U1082, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Gertrudis Perea
- Department of Functional and Systems Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz G Pérez-Nievas
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Frank W Pfrieger
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kira E Poskanzer
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Associate Member, The Broad Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Miriam Riquelme-Perez
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Stefanie Robel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, School of Neuroscience Virginia Tech, Riverside Circle, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Christine R Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jeffrey D Rothstein
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathalie Rouach
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiology and Pathologies, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University Paris, Paris, France
| | - David H Rowitch
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexey Semyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Swetlana Sirko
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald Sontheimer
- Virginia Tech School of Neuroscience and Center for Glial Biology in Health, Disease and Cancer, Virginia Tech at the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Dept. of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Dept. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ina-Beate Wanner
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, IDDRC, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Levi B Wood
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory, and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jiaqian Wu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Binhai Zheng
- Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla; VA San Diego Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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28
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Zhang J, Velmeshev D, Hashimoto K, Huang YH, Hofmann JW, Shi X, Chen J, Leidal AM, Dishart JG, Cahill MK, Kelley KW, Liddelow SA, Seeley WW, Miller BL, Walther TC, Farese RV, Taylor JP, Ullian EM, Huang B, Debnath J, Wittmann T, Kriegstein AR, Huang EJ. Neurotoxic microglia promote TDP-43 proteinopathy in progranulin deficiency. Nature 2020; 588:459-465. [PMID: 32866962 PMCID: PMC7746606 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant aggregation of the RNA-binding protein TDP-43 in neurons is a hallmark of frontotemporal lobar degeneration caused by haploinsufficiency in the gene encoding progranulin1,2. However, the mechanism leading to TDP-43 proteinopathy remains unclear. Here we use single-nucleus RNA sequencing to show that progranulin deficiency promotes microglial transition from a homeostatic to a disease-specific state that causes endolysosomal dysfunction and neurodegeneration in mice. These defects persist even when Grn-/- microglia are cultured ex vivo. In addition, single-nucleus RNA sequencing reveals selective loss of excitatory neurons at disease end-stage, which is characterized by prominent nuclear and cytoplasmic TDP-43 granules and nuclear pore defects. Remarkably, conditioned media from Grn-/- microglia are sufficient to promote TDP-43 granule formation, nuclear pore defects and cell death in excitatory neurons via the complement activation pathway. Consistent with these results, deletion of the genes encoding C1qa and C3 mitigates microglial toxicity and rescues TDP-43 proteinopathy and neurodegeneration. These results uncover previously unappreciated contributions of chronic microglial toxicity to TDP-43 proteinopathy during neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Pathology Service 113B, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dmitry Velmeshev
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kei Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Hsin Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Hofmann
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jiapei Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew M Leidal
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julian G Dishart
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michelle K Cahill
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin W Kelley
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tobias C Walther
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert V Farese
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Paul Taylor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St Jude Children's Hospital & Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Erik M Ullian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Torsten Wittmann
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Pathology Service 113B, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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29
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Spanos F, Liddelow SA. An Overview of Astrocyte Responses in Genetically Induced Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Models. Cells 2020; 9:E2415. [PMID: 33158189 PMCID: PMC7694249 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Despite many years of intense research, there is currently still no effective treatment. Multiple cell types contribute to disease pathogenesis, with an increasing body of data pointing to the active participation of astrocytes. Astrocytes play a pivotal role in the physiology and metabolic functions of neurons and other cells in the central nervous system. Because of their interactions with other cell types, astrocyte functions must be understood in their biologic context, thus many studies have used mouse models, of which there are over 190 available for AD research. However, none appear able to fully recapitulate the many functional changes in astrocytes reported in human AD brains. Our review summarizes the observations of astrocyte biology noted in mouse models of familial and sporadic AD. The limitations of AD mouse models will be discussed and current attempts to overcome these disadvantages will be described. With increasing understanding of the non-neuronal contributions to disease, the development of new methods and models will provide further insights and address important questions regarding the roles of astrocytes and other non-neuronal cells in AD pathophysiology. The next decade will prove to be full of exciting opportunities to address this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fokion Spanos
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Shane A. Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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30
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Ineichen BV, Di Palma S, Laczko E, Liddelow SA, Neumann S, Schwab ME, Mosberger AC. Regional Differences in Penetration of the Protein Stabilizer Trimethoprim (TMP) in the Rat Central Nervous System. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:167. [PMID: 33013318 PMCID: PMC7496896 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulating gene expression at the protein level is becoming increasingly important for answering basic questions in neurobiology. Several techniques using destabilizing domains (DD) on transgenes, which can be activated or deactivated by specific drugs, have been developed to achieve this goal. A DD from bacterial dihydrofolate reductase bound and stabilized by trimethoprim (TMP) represents such a tool. To control transgenic protein levels in the brain, the DD-regulating drugs need to have sufficient penetration into the central nervous system (CNS). Yet, very limited information is available on TMP pharmacokinetics in the CNS following systemic injection. Here, we performed a pharmacokinetic study on the penetration of TMP into different CNS compartments in the rat. We used mass spectrometry to measure TMP concentrations in serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and tissue samples of different CNS regions upon intraperitoneal TMP injection. We show that TMP quickly (within 10 min) penetrates from serum to CSF through the blood-CSF barrier. TMP also shows quick penetration into brain tissue but concentrations were an order of magnitude lower compared to serum or CSF. TMP concentration in spinal cord was lower than in any other analyzed CNS area. Nevertheless, effective levels of TMP to stabilize DDs can be reached in the CNS with half-lives around 2 h. These data show that TMP has good and fast penetration properties into the CNS and is therefore a valuable ligand for precisely controlling protein expression in the CNS in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin V Ineichen
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Serena Di Palma
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Endre Laczko
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Susanne Neumann
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin E Schwab
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alice C Mosberger
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Liddelow SA, Marsh SE, Stevens B. Microglia and Astrocytes in Disease: Dynamic Duo or Partners in Crime? Trends Immunol 2020; 41:820-835. [PMID: 32819809 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia-astrocyte interactions represent a delicate balance affecting neural cell functions in health and disease. Tightly controlled to maintain homeostasis during physiological conditions, rapid and prolonged departures during disease, infection, and following trauma drive multiple outcomes: both beneficial and detrimental. Recent sequencing studies at the bulk and single-cell level in humans and rodents provide new insight into microglia-astrocyte communication in homeostasis and disease. However, the complex changing ways these two cell types functionally interact has been a barrier to understanding disease initiation, progression, and disease mechanisms. Single cell sequencing is providing new insights; however, many questions remain. Here, we discuss how to bridge transcriptional states to specific functions so we can develop therapies to mediate negative effects of altered microglia-astrocyte interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Samuel E Marsh
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Beth Stevens
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA., USA.
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32
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Sadick JS, Crawford LA, Cramer HC, Franck C, Liddelow SA, Darling EM. Generating Cell Type-Specific Protein Signatures from Non-symptomatic and Diseased Tissues. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 48:2218-2232. [PMID: 32303872 PMCID: PMC7416432 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate a technique to generate proteomic signatures of specific cell types within heterogeneous populations. While our method is broadly applicable across biological systems, we have limited the current work to study neural cell types isolated from human, post-mortem Alzheimer's disease (AD) and aged-matched non-symptomatic (NS) brains. Motivating the need for this tool, we conducted an initial meta-analysis of current, human AD proteomics studies. While the results broadly corroborated major neurodegenerative disease hypotheses, cell type-specific predictions were limited. By adapting our Formaldehyde-fixed Intracellular Target-Sorted Antigen Retrieval (FITSAR) method for proteomics and applying this technique to characterize AD and NS brains, we generated enriched neuron and astrocyte proteomic profiles for a sample set of donors (available at www.fitsarpro.appspot.com ). Results showed the feasibility for using FITSAR to evaluate cell-type specific hypotheses. Our overall methodological approach provides an accessible platform to determine protein presence in specific cell types and emphasizes the need for protein-compatible techniques to resolve systems complicated by cellular heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Sadick
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Lorin A Crawford
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
- Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Harry C Cramer
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Christian Franck
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Eric M Darling
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
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33
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Barbar L, Jain T, Zimmer M, Kruglikov I, Sadick JS, Wang M, Kalpana K, Rose IVL, Burstein SR, Rusielewicz T, Nijsure M, Guttenplan KA, di Domenico A, Croft G, Zhang B, Nobuta H, Hébert JM, Liddelow SA, Fossati V. CD49f Is a Novel Marker of Functional and Reactive Human iPSC-Derived Astrocytes. Neuron 2020; 107:436-453.e12. [PMID: 32485136 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
New methods for investigating human astrocytes are urgently needed, given their critical role in the central nervous system. Here we show that CD49f is a novel marker for human astrocytes, expressed in fetal and adult brains from healthy and diseased individuals. CD49f can be used to purify fetal astrocytes and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived astrocytes. We provide single-cell and bulk transcriptome analyses of CD49f+ hiPSC-astrocytes and demonstrate that they perform key astrocytic functions in vitro, including trophic support of neurons, glutamate uptake, and phagocytosis. Notably, CD49f+ hiPSC-astrocytes respond to inflammatory stimuli, acquiring an A1-like reactive state, in which they display impaired phagocytosis and glutamate uptake and fail to support neuronal maturation. Most importantly, we show that conditioned medium from human reactive A1-like astrocytes is toxic to human and rodent neurons. CD49f+ hiPSC-astrocytes are thus a valuable resource for investigating human astrocyte function and dysfunction in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilianne Barbar
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Tanya Jain
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Matthew Zimmer
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Ilya Kruglikov
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Jessica S Sadick
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kriti Kalpana
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Indigo V L Rose
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Suzanne R Burstein
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Tomasz Rusielewicz
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Madhura Nijsure
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Kevin A Guttenplan
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Gist Croft
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hiroko Nobuta
- Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jean M Hébert
- Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Valentina Fossati
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA.
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34
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Liddelow SA. Don’t you know that you’re ToxSeq? Nat Immunol 2020; 21:495-497. [DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0667-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Abstract
The slow, continuous, devastating march of Alzheimer's disease continues to move across the globe. As a society, we are at a loss for options to treat or reverse the death of neurons-the final, apparently inescapable, hallmark of the disease. A continued focus on these dying neurons has taught us much about the disease but with no knowledge-based effective treatment in sight. A surge of interest in non-neuronal cells, including glia, blood vasculature, and immune cells, has shed new light on how we may better diagnose and treat patients. This may be our best hope to treat the millions patients with cognitive decline and memory loss.-Liddelow, S. A. Modern approaches to investigating non-neuronal aspects of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; and.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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36
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Abstract
Altered metabolic function is common in stressed immune cells, but alteration in brain microglia during neurodegeneration is not understood. In this issue, Baik et al. (2019) provide insight into microglial metabolism. They demonstrate a switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis following interaction with amyloid beta acutely, and breakdown in both pathways chronically.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chris Bennett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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37
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Liddelow SA. PL-03-01: INGE GRUNDKE-IQBAL AWARD FOR ALZHEIMER'S RESEARCH: NEUROTOXIC REACTIVE ASTROCYTES ARE INDUCED BY ACTIVATED MICROGLIA. Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.4616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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39
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Sadick JS, Liddelow SA. Don't forget astrocytes when targeting Alzheimer's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3585-3598. [PMID: 30636042 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are essential for CNS health, regulating homeostasis, metabolism, and synaptic transmission. In addition to these and many other physiological roles, the pathological impact of astrocytes ("reactive astrocytes") in acute trauma and chronic disease like Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well established. Growing evidence supports a fundamental and active role of astrocytes in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. With a growing interest in normal astrocyte biology, and countless studies on changes in astrocyte function in the context of disease, it may be a surprise that no therapies exist incorporating astrocytes as key targets. Here, we examine unintentional effects of current AD therapies on astrocyte function and theorize how astrocytes may be intentionally targeted for more efficacious therapeutic outcomes. Given their integral role in normal neuronal functioning, incorporating astrocytes as key criteria for AD drug development can only lead to more effective therapies for the millions of AD sufferers worldwide. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Therapeutics for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: New Directions for Precision Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.18/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Sadick
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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40
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Abstract
An amazing array of tools both old and new are available to investigate the function of astrocytes and microglia. Guttenplan and Liddelow discuss tools available to study the physiology and pathophysiology of these cells both in vivo and in culture systems. Glial cells serve as fundamental regulators of the central nervous system in development, homeostasis, and disease. Discoveries into the function of these cells have fueled excitement in glial research, with enthusiastic researchers addressing fundamental questions about glial biology and producing new scientific tools for the community. Here, we outline the pros and cons of in vivo and in vitro techniques to study astrocytes and microglia with the goal of helping researchers quickly identify the best approach for a given research question in the context of glial biology. It is truly a great time to be a glial biologist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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41
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Lananna BV, Nadarajah CJ, Izumo M, Cedeño MR, Xiong DD, Dimitry J, Tso CF, McKee CA, Griffin P, Sheehan PW, Haspel JA, Barres BA, Liddelow SA, Takahashi JS, Karatsoreos IN, Musiek ES. Cell-Autonomous Regulation of Astrocyte Activation by the Circadian Clock Protein BMAL1. Cell Rep 2018; 25:1-9.e5. [PMID: 30282019 PMCID: PMC6221830 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian clock dysfunction is a common symptom of aging and neurodegenerative diseases, though its impact on brain health is poorly understood. Astrocyte activation occurs in response to diverse insults and plays a critical role in brain health and disease. We report that the core circadian clock protein BMAL1 regulates astrogliosis in a synergistic manner via a cell-autonomous mechanism and a lesser non-cell-autonomous signal from neurons. Astrocyte-specific Bmal1 deletion induces astrocyte activation and inflammatory gene expression in vitro and in vivo, mediated in part by suppression of glutathione-S-transferase signaling. Functionally, loss of Bmal1 in astrocytes promotes neuronal death in vitro. Our results demonstrate that the core clock protein BMAL1 regulates astrocyte activation and function in vivo, elucidating a mechanism by which the circadian clock could influence many aspects of brain function and neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian V Lananna
- Department of Neurology and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Collin J Nadarajah
- Department of Neurology and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mariko Izumo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michelle R Cedeño
- Department of Neurology and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David D Xiong
- Department of Neurology and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julie Dimitry
- Department of Neurology and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chak Foon Tso
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Celia A McKee
- Department of Neurology and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Percy Griffin
- Department of Neurology and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patrick W Sheehan
- Department of Neurology and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffery A Haspel
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ben A Barres
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ilia N Karatsoreos
- Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Erik S Musiek
- Department of Neurology and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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42
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Vainchtein ID, Chin G, Cho FS, Kelley KW, Miller JG, Chien EC, Liddelow SA, Nguyen PT, Nakao-Inoue H, Dorman LC, Akil O, Joshita S, Barres BA, Paz JT, Molofsky AB, Molofsky AV. Astrocyte-derived interleukin-33 promotes microglial synapse engulfment and neural circuit development. Science 2018; 359:1269-1273. [PMID: 29420261 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal synapse formation and remodeling are essential to central nervous system (CNS) development and are dysfunctional in neurodevelopmental diseases. Innate immune signals regulate tissue remodeling in the periphery, but how this affects CNS synapses is largely unknown. Here, we show that the interleukin-1 family cytokine interleukin-33 (IL-33) is produced by developing astrocytes and is developmentally required for normal synapse numbers and neural circuit function in the spinal cord and thalamus. We find that IL-33 signals primarily to microglia under physiologic conditions, that it promotes microglial synapse engulfment, and that it can drive microglial-dependent synapse depletion in vivo. These data reveal a cytokine-mediated mechanism required to maintain synapse homeostasis during CNS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia D Vainchtein
- Department of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gregory Chin
- Department of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Frances S Cho
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kevin W Kelley
- Department of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John G Miller
- Department of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elliott C Chien
- Department of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Phi T Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hiromi Nakao-Inoue
- Department of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leah C Dorman
- Department of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Omar Akil
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Satoru Joshita
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Research Center for Next Generation Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Ben A Barres
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne T Paz
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Anna V Molofsky
- Department of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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43
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Abstract
Astrocytes constitute approximately 30% of the cells in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). They are integral to brain and spinal-cord physiology and perform many functions important for normal neuronal development, synapse formation, and proper propagation of action potentials. We still know very little, however, about how these functions change in response to immune attack, chronic neurodegenerative disease, or acute trauma. In this review, we summarize recent studies that demonstrate that different initiating CNS injuries can elicit at least two types of "reactive" astrocytes with strikingly different properties, one type being helpful and the other harmful. We will also discuss new methods for purifying and investigating reactive-astrocyte functions and provide an overview of new markers for delineating these different states of reactive astrocytes. The discovery that astrocytes have different types of reactive states has important implications for the development of new therapies for CNS injury and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Liddelow
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Ben A Barres
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Liddelow
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5125, USA
| | - Ben A Barres
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5125, USA
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen B Stolp
- Division of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, King's College London London, UK
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Developmental Neurobiology and Neurotrauma, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia; Neurobiology, Stanford UniversityWest Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Norman R Saunders
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Developmental Neurobiology and Neurotrauma, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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46
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Liddelow SA, Dziegielewska KM, Ek CJ, Habgood MD, Bauer H, Bauer HC, Lindsay H, Wakefield MJ, Strazielle N, Kratzer I, Møllgård K, Ghersi-Egea JF, Saunders NR. Correction: Mechanisms That Determine the Internal Environment of the Developing Brain: A Transcriptomic, Functional and Ultrastructural Approach. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147680. [PMID: 26783757 PMCID: PMC4718702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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47
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Saunders NR, Dziegielewska KM, Møllgård K, Habgood MD, Wakefield MJ, Lindsay H, Stratzielle N, Ghersi-Egea JF, Liddelow SA. Influx mechanisms in the embryonic and adult rat choroid plexus: a transcriptome study. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:123. [PMID: 25972776 PMCID: PMC4412010 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptome of embryonic and adult rat lateral ventricular choroid plexus, using a combination of RNA-Sequencing and microarray data, was analyzed by functional groups of influx transporters, particularly solute carrier (SLC) transporters. RNA-Seq was performed at embryonic day (E) 15 and adult with additional data obtained at intermediate ages from microarray analysis. The largest represented functional group in the embryo was amino acid transporters (twelve) with expression levels 2–98 times greater than in the adult. In contrast, in the adult only six amino acid transporters were up-regulated compared to the embryo and at more modest enrichment levels (<5-fold enrichment above E15). In E15 plexus five glucose transporters, in particular Glut-1, and only one monocarboxylate transporter were enriched compared to the adult, whereas only two glucose transporters but six monocarboxylate transporters in the adult plexus were expressed at higher levels than in embryos. These results are compared with earlier published physiological studies of amino acid and monocarboxylate transport in developing rodents. This comparison shows correlation of high expression of some transporters in the developing brain with higher amino acid transport activity reported previously. Data for divalent metal transporters are also considered. Immunohistochemistry of several transporters (e.g., Slc16a10, a thyroid hormone transporter) gene products was carried out to confirm translational activity and to define cellular distribution of the proteins. Overall the results show that there is substantial expression of numerous influx transporters in the embryonic choroid plexus, many at higher levels than in the adult. This, together with immunohistochemical evidence and data from published physiological transport studies suggests that the choroid plexus in embryonic brain plays a major role in supplying the developing brain with essential nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman R Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark D Habgood
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew J Wakefield
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen Lindsay
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Stratzielle
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5292, Université Lyon 1 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Francois Ghersi-Egea
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5292, Université Lyon 1 Lyon, France
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia ; Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA
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48
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Abstract
Well-known as one of the main sources of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the choroid plexuses have been, and still remain, a relatively understudied tissue in neuroscience. The choroid plexus and CSF (along with the blood-brain barrier proper) are recognized to provide a robust protective effort for the brain: a physical barrier to impede entrance of toxic metabolites to the brain; a “biochemical” barrier that facilitates removal of moieties that circumvent this physical barrier; and buoyant physical protection by CSF itself. In addition, the choroid plexus-CSF system has been shown to be integral for normal brain development, central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, and repair after disease and trauma. It has been suggested to provide a stem-cell like repository for neuronal and astrocyte glial cell progenitors. By far, the most widely recognized choroid plexus role is as the site of the blood-CSF barrier, controller of the internal CNS microenvironment. Mechanisms involved combine structural diffusion restraint from tight junctions between plexus epithelial cells (physical barrier) and specific exchange mechanisms across the interface (enzymatic barrier). The current hypothesis states that early in development this interface is functional and more specific than in the adult, with differences historically termed as “immaturity” actually correctly reflecting developmental specialization. The advanced knowledge of the choroid plexus-CSF system proves itself imperative to understand a range of neurological diseases, from those caused by plexus or CSF drainage dysfunction (e.g., hydrocephalus) to more complicated late-stage diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's) and failure of CNS regeneration. This review will focus on choroid plexus development, outlining how early specializations may be exploited clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Liddelow
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University CA, USA ; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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49
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Whish S, Dziegielewska KM, Møllgård K, Noor NM, Liddelow SA, Habgood MD, Richardson SJ, Saunders NR. The inner CSF-brain barrier: developmentally controlled access to the brain via intercellular junctions. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:16. [PMID: 25729345 PMCID: PMC4325900 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult the interface between the cerebrospinal fluid and the brain is lined by the ependymal cells, which are joined by gap junctions. These intercellular connections do not provide a diffusional restrain between the two compartments. However, during development this interface, initially consisting of neuroepithelial cells and later radial glial cells, is characterized by “strap” junctions, which limit the exchange of different sized molecules between cerebrospinal fluid and the brain parenchyma. Here we provide a systematic study of permeability properties of this inner cerebrospinal fluid-brain barrier during mouse development from embryonic day, E17 until adult. Results show that at fetal stages exchange across this barrier is restricted to the smallest molecules (286Da) and the diffusional restraint is progressively removed as the brain develops. By postnatal day P20, molecules the size of plasma proteins (70 kDa) diffuse freely. Transcriptomic analysis of junctional proteins present in the cerebrospinal fluid-brain interface showed expression of adherens junctional proteins, actins, cadherins and catenins changing in a development manner consistent with the observed changes in the permeability studies. Gap junction proteins were only identified in the adult as was claudin-11. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize at the cellular level some of the adherens junctional proteins of genes identified from transcriptomic analysis. N-cadherin, β - and α-catenin immunoreactivity was detected outlining the inner CSF-brain interface from E16; most of these markers were not present in the adult ependyma. Claudin-5 was present in the apical-most part of radial glial cells and in endothelial cells in embryos, but only in endothelial cells including plexus endothelial cells in adults. Claudin-11 was only immunopositive in the adult, consistent with results obtained from transcriptomic analysis. These results provide information about physiological, molecular and morphological-related permeability changes occurring at the inner cerebrospinal fluid-brain barrier during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Whish
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natassya M Noor
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia ; Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Mark D Habgood
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Norman R Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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50
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Liddelow SA, Dzięgielewska KM, Møllgård K, Whish SC, Noor NM, Wheaton BJ, Gehwolf R, Wagner A, Traweger A, Bauer H, Bauer HC, Saunders NR. Cellular specificity of the blood-CSF barrier for albumin transfer across the choroid plexus epithelium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106592. [PMID: 25211495 PMCID: PMC4161337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To maintain the precise internal milieu of the mammalian central nervous system, well-controlled transfer of molecules from periphery into brain is required. Recently the soluble and cell-surface albumin-binding glycoprotein SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) has been implicated in albumin transport into developing brain, however the exact mechanism remains unknown. We postulate that SPARC is a docking site for albumin, mediating its uptake and transfer by choroid plexus epithelial cells from blood into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We used in vivo physiological measurements of transfer of endogenous (mouse) and exogenous (human) albumins, in situ Proximity Ligation Assay (in situ PLA), and qRT-PCR experiments to examine the cellular mechanism mediating protein transfer across the blood–CSF interface. We report that at all developmental stages mouse albumin and SPARC gave positive signals with in situ PLAs in plasma, CSF and within individual plexus cells suggesting a possible molecular interaction. In contrast, in situ PLA experiments in brain sections from mice injected with human albumin showed positive signals for human albumin in the vascular compartment that were only rarely identifiable within choroid plexus cells and only at older ages. Concentrations of both endogenous mouse albumin and exogenous (intraperitoneally injected) human albumin were estimated in plasma and CSF and expressed as CSF/plasma concentration ratios. Human albumin was not transferred through the mouse blood–CSF barrier to the same extent as endogenous mouse albumin, confirming results from in situ PLA. During postnatal development Sparc gene expression was higher in early postnatal ages than in the adult and changed in response to altered levels of albumin in blood plasma in a differential and developmentally regulated manner. Here we propose a possible cellular route and mechanism by which albumin is transferred from blood into CSF across a sub-population of specialised choroid plexus epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A. Liddelow
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sophie C. Whish
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Natassya M. Noor
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Wheaton
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Renate Gehwolf
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Wagner
- Department of Organismic Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Traweger
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hannelore Bauer
- Department of Organismic Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans-Christian Bauer
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Norman R. Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
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