Oral and genital bovine herpesviruses

Upregulation of GPNCA is associated with poor prognosis through enhancement of tumor growth via regulating GSK3B

GPNCA is a long non-coding RNA with unknown functions. In this study, using data from 9 cancers obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), GPNCA was identified as overexpressed in cancer vs. normal tissues. The upregulation of GPNCA was associated with poor overall prognosis in colon, liver, renal clear cell and breast cancers. The upregulation of GPNCA was partly due to enhanced H3K27ac occupancy on its promoter region via EP300 and KAT2A/GCN5. The overexpression of GPNCA was positively related to tumor metastasis in colon cancer and poor disease-free and recurrence-free survival in colon and liver cancer. Both gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis indicated that GPNCA was closely linked to regulation of gene transcription and post-transcriptional modifications, which was further supported by in vitro cell cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA purification assessments. Furthermore, GPNCA was associated with cell growth. Our in vitro experiments demonstrated that GPNCA silencing inhibited tumor growth via inhibiting its nearby gene GSK3B. Taken together, these findings highlight GPNCA as a biomarker for cancer diagnosis and a potential target for future cancer drug development.

Monoclonal antibodies that distinguish between encephalitogenic bovine herpesvirus type 1.3 and respiratory bovine herpesvirus type 1.1

Seven mouse hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against an encephalitogenic strain of bovine herpesvirus type 1.3 (BHV-1.3) were established. The clones producing MAb were selected to be specific for BHV-1.3 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Only L1B neutralized virus without complement. With the addition of complement, five of the MAb neutralized BHV-1.3 but not the respiratory strain BHV-1.1. The anti-BHV-1.3-specific MAb Q10B, L6G, and L1B precipitated glycoproteins from BHV-1.3 that were analogous to the gI, GIII, and gIV glycoproteins of BHV-1.1, respectively. The other four MAb precipitated unknown proteins. None of the anti-BHV-1.3 MAb precipitated BHV-1.1 glycoproteins. The majority of the anti-BHV-1.3 MAb did not react with BHV-1.1 by immunoblotting, but O7E (unknown protein pattern by radioimmunoprecipitation) was reactive with five proteins (M(r)s of 33,000, 43,000, 70,000, 141,000, and 190,000) of BHV-1.3 and with a different pattern of proteins of BHV-1.1 (M(r)s of 30,000, 38,000, 83,000 and 144,000). Two of the MAb, L6G and O7E, conjugated with peroxidase were found to be useful for detecting BHV-1.3 antigen by immunochemistry in Formalin-fixed brain tissue from experimentally infected calves.

Comparative studies of BHV-1 variants by in vivo--in vitro tests

The new encephalitogenic BHV-1.3 and previously characterized BHV-1 strains were studied with reference to their immunogenic and protective potency and their antigenic relationships using "in vitro" and "in vivo" tests. The "in vitro" results obtained by neutralization kinetics showed that the Los Angeles (LA) strain (BHV-1.1) and a vaginal isolate L-114 strain (BHV-1.2) had antigenic similarities. Conversely, the behavior of the encephalitogenic strain A-663 (BHV-1.3), was significantly distinct. The "in vivo" protection test was carried out in calves using LA and A-663 strains. Post-vaccination antibodies and challenge with A-663 strain showed that the immunogenic behavior and protective capacities of both strains were similar. Neutralization kinetics differences between BHV-1.1 and BHV-1.3 did not alter the "in vivo" protection against BHV-1.3 challenge.

Bovine herpesvirus 1: differentiation of IBR- and IPV-viruses and identification and functional role of their major immunogenic components

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) and Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis (IPV) virus strains of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) can be differentiated by restriction endonuclease digestion of their DNAs. Antigens and polypeptide patterns of isolates of these different clinical entities are almost identical. Page analysis of immunoprecipitates revealed three major immunogenic components in BHV-1 infected cells. These are glycoproteins with apparent molecular weights of 93,000 (GP93), 74,000 (GP74) and 69,000 daltons (GP69), respectively. Bovine convalescent sera and antisera, which are directed against individual precipitates derived from crossed immunoelectrophoresis, contain antibodies reacting with one or more of these glycoproteins. The experiments with these antisera demonstrate that GP74 and possibly GP93, both structural components of the BHV-1 virion, induce neutralizing antibodies, whereas GP69, a non-structural protein, does not.

A review of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, shipping fever pneumonia and viral-bacterial synergism in respiratory disease of cattle

Unanswered questions on the etiology and prevention of shipping fever pneumonia have allowed this disease to remain one of the most costly to the North American cattle industry. Research in this area has indirected that while Pasteurella haemolytica and, to a lesser extent, P. multocida are involved in most cases, they seem to require additional factors to help initiate the disease process. Bovine herpes virus 1 has been shown experimentally to be one such factor. This review examines in some detail the topics of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, shipping fever, and viral-bacterial interactions in the production of respiratory disease in various species. It deals with history, definitions, etiologies, clinical signs and lesions, and considers exposure levels, transmission and various pathogenetic mechanisms that are postulated or known to occur.

Comparison of the genomes of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis virus strains by restriction endonuclease analysis

Differences could be detected between Infections bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) virus strains by restriction enzyme analysis of their genomes.

Differentiation of strains of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus by neutralization kinetics with late 19S rabbit antibodies

Two vaccine, two respiratory (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis [IBR]), and two genital (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis [IPV]) strains of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus were compared by neutralization kinetics using late 19S antibody (AB). The two vaccine strains were indistinguishable from one another, but were neutralized far more rapidly than the other four strains when either anti-IBR or anti-IPV 19S AB was used. The two IPV strains were indistinguishable from one another, but were neutralized significantly more rapidly than the two IBR strains when anti-IBR 19S AB was used. The 2 IBR strains were neutralized at a similar rate with the latter globulin preparation. Almost identical results were obtained with anti-IPV 19S AB, except that one IPV strain was neutralized at a rate similar to the IBR strains. However, when early and late rabbit 7S AB were used, IBR strains could not be distinguished from IPV strains by neutralization kinetics. Preliminary experiments indicated that both early and late 19S rabbit antibodies neutralized the homologous strain more rapidly than the heterologous strain, but the difference was more noticeable with late 19S AB. It was also determined that neutralization of IBR-IPV virus by specific early and late 19S rabbit AB and early 7S rabbit AB was markedly enhanced by guinea pig complement. Neutralization of this virus by late 7S AB, however, was only slightly enhanced by complement. These results suggest that vaccine strains of IBR-IPV virus may be distinguished by neutralization kinetics with late 19S rabbit AB, and that genital and respiratory strains may possibly also be distinguishable with some 19S AB preparations.

Experimental feline herpesvirus infection in the pregnant cat

Intravenous inoculation of pregnant cats with feline herpesvirus produced minimal illness but resulted in abortion, intrauterine fetal death and congenital fetal infection. Placental lesions included multiple infarcts in the placental labyrinth, thrombosis of maternal vessels in the endometrium and placenta, and multifocal necrosis of the giant-cell trophoblast and endometrial epithelium in the junctional zone of the placenta associated with eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. The virus was isolated from all the placentas and uteri but from none of the fetuses aborted 6-9 days after maternal intravenous inoculation. Viral antigen was demonstrated in the uterine vessels and in the junctional zone of the placenta at this time. On postinoculation day 26, viral antigen was demonstrated in the chorioallantoic membrane on the fetal side of the placenta and in the liver of a congenitally infected fetus. Although all 4 pregnant cats inoculated intranasally with feline herpesvirus aborted, neither virus, viral antigen nor significant lesions were detected in the uteri, placentas or fetuses. Abortion after intranasal inoculation was interpreted as a nonspecific reaction secondary to the severe, debilitating upper respiratory disease that occurred.