1
|
Unity and diversity among viral kinases. Gene 2019; 723:144134. [PMID: 31589960 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Viral kinases are known to undergo autophosphorylation and also phosphorylate viral and host substrates. Viral kinases have been implicated in various diseases and are also known to acquire host kinases for mimicking cellular functions and exhibit virulence. Although substantial analyses have been reported in the literature on diversity of viral kinases, there is a gap in the understanding of sequence and structural similarity among kinases from different classes of viruses. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of protein kinases encoded in viral genomes. Homology search methods have been used to identify kinases from 104,282 viral genomic datasets. Serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases are identified only in 390 viral genomes. Out of seven viral classes that are based on nature of genetic material, only viruses having double-stranded DNA and single-stranded RNA retroviruses are found to encode kinases. The 716 identified protein kinases are classified into 63 subfamilies based on their sequence similarity within each cluster, and sequence signatures have been identified for each subfamily. 11 clusters are well represented with at least 10 members in each of these clusters. Kinases from dsDNA viruses, Phycodnaviridae which infect green algae and Herpesvirales that infect vertebrates including human, form a major group. From our analysis, it has been observed that the protein kinases in viruses belonging to same taxonomic lineages form discrete clusters and the kinases encoded in alphaherpesvirus form host-specific clusters. A comprehensive sequence and structure-based analysis enabled us to identify the conserved residues or motifs in kinase catalytic domain regions across all viral kinases. Conserved sequence regions that are specific to a particular viral kinase cluster and the kinases that show close similarity to eukaryotic kinases were identified by using sequence and three-dimensional structural regions of eukaryotic kinases as reference. The regions specific to each viral kinase cluster can be used as signatures in the future in classifying uncharacterized viral kinases. We note that kinases from giant viruses Marseilleviridae have close similarity to viral oncogenes in the functional regions and in putative substrate binding regions indicating their possible role in cancer.
Collapse
|
2
|
Mutations affecting the MA portion of the v-Abl protein reveal a conserved role of Gag in Abelson murine leukemia virus (MLV) and Moloney MLV. J Virol 2008; 82:5307-15. [PMID: 18367522 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00089-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abelson murine leukemia virus (Ab-MLV) arose from a recombination between gag sequences in Moloney MLV (Mo-MLV) and the c-abl proto-oncogene. The v-Abl oncoprotein encoded by Ab-MLV contains MA, p12, and a portion of CA sequences derived from the gag gene of Mo-MLV. Previous studies indicated that alteration of MA sequences affects the biology of Mo-MLV and Ab-MLV. To understand the role of these sequences in Ab-MLV transformation more fully, alanine substitution mutants that affect Mo-MLV replication were examined in the context of Ab-MLV. Mutations affecting Mo-MLV replication decreased transformation, while alanine mutations in residues dispensable for Mo-MLV replication did not. The altered v-Abl proteins displayed aberrant subcellular localization that correlated to transformation defects. Immunofluorescent analyses suggested that aberrant trafficking of the altered proteins and improper interaction with components of the cytoskeleton were involved in the phenotype. Similar defects in localization were observed when the Gag moiety containing these mutations was expressed in the absence of abl-derived sequences. These results indicate that MA sequences within the Gag moiety of the v-Abl protein contribute to proper localization by playing a dominant role in trafficking of the v-Abl molecule.
Collapse
|
3
|
Yi CR, Rosenberg N. Gag influences transformation by Abelson murine leukemia virus and suppresses nuclear localization of the v-Abl protein. J Virol 2007; 81:9461-8. [PMID: 17596313 PMCID: PMC1951412 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00735-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Like the v-Onc proteins encoded by many transforming retroviruses, the v-Abl protein is expressed as a Gag-Onc fusion. Although the Gag-derived myristoylation signal targets the v-Abl protein to the plasma membrane, the protein contains the entire MA and p12 sequences and a small number of CA-derived residues. To understand the role of Gag sequences in transformation, mutants lacking portions of these sequences were examined for the effects of these deletions on v-Abl function and localization. Deletion of the N-terminal third of p12 or all of p12 enhanced the transformation of both pre-B cells and NIH 3T3 cells. In contrast, deletions in MA or a deletion removing all of Gag except the first 34 amino acids important for myristoylation highly compromised the ability to transform either cell type. Although all of the mutant proteins retained kinase activity, those defective in transformation were reduced in their ability to activate Erk, suggesting a role for Gag sequences in v-Abl signaling. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that a v-Abl protein retaining only the first 34 amino acids of Gag localized to the nucleus. These data indicate that Gag sequences are important for normal v-Abl signaling and that they suppress nuclear localization of the molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Ryun Yi
- Molecular Microbiology Graduate Program, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang A, Cantor EJ, Barshevsky T, Chong S. Productive interaction of chaperones with substrate protein domains allows correct folding of the downstream GFP domain. Gene 2005; 350:25-31. [PMID: 15780997 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2004] [Revised: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been used to report protein folding by correlating solubility with fluorescence. In a GFP fusion protein, an upstream aggregation-prone domain can disrupt de novo folding of the GFP domain in Escherichia coli, resulting in a loss of fluorescence. Previously, we showed that prevention of misfolding of the upstream aggregation-prone domain by a coupled folding and binding interaction during protein synthesis restored both GFP fluorescence and solubility. Since molecular chaperones often fold nascent polypeptides through a bind-and-release interaction, the question remains whether the chaperone interaction with the upstream aggregation-prone domain enhances GFP fluorescence. Here, we demonstrate that a significant increase in GFP fluorescence occurred only when appropriate chaperones that recognized the aggregation-prone protein and helped its folding were co-expressed. A possible correlation between GFP fluorescence and the productive folding by chaperones is proposed. This study may provide a general strategy for identifying chaperones specific for difficult-to-fold proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Zhang
- New England Biolabs, Inc., 32 Tozer Road, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The twenty-first century is beginning with a sharp turn in the field of cancer therapy. Molecular targeted therapies against specific oncogenic events are now possible. The BCR-ABL story represents a notable example of how research from the fields of cytogenetics, retroviral oncology, protein phosphorylation, and small molecule chemical inhibitors can lead to the development of a successful molecular targeted therapy. Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, STI571, or CP57148B) is a direct inhibitor of ABL (ABL1), ARG (ABL2), KIT, and PDGFR tyrosine kinases. This drug has had a major impact on the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) as well as other blood neoplasias and solid tumors with etiologies based on activation of these tyrosine kinases. Analysis of CML patients resistant to BCR-ABL suppression by Imatinib mesylate coupled with the crystallographic structure of ABL complexed to this inhibitor have shown how structural mutations in ABL can circumvent an otherwise potent anticancer drug. The successes and limitations of Imatinib mesylate hold general lessons for the development of alternative molecular targeted therapies in oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Wong
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental PhD Program/UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1662, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sugiyama H, Wang Y, Jackson P, Sawyers CL, Klein G. Molecular requirements for rapid plasmacytoma and pre-B lymphoma induction by Abelson murine leukemia virus in myc-transgenic mice. Int J Cancer 1994; 58:135-41. [PMID: 8014009 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910580122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mutants and fusion products of the c-abl gene were used to define some of the molecular requirements for rapid plasmacytoma (PC) and pre-B-lymphoma induction in pristane-treated N-myc transgenic BALB/c mice. A-MuLV induced PCs in 21 of 25 mice with a mean post-pristane latency period of 46 +/- 9 days, compared to 134 +/- 25 days in controls exposed to pristane alone. delta XB, a mutant of type IV c-abl with a deletion of the SH3 domain, was equally effective in inducing PCs in 7 of 7 mice with a latency period of 49 +/- 7 days, indicating that gag sequences are not required for rapid PC induction. The delta XB delta Nar mutant that carried a large C-terminal deletion in addition showed only a negligible activity, if any, suggesting that PC acceleration requires the C-terminal domain in the same way as lymphoid transformation and in contrast to fibroblast transformation. BCR-ABL fusion constructs encoding an 185-kDa protein as in acute leukemia, or a 210-kDa protein as in chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), did not accelerate pristane-induced PC development in the N-myc transgenic mice, in contrast to their known ability to immortalize lymphoid cells in vitro. Only one of 14 non-transgenic littermates developed a pre-B lymphoma after A-MuLV infection, and none of 10 normal littermates infected with delta XB virus developed a construct-carrying tumor. This result suggests that PC acceleration is due to co-operative interaction of the N-myc transgene and activated abl. Infection of N-myc transgenic bone marrow or spleen cells with A-MuLV in vitro led to the outgrowth of pre-B lymphomas after transplantation to pristane-treated BALB/c recipients. The lymphoma-inducing activity of A-MuLV depends on its high titer, since diluted A-MuLV or the lower-titered delta XB induced only PCs under the same conditions. The v-abl, delta XB and BCR-ABL-carrying viruses generated immortalized lymphoblastoid lines in vitro, regardless of the presence of the N-myc transgene, suggesting that lymphoid transformation is a direct function of appropriate abl sequences in contrast to PC acceleration.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow/microbiology
- Bone Marrow Cells
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/physiology
- Genes, abl
- Genes, myc
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/microbiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Plasmacytoma/genetics
- Plasmacytoma/microbiology
- Precancerous Conditions/genetics
- Precancerous Conditions/microbiology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/microbiology
- Terpenes/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Sugiyama
- Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Felkner RH, Roth MJ. Mutational analysis of the N-linked glycosylation sites of the SU envelope protein of Moloney murine leukemia virus. J Virol 1992; 66:4258-64. [PMID: 1318404 PMCID: PMC241230 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.7.4258-4264.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the N-linked glycosylation sites in the major envelope glycoprotein, SU (gp70), of Moloney murine leukemia virus has been examined. By using site-specific oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, each of the seven glycan addition sites has been individually eliminated. Mutations resulting in the loss of a single glycosylation site produced, intracellularly, stable precursor SU-TM proteins which were 4 to 5 kDa smaller than the wild-type virus SU-TM protein. Mutant delta 1,4,7, a trimutant lacking three N-linked glycan addition sites, resulted in a viable, infectious virus with a stable SU-TM protein approximately 12 to 15 kDa smaller than the wild-type SU-TM protein. Five of the seven single-site mutations resulted in viable virus as judged by the release of reverse transcriptase in transient-expression assays and XC syncytium assays. Mutations at two of the sites resulted in a detectable phenotype. Virus mutated at position 2 was temperature sensitive in Rat2 cells; viable virus was produced at 32 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C. Virus mutated at position 3 was noninfectious and yielded virions lacking detectable mature SU protein. The mutation results in the block of transport of the protein to the cell surface and assembly into virion particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R H Felkner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Dentistry/Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-5635
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dobrusin EM, Fry DW. Chapter 18. Protein Tyrosine Kinases and Cancer. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
|
9
|
Hevezi P, Goff SP. Generation of recombinant murine retroviral genomes containing the v-src oncogene: isolation of a virus inducing hemangiosarcomas in the brain. J Virol 1991; 65:5333-41. [PMID: 1895387 PMCID: PMC249013 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.10.5333-5341.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of recombinant retroviral genomes was generated by cotransformation of NIH 3T3 cells with a mixture of cloned DNAs: a proviral copy of the wild-type Moloney murine leukemia virus, and Moloney-based vectors containing defective copies of the chicken v-src and the murine v-abl oncogenes. Morphologically transformed foci, appearing at low frequencies in these cultures, released high titers of transforming viruses. Analysis of one group of these viruses showed that the genomes were recombinants containing portions of the viral gag gene juxtaposed to the v-src oncogene. Biologically active cloned DNAs of two of these viruses were obtained and mapped in detail. One of these viruses did not cause disease after inoculation into newborn mice, but the other induced rapidly fatal hemangiosarcomas located exclusively in the brain.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cosmids
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Genes, Viral
- Genes, gag
- Genes, src
- Leukemia, Experimental/genetics
- Leukemia, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Moloney murine leukemia virus/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Restriction Mapping
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Hevezi
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mutational analysis of the carboxyl terminus of the Moloney murine leukemia virus integration protein. J Virol 1991; 65:2141-5. [PMID: 2002557 PMCID: PMC240092 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.4.2141-2145.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration protein (IN) is required for retrovirus DNA integration into the host DNA. The function of the C terminus of the Moloney murine leukemia virus IN protein was examined. The terminal 28 amino acids were found to be nonessential. A linker insertion at position 6025, within a 36-amino-acid insertion not found in any other retrovirus, also produced viable virus.
Collapse
|
11
|
Daley GQ, Ben-Neriah Y. Implicating the bcr/abl gene in the pathogenesis of Philadelphia chromosome-positive human leukemia. Adv Cancer Res 1991; 57:151-84. [PMID: 1950703 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60998-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Q Daley
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Engelman A, Rosenberg N. Temperature-sensitive mutants of Abelson murine leukemia virus deficient in protein tyrosine kinase activity. J Virol 1990; 64:4242-51. [PMID: 1696637 PMCID: PMC247889 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.9.4242-4251.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of two missense mutations in abl on transformation by Abelson murine leukemia virus was evaluated. These mutations led to the substitution of a histidine for Tyr-590 and a glycine for Lys-536. Both changes gave rise to strains that were temperature dependent for transformation of both NIH 3T3 cells and lymphoid cells when expressed in the context of a truncated Abelson protein. In the context of the prototype P120 v-abl protein, the Gly-536 substitution generated a host range mutant that induced conditional transformation in lymphoid cells but had only a subtle effect on NIH 3T3 cells. The combination of both substitutions gave rise to a P120 strain that was temperature sensitive for both NIH 3T3 and lymphoid cell transformation. The Abelson proteins encoded by the temperature-sensitive strain displayed in vitro kinase activities that were reduced when compared with those of wild-type proteins. In vivo, levels of phosphotyrosine were reduced only at the restrictive temperature. Analysis of cells expressing either the wild-type P160 v-abl protein or the P210 bcr/abl protein and an Abelson protein encoded by a temperature-sensitive strain failed to correct this defect, suggesting either that tyrosine phosphorylation in vivo is an intramolecular reaction or that the protein encoded by the temperature-sensitive strain is a poor substrate for tyrosine phosphorylation in vivo. These results raise the possibility that tyrosine phosphorylation of Abelson protein plays a role in transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Engelman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schwartzberg PL, Robertson EJ, Goff SP. Targeted gene disruption of the endogenous c-abl locus by homologous recombination with DNA encoding a selectable fusion protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:3210-4. [PMID: 2183226 PMCID: PMC53865 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.8.3210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have introduced a substitution mutation into the c-abl locus of murine embryonic stem cells by homologous recombination between exogenously added DNA and the endogenous gene. Model constructs were initially generated that consisted of a promoterless selectable neomycin resistance marker inserted into the v-abl gene of the complete Abelson murine leukemia virus genome, designed to be expressed either as a fusion protein or by translational restart. Tests of these viral genomes for transmission of v-abl and neo markers showed more stable coexpression in a protein fusion construct. The neo fusion was subcloned from this v-abl construct into a promoterless c-abl fragment, and the resulting DNA was used to transform embryonic stem cells. Direct screening of genomic DNAs showed that a high proportion of drug-resistant clones arose from homologous recombination into the endogenous c-abl locus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P L Schwartzberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- L Ramakrishnan
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schwartzberg PL, Goff SP, Robertson EJ. Germ-line transmission of a c-abl mutation produced by targeted gene disruption in ES cells. Science 1989; 246:799-803. [PMID: 2554496 DOI: 10.1126/science.2554496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A substitution mutation has been introduced into the c-abl locus of murine embryonic stem cells by homologous recombination between exogenously added DNA and the endogenous gene, and these cells have been used to generate chimeric mice. It is shown that the c-abl mutation was transmitted to progeny by several male chimeras. This work demonstrates the feasibility of germ-line transmission of a mutation introduced into a nonselectable autosomal gene by homologous recombination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P L Schwartzberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abelson murine leukemia virus induces platelet-derived growth factor-independent fibroblast growth: correlation with kinase activity and dissociation from full morphologic transformation. Mol Cell Biol 1989. [PMID: 2538721 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.1.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV) encodes a single protein product, a tyrosine-specific protein kinase, whose activity is necessary for cell transformation by this retrovirus. Using a defined medium culture system, we demonstrate that transformation of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts by A-MuLV abrogates their normal requirement for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) for cell growth. Analysis of constructed insertional mutant viruses revealed an absolute correlation between A-MuLV-encoded tyrosine kinase activity and PDGF-independent fibroblast growth. Sequences of the provirus not required for kinase activity appeared unnecessary for abrogating the fibroblast requirement for PDGF. Conversely, sequences required for kinase activity appeared necessary, suggesting that induction of PDGF-independent fibroblast growth, like cell transformation, is a function of this tyrosine kinase. Fibroblasts transformed by a partially transformation-defective mutant demonstrated incomplete morphological transformation but were still independent of PDGF for growth. Thus, the processes of full morphological transformation and growth factor independence can be partially dissociated.
Collapse
|
17
|
Rees-Jones RW, Goldfarb M, Goff SP. Abelson murine leukemia virus induces platelet-derived growth factor-independent fibroblast growth: correlation with kinase activity and dissociation from full morphologic transformation. Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9:278-87. [PMID: 2538721 PMCID: PMC362170 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.1.278-287.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV) encodes a single protein product, a tyrosine-specific protein kinase, whose activity is necessary for cell transformation by this retrovirus. Using a defined medium culture system, we demonstrate that transformation of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts by A-MuLV abrogates their normal requirement for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) for cell growth. Analysis of constructed insertional mutant viruses revealed an absolute correlation between A-MuLV-encoded tyrosine kinase activity and PDGF-independent fibroblast growth. Sequences of the provirus not required for kinase activity appeared unnecessary for abrogating the fibroblast requirement for PDGF. Conversely, sequences required for kinase activity appeared necessary, suggesting that induction of PDGF-independent fibroblast growth, like cell transformation, is a function of this tyrosine kinase. Fibroblasts transformed by a partially transformation-defective mutant demonstrated incomplete morphological transformation but were still independent of PDGF for growth. Thus, the processes of full morphological transformation and growth factor independence can be partially dissociated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R W Rees-Jones
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Parsons JT, Weber MJ. Genetics of src: structure and functional organization of a protein tyrosine kinase. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1989; 147:79-127. [PMID: 2482802 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-74697-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|