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Roti G, Qi J, Kitara S, Sanchez-Martin M, Saur Conway A, Varca AC, Su A, Wu L, Kung AL, Ferrando AA, Bradner JE, Stegmaier K. Leukemia-specific delivery of mutant NOTCH1 targeted therapy. J Exp Med 2017; 215:197-216. [PMID: 29158376 PMCID: PMC5748843 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NOTCH1 is an attractive cancer target, particularly in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), with activating mutations in this gene identified in more than 50% of cases. In this study, Roti et al. describe the synthesis, characterization, and validation of JQ-FT, a first-in-class NOTCH1 inhibitor that has dual selectivity for leukemia over normal cells and NOTCH1 mutants over wild-type receptors. On-target drug delivery remains a challenge in cancer precision medicine; it is difficult to deliver a targeted therapy to cancer cells without incurring toxicity to normal tissues. The SERCA (sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase) inhibitor thapsigargin inhibits mutant NOTCH1 receptors compared with wild type in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), but its administration is predicted to be toxic in humans. Leveraging the addiction of ALL to folic acid, we conjugated folate to an alcohol derivative of thapsigargin via a cleavable ester linkage. JQ-FT is recognized by folate receptors on the plasma membrane and delivered into leukemia cells as a potent antileukemic agent. In mechanistic and translational models of T-ALL, we demonstrate NOTCH1 inhibition in vitro and in vivo. These proof-of-concept studies support the further optimization of this first-in-class NOTCH1 inhibitor with dual selectivity: leukemia over normal cells and NOTCH1 mutants over wild-type receptors. Furthermore, tumor-specific disruption of Notch signaling may overcome legitimate concerns associated with the tumor suppressor function of nontargeted Notch pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Roti
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Samuel Kitara
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Amy Saur Conway
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Anthony C Varca
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Angela Su
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew L Kung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - James E Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA .,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
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2
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Dudley JP, Golovkina TV, Ross SR. Lessons Learned from Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus in Animal Models. ILAR J 2017; 57:12-23. [PMID: 27034391 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilv044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), which was discovered as a milk-transmitted, infectious, cancer-inducing agent in the 1930s, has been used as an animal model for the study of retroviral infection and transmission, antiviral immune responses, and breast cancer and lymphoma biology. The main target cells for MMTV infection in vivo are cells of the immune system and mammary epithelial cells. Although the host mounts an immune response to the virus, MMTV has evolved multiple means of evading this response. MMTV causes mammary tumors when the provirus integrates into the mammary epithelial and lymphoid cell genome during viral replication and thereby activates cellular oncogene expression. Thus, tumor induction is a by-product of the infection cycle. A number of important oncogenes have been discovered by carrying out MMTV integration site analysis, some of which may play a role in human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaquelin P Dudley
- Jaquelin P. Dudley, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Infectious Disease and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology at the University of Texas at Austin. Tatyana V. Golovkina, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology at the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois. Susan R. Ross, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology in the Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tatyana V Golovkina
- Jaquelin P. Dudley, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Infectious Disease and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology at the University of Texas at Austin. Tatyana V. Golovkina, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology at the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois. Susan R. Ross, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology in the Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan R Ross
- Jaquelin P. Dudley, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Infectious Disease and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology at the University of Texas at Austin. Tatyana V. Golovkina, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology at the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois. Susan R. Ross, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology in the Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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3
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Inactivation of Notch signaling reverses the Th17/Treg imbalance in cells from patients with immune thrombocytopenia. J Transl Med 2015; 95:157-67. [PMID: 25485537 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells, along with Th1 and Th2 cells, may contribute to the development of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). The imbalance of Th17/Treg toward Th17 cells has been shown to play a pivotal role in the peripheral immune response. Notch signaling has been implicated in peripheral T-cell activation and effector cell differentiation. However, the role of Th17/Treg in the pathogenesis of ITP and the effect of Notch signaling on Th17/Treg imbalances remain largely elusive in ITP. In vitro, we treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from ITP and healthy controls with γ-secretase inhibitor (DAPT). Th17 cells and Treg cells were measured by flow cytometry and IL-17, IL-21, and IL-10 secretion by enzyme immunoassay technique. The mRNA expression of Ntoch1, Hes1, Hey1, RORγt, and Foxp3 was investigated by RT-PCR. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined by the Cell Counting Kit-8 and apoptosis detection kit. We demonstrated that DAPT was effective in inhibiting mRNA expression of Notch signaling molecules. In untreated cultured PBMCs from ITP patients, we observed elevated Th17 cell and IL-21 levels and RORγt mRNA expression, decreased Treg cells and Foxp3 mRNA expression, and an increased ratio of Th17/Treg and RORγt/Foxp3. After inactivating Notch signal by DAPT, Th17 cells and Th17/Treg ratio were dose dependently decreased and accompanied by the reduction of IL-17 in culture supernatants and RORγt mRNA expression in ITP patients. However, no significant difference was found for Treg cells and Foxp3 mRNA expression, RORγt/Foxp3 ratio, and IL-21 and IL-10 levels after DAPT treatment in ITP patients. We also present evidence that the effect of DAPT inhibition on the Th17 cell response was associated with downregulation of RORγt and IL-17 transcription using human in vitro polarization. In conclusion, our findings highlight the importance of Notch signaling in Th17/Treg imbalances in ITP. Inactivation of Notch signaling might be a potential immunoregulatory strategy in ITP patients.
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4
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Lin W, Zhao J, Cao Z, Zhuang Q, Zheng L, Zeng J, Hong Z, Peng J. Livistona chinensis seeds inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma angiogenesis in vivo via suppression of the Notch pathway. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:1723-8. [PMID: 24573440 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Livistona chinensis seeds have been used for centuries to clinically treat various types of cancer. Our published data suggest that Livistona chinensis seeds are able to inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) growth in vitro and in vivo via promotion of mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. To further elucidate the molecular mechanisms of its antitumor activity, in the present study, we used an HCC xenograft mouse model to evaluate the effect of an ethanol extract of Livistona chinensis seeds (EELC) on tumor angiogenesis and on the activation of the Notch pathway. Intratumoral microvessel density (MVD) in HCC xenograft mouse tumors was evaluated via immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CD31. The mRNA and protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), VEGFR-2, Notch, Dll4 and Jagged1 was evaluated using RT-PCR and IHC, respectively. We found that EELC profoundly reduced MVD in the HCC mouse tumors, demonstrating the in vivo inhibitory effect of EELC on tumor angiogenesis. In addition, EELC treatment reduced the expression of VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 in tumor tissues. Furthermore, EELC treatment inhibited the expression of Notch, Dll4 and Jagged1. Our findings suggest that Livistona chinensis seeds inhibit tumor angiogenesis through suppression of the Notch pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- Academy of Integrative Medicine Biomedical Research Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Jinyan Zhao
- Academy of Integrative Medicine Biomedical Research Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyun Cao
- Academy of Integrative Medicine Biomedical Research Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Qunchuan Zhuang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine Biomedical Research Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Liangpu Zheng
- Academy of Integrative Medicine Biomedical Research Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Jianwei Zeng
- Academy of Integrative Medicine Biomedical Research Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Hong
- Academy of Integrative Medicine Biomedical Research Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Jun Peng
- Academy of Integrative Medicine Biomedical Research Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
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5
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Wang F, Xia X, Wang J, Sun Q, Luo J, Cheng B. Notch1 signaling contributes to the oncogenic effect of HBx on human hepatic cells. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 35:29-37. [PMID: 22986536 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-1048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor and hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) plays a crucial role in its pathogenesis. The Notch1 signaling pathway is involved in various malignant tumors including liver cancers and down-regulation of Notch-1 may exert anti-tumor effects. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of Notch1 by plasmid-based shRNA suppresses growth of human hepatic cells transfected with HBx through G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis inhibition, possibly linked to the promoted expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, P16, and decreased expression of apoptosis inhibitor, Bcl-2. The anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of Notch1 shRNA in HBx-transformed L02 cell may be partly mediated by down-regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) binding activities, demonstrating possible cross-talk between Notch-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways. The oncogene HBx may therefore induce malignant transformation of human hepatic cells via Notch1 pathway, indicating that Notch1 plays a crucial role in HBx-related liver cancer and could be an effective therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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6
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Jiao X, Wood LD, Lindman M, Jones S, Buckhaults P, Polyak K, Sukumar S, Carter H, Kim D, Karchin R, Sjöblom T. Somatic mutations in the Notch, NF-KB, PIK3CA, and Hedgehog pathways in human breast cancers. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2012; 51:480-9. [PMID: 22302350 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.21935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exome sequencing of human breast cancers has revealed a substantial number of candidate cancer genes with recurring but infrequent somatic mutations. To determine more accurately their mutation prevalence, we performed a mutation analysis of 36 novel candidate cancer genes in 96 human breast cancers. Somatic mutations with potential impact on protein function were observed in the genes ADAM12, CENTB1, CENTG1, DIP2C, GLI1, GRIN2D, HDLBP, IKBKB, KPNA5, NFKB1, NOTCH1, and OTOF. These findings strengthen the evidence for involvement of the Notch, Hedgehog, NF-KB, and PIK3CA pathways in breast cancer development, and point to novel processes that likely are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Jiao
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Wang F, Zhou H, Yang Y, Xia X, Sun Q, Luo J, Cheng B. Hepatitis B virus X protein promotes the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma by modulation of the Notch signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2012; 27:1170-6. [PMID: 22218807 PMCID: PMC3583435 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) plays a crucial role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), however, little is known about the mechanism. Here, we investigated the relationship between HBx and Notch signaling in HepG2 cells after they were transfected with the HBx gene. It was found that HBx upregulated the expression of Notch-1, Jagged-1 and Hes-1 at the transcriptional level by binding to the Notch-1 intracellular domain, which is congruent with the observations of enhanced malignant biological activities of HBx-transfected HepG2 cells compared with normal HepG2 cells. However, while Notch signaling was blocked, the HBx-induced abnormalities were partially reversed. These findings suggest that HBx may promote the progression of HCC via the activated Notch pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
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8
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Mutant Ikzf1, KrasG12D, and Notch1 cooperate in T lineage leukemogenesis and modulate responses to targeted agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:5106-11. [PMID: 20194733 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1001064107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice that accurately model the genetic diversity found in human cancer are valuable tools for interrogating disease mechanisms and investigating novel therapeutic strategies. We performed insertional mutagenesis with the MOL4070LTR retrovirus in Mx1-Cre, Kras(G12D) mice and generated a large cohort of T lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALLs). Molecular analysis infers that retroviral integration within Ikzf1 is an early event in leukemogenesis that precedes Kras(G12D) expression and later acquisition of somatic Notch1 mutations. Importantly, biochemical analysis uncovered unexpected heterogeneity, which suggests that Ras signaling networks are remodeled during multistep tumorigenesis. We tested tumor-derived cell lines to identify biomarkers of therapeutic response to targeted inhibitors. Whereas all T-ALLs tested were sensitive to a dual-specificity phosphoinosityl 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, biochemical evidence of Notch1 activation correlated with sensitivity to gamma-secretase inhibition. In addition, Kras(G12D) T-ALLs were more responsive to a MAP/ERK kinase inhibitor in vitro and in vivo. Together, these studies identify a genetic pathway involving Ikzf1, Kras(G12D), and Notch1 in T lineage leukemogenesis, reveal unexpected diversity in Ras-regulated signaling networks, and define biomarkers of drug responses that may inform treatment strategies.
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9
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Lee SH, Kim MH, Han HJ. Arachidonic acid potentiates hypoxia-induced VEGF expression in mouse embryonic stem cells: involvement of Notch, Wnt, and HIF-1α. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297:C207-16. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00579.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent investigations suggest that hypoxia increases the release of fatty acids, which participate in the regulation of cytokine synthesis and cell growth. Therefore, in this study, we examined the effect of arachidonic acid (AA) on hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and its related signaling pathways in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Hypoxia increased the level of [3H]AA release and VEGF expression. AA treatment concurrent with hypoxia further increased the PGE2 production and VEGF expression level, which was inhibited by the suppression of cPLA2 and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) pathways. Hypoxia increased the level of Notch-1 and Wnt-1/β-catenin expression, which was blocked by the inhibition of COX-2, and inhibition of Notch-1 by γ-secretase inhibitor blocked Wnt-1 activation. Moreover, the hypoxia-induced increase of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) expression induced Notch-1 activation and was regulated by Wnt-1 activation. The expression of each signaling molecule induced an increase in VEGF expression that was greater in hypoxia with AA than in hypoxia alone. The inhibition of VEGF expression using VEGF-targeted small interfering RNA decreased the hypoxia-induced increase in cell cycle regulatory protein expression, DNA synthesis, and cell number, suggesting that hypoxia-induced VEGF expression stimulates proliferation of mouse ES cells. In conclusion, AA potentiates hypoxia-induced VEGF expression in mouse ES cells through the Notch-1, Wnt-1, and HIF-1α pathways.
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10
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Notch1 signaling inhibits growth of EC109 esophageal carcinoma cells through downmodulation of HPV18 E6/E7 gene expression. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:153-8. [PMID: 19122673 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2008.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of the Notch1 signaling pathway in growth arrest of an esophageal carcinoma cell line (EC109) in vitro and the mechanism involved. METHODS An intracellular domain of Notch1 (ICN) was transfected into cultured EC109 cells by lipofectamine transfection. Subsequently, the proliferation of the transfected cells was measured by an MTT assay. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry. Human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV18) E6/E7 mRNA expression was detected by RT-PCR, and p53 protein expression was detected by Western blot. RESULTS Activation of Notch1 signaling resulted in inhibition of EC109 cell proliferation with the induction of G(2)/M arrest, downmodulation of HPV18 E6/E7 gene expression, and upregulation of p53 expression. CONCLUSION Repression of HPV18 E6/E7 expression by Notch1 signaling results in the activation of p53-mediated pathways with concomitant growth suppression of HPV18-positive EC109 cells.
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11
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Ross SR. MMTV infectious cycle and the contribution of virus-encoded proteins to transformation of mammary tissue. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2008; 13:299-307. [PMID: 18661104 PMCID: PMC2715138 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-008-9090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse mammary tumor virus has served as a major model for the study of breast cancer since its discovery 1920's as a milk-transmitted agent. Much is known about in vivo infection by this virus, which initially occurs in lymphocytes that then carry virus to mammary tissue. In addition to the virion proteins, MMTV encodes a number of accessory proteins that facilitate high level in vivo infection. High level infection of lymphoid and mammary epithelial cells ensures efficient passage of virus to the next generation. Since MMTV causes mammary tumors by insertional activation of oncogenes, which is thought to be a stochastic process, mammary epithelial cell transformation is a by-product of the infectious cycle. The envelope protein may also participate in transformation. Although there have been several reports of a similar virus in human breast cancer, the existence of a human MTV has not been definitely established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Ross
- Department of Microbiology/Abramson Family Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 1914, USA.
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12
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Cobellis L, Caprio F, Trabucco E, Mastrogiacomo A, Coppola G, Manente L, Colacurci N, De Falco M, De Luca A. The pattern of expression of Notch protein members in normal and pathological endometrium. J Anat 2008; 213:464-72. [PMID: 18691378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the pattern of expression and the localization of Notch-1, Notch-4 and Jagged-1 in physiological and pathological human endometrium and to evaluate the expression levels of two major regulators of the G1 checkpoint, namely cyclin D1 and p21. Sixty samples of physiological endometrium and 60 samples of pathological endometrium were used for the study. Evaluation of the expression level and the distribution of Notch pathway members and cell-cycle proteins was performed by immunohistochemistry. In the physiological endometrium we observed an increase of Notch-1 and Jagged-1 from proliferative to secretory phase and an opposite trend for Notch-4. In menopause, the level of expression of all three members of the Notch pathway decreased. We also observed a cyclin D1 increase from proliferative to secretory phase. By contrast, p21 showed a slight increase from proliferative to secretory phase. In the pathological endometrium, we observed an increase of Notch-1 expression from polyps to carcinoma and decrease for Notch-4 and Jagged-1. Moreover, we observed a higher expression of cyclin D1 in all the endometrial pathologies. By contrast, the expression level of p21 slightly increased from polyps to carcinoma. We concluded that in human endometrium Notch-4 seems to be more involved in controlling proliferation, whereas Notch-1 seems to be more involved in differentiation programming. Deregulation of these functions may induce the onset of several endometrial pathologies from polyps to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Cobellis
- Department of Gynaecology, Obstetric and Reproductive Science, Second University of Studies of Naples, Naples, Italy
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13
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Touw IP, Erkeland SJ. Retroviral insertion mutagenesis in mice as a comparative oncogenomics tool to identify disease genes in human leukemia. Mol Ther 2008; 15:13-9. [PMID: 17164770 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviral insertion mutagenesis has recently received much attention because of its adverse effects in the application of retroviral vector-based gene therapy, resulting in leukemia in certain patients. At the same time, retroviral mutagenesis in mice is being considered a powerful forward genetic strategy to identify disease genes involved in cancer. The publication of the mouse genome sequence and the development of high-throughput genomic approaches have given a further boost to this rapidly evolving field. The increasing numbers of new potential oncogenes identified in retroviral screens have given a valuable basis for a better understanding of cancer related pathways in mice. Important challenges that now lie ahead of us are (i) to determine the relevance and causal relationship of these genes with various types of human cancer (ii) to develop strategies to identify tumor suppressor genes on a large scale, (iii) to place the disease genes into regulatory networks to better understand their role in the complex pathogenesis of cancer, and (iv) to determine their value for diagnosis refinement and therapeutic target intervention in human disease. In this review, we will give a brief update of the current state-of-the-art and thoughts concerning these issues. We will specifically focus on the value of employing retroviral insertion mutagenesis in mice and gene expression profiling in man in the context of acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo P Touw
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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14
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Fasseu M, Aplan PD, Chopin M, Boissel N, Bories JC, Soulier J, von Boehmer H, Sigaux F, Regnault A. p16INK4A tumor suppressor gene expression and CD3epsilon deficiency but not pre-TCR deficiency inhibit TAL1-linked T-lineage leukemogenesis. Blood 2007; 110:2610-9. [PMID: 17507663 PMCID: PMC1988920 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-01-066209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the CDKN2 genes that encode the p16(INK4A) and p14(ARF) proteins occurs in the majority of human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALLs). Ectopic expression of TAL1 and LMO1 genes is linked to the development of T-ALL in humans. In TAL1xLMO1 mice, leukemia develops in 100% of mice at 5 months. To identify the molecular events crucial to leukemic transformation, we produced several mouse models. We report here that expression of P16(INK4A) in developing TAL1xLMO1 thymocytes blocks leukemogenesis in the majority of the mice, and the leukemias that eventually develop show P16(INK4A) loss of expression. Events related to the T-cell receptor beta selection process are thought to be important for leukemic transformation. We show here that the absence of the pTalpha chain only slightly delays the appearance of TAL1xLMO1-induced T-ALL, which indicates a minor role of the pTalpha chain. We also show that the CD3epsilon-mediated signal transduction pathway is essential for this transformation process, since the TAL1xLMO1xCD3epsilon-deficient mice do not develop T-ALL for up to 1 year.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cyclin D3
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/metabolism
- Cyclins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- LIM Domain Proteins
- Leukemia/genetics
- Leukemia/metabolism
- Leukemia/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptor, Notch1/genetics
- Receptor, Notch1/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Survival Rate
- T-Cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Protein 1
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Fasseu
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U462, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Banerjee S, Li Y, Sarkar FH. Notch-1 down-regulation by curcumin is associated with the inhibition of cell growth and the induction of apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer 2006; 106:2503-13. [PMID: 16628653 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Notch signaling plays a critical role in maintaining the balance between cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, and thereby may contribute to the development of pancreatic cancer. Therefore, the down-regulation of Notch signaling may be a novel approach for pancreatic cancer therapy. It has been reported that curcumin down-regulates many genes that are known to promote survival and also up-regulates genes that are known promoters of apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. It also has been reported that there is cross-talk between Notch-1 and another major cell growth and apoptotic regulatory pathway, the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway, which is down-regulated by both curcumin and reduction of Notch-1 levels. However, to the authors' knowledge to date, no studies have determined whether the down-regulation of Notch-1 signaling, resulting in the inactivation of NF-kappaB activity, contributes to curcumin-induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. METHODS The authors used multiple molecular approaches, such as the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, an apoptosis assay, gene transfection, real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis, Western blot analysis, and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay to measure the DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB. RESULTS Curcumin inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Notch-1, Hes-1, and Bcl-XL expression levels concomitantly were down-regulated by curcumin treatment. These results correlated with the inactivation of NF-kappaB activity and increased apoptosis induced by curcumin. The down-regulation of Notch-1 by small-interfering RNA prior to curcumin treatment resulted in enhanced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The current results provide the first demonstration to the authors' knowledge that the Notch-1 signaling pathway is associated mechanistically with NF-kappaB activity during curcumin-induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis of pancreatic cells. These results suggest that the down-regulation of Notch signaling by curcumin may be a novel strategy for the treatment of patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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16
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Li Y, Banerjee S, Liao J, Sarkar FH. Down-regulation of Notch-1 contributes to cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:483-93. [PMID: 16546962 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Notch signaling plays a critical role in maintaining the balance among cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, and thereby may contribute to the development of pancreatic cancer. To characterize Notch pathway function in pancreatic cancer cells, we explored the consequences of down-regulation of Notch-1 in BxPC-3, HPAC, and PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells. Using multiple cellular and molecular approaches such as 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, apoptosis assay, flow cytometry, gene transfection, real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), Western blotting, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay for measuring DNA binding activity of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), we found that down-regulation of Notch-1 inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Notch-1 down-regulation also increased cell population in the G(0)-G(1) phase. Compared with control, small interfering RNA-transfected cells decreased expression of cyclin A, cyclin D1, and cyclin-dependent kinase 2. We found up-regulation of p21 and p27, which was correlated with the cell cycle changes. In addition, Notch-1 down-regulation also induced apoptosis, which could be due to decreased Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) protein expression in pancreatic cancer cells. Because Notch-1 is known to cross-talk with another major cell growth and apoptotic regulatory pathway (i.e., NF-kappaB), we found that NF-kappaB is a downstream target of Notch because down-regulation of Notch reduced NF-kappaB activity. We also found that genistein, a prominent isoflavone, could be an active agent for the down-regulation of the Notch pathway. These findings suggest that Notch-1 down-regulation, especially by genistein, could be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 9374 Scott Hall, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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17
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Wang Z, Banerjee S, Li Y, Rahman KMW, Zhang Y, Sarkar FH. Down-regulation of notch-1 inhibits invasion by inactivation of nuclear factor-kappaB, vascular endothelial growth factor, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Res 2006; 66:2778-84. [PMID: 16510599 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and progression of human malignancies but the precise role and mechanism of Notch-1 for tumor invasion remains unclear. In our earlier report, we showed that down-regulation of Notch-1 reduced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) DNA-binding activity and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression. Because NF-kappaB, VEGF, and MMPs are critically involved in the processes of tumor cell invasion and metastasis, we investigated the role and mechanism(s) by which Notch-1 down-regulation (using molecular approaches) may lead to the down-regulation of NF-kappaB, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and MMP-9, thereby inhibiting invasion of pancreatic cancer cells through Matrigel. We found that the down-regulation of Notch-1 by small interfering RNA decreased cell invasion, whereas Notch-1 overexpression by cDNA transfection led to increased tumor cell invasion. Consistent with these results, we found that the down-regulation of Notch-1 reduced NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity and VEGF expression. Down-regulation of Notch-1 also decreased not only MMP-9 mRNA and its protein expression but also inactivated the pro-MMP-9 protein to its active form. Taken together, we conclude that the down-regulation of Notch-1 could be an effective approach for the down-regulation and inactivation of NF-kappaB and its target genes, such as MMP-9 and VEGF expression, resulting in the inhibition of invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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18
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Banerjee S, Li Y, Sarkar FH. Inhibition of nuclear factor kappab activity by genistein is mediated via Notch-1 signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:1930-6. [PMID: 16284950 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains the fourth most common cause of cancer related death in the United States. Therefore, novel strategies for the prevention and treatment are urgently needed. Genistein is a prominent isoflavonoid found in soy products and has been proposed to be responsible for lowering the rate of pancreatic cancer in Asians. However, the molecular mechanism(s) by which genistein elicits its effects on pancreatic cancer cells has not been fully elucidated. We have previously shown that genistein induces apoptosis and inhibits the activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway. Moreover, Notch signaling is known to play a critical role in maintaining the balance between cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, and thereby may contribute to the development of pancreatic cancer. Hence, in our study, we investigated whether there is any cross talk between Notch and NF-kappaB during genistein-induced apoptosis in BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells. We used multiple cellular and molecular approaches such as MTT assay, apoptosis assay, gene transfection, Western blotting and EMSA for measuring DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB. We found that genistein inhibits cell growth and induces apoptotic processes in BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells. This was partly due to inhibition of Notch-1 activity. BxPC-3 cells transfected with Notch-1 cDNA showed induction of NF-kappaB activity, and this was inhibited by genistein treatment. From these results, we conclude that the inhibition of Notch-1 and NF-kappaB activity and their cross talk provides a novel mechanism by which genistein inhibits cell growth and induces apoptotic processes in pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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19
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Landais S, Quantin R, Rassart E. Radiation leukemia virus common integration at the Kis2 locus: simultaneous overexpression of a novel noncoding RNA and of the proximal Phf6 gene. J Virol 2005; 79:11443-56. [PMID: 16103195 PMCID: PMC1193593 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.17.11443-11456.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviral tagging has been used extensively and successfully to identify genes implicated in cancer pathways. In order to find oncogenes implicated in T-cell leukemia, we used the highly leukemogenic radiation leukemia retrovirus VL3 (RadLV/VL3). We applied the inverted PCR technique to isolate and analyze sequences flanking proviral integrations in RadLV/VL3-induced T lymphomas. We found retroviral integrations in c-myc and Pim1 as already reported but we also identified for the first time Notch1 as a RadLV common integration site. More interestingly, we found a new RadLV common integration site that is situated on mouse chromosome X (XA4 region, bp 45091000). This site has also been reported as an SL3-3 and Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site, which strengthens its implication in murine leukemia virus-induced T lymphomas. This locus, named Kis2 (Kaplan Integration Site 2), was found rearranged in 11% of the tumors analyzed. In this article, we report not only the alteration of the Kis2 gene located nearby in response to RadLV integration but also the induction of the expression of Phf6, situated about 250 kbp from the integration site. The Kis2 gene encodes five different alternatively spliced noncoding RNAs and the Phf6 gene codes for a 365-amino-acid protein which contains two plant homology domain fingers, recently implicated in the Börjeson-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome in humans. With the recent release of the mouse genome sequence, high-throughput retroviral tagging emerges as a powerful tool in the quest for oncogenes. It also allows the analysis of large DNA regions surrounding the integration locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Landais
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada
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20
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O'Neil J, Calvo J, McKenna K, Krishnamoorthy V, Aster JC, Bassing CH, Alt FW, Kelliher M, Look AT. Activating Notch1 mutations in mouse models of T-ALL. Blood 2005; 107:781-5. [PMID: 16166587 PMCID: PMC1895623 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-06-2553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that most patients with T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (T-ALL) have activating mutations in NOTCH1. We sought to determine whether these mutations are also acquired in mouse models of T-ALL. We sequenced the heterodimerization domain and the PEST domain of Notch1 in our mouse model of TAL1-induced leukemia and found that 74% of the tumors harbor activating mutations in Notch1. Cell lines derived from these tumors undergo G(0)/G(1) arrest and apoptosis when treated with a gamma-secretase inhibitor. In addition, we found activating Notch1 mutations in 31% of thymic lymphomas that occur in mice deficient for various combinations of the H2AX, Tp53, and Rag2 genes. Thus, Notch1 mutations are often acquired as a part of the molecular pathogenesis of T-ALLs that develop in mice with known predisposing genetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer O'Neil
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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21
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Hoch-Marchaim H, Weiss AM, Bar-Sinai A, Fromer M, Adermann K, Hochman J. The leader peptide of MMTV Env precursor localizes to the nucleoli in MMTV-derived T cell lymphomas and interacts with nucleolar protein B23. Virology 2003; 313:22-32. [PMID: 12951018 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described two nucleolar proteins, named p14 and p21, in MMTV-induced T cell lymphomas. These proteins were identified by a monoclonal antibody (M-66) generated from a nontumorigenic, immunogenic variant of S49 T cell lymphoma. While p14 was common to several MMTV-derived T cell lymphomas, p21 was found only in highly tumorigenic variants of S49 cells. Here we report that p14 is the leader peptide of the MMTV env precursor. The epitope recognized by M-66 contains a putative nuclear localization signal. Actinomycin D was found to induce redistribution of p14/p21 from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm. p14 coimmunoprecipitated and colocalized with the cellular protein, B23. Association with B23 has been previously reported for other auxiliary nucleolar retroviral proteins, such as Rev (HIV) and Rex (HTLV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Hoch-Marchaim
- Department of Cell and Animal Biology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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22
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Tsuji H, Ishii-Ohba H, Ukai H, Katsube T, Ogiu T. Radiation-induced deletions in the 5' end region of Notch1 lead to the formation of truncated proteins and are involved in the development of mouse thymic lymphomas. Carcinogenesis 2003; 24:1257-68. [PMID: 12807718 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgg071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch1 protein is a transmembrane receptor that directs various cell fate decisions. Active forms of Notch1 consisting of a transmembrane domain and an intracellular domain (Notch1TM) or only an intracellular domain (Notch1IC) function as oncoproteins. To elucidate the effect of Notch1 abnormalities in radiation-induced lymphomagenesis, we determined the structure of the Notch1 gene and examined the frequency and the sites of Notch1 rearrangements in radiation-induced mouse thymic lymphomas. The Notch1 gene consists of 37 exons, including three exons upstream of the previously reported exon 1. The transcript starting from exon 1 was the major transcript whereas the transcripts read upstream from exon 1a, in which amino acid sequences in the N-terminal region were changed, were minor. More than 50% of radiation-induced thymic lymphomas exhibited Notch1 rearrangements, suggesting that Notch1 acts as a major oncogene in radiation-induced lymphomagenesis. We identified three rearranged sites: novel sites in the 5' end region encompassing exons 1 and 2, the previously identified juxtamembrane extracellular region, and the 3' end region. The 5' deletion and the insertion of murine leukemia virus in the juxtamembrane region led to the production of abnormal transcripts starting from cryptic transcription start sites located halfway through the Notch1 gene and resulted in transcripts lacking most of the extracellular domain. As a result of these rearrangements, truncated Notch1 polypeptides resembling Notch1TM or Notch1IC were formed. In contrast, the 3' deletion led to the production of a C-terminal PEST motif-deleted transcript. The downstream target gene Hes1 was transcribed in a lymphoma with insertion of murine leukemia virus, but not in a lymphoma with a 5' deletion. These results indicate that in addition to Hes1 expression, other Notch1 pathway(s) have a role in thymic lymphomagenesis and suggest the presence of a novel mechanism for oncogenic activation of Notch1 by 5' deletion.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- DNA/radiation effects
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Rearrangement/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins
- Lymphoma/genetics
- Lymphoma/virology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Morphogenesis
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/chemistry
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Receptor, Notch1
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Thymus Neoplasms/genetics
- Thymus Neoplasms/virology
- Transcription Factor HES-1
- Transcription Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Tsuji
- Low Dose Radiation Effects Research Project Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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23
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Abstract
Retroviral integrations have been used for many years to identify genes involved in cancer. The recently published mouse genome sequence has allowed large-scale identification of potential human cancer genes and their classification into distinct signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaquelin P Dudley
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78705, USA.
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24
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Kim R, Trubetskoy A, Suzuki T, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Lenz J. Genome-based identification of cancer genes by proviral tagging in mouse retrovirus-induced T-cell lymphomas. J Virol 2003; 77:2056-62. [PMID: 12525640 PMCID: PMC140962 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.3.2056-2062.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2002] [Accepted: 10/19/2002] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of tumor-inducing genes is a driving force for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer. Many retroviruses induce tumors by insertion of viral DNA adjacent to cellular oncogenes, resulting in altered expression and/or structure of the encoded proteins. The availability of the mouse genome sequence now allows analysis of retroviral common integration sites in murine tumors to be used as a genetic screen for identification of large numbers of candidate cancer genes. By positioning the sequences of inverse PCR-amplified, virus-host junction fragments within the mouse genome, 19 target genes were identified in T-cell lymphomas induced by the retrovirus SL3-3. The candidate cancer genes included transcription factors (Fos, Gfi1, Lef1, Myb, Myc, Runx3, and Sox3), all three D cyclins, Ras signaling pathway components (Rras2/TC21 and Rasgrp1), and Cmkbr7/CCR7. The most frequent target was Rras2. Insertions as far as 57 kb away from the transcribed portion were associated with substantially increased transcription of Rras2, and no coding sequence mutations, including those typically involved in Ras activation, were detected. These studies demonstrate the power of genome-based analysis of retroviral insertion sites for cancer gene discovery, identify several new genes worth examining for a role in human cancer, and implicate the pathways in which those genes act in lymphomagenesis. They also provide strong genetic evidence that overexpression of unmutated Rras2 contributes to tumorigenesis, thus suggesting that it may also do so if it is inappropriately expressed in human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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25
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Brennan K, Brown AMC. Is there a role for Notch signalling in human breast cancer? Breast Cancer Res 2003; 5:69-75. [PMID: 12631384 PMCID: PMC154142 DOI: 10.1186/bcr559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2002] [Revised: 10/29/2002] [Accepted: 11/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant Notch signalling has been observed in several human cancers, including acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukaemia and cervical cancer, and is strongly implicated in tumourigenesis. Unregulated Notch signalling in the mouse mammary gland leads to tumour formation. These results raise the possibility that Notch signalling might play a role in human breast cancer. There are currently few reports that address this question directly and this appears to be an area worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Brennan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
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Hwang HC, Martins CP, Bronkhorst Y, Randel E, Berns A, Fero M, Clurman BE. Identification of oncogenes collaborating with p27Kip1 loss by insertional mutagenesis and high-throughput insertion site analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:11293-8. [PMID: 12151601 PMCID: PMC123250 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.162356099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2002] [Accepted: 06/14/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The p27(Kip1) protein is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that blocks cell division in response to antimitogenic cues. p27 expression is reduced in many human cancers, and p27 functions as a tumor suppressor that exhibits haploinsufficiency in mice. Despite the well characterized role of p27 as a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, its mechanism of tumor suppression is unknown. We used Moloney murine leukemia virus to induce lymphomas in p27+/+ and p27-/- mice and observed that lymphomagenesis was accelerated in the p27-/- animals. To identify candidate oncogenes that collaborate with p27 loss, we used a high-throughput strategy to sequence 277 viral insertion sites derived from two distinct sets of p27-/- lymphomas and determined their chromosomal location by comparison with the Celera and public (Ensembl) mouse genome databases. This analysis identified a remarkable number of putative protooncogenes in these lymphomas, which included loci that were novel as well as those that were overrepresented in p27-/- tumors. We found that Myc activations occurred more frequently in p27-/- lymphomas than in p27+/+ tumors. We also characterized insertions within two novel loci: (i) the Jun dimerization protein 2 gene (Jundp2), and (ii) an X-linked locus termed Xpcl1. Each of the loci that we found to be frequently involved in p27-/- lymphomas represents a candidate oncogene collaborating with p27 loss. This study illustrates the power of high-throughput insertion site analysis in cancer gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C Hwang
- Division of Clinical Research and Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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27
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Abstract
Signaling through Notch has been implicated in many cell-fate decisions during lymphocyte development. Recent studies have provided new clues--and raised new controversies--regarding the exact role that Notch signaling plays in the commitment of cells to the T-cell lineage. Progress has also been made in deducing the transcriptional program induced by Notch and the mechanism of oncogenic transformation by Notch in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Anderson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 471 Life Science Addition, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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