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Locascio LE, Donoghue DJ. KIDs rule: regulatory phosphorylation of RTKs. Trends Biochem Sci 2013; 38:75-84. [PMID: 23312584 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are mediators of multiple cell signaling networks linked to cell growth and differentiation. In general, they exhibit similar overall structure with a ligand-binding extracellular domain and a conserved intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. In many RTKs, the kinase domain is interrupted by a sequence known as the kinase insert domain (KID). In addition to phosphorylation sites within the kinase domain, regulatory phosphorylation also occurs within the KID of several RTKs important in human health and disease. Phosphorylation of specific Tyr or Ser residues within the KID of some RTKs triggers distinct cellular signaling outcomes. Here, we review the functionality of KIDs throughout all RTK families, and provide justification for further study of this often-overlooked domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Locascio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, USA
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2
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Wouters V, Limaye N, Uebelhoer M, Irrthum A, Boon LM, Mulliken JB, Enjolras O, Baselga E, Berg J, Dompmartin A, Ivarsson SA, Kangesu L, Lacassie Y, Murphy J, Teebi AS, Penington A, Rieu P, Vikkula M. Hereditary cutaneomucosal venous malformations are caused by TIE2 mutations with widely variable hyper-phosphorylating effects. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18:414-20. [PMID: 19888299 PMCID: PMC2841708 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the angiopoietin receptor TIE2/TEK have been identified as the cause for autosomal dominantly inherited cutaneomucosal venous malformation (VMCM). Thus far, two specific germline substitutions (R849W and Y897S), located in the kinase domain of TIE2, have been reported in five families. The mutations result in a fourfold increase in ligand-independent phosphorylation of the receptor. Here, we report 12 new families with TEK mutations. Although the phenotype is primarily characterized by small multifocal cutaneous vascular malformations, many affected members also have mucosal lesions. In addition, cardiac malformations are observed in some families. Six of the identified mutations are new, with three located in the tyrosine kinase domain, two in the kinase insert domain, and another in the carboxy terminal tail. The remaining six are R849W substitutions. Overexpression of the new mutants resulted in ligand-independent hyperphosphorylation of the receptor, suggesting this is a general feature of VMCM-causative TIE2 mutations. Moreover, variation in the level of activation demonstrates, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, that widely differing levels of chronic TIE2 hyperphosphorylation are tolerated in the heterozygous state, and are compatible with normal endothelial cell function except in the context of highly localized areas of lesion pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinciane Wouters
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nisha Limaye
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Melanie Uebelhoer
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Irrthum
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence M Boon
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Vascular Anomalies, Division of Plastic Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - John B Mulliken
- Vascular Anomalies Center, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Odile Enjolras
- Consultation des Angiomes, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | | | - Jonathan Berg
- Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, GKT School of Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | - Loshan Kangesu
- The St-Andrews Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Essex Hospital, UK
| | - Yves Lacassie
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, LSU Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jill Murphy
- Hospital for Sick Children, Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ahmad S Teebi
- Hospital for Sick Children, Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anthony Penington
- Department of Surgery, St-Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Rieu
- Kinderchirurgie, UMC, St-Rabdoud, University of Nijmegen, Holland
| | - Miikka Vikkula
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Gupta
- Section of Gene Function and Regulation, The Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK.
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4
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Raj S, Kanakaraj P, Khan SA, Bishayee S. Type-specific antibodies to the platelet-derived growth factor receptors: role in elucidating the structural and functional characteristics of receptor types. Biochemistry 2002; 31:1774-9. [PMID: 1371072 DOI: 10.1021/bi00121a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two types of platelet-derived growth factor receptors have been cloned and sequenced. Both are glycoproteins with similar molecular weights. We have earlier established the ligand binding specificity, ligand-induced dimerization, and kinase activation of these two receptor types [Bishayee et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 11699-11705; Kanakaraj et al. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 1761-1767]. In the present studies, we have investigated the biosynthesis, processing, and glycosylation of the alpha-receptor and compared its structural and functional characteristics to those of the beta-receptor. Unlike an anti-peptide antibody, AbP2 (amino acid residues 964-979), to the human beta-receptor which detects a phosphorylation-specific conformation of the receptor, an antibody, AbP alpha 2 (amino acid residues 956-971), to the corresponding region of the human alpha-receptor failed to do so. However, our studies revealed that the stability of the alpha-receptor is comparable to that of the beta-receptor. In addition, N-linked glycosylation of the alpha-receptor, like that of the beta-receptor, is not important in kinase activation. We have exploited the lack of an effect of N-linked oligosaccharides on the functioning of the alpha-receptor to develop a simple and rapid method for direct demonstration of ligand-induced noncovalently linked alpha-beta-receptor heterodimer formation. This method is based on the interaction between functionally active short and the long forms of two receptor types which can be resolved by denaturing gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Raj
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, New Jersey 08103
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5
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Ekman S, Kallin A, Engström U, Heldin CH, Rönnstrand L. SHP-2 is involved in heterodimer specific loss of phosphorylation of Tyr771 in the PDGF beta-receptor. Oncogene 2002; 21:1870-5. [PMID: 11896619 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2001] [Revised: 11/19/2001] [Accepted: 11/28/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the binding site for GTPase activating protein of Ras (RasGAP) in the PDGF beta-receptor, Tyr771, is phosphorylated to a much lower extent in the heterodimeric configuration of PDGF alpha- and beta-receptors, compared to the PDGF beta-receptor homodimer. The decreased recruitment of the RasGAP to the receptor leads to prolonged activation of the Ras/MAP kinase pathway, which could explain the increase in mitogenicity seen upon induction of heterodimers. The molecular mechanism underlying these differences was investigated. We could show that the loss of phosphorylation of Tyr771 was dependent on presence of intact binding sites for the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 on the PDGF beta-receptor. Thus, in PDGF receptor mutants in which binding of SHP-2 was lost, a higher degree of phosphorylation of Tyr771 was seen, while other phosphorylation sites in the receptor remained virtually unaffected. Thus, SHP-2 appears to play an important role in modulating phosphorylation of Y771, thereby controlling RasGAP recruitment and Ras/MAP kinase signaling in the heterodimeric configuration of the PDGF receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ekman
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Biomedical Center, Box 595, S-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Shewchuk LM, Hassell AM, Ellis B, Holmes WD, Davis R, Horne EL, Kadwell SH, McKee DD, Moore JT. Structure of the Tie2 RTK domain: self-inhibition by the nucleotide binding loop, activation loop, and C-terminal tail. Structure 2000; 8:1105-13. [PMID: 11080633 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(00)00516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis, the formation of new vessels from the existing vasculature, is a critical process during early development as well as in a number of disease processes. Tie2 (also known as Tek) is an endothelium-specific receptor tyrosine kinase involved in both angiogenesis and vasculature maintenance. RESULTS We have determined the crystal structure of the Tie2 kinase domain to 2.2 A resolution. The structure contains the catalytic core, the kinase insert domain (KID), and the C-terminal tail. The overall fold is similar to that observed in other serine/threonine and tyrosine kinase structures; however, several unique features distinguish the Tie2 structure from those of other kinases. The Tie2 nucleotide binding loop is in an inhibitory conformation, which is not seen in other kinase structures, while its activation loop adopts an "activated-like" conformation in the absence of phosphorylation. Tyr-897, located in the N-terminal domain, may negatively regulate the activity of Tie2 by preventing dimerization of the kinase domains or by recruiting phosphatases when it is phosphorylated. CONCLUSION Regulation of the kinase activity of Tie2 is a complex process. Conformational changes in the nucleotide binding loop, activation loop, C helix, and the C-terminal tail are required for ATP and substrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Shewchuk
- Glaxo Wellcome , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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7
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McTigue MA, Wickersham JA, Pinko C, Showalter RE, Parast CV, Tempczyk-Russell A, Gehring MR, Mroczkowski B, Kan CC, Villafranca JE, Appelt K. Crystal structure of the kinase domain of human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2: a key enzyme in angiogenesis. Structure 1999; 7:319-30. [PMID: 10368301 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(99)80042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis is involved in tumor growth, macular degeneration, retinopathy and other diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates angiogenesis by binding to specific receptors (VEGFRs) on the surface of vascular endothelial cells. VEGFRs are receptor tyrosine kinases that, like the platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs), contain a large insert within the kinase domain. RESULTS We report here the generation, kinetic characterization, and 2.4 A crystal structure of the catalytic kinase domain of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2). This protein construct, which lacks 50 central residues of the 68-residue kinase insert domain (KID), has comparable kinase activity to constructs containing the entire KID. The crystal structure, determined in an unliganded phosphorylated state, reveals an overall fold and catalytic residue positions similar to those observed in other tyrosine-kinase structures. The kinase activation loop, autophosphorylated on Y1059 prior to crystallization, is mostly disordered; however, a portion of it occupies a position inhibitory to substrate binding. The ends of the KID form a beta-like structure, not observed in other known tyrosine kinase structures, that packs near to the kinase C terminus. CONCLUSIONS The majority of the VEGFR2 KID residues are not necessary for kinase activity. The unique structure observed for the ends of the KID may also occur in other PDGFR family members and may serve to properly orient the KID for signal transduction. This VEGFR2 kinase structure provides a target for design of selective anti-angiogenic therapeutic agents.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Catalytic Domain
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Growth Substances/chemistry
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Folding
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Receptors, Growth Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Growth Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Substrate Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- M A McTigue
- Agouron Pharmaceuticals, 3565 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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8
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Rosenkranz S, Kazlauskas A. Evidence for distinct signaling properties and biological responses induced by the PDGF receptor alpha and beta subtypes. Growth Factors 1999; 16:201-16. [PMID: 10372961 DOI: 10.3109/08977199909002130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) acts as a potent mitogen, chemoattractant and survival factor for mesenchymal cells. In addition to its importance in mammalian development, PDGF plays a critical role in physiological repair mechanisms and in the pathogenesis of various proliferative diseases. The biological effects of PDGF are initiated via two related receptor tyrosine kinases, termed alpha and betaPDGF receptors. Recent observations provide increasing evidence for distinct roles of the two PDGF receptor subtypes in both embryogenesis and disease formation. Moreover, characterization of the signal relay mechanisms indicates, that the alpha and betaPDGF receptors are not identical in their ability to bind intracellular effector molecules. Furthermore, the two PDGF receptors initiate overlapping, yet distinct signal transduction pathways. These differences may account for some of the variabilities in biological responses resulting from activation of these two receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rosenkranz
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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9
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Bilder GE, Rojas CJ. Inhibitors of the Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3466.1996.tb00320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Majack RA, Grieshaber NA, Cook CL, Weiser MC, McFall RC, Grieshaber SS, Reidy MA, Reilly CF. Smooth muscle cells isolated from the neointima after vascular injury exhibit altered responses to platelet-derived growth factor and other stimuli. J Cell Physiol 1996; 167:106-12. [PMID: 8698827 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199604)167:1<106::aid-jcp12>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A variety of evidence suggests that vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) exhibit a more immature phenotype when stimulated by injury to replicate in the adult. One growth characteristic common to immature (embryonic, fetal, and neonatal) SMC is a markedly reduced responsiveness to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and other mitogenic stimuli. Here we demonstrate that SMC isolated from the 14-day neointima of experimentally injured carotid arteries exhibit a similar growth phenotype. The proliferative responses of neointimal cells to the BB homodimer of PDGF, which interacts with both forms of the PDGF receptor, were up to twenty-fold less (as assessed by BrdU immunocytochemistry) than that of adult control tunica media cells over a wide range of PDGF concentrations. Paradoxically, these cells expressed abundant mRNA for the alpha- and beta-subunits of the PDGF receptor (by RT-PCR) and expressed abundant PDGF receptor protein (by Western blotting). Addition of PDGF-BB to neointimal SMC induced significant autophosphorylation of the PDGF receptor, suggesting that the PDGF receptors were fully functional. The chemotactic responses of neointimal SMC to PDGF, in in vitro migration assays, were identical to that of control medial cells. The data further establish the existence of vascular SMC phenotypes characterized by a refractoriness to growth stimulation by specific mitogens, and provide further evidence for the reiteration of developmentally regulated programs following vascular injury in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Majack
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA
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11
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Yu JC, Li W, Wang LM, Uren A, Pierce JH, Heidaran MA. Differential requirement of a motif within the carboxyl-terminal domain of alpha-platelet-derived growth factor (alpha PDGF) receptor for PDGF focus forming activity chemotaxis, or growth. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:7033-6. [PMID: 7706238 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.13.7033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the molecular basis for the transforming function of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A in NIH/3T3 cells, we have constructed chimerae consisting of the extracellular domain of the human CSF-1R (fms) linked to the cytoplasmic domain of the alpha PDGF receptor (alpha R) containing a series of deletion or point mutations. The ability of fms/alpha R chimerae to mediate CSF-1-dependent anchorage-independent growth, focus formation, and chemotaxis of NIH/3T3 cells was then examined. Our results provide evidence that a domain encompassing amino acid residues 977-1024 of the alpha PDGFR is required for ligand-dependent focus formation, but not chemotaxis or anchorage-independent growth, and that tyrosine residues within this domain constitute the major binding site for phospholipase C gamma. Therefore, our findings suggest that: (i) the focus forming function of alpha PDGFR correlates well with the ability of the receptor to bind phospholipase C gamma, and (ii) the mechanism of focus formation mediated by alpha PDGFR may be distinguished from that required for chemotaxis or anchorage-independent growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Yu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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12
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Hoppe J, Hoppe V, Karenberg TA, Fenn A, Simm A, Sachinidis A. Differential activation by platelet-derived growth factor-BB of mitogen activated protein kinases in starved or nonstarved AKR-2B fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol 1994; 161:342-50. [PMID: 7962118 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041610219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
More than 90% of serum-deprived (starved) AKR-2B mouse fibroblasts are stimulated to divided by the addition of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB. In density-arrested (nonstarved) cells, PDGF-BB affords protection from cell death without stimulation of cell division. In both cultivation conditions the cells express similar amounts of PDGF beta-receptors and the receptor kinase activity was identical as judged by its autophosphorylation capacity. Three signaling pathways were studied in detail: 1) Phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma) and [Ca2+]i increase, 2) activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3 kinase), and 3) activation of mitogen activated kinases I and II (MAP kinases I and II). There was no difference in starved or nonstarved cells regarding PLC-gamma activation, increase of [Ca2+]i, and stimulation of PI-3 kinase activity. But most remarkably the activation of MAP-I was largely suppressed in nonstarved cells. The implications of these signaling pathways in cell protection or cell division are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hoppe
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum), University of Würzburg, Germany
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Koyama N, Hart CE, Clowes AW. Different functions of the platelet-derived growth factor-alpha and -beta receptors for the migration and proliferation of cultured baboon smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1994; 75:682-91. [PMID: 7923614 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.75.4.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Migration of medial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and their proliferation in the intima contribute to thickening of injured and atherosclerotic vessels. These events have been proposed to be regulated in part by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Two separate PDGF receptors have been identified, PDGF-R alpha and PDGF-R beta. To study the functions of PDGF-R alpha and PDGF-R beta in vascular SMCs, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for each of the two receptors were used. These antibodies allowed us to evaluate the role of each receptor for PDGF-induced proliferation and migration of cultured baboon SMCs. Both PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB stimulated SMC growth, with PDGF-BB being more potent than PDGF-AA. Studies with anti-PDGF-R alpha and anti-PDGF-R beta mAbs revealed that both PDGF receptors promoted the stimulatory signals for proliferation. In contrast, PDGF-BB stimulated SMC migration, whereas PDGF-AA had no stimulatory activity on its own. Additionally, PDGF-AA was able to suppress migration induced by PDGF-BB or fibronectin in modified Boyden's chamber assay. When PDGF-BB-induced migration was separated into chemotactic and chemokinetic activities, only the chemotactic component was inhibited by PDGF-AA. The suppression of SMC migration by PDGF-AA was eliminated by anti-PDGF-R alpha mAb. In addition, PDGF-BB, in the presence of anti-PDGF-R beta, bound only to PDGF-R alpha and caused suppression of SMC migration induced by fibronectin. These results suggest that when activated by ligand binding, both PDGF-R alpha and PDGF-R beta stimulate proliferation. In contrast, only activation of PDGF-R beta stimulates migration, whereas ligand binding to PDGF-R alpha leads to inhibition of cell migration. These observations provide support for the conclusion that PDGF-R alpha and PDGF-R beta may play different roles in SMC function and may be involved in different regulatory mechanisms during vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Koyama
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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14
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Fry MJ. Structure, regulation and function of phosphoinositide 3-kinases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1226:237-68. [PMID: 8054357 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(94)90036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Fry
- Section of Cell Biology and Experimental Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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15
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Abstract
Insulin-receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) is a principal substrate of the receptor tyrosine kinase for insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1, and a substrate for a tyrosine kinase activated by interleukin 4. IRS-1 undergoes multisite tyrosine phosphorylation and mediates downstream signals by 'docking' various proteins that contain Src homology 2 domains. IRS-1 appears to be a unique molecule; however, 4PS, a protein found mainly in hemopoietic cells, may represent another member of this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Myers
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
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16
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Yu J, Mahadevan D, LaRochelle W, Pierce J, Heidaran M. Structural coincidence of alpha PDGFR epitopes binding to platelet-derived growth factor-AA and a potent neutralizing monoclonal antibody. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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17
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Tyrosine residue 719 of the c-kit receptor is essential for binding of the P85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase and for c-kit-associated PI 3-kinase activity in COS-1 cells. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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18
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Yano H, Nakanishi S, Kimura K, Hanai N, Saitoh Y, Fukui Y, Nonomura Y, Matsuda Y. Inhibition of histamine secretion by wortmannin through the blockade of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in RBL-2H3 cells. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)74466-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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19
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Stephens LR, Jackson TR, Hawkins PT. Agonist-stimulated synthesis of phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)-trisphosphate: a new intracellular signalling system? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1179:27-75. [PMID: 8399352 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(93)90072-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L R Stephens
- Department of Development and Signalling, AFRC Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Molloy CJ. Novel signal transduction targets in cardiovascular disease: Role of platelet-derived growth factor in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Drug Dev Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.430290210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Heidaran M, Beeler J, Yu J, Ishibashi T, LaRochelle W, Pierce J, Aaronson S. Differences in substrate specificities of alpha and beta platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors. Correlation with their ability to mediate PDGF transforming functions. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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22
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Seifert R, van Koppen A, Bowen-Pope D. PDGF-AB requires PDGF receptor alpha-subunits for high-affinity, but not for low-affinity, binding and signal transduction. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Simm A, Hoppe V, Tatje D, Schenzinger A, Hoppe J. PDGF-AA effectively stimulates early events but has no mitogenic activity in AKR-2B mouse fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 1992; 201:192-9. [PMID: 1319347 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(92)90363-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The response of AKR-2B mouse fibroblasts, which express approximately equal numbers of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-alpha and -beta receptors on their surface (V. Hoppe et al. Eur. J. Biochem. 187, 207-214, 1990) to all three isoforms of PDGF, was studied. All isoforms stimulated early events, i.e., receptor autophosphorylation on tyrosine, total cellular phosphorylation, increase in 32P-labeled phospholipid content, but there was no correlation between the extents measured for the different effects. Although rPDGF-AA effectively stimulated these early events, it was unable to induce [3H]thymidine incorporation and cell growth whereas rPDGF-BB and -AB stimulated the division of more than 90% of the cells. This activity was restored by addition of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), which itself exhibited only a low mitogenic activity. rPDGF-AB or -BB did not require the presence of IGF-I to fully stimulate cells for [3H]thymidine incorporation and cell division. Apparently, rPDGF-AA induced only a "competence" state of the cells whereas rPDGF-AB or -BB was also able to initiate "progression". It is speculated that some early events occurring during the competence phase might be part of a "maintenance" program elicited by growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Simm
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum) der Universität, Würzburg, Germany
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Herbst R, Shearman M, Obermeier A, Schlessinger J, Ullrich A. Differential effects of W mutations on p145c-kit tyrosine kinase activity and substrate interaction. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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25
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Auger K, Carpenter C, Shoelson S, Piwnica-Worms H, Cantley L. Polyoma virus middle T antigen-pp60c-src complex associates with purified phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in vitro. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42781-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Backer JM, Schroeder GG, Kahn CR, Myers MG, Wilden PA, Cahill DA, White MF. Insulin stimulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity maps to insulin receptor regions required for endogenous substrate phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)48440-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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28
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Ruggiero M, Wang LM, Pierce JH. Mitogenic signal transduction in normal and transformed 32D hematopoietic cells. FEBS Lett 1991; 291:203-7. [PMID: 1936266 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)81284-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied mitogenic signal transduction in normal and oncogene-transformed 32D cells, a murine hematopoietic cell line that is normally dependent on interleukin-3 (IL3) for proliferation and survival. The formation of second messengers was measured in normal cells stimulated with IL3, and in cells transfected with foreign growth factor receptor genes and stimulated with appropriate growth factors. We also measured the steady-state level of second messengers in 32D cells transformed by erbB, abl, and src oncogenes which abrogate growth factor requirement. We found that IL3 stimulated the formation of diacylglycerol independently of inositol lipid turnover, but concomitantly with increased turnover of phosphatidylcholine. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulated the 'classical' turnover of inositol lipids with formation of diacylglycerol and calcium-mobilizing inositol phosphates. Colony stimulating factor-1 triggered inositol lipid turnover, although to a much lower extent than EGF and PDGF. Transformed cells showed elevated levels of diacylglycerol together with increased turnover of phosphoinositides and phosphatidylcholine. Taken together these results indicate that different growth factors and oncoproteins associate with multiple signalling pathways in 32D cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ruggiero
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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