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Kitagori K, Oku T, Wakabayashi M, Nakajima T, Nakashima R, Murakami K, Hirayama Y, Ishihama Y, Ohmura K, Morinobu A, Mimori T, Yoshifuji H. Expression of S100A8 protein on B cells is associated with disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:76. [PMID: 37165399 PMCID: PMC10170829 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an intractable disease characterized by autoantibody production and autoreactive B and T cell proliferation. Although several studies have revealed multiple genetic and environmental associations, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. METHODS We performed proteomics and transcriptomics using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and DNA microarray, using peripheral blood B cells from patients with SLE, and healthy controls (HC). We explored molecules associated with the pathophysiology of SLE by flow cytometry and B cell stimulation assay. RESULTS We identified for the first time that expression of both S100A8 protein and mRNA were markedly upregulated in SLE B cells. The results obtained using flow cytometry showed that S100A8 was highly expressed on the surface of B cells of patients with active SLE (MFI; HC 102.5 ± 5.97, stable SLE 111.4 ± 12.87, active SLE 586.9 ± 142.9), and S100A8 on the cell surface was decreased after treatment (MFI; pre-treat 1094.5 ± 355.38, post-treat 492.25 ± 247.39); therefore, it is suggested that S100A8 may be a marker for disease activity. The mRNA expression of S100A8 was particularly upregulated in memory B cells of SLE (56.68 fold higher than HC), suggesting that S100A8 may be mainly secreted by memory B cells in the pathogenesis of SLE. CONCLUSIONS Our results imply that the S100A8 proteins secreted from memory B cells may stimulate granulocytes and monocytes through pattern recognition receptors, activate the innate immune system, and are involved in the pathogenesis of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kitagori
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuma Oku
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Research Portfolio & Science, Astellas Pharma Inc, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Wakabayashi
- Omics Research Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nakajima
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ran Nakashima
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kosaku Murakami
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hirayama
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Research Portfolio & Science, Astellas Pharma Inc, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishihama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Akio Morinobu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Hajime Yoshifuji
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Bai B, Xu Y, Chen H. Pathogenic roles of neutrophil-derived alarmins (S100A8/A9) in heart failure: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic insights. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:573-588. [PMID: 36464854 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An excessive neutrophil count is recognized as a valuable predictor of inflammation and is associated with a higher risk of adverse cardiac events in patients with heart failure. Our understanding of the effectors used by neutrophils to inflict proinflammatory actions needs to be advanced. Recently, emerging evidence has demonstrated a causative role of neutrophil-derived alarmins (i.e. S100A8/A9) in aggravating cardiac injuries by induction of inflammation. In parallel with the neutrophil count, high circulating levels of S100A8/A9 proteins powerfully predict mortality in patients with heart failure. As such, a deeper understanding of the biological functions of neutrophil-derived S100A8/A9 proteins would offer novel therapeutic insights. Here, the basic biology of S100A8/A9 proteins and their pleiotropic roles in cardiovascular diseases are discussed, focusing on heart failure. We also consider the evidence that therapeutic targeting of S100A8/A9 proteins by the humanized vaccine, antibodies or inhibitors is able to town down inflammatory injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Bai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Health and Precision Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Haibo Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
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3
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Inciarte-Mundo J, Frade-Sosa B, Sanmartí R. From bench to bedside: Calprotectin (S100A8/S100A9) as a biomarker in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1001025. [PMID: 36405711 PMCID: PMC9672845 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A9/S100A8 (calprotectin), a member of the S100 protein family, has been shown to play a pivotal role in innate immunity activation. Calprotectin plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as it triggers chemotaxis, phagocyte migration and modulation of neutrophils and macrophages. Higher calprotectin levels have been found in synovial fluid, plasma, and serum from RA patients. Recent studies have demonstrated better correlations between serum or plasma calprotectin and composite inflammatory disease activity indexes than c-reactive protein (CRP) or the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Calprotectin serum levels decreased after treatment, independently of the DMARD type or strategy. Calprotectin has shown the strongest correlations with other sensitive techniques to detect inflammation, such as ultrasound. Calprotectin independently predicts radiographic progression. However, its value as a biomarker of treatment response and flare after tapering is unclear. This update reviews the current understanding of calprotectin in RA and discusses possible applications as a biomarker in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Inciarte-Mundo
- Biological aggression and Response Mechanisms, Inflammatory joint diseases (IJDs), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Frade-Sosa
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raimon Sanmartí
- Biological aggression and Response Mechanisms, Inflammatory joint diseases (IJDs), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Rheumatology Department, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,*Correspondence: Raimon Sanmartí,
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4
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Jin J, Zhang J, Bu S. Tasquinimod efficacy and S100A9 expression in glucose-treated HREC cells. Int Ophthalmol 2021; 42:661-676. [PMID: 34796432 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-02038-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of blindness in working-aged people. Few studies were on the relationship between S100 Calcium Binding Protein A9 (S100A9) protein and DR, and none on endothelial cells induced by tasquinimod in high glucose. Therefore, we assessed the relationship between tasquinimod and S100A9 in DR. METHODS DR pathogenesis was simulated using high-glucose-induced human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) to study the mRNA expression of s100a9, thrombospondin-1 (tsp-1), hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (hif1-α), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (icam-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) after tasquinimod treatment. The protein expression of S100A9, TSP-1, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), ICAM-1 and VEGF was also analyzed. RESULT A total of 28 eyes of 26 patients were included in this experiment. A significantly higher expression of S100A9 as well as enhanced proliferation and mobility was observed in the high-glucose-treated HRECs compared with that in low-glucose-treated cells. However, these were significantly inhibited when treated with high glucose with 50 μM tasquinimod. The mRNA expression of tsp-1 was increased, whereas that of hif1-α, icam-1 and vegf was decreased after tasquinimod treatment. Western blot indicated the increased TSP-1 but decreased ERK, ICAM-1 and VEGF expression after treating with tasquinimod. CONCLUSION High glucose promoted the expression of s100a9, S100A9 protein in DR patients and HRECs. Tasquinimod inhibited the proliferation, migration and lumen formation of HRECs under a high glucose environment. Tasquinimod might play a vital role in inhibiting angiogenesis through inducing TSP-1 and inhibiting VEGF, ICAM-1 and ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Sanxiang Road 1055, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Sanxiang Road 1055, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuyang Bu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Sanxiang Road 1055, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China.
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Pathogenic Roles of S100A8 and S100A9 Proteins in Acute Myeloid and Lymphoid Leukemia: Clinical and Therapeutic Impacts. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051323. [PMID: 33801279 PMCID: PMC7958135 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulations of the expression of the S100A8 and S100A9 genes and/or proteins, as well as changes in their plasma levels or their levels of secretion in the bone marrow microenvironment, are frequently observed in acute myeloblastic leukemias (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL). These deregulations impact the prognosis of patients through various mechanisms of cellular or extracellular regulation of the viability of leukemic cells. In particular, S100A8 and S100A9 in monomeric, homodimeric, or heterodimeric forms are able to modulate the survival and the sensitivity to chemotherapy of leukemic clones through their action on the regulation of intracellular calcium, on oxidative stress, on the activation of apoptosis, and thanks to their implications, on cell death regulation by autophagy and pyroptosis. Moreover, biologic effects of S100A8/9 via both TLR4 and RAGE on hematopoietic stem cells contribute to the selection and expansion of leukemic clones by excretion of proinflammatory cytokines and/or immune regulation. Hence, the therapeutic targeting of S100A8 and S100A9 appears to be a promising way to improve treatment efficiency in acute leukemias.
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Azizian-Farsani F, Abedpoor N, Hasan Sheikhha M, Gure AO, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Ghaedi K. Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products Acts as a Fuel to Colorectal Cancer Development. Front Oncol 2020; 10:552283. [PMID: 33117687 PMCID: PMC7551201 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.552283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is a multiligand binding and single-pass transmembrane protein taken in diverse chronic inflammatory conditions. RAGE behaves as a pattern recognition receptor, which binds and is engaged in the cellular response to a variety of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules, as well as HMGB1, S100 proteins, and AGEs (advanced glycation end-products). The RAGE activation turns out to a formation of numerous intracellular signaling mechanisms, resulting in the progression and prolongation of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). The RAGE expression correlates well with the survival of colon cancer cells. RAGE is involved in the tumorigenesis, which increases and develops well in the stressed tumor microenvironment. In this review, we summarized downstream signaling cascade activated by the multiligand activation of RAGE, as well as RAGE ligands and their sources, clinical studies, and tumor markers related to RAGE particularly in the inflammatory tumor microenvironment in CRC. Furthermore, the role of RAGE signaling pathway in CRC patients with diabetic mellitus is investigated. RAGE has been reported to drive assorted signaling pathways, including activator protein 1, nuclear factor-κB, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, SMAD family member 4 (Smad4), mitogen-activated protein kinases, mammalian target of rapamycin, phosphoinositide 3-kinases, reticular activating system, Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and Glycogen synthase kinase 3β, and even microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Navid Abedpoor
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Reasearch (ACECR), Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Ali Osmay Gure
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Reasearch (ACECR), Isfahan, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Reasearch (ACECR), Isfahan, Iran.,Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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7
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Paracatu LC, Schuettpelz LG. Contribution of Aberrant Toll Like Receptor Signaling to the Pathogenesis of Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1236. [PMID: 32625214 PMCID: PMC7313547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that play a central role in the innate immune response. These receptors are expressed on a wide variety of immune and non-immune cells, and they help shape the immune response to infection and injury through the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as well as endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Accumulating evidence suggests that, in addition to regulating mature effector immune cells, TLRs can influence the immune response from the level of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). HSCs express TLRs, and exposure to TLR ligands influences the cycling, differentiation, and function of HSCs, with chronic TLR stimulation leading to impairment of normal HSC repopulating activity. Moreover, enhanced TLR expression and signaling is associated with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), a heterogenous group of HSC disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and a high risk of transformation to acute leukemias. In this review, we will discuss the role of TLR signaling in the pathogenesis of MDS, focusing on the known direct and indirect effects of this type of signaling on HSCs, the mechanisms of TLR signaling upregulation in MDS, the changes in TLR expression with disease progression, and the therapeutic implications for modulating TLR signaling in the treatment of MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Chiquetto Paracatu
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Laura G Schuettpelz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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8
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Viemann D. S100-Alarmins Are Essential Pilots of Postnatal Innate Immune Adaptation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:688. [PMID: 32425933 PMCID: PMC7203218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The restricted capacity of newborn infants to mount inflammatory responses toward microbial challenges has traditionally been linked to the high risk of septic diseases during the neonatal period. In recent years, substantial evidence has been provided that this characteristic of the neonatal immune system is actually a meaningful physiologic state that is based on specific transiently active cellular and molecular mechanisms and required for a favorable course of postnatal immune adaptation. The identification of physiologically high amounts of S100-alarmins in neonates has been one of the crucial pieces in the puzzle that contributed to the change of concept. In this context, innate immune immaturity could be redefined and assigned to the epigenetic silence of adult-like cell-autonomous regulation at the beginning of life. S100-alarmins represent an alternative age-specific mechanism of immune regulation that protects neonates from hyperinflammatory immune responses. Here, we summarize how infants are provided with S100-alarmins and why these allow an uneventful clash between the innate immune system and the extrauterine world. The mode of action of S100-alarmins is highlighted including their tuning functions at multiple levels for establishing a state of homeostasis with the environment in the newborn individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Viemann
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,PRIMAL Consortium, Hanover, Germany
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Zhu J, Dong J, Ji L, Jiang P, Leung TF, Liu D, Ng LG, Tsang MSM, Jiao D, Lam CWK, Wong CK. Anti-Allergic Inflammatory Activity of Interleukin-37 Is Mediated by Novel Signaling Cascades in Human Eosinophils. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1445. [PMID: 29988381 PMCID: PMC6023969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-1 family regulatory cytokine IL-37b can suppress innate immunity and inflammatory activity in inflammatory diseases. In this study, IL-37b showed remarkable in vitro suppression of inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CCL2, and CXCL8 production in the coculture of human primary eosinophils and human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells with the stimulation of bacterial toll-like receptor-2 ligand peptidoglycan, while antagonizing the activation of intracellular nuclear factor-κB, PI3K–Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and suppressing the gene transcription of allergic inflammation-related PYCARD, S100A9, and CAMP as demonstrated by flow cytometry, RNA-sequencing, and bioinformatics. Results therefore elucidated the novel anti-inflammation-related molecular mechanisms mediated by IL-37b. Using the house dust mite (HDM)-induced humanized asthmatic NOD/SCID mice for preclinical study, intravenous administration of IL-37b restored the normal plasma levels of eosinophil activators CCL11 and IL-5, suppressed the elevated concentrations of Th2 and asthma-related cytokines IL-4, IL-6, and IL-13 and inflammatory IL-17, CCL5, and CCL11 in lung homogenate of asthmatic mice. Histopathological results of lung tissue illustrated that IL-37b could mitigate the enhanced mucus, eosinophil infiltration, thickened airway wall, and goblet cells. Together with similar findings using the ovalbumin- and HDM-induced allergic asthmatic mice further validated the therapeutic potential of IL-37b in allergic asthma. The above results illustrate the novel IL-37-mediated regulation of intracellular inflammation mechanism linking bacterial infection and the activation of human eosinophils and confirm the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of IL-37b on human allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jie Dong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lu Ji
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Peiyong Jiang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ting Fan Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Dehua Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Miranda Sin-Man Tsang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Delong Jiao
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Christopher Wai-Kei Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Chun-Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Institute of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Katte R, Yu C. Blocking the interaction between S100A9 protein and RAGE V domain using S100A12 protein. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198767. [PMID: 29902210 PMCID: PMC6001950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteins S100A9 and S100A12 are associated with the human S100 calcium-binding protein family. These proteins promote interaction with target proteins and alter their conformation when they bind to calcium ions in EF-hand motifs. The V domain of RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products) is crucial for S100A9 binding. The binding of RAGE with S100 family proteins aids in cell proliferation. In this report, we demonstrate that S100A12 protein hinders the binding of S100A9 with the RAGE V-domain. We used fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy to analyze the interaction of S100A9 with S100A12. The binary complex models of S100A9-S100A12 were developed using data obtained from 1H-15N HSQC NMR titrations and the HADDOCK program. We overlaid the complex models of S100A9-S100A12 with the same orientation of S100A9 and the RAGE V-domain. This complex showed that S100A12 protein blocks the interaction between S100A9 and the RAGE V-domain. It means S100A12 may be used as an antagonist for S100A9. The results could be favorable for developing anti-cancer drugs based on S100 family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revansiddha Katte
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chin Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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11
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Antitumor effects of calgranulin B internalized in human colon cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:20368-80. [PMID: 26933915 PMCID: PMC4991461 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Calgranulin B is a small, calcium-binding protein expressed in neutrophils that is secreted into the tumor microenvironment in cancer cases. We previously showed that calgranulin B levels are increased in the stools of colorectal cancer patients. In patient tumor tissues, calgranulin B protein levels correlated with the presence of stromal inflammatory cells surrounding tumor cells, and calgranulin B promoter methylation was observed in both paired human tissues and colon cancer cell lines. Cell lines did not express calgranulin B, but in vitro studies showed that colon cancer cells internalized extracellular calgranulin B, while other types of cancer cells did not. Calgranulin B internalization led to reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptotic cell death. AKT and ERK signals were also increased after calgranulin B treatment, as were p53, β-catenin, E-cadherin and cleaved caspase-3 levels. Additionally, a human protein microarray identified aurora A kinase as a calgranulin B binding partner, and binding inhibited aurora A kinase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings demonstrate the antitumor effects of calgranulin B in the inflammatory microenvironment and suggest that calgranulin B could be potentially efficacious in the treatment of colon cancer.
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12
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Giesbrecht K, Eberle ME, Wölfle SJ, Sahin D, Sähr A, Oberhardt V, Menne Z, Bode KA, Heeg K, Hildebrand D. IL-1β As Mediator of Resolution That Reprograms Human Peripheral Monocytes toward a Suppressive Phenotype. Front Immunol 2017; 8:899. [PMID: 28824627 PMCID: PMC5540955 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection pathogen-associated molecular patterns activate immune cells to initiate a cascade of reactions leading to inflammation and the activation of the adaptive immune response culminating in the elimination of foreign pathogens. However, shortly after activation of the host defense machinery, a return to homeostasis is preferred to prevent inflammation-induced tissue damage. This switch from the initial immunogenic to the subsequent tolerogenic phase after clearance of the infection can be mediated through highly plastic peripheral monocytes. Our studies reveal that an early encounter with toll-like receptor 7/8-ligand R848 mediates a strong pro-inflammatory monocytic phenotype that primes its own reprogramming toward an immunosuppressive one. Previously, we showed that these R848-treated antigen-presenting cells (APCs) fail to activate allogeneic T cells and induce regulatory T cells (Tregs) through signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)-dependent PD-L1. Here, we further demonstrate that R848-treated APCs suppress CD3/CD28-mediated and dendritic cell-mediated T cell activation and that adenosine and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase/kynurenin pathways are involved in tolerance induction. Reprogramming of monocytes after R848 stimulation requires the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and a boosted IL-6 release. The subsequent autocrine prolonged activation of STAT3 induces direct upregulation of tolerogenic factors which finally downregulate proliferation of activated T cells and mediate Tregs. Thereby our study suggests that inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-6, should be considered as mediators of resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Giesbrecht
- Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZIF German Center for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Mariel-Esther Eberle
- Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine J Wölfle
- Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Delal Sahin
- Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aline Sähr
- Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Valerie Oberhardt
- Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zach Menne
- Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konrad A Bode
- Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Heeg
- Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZIF German Center for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Dagmar Hildebrand
- Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Pepper RJ, Draibe JB, Caplin B, Fervenza FC, Hoffman GS, Kallenberg CGM, Langford CA, Monach PA, Seo P, Spiera R, William St Clair E, Tchao NK, Stone JH, Specks U, Merkel PA, Salama AD. Association of Serum Calprotectin (S100A8/A9) Level With Disease Relapse in Proteinase 3-Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69:185-193. [PMID: 27428710 DOI: 10.1002/art.39814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE S100A8/A9 (calprotectin) has shown promise as a biomarker for predicting relapse in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). This study was undertaken to investigate serum S100A8/A9 level as a biomarker for predicting future relapse in a large cohort of patients with severe AAV. METHODS Serum levels of S100A8/A9 were measured at baseline and months 1, 2, and 6 following treatment initiation in 144 patients in the Rituximab in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis trial (cyclophosphamide/azathioprine versus rituximab [RTX] for induction of remission) in whom complete remission was attained. RESULTS Patients were divided into 4 groups: proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA with relapse (n = 37), PR3-ANCA without relapse (n = 56), myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA with relapse (n = 6), and MPO-ANCA without relapse (n = 45). Serum S100A8/A9 level decreased in all groups during the first 6 months of treatment. The percentage reduction from baseline to month 2 was significantly different between patients who experienced a relapse and those who did not in the PR3-ANCA group (P = 0.046). A significantly higher risk of relapse was associated with an increase in S100A8/A9 level between baseline and month 2 (P = 0.0043) and baseline and month 6 (P = 0.0029). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that patients treated with RTX who had increased levels of S100A8/A9 were at greatest risk of future relapse (P = 0.028). CONCLUSION An increase in serum S100A8/A9 level by month 2 or 6 compared to baseline identifies a subgroup of PR3-ANCA patients treated with RTX who are at higher risk of relapse by 18 months. Since RTX is increasingly used for remission induction in PR3-ANCA-positive patients experiencing a relapse, S100A8/A9 level may assist in identifying those patients requiring more intensive or prolonged treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth J Pepper
- University College London Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Juliana B Draibe
- University College London Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ben Caplin
- University College London Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Philip Seo
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alan D Salama
- University College London Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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14
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Kim KH, Yeo SG, Yoo BC, Myung JK. Identification of calgranulin B interacting proteins and network analysis in gastrointestinal cancer cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171232. [PMID: 28152021 PMCID: PMC5289589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Calgranulin B is known to be involved in tumor development, but the underlying molecular mechanism is not clear. To gain insight into possible roles of calgranulin B, we screened for calgranulin B-interacting molecules in the SNU-484 gastric cancer and the SNU-81 colon cancer cells. Calgranulin B-interacting partners were identified by yeast two-hybrid and functional information was obtained by computational analysis. Most of the calgranulin B-interacting partners were involved in metabolic and cellular processes, and found to have molecular function of binding and catalytic activities. Interestingly, 46 molecules in the network of the calgranulin B-interacting proteins are known to be associated with cancer and FKBP2 was found to interact with calgranulin B in both SNU-484 and SNU-81 cells. Polyubiquitin-C encoded by UBC, which exhibited an interaction with calgranulin B, has been associated with various molecules of the extracellular space and plasma membrane identified in our screening, including Na-K-Cl cotransporter 1 and dystonin in SNU-484 cells, and ATPase subunit beta-1 in SNU-81 cells. Our data provide novel insight into the roles of calgranulin B of gastrointestinal cancer cells, and offer new clues suggesting calgranulin B acts as an effector molecule through which the cell can communicate with the tumor microenvironment via polyubiquitin-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hee Kim
- Omics Core Laboratory, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Colorectal Cancer Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Gu Yeo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong Chul Yoo
- Colorectal Cancer Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Myung
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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15
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Fang WY, Chen YW, Hsiao JR, Liu CS, Kuo YZ, Wang YC, Chang KC, Tsai ST, Chang MZ, Lin SH, Wu LW. Elevated S100A9 expression in tumor stroma functions as an early recurrence marker for early-stage oral cancer patients through increased tumor cell invasion, angiogenesis, macrophage recruitment and interleukin-6 production. Oncotarget 2016; 6:28401-24. [PMID: 26315114 PMCID: PMC4695068 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A9 is a calcium-binding protein with two EF-hands and frequently deregulated in several cancer types, however, with no clear role in oral cancer. In this report, the expression of S100A9 in cancer and adjacent tissues from 79 early-stage oral cancer patients was detected by immunohistochemical staining. Although S100A9 protein was present in both tumor and stromal cells, only the early-stage oral cancer patients with high stromal expression had reduced recurrence-free survival. High stromal S100A9 expression was also significantly associated with non-well differentiation and recurrence. In addition to increasing cell migration and invasion, ectopic S100A9 expression in tumor cells promoted xenograft tumorigenesis as well as the dominant expression of myeloid cell markers and pro-inflammatory IL-6. The expression of S100A9 in one stromal component, monocytes, stimulated the aggressiveness of co-cultured oral cancer cells. We also detected the elevation of serum S100A9 levels in early-stage oral cancer patients of a separate cohort of 73 oral cancer patients. The release of S100A9 protein into extracellular milieu enhanced tumor cell invasion, transendothelial monocyte migration and angiogenic activity. S100A9-mediated release of IL-6 requires the crosstalk of tumor cells with monocytes through the activation of NF-κB and STAT-3. Early-stage oral cancer patients with both high S100A9 expression and high CD68+ immune infiltrates in stroma had shortest recurrence-free survival, suggesting the use of both S100A9 and CD68 as poor prognostic markers for oral cancer. Together, both intracellular and extracellular S100A9 exerts a tumor-promoting action through the activation of oral cancer cells and their associated stroma in oral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Fang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jenn-Ren Hsiao
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chiang-Shin Liu
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Zih Kuo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Ching Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kung-Chao Chang
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Sen-Tien Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mei-Zhu Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Siao-Han Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Li-Wha Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
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16
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Draibe JB, Fulladosa X, Cruzado JM, Torras J, Salama AD. Current and novel biomarkers in anti-neutrophil cytoplasm-associated vasculitis. Clin Kidney J 2016; 9:547-51. [PMID: 27478594 PMCID: PMC4957731 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfw056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is characterized by a variable disease course, with up to 50% of patients having one relapse within 5 years and many progressing to end-stage organ damage despite modern treatment strategies. Moreover, complications arising from treatment dominate the causes of mortality and morbidity both early and late during disease, especially in the elderly and those with severe renal involvement, and there is additional uncertainty as to how long treatment should be continued. There is, therefore, an urgent clinical need to identify robust biomarkers to better predict treatment responses, risk of disease relapse and eventual complete clinical and immunological quiescence. To date, no such biomarkers exist, but better understanding of disease pathogenesis and the underlying immune dysfunction has provided some potential candidates linked to the discovery of new antibodies, different leukocyte activation states, the role of the alternative complement pathway and markers of vascular activation. With all promising new biomarkers, there is the need to rapidly replicate and validate early findings using large biobanks of samples that could be brought together by leaders in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier Fulladosa
- Nephrology Department , Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Josep Maria Cruzado
- Nephrology Department , Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Joan Torras
- Nephrology Department , Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge , Barcelona , Spain
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17
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Burm SM, Peferoen LAN, Zuiderwijk-Sick EA, Haanstra KG, 't Hart BA, van der Valk P, Amor S, Bauer J, Bajramovic JJ. Expression of IL-1β in rhesus EAE and MS lesions is mainly induced in the CNS itself. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:138. [PMID: 27266875 PMCID: PMC4895983 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0605-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-1β is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model for MS. Yet, detailed studies on IL-1β expression in different stages of MS lesion development and a comparison of IL-1β expression in MS and EAE are lacking. Methods Here, we performed an extensive characterization of IL-1β expression in brain tissue of MS patients, which included different MS lesion types, and in brain tissue of rhesus macaques with EAE. Results In rhesus EAE brain tissue, we observed prominent IL-1β staining in MHC class II+ cells within perivascular infiltrates and at the edges of large demyelinating lesions. Surprisingly, staining was localized to resident microglia or differentiated macrophages rather than to infiltrating monocytes, suggesting that IL-1β expression is induced within the central nervous system (CNS). By contrast, IL-1β staining in MS brain tissue was much less pronounced. Staining was found in the parenchyma of active and chronic active MS lesions and in nodules of MHC class II+ microglia in otherwise normal appearing white matter. IL-1β expression was detected in a minority of the nodules only, which could not be distinguished by the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers. These nodules were exclusively found in MS, and it remains to be determined whether IL-1β+ nodules are destined to progress into active lesions or whether they merely reflect a transient response to cellular stress. Conclusions Although the exact localization and relative intensity of IL-1β expression in EAE and MS is different, the staining pattern in both neuroinflammatory disorders is most consistent with the idea that the expression of IL-1β during lesion development is induced in the tissue rather than in the periphery. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0605-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Maria Burm
- Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ella Alwine Zuiderwijk-Sick
- Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Krista Geraldine Haanstra
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Adriaan 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Paul van der Valk
- Department of Pathology, VU Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, VU Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Bauer
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jeffrey John Bajramovic
- Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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18
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S100A9 expressed in ER(-)PgR(-) breast cancers induces inflammatory cytokines and is associated with an impaired overall survival. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:1234-43. [PMID: 26448179 PMCID: PMC4647879 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer form among women today. Depending on hormone receptor status, breast cancers are divided into different subtypes with vastly varying prognosis. S100A9 is a calcium-binding protein that is associated with inflammation and expressed not only in myeloid cells but also in some tumours. The role for S100A9 in the malignant cells is not well characterised; however, previous studies have shown that the protein could have important immune-modulating properties. Methods: Using a human breast cancer cohort consisting of 144 tumour samples and in vitro analysis of human breast cancer cell lines, we investigated the expression and function of S100A9 in human breast cancer. Results: We show that S100A9 expression in breast cancer correlated with the ER−PgR− breast tumour subtype (P<0.001) and with Ki67 (P=0.024) and was expressed both in the malignant cells and in the tumour-infiltrating anti-inflammatory CD163+ myeloid cells (P<0.001). Stromal expression of S100A9 also correlated to nodal stage, tumour size and Her2 positivity. Within the ER−PgR− subgroup, all Her2+ and EGFR+ tumours expressed S100A9 in the cytoplasm. Both cytoplasmic staining in the malignant cells as well as stromal S100A9 expression in myeloid cells correlated with a decreased overall survival in breast cancer patients. Furthermore, rS100A9 homodimers induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1β) in a TLR4- and EGFR-dependent manner in human breast cancer cells in vitro. Conclusion: We suggest that S100A9 could be viewed as a novel therapeutic target for patients with ER−PgR− breast cancers.
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19
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Zackular JP, Chazin WJ, Skaar EP. Nutritional Immunity: S100 Proteins at the Host-Pathogen Interface. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18991-8. [PMID: 26055713 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.645085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The S100 family of EF-hand calcium (Ca(2+))-binding proteins is essential for a wide range of cellular functions. During infection, certain S100 proteins act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and interact with pattern recognition receptors to modulate inflammatory responses. In addition, these inflammatory S100 proteins have potent antimicrobial properties and are essential components of the immune response to invading pathogens. In this review, we focus on S100 proteins that exhibit antimicrobial properties through the process of metal limitation, termed nutritional immunity, and discuss several recent advances in our understanding of S100 protein-mediated metal sequestration at the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Zackular
- From the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 and
| | - Walter J Chazin
- the Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Eric P Skaar
- From the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 and
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20
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MET is required for the recruitment of anti-tumoural neutrophils. Nature 2015; 522:349-53. [PMID: 25985180 PMCID: PMC4594765 DOI: 10.1038/nature14407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mutations or amplification of the MET proto-oncogene are involved in the pathogenesis of several tumours1-4, which rely on the constitutive engagement of this pathway for their growth and survival1,5. However, MET is expressed not only by cancer cells but also by tumour-associated stromal cells although its precise role in this compartment is not well characterized6-11. Here, we show that MET is required for neutrophil chemoattraction and cytotoxicity in response to its ligand HGF. Met deletion in neutrophils enhances tumour growth and metastasis. This phenotype correlates with reduced neutrophil infiltration to both primary tumour and metastatic site. Similarly, Met is necessary for neutrophil transudation during colitis, skin rash or peritonitis. Mechanistically, Met is induced by tumour-derived TNF-α or other inflammatory stimuli in both mouse and human neutrophils. This induction is instrumental for neutrophil transmigration across an activated endothelium and iNOS production upon HGF stimulation. Consequently, HGF/MET-dependent nitric oxide release by neutrophils promotes cancer cell killing, which abates tumour growth and metastasis. Following systemic administration of a MET kinase inhibitor, we prove that the therapeutic benefit of MET targeting in cancer cells is partly countered by the pro-tumoural effect rising from MET blockade in neutrophils. Our work identifies an unprecedented role of MET in neutrophils, suggests a potential “Achilles’ heel” of MET-targeted therapies in cancer, and supports the rationale for evaluating anti-MET drugs in certain inflammatory diseases.
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21
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Iotzova-Weiss G, Dziunycz PJ, Freiberger SN, Läuchli S, Hafner J, Vogl T, French LE, Hofbauer GFL. S100A8/A9 stimulates keratinocyte proliferation in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin via the receptor for advanced glycation-end products. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120971. [PMID: 25811984 PMCID: PMC4374726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common neoplasm in organ transplant recipients (OTR) on long-term immunosuppression and occurs 60- to 100-fold more frequently than in the general population. Here, we present the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and S100A8/A9 as important factors driving normal and tumor keratinocyte proliferation. RAGE and S100A8/A9 were transcriptionally upregulated in SCC compared to normal epidermis, as well as in OTR compared to immunocompetent patients (IC) with SCC. The proliferation of normal and SCC keratinocytes was induced by exposure to exogenous S100A8/A9 which in turn was abolished by blocking of RAGE. The migratory activities of normal and SCC keratinocytes were also increased upon exposure to S100A8/A9. We demonstrated that exogenous S100A8/A9 induces phosphorylation of p38 and SAPK/JNK followed by activation of ERK1/2. We hypothesize that RAGE and S100A8/A9 contribute to the development of human SCC by modulating keratinocyte growth and migration. These processes do not seem to be impaired by profound drug-mediated immunosuppression in OTR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr J. Dziunycz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Severin Läuchli
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Hafner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University Clinic Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lars E. French
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Pepper RJ, Wang HH, Rajakaruna GK, Papakrivopoulou E, Vogl T, Pusey CD, Cook HT, Salama AD. S100A8/A9 (calprotectin) is critical for development of glomerulonephritis and promotes inflammatory leukocyte-renal cell interactions. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1264-74. [PMID: 25759267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glomerulonephritis is a common cause of end-stage renal disease. Infiltrating leukocytes interacting with renal cells play a critical role during the initiation and progression of glomerulonephritis, but the exact mechanisms are not clearly defined. By using the murine model of nephrotoxic nephritis, we investigated the role of S100A8/A9 [myeloid-related protein (MRP) 8/14, calprotectin] in promoting glomerulonephritis. In nephrotoxic nephritis, wild-type (WT) mice with glomerulonephritis have elevated serum levels of S100A8/A9, whereas mice deficient in MRP14 (S100a9(-/-)), and hence S100A8/A9, are significantly protected from disease. By using bone marrow transplants, we showed that MRP14 deficiency is required in both the hemopoietic and intrinsic cells for the protective effect. In vitro, both the WT bone marrow-derived macrophages and renal mesangial cells stimulated with S100A8/A9 secrete IL-6, CXCL1, and tumor necrosis factor α; however, Mrp14(-/-) cells exhibit significantly blunted proinflammatory responses. The interaction of WT bone marrow-derived macrophages with renal microvascular endothelial cells results in increased levels of monocyte chemotactic protein 1, IL-8, and IL-6 cytokines, which is attenuated in Mrp14(-/-) bone marrow-derived macrophages. Data shows that S100A8/A9 plays a critical role during glomerulonephritis, exerting and amplifying autocrine and paracrine proinflammatory effects on bone marrow-derived macrophages, renal endothelial cells, and mesangial cells. Therefore, complete S100A8/A9 blockade may be a new therapeutic target in glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth J Pepper
- UCL Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hsu-Han Wang
- UCL Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Charles D Pusey
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Complement and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - H Terence Cook
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Complement and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan D Salama
- UCL Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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23
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Wozniak KL, Hole CR, Yano J, Fidel PL, Wormley FL. Characterization of IL-22 and antimicrobial peptide production in mice protected against pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2014; 160:1440-1452. [PMID: 24760968 PMCID: PMC4076872 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.073445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a significant cause of fungal meningitis in patients with impaired T cell-mediated immunity (CMI). Experimental pulmonary infection with a C. neoformans strain engineered to produce IFN-γ, H99γ, results in the induction of Th1-type CMI, resolution of the acute infection, and protection against challenge with WT Cryptococcus. Given that individuals with suppressed CMI are highly susceptible to pulmonary C. neoformans infection, we sought to determine whether antimicrobial peptides were produced in mice inoculated with H99γ. Thus, we measured levels of antimicrobial peptides lipocalin-2, S100A8, S100A9, calprotectin (S100A8/A9 heterodimer), serum amyloid A-3 (SAA3), and their putative receptors Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in mice during primary and recall responses against C. neoformans infection. Results showed increased levels of IL-17A and IL-22, cytokines known to modulate antimicrobial peptide production. We also observed increased levels of lipocalin-2, S100A8, S100A9 and SAA3 as well as TLR4(+) and RAGE(+) macrophages and dendritic cells in mice inoculated with H99γ compared with WT H99. Similar results were observed in the lungs of H99γ-immunized, compared with heat-killed C. neoformans-immunized, mice following challenge with WT yeast. However, IL-22-deficient mice inoculated with H99γ demonstrated antimicrobial peptide production and no change in survival rates compared with WT mice. These studies demonstrate that protection against cryptococcosis is associated with increased production of antimicrobial peptides in the lungs of protected mice that are not solely in response to IL-17A and IL-22 production and may be coincidental rather than functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Wozniak
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- The South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Camaron R. Hole
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- The South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Dental School, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Paul L. Fidel
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Dental School, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Floyd L. Wormley
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- The South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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24
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Chen X, Eksioglu EA, Zhou J, Zhang L, Djeu J, Fortenbery N, Epling-Burnette P, Van Bijnen S, Dolstra H, Cannon J, Youn JI, Donatelli SS, Qin D, De Witte T, Tao J, Wang H, Cheng P, Gabrilovich DI, List A, Wei S. Induction of myelodysplasia by myeloid-derived suppressor cells. J Clin Invest 2014; 123:4595-611. [PMID: 24216507 DOI: 10.1172/jci67580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are age-dependent stem cell malignancies that share biological features of activated adaptive immune response and ineffective hematopoiesis. Here we report that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which are classically linked to immunosuppression, inflammation, and cancer, were markedly expanded in the bone marrow of MDS patients and played a pathogenetic role in the development of ineffective hematopoiesis. These clonally distinct MDSC overproduce hematopoietic suppressive cytokines and function as potent apoptotic effectors targeting autologous hematopoietic progenitors. Using multiple transfected cell models, we found that MDSC expansion is driven by the interaction of the proinflammatory molecule S100A9 with CD33. These 2 proteins formed a functional ligand/receptor pair that recruited components to CD33’s immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM), inducing secretion of the suppressive cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β by immature myeloid cells. S100A9 transgenic mice displayed bone marrow accumulation of MDSC accompanied by development of progressive multilineage cytopenias and cytological dysplasia. Importantly, early forced maturation of MDSC by either all-trans-retinoic acid treatment or active immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif–bearing (ITAM-bearing) adapter protein (DAP12) interruption of CD33 signaling rescued the hematologic phenotype. These findings indicate that primary bone marrow expansion of MDSC driven by the S100A9/CD33 pathway perturbs hematopoiesis and contributes to the development of MDS.
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Gene expression profiling by mRNA sequencing reveals increased expression of immune/inflammation-related genes in the hippocampus of individuals with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e321. [PMID: 24169640 PMCID: PMC3818014 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome expression profiling in postmortem brain tissue has recently provided insight into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Previous microarray and RNA-Seq studies identified several biological processes including synaptic function, mitochondrial function and immune/inflammation response as altered in the cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Now using RNA-Seq data from the hippocampus, we have identified 144 differentially expressed genes in schizophrenia cases as compared with unaffected controls. Immune/inflammation response was the main biological process over-represented in these genes. The upregulation of several of these genes, IFITM1, IFITM2, IFITM3, APOL1 (Apolipoprotein L1), ADORA2A (adenosine receptor 2A), IGFBP4 and CD163 were validated in the schizophrenia subjects using data from the SNCID database and with quantitative RT-PCR. We identified a co-expression module associated with schizophrenia that includes the majority of differentially expressed genes related to immune/inflammation response as well as with the density of parvalbumin-containing neurons in the hippocampus. The results indicate that abnormal immune/inflammation response in the hippocampus may underlie the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and may be associated with abnormalities in the parvalbumin-containing neurons that lead to the cognitive deficits of the disease.
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Bando M, Zou X, Hiroshima Y, Kataoka M, Ross KF, Shinohara Y, Nagata T, Herzberg MC, Kido JI. Mechanism of interleukin-1α transcriptional regulation of S100A9 in a human epidermal keratinocyte cell line. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2013; 1829:954-62. [PMID: 23563247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
S100A9 is a calcium-binding protein and subunit of antimicrobial calprotectin complex (S100A8/A9). Produced by neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages and keratinocytes, S100A9 expression increases in response to inflammation. For example, IL-1α produced by epithelial cells acts autonomously on the same cells to induce the expression of S100A8/A9 and cellular differentiation. Whereas it is well known that IL-1α and members of the IL-10 family of cytokines upregulate S100A8 and S100A9 in several cell lineages, the pathway and mechanism of IL-1α-dependent transcriptional control of S100A9 in epithelial cells are not established. Modeled using human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), IL-1α stimulated the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and induced S100A9 expression, which was blocked by IL-1 receptor antagonist, RNAi suppression of p38, or a p38 MAPK inhibitor. Transcription of S100A9 in HaCaT cells depended on nucleotides -94 to -53 in the upstream promoter region, based upon the use of deletion constructs and luciferase reporter activity. Within the responsive promoter region, IL-1α increased the binding activity of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ). Mutated C/EBPβ binding sequences or C/EBPβ-specific siRNA inhibited the S100A9 transcriptional response. Hence, IL-1α is strongly suggested to increase S100A9 expression in a human epidermal keratinocyte cell line by signaling through the IL-1 receptor and p38 MAPK, increasing C/EBPβ-dependent transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Bando
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Wiechert L, Németh J, Pusterla T, Bauer C, De Ponti A, Manthey S, Marhenke S, Vogel A, Klingmüller U, Hess J, Angel P. Hepatocyte-specific S100a8 and S100a9 transgene expression in mice causes Cxcl1 induction and systemic neutrophil enrichment. Cell Commun Signal 2012; 10:40. [PMID: 23241281 PMCID: PMC3533587 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-10-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Calprotectin consists of the Ca2+-binding proteins S100a8 and S100a9 that are induced in epithelial cells in response to tissue damage and infection. Both proteins are also secreted by activated innate immune cells and numerous studies demonstrate their crucial role in pathological conditions of acute and chronic inflammation. Results Here, we established a conditional mouse model with simultaneous S100a8 and S100a9 transgene expression in hepatocytes (TgS100a8a9hep) under the control of doxycycline to unravel the role of epithelial-derived Calprotectin on tissue homeostasis and inflammation. TgS100a8a9hep mice displayed a significant enrichment of neutrophils in peripheral blood and tissues with high blood content. Interestingly, Cxcl1 transcription was significantly induced in the liver of TgS100a8a9hep mice and primary hepatocytes derived thereof as compared to Control mice, accompanied by an increase of Cxcl1 serum levels. However, expression of other chemokines with a known function in neutrophil mobilization from the bone marrow, e.g. Csf3 and Cxcl2, was not altered. Doxycycline treatment of TgS100a8a9hep mice reduced Cxcl1 expression in the liver and resulted in normal numbers of neutrophils. Conclusion In summary, our data demonstrate for the first time that hepatocyte-specific S100a8 and S100a9 expression induces a systemic mobilization of neutrophils by a specific activation of Cxcl1 transcription in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Wiechert
- Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Riva M, Källberg E, Björk P, Hancz D, Vogl T, Roth J, Ivars F, Leanderson T. Induction of nuclear factor-κB responses by the S100A9 protein is Toll-like receptor-4-dependent. Immunology 2012; 137:172-82. [PMID: 22804476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical for the regulation of the inflammatory process via activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and cytokine secretion. In this report, we investigated the capacity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -free S100A9 (DAMP) protein to activate human and mouse cells compared with lipoprotein-free LPS (PAMP). First, we showed that LPS and S100A9 were able to increase NF-κB activity followed by increased cytokine and nitric oxide (NO) secretion both in human THP-1 cells and in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Surprisingly, although S100A9 triggered a weaker cytokine response than LPS, we found that S100A9 more potently induced IκBα degradation and hence NF-κB activation. Both the S100A9-induced response and the LPS-induced response were completely absent in TLR4 knockout mice, whereas it was only slightly affected in RAGE knockout mice. Also, we showed that LPS and S100A9 NF-κB induction were strongly reduced in the presence of specific inhibitors of TLR-signalling. Chloroquine reduced S100A9 but not LPS signalling, indicating that S100A9 may need to be internalized to be fully active as a TLR4 inducer. This was confirmed using A488-labelled S100A9 that was internalized in THP-1 cells, showing a raise in fluorescence after 30 min at 37°. Chloroquine treatment significantly reduced the fluorescence. In summary, our data indicate that both human and mouse S100A9 are TLR4 agonists. Importantly, S100A9 induced stronger NF-κB activation albeit weaker cytokine secretion than LPS, suggesting that S100A9 and LPS activated NF-κB in a qualitatively distinct manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Riva
- Immunology Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Vogl T, Gharibyan AL, Morozova-Roche LA. Pro-inflammatory S100A8 and S100A9 proteins: self-assembly into multifunctional native and amyloid complexes. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:2893-2917. [PMID: 22489132 PMCID: PMC3317694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13032893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 are EF-hand Ca2+ binding proteins belonging to the S100 family. They are abundant in cytosol of phagocytes and play critical roles in numerous cellular processes such as motility and danger signaling by interacting and modulating the activity of target proteins. S100A8 and S100A9 expression levels increased in many types of cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and they are implicated in the numerous disease pathologies. The Ca2+ and Zn2+-binding properties of S100A8/A9 have a pivotal influence on their conformation and oligomerization state, including self-assembly into homo- and heterodimers, tetramers and larger oligomers. Here we review how the unique chemical and conformational properties of individual proteins and their structural plasticity at the quaternary level account for S100A8/A9 functional diversity. Additional functional diversification occurs via non-covalent assembly into oligomeric and fibrillar amyloid complexes discovered in the aging prostate and reproduced in vitro. This process is also regulated by Ca2+and Zn2+-binding and effectively competes with the formation of the native complexes. High intrinsic amyloid-forming capacity of S100A8/A9 proteins may lead to their amyloid depositions in numerous ailments characterized by their elevated expression patterns and have additional pathological significance requiring further thorough investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster, Röntgenstr. 21, 48149 Muenster, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Anna L. Gharibyan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden; E-Mail:
| | - Ludmilla A. Morozova-Roche
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +46-90-786-52-83; Fax: +46-90-786-97-95
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Averill MM, Kerkhoff C, Bornfeldt KE. S100A8 and S100A9 in cardiovascular biology and disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 32:223-9. [PMID: 22095980 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.236927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is recent and widespread interest in the damage-associated molecular pattern molecules S100A8 and S100A9 in cardiovascular science. These proteins have a number of interesting features and functions. For example, S100A8 and S100A9 (S100A8/A9) have both intracellular and extracellular actions, they are abundantly expressed in inflammatory and autoimmune states, primarily by myeloid cells but also by other vascular cells, and they modulate inflammatory processes, in part through Toll-like receptor 4 and the receptor for advanced glycation end products. S100A8/A9 also have anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory actions. Furthermore, increased plasma levels of S100A8/A9 predict cardiovascular events in humans, and deletion of these proteins partly protects Apoe(-)(/)(-) mice from atherosclerosis. Understanding the roles of S100A8 and S100A9 in vascular cell types and the mechanisms whereby these proteins mediate their biological effects may offer new therapeutic strategies to prevent, treat, and predict cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Averill
- Department of Pathology, Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, 815 Mercer St, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109-8055, USA
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Curran CS, Bertics PJ. Human eosinophils express RAGE, produce RAGE ligands, exhibit PKC-delta phosphorylation and enhanced viability in response to the RAGE ligand, S100B. Int Immunol 2011; 23:713-28. [PMID: 22025532 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxr083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that human eosinophils produce ligands for the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), express RAGE and exhibit RAGE-mediated responses. In examining our microarray data, we identified the presence of RAGE and RAGE ligand (S100A4, S100A6, S100A8, S100A9, S100A11, S100P, HMGB1) transcripts. Expression of eosinophil RAGE mRNA was also compared with a known positive control and further assessed via bioinformatics and sequence analysis of RAGE cDNA. Positive and negative controls were used to identify RAGE, S100A8 and S100A9 protein in human primary eosinophils. Immunoblot assessment of eosinophils treated with cytokines (IL-5 or granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor) indicated an up-regulation of S100A8 and S100A9 production, whereas co-treatment of eosinophils with a RAGE ligand and cytokines displayed a down-regulation in the levels of RAGE. Analysis of eosinophil-conditioned media revealed that eosinophils are capable of releasing RAGE, S100A8 and S100A9. To test the eosinophil response to RAGE activation, the most well-characterized RAGE ligand, S100B, was examined. Treatment of eosinophils with S100B resulted in RAGE-mediated PKC-delta phosphorylation, a 3-fold dose-dependent increase in cell survival and an increase in the level of cellular RAGE. Combined, these studies reveal eosinophil expression of RAGE, RAGE ligands and RAGE-mediated responses. The expression of eosinophil RAGE, soluble RAGE and RAGE ligands may be pivotal to the functions of eosinophils in various human diseases involving RAGE and S100 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S Curran
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Srikrishna G. S100A8 and S100A9: new insights into their roles in malignancy. J Innate Immun 2011; 4:31-40. [PMID: 21912088 DOI: 10.1159/000330095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted key roles played by non-neoplastic host cells of the tumor microenvironment, and by secreted factors from tumor and host cells, in promoting malignancy. In this regard, damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules such as S100A8 and S100A9, with well-known functions in inflammation, have been increasingly recognized not only as markers, but also as new candidates with important roles in modulating tumor growth and metastasis. This review focuses on our current understanding of the pro- and anti-tumorigenic functions of S100A8 and S100A9. Elucidating molecular pathways mediated by these proteins promises to provide potential novel targets for the development of cancer therapeutics and to establish valid biomarkers to identify early stages of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Srikrishna
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Bargagli E, Olivieri C, Cintorino M, Refini RM, Bianchi N, Prasse A, Rottoli P. Calgranulin B (S100A9/MRP14): a key molecule in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? Inflammation 2011; 34:85-91. [PMID: 20422274 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-010-9210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Calgranulin B is a small calcium-binding protein with several immunological functions mainly involved in chronic inflammation and cancer. It can participate in recruitment of neutrophils and leukocytes in inflamed tissue, oxidant/antioxidant balance, adhesion of neutrophils to fibronectin, and regulation of apoptosis. In a previous proteomic study, we found that calgranulin B was up-regulated in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) with respect to controls and patients with other interstitial lung diseases. The aims of this study are to compare calgranulin B concentrations in BAL of patients with IPF and sarcoidosis and controls by a quantitative method, to look for correlations with clinical data, and to evaluate calgranulin B expression in lung tissue of IPF patients by immunohistochemistry. A modification of a commercial ELISA was used to determine calgranulin B concentrations in BAL of 16 patients with IPF (a group of patients in which we previously performed proteomic analysis), 17 patients with sarcoidosis, and 7 controls. The immunohistochemistry was done in a subgroup of patients with IPF and a control group of lung transplant donors. Calgranulin B concentrations were significantly higher in patients with IPF than controls (p < 0.01); they were inversely correlated with FVC and DLCO values and directly correlated with neutrophil and eosinophil percentages in BAL. Immunohistochemistry revealed a patchy distribution of calgranulin B, predominantly around areas of fibrotic remodeling. Calgranulin B may be a trigger molecule involved in the evolution and progression of IPF, being overexpressed in BAL of patients with IPF with severe functional deterioration and in the peribronchiolar area bordering zones of honeycombing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bargagli
- Respiratory Diseases Section, Dept. of Clinical Medicine and Immunological Sciences, Siena University, Siena, Italy.
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Ichikawa M, Williams R, Wang L, Vogl T, Srikrishna G. S100A8/A9 activate key genes and pathways in colon tumor progression. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:133-48. [PMID: 21228116 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment plays an important role in modulating tumor progression. Earlier, we showed that S100A8/A9 proteins secreted by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) present within tumors and metastatic sites promote an autocrine pathway for accumulation of MDSC. In a mouse model of colitis-associated colon cancer, we also showed that S100A8/A9-positive cells accumulate in all regions of dysplasia and adenoma. Here we present evidence that S100A8/A9 interact with RAGE and carboxylated glycans on colon tumor cells and promote activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Comparison of gene expression profiles of S100A8/A9-activated colon tumor cells versus unactivated cells led us to identify a small cohort of genes upregulated in activated cells, including Cxcl1, Ccl5 and Ccl7, Slc39a10, Lcn2, Zc3h12a, Enpp2, and other genes, whose products promote leukocyte recruitment, angiogenesis, tumor migration, wound healing, and formation of premetastatic niches in distal metastatic organs. Consistent with this observation, in murine colon tumor models we found that chemokines were upregulated in tumors, and elevated in sera of tumor-bearing wild-type mice. Mice lacking S100A9 showed significantly reduced tumor incidence, growth and metastasis, reduced chemokine levels, and reduced infiltration of CD11b(+)Gr1(+) cells within tumors and premetastatic organs. Studies using bone marrow chimeric mice revealed that S100A8/A9 expression on myeloid cells is essential for development of colon tumors. Our results thus reveal a novel role for myeloid-derived S100A8/A9 in activating specific downstream genes associated with tumorigenesis and in promoting tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Ichikawa
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10905 Road to the Cure, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Naess-Andresen CF, Egelandsdal B, Fagerhol MK. Calcium binding and concomitant changes in the structure and heat stability of calprotectin (L1 protein). Mol Pathol 2010; 48:M278-84. [PMID: 16696022 PMCID: PMC407985 DOI: 10.1136/mp.48.5.m278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim-To obtain further data on the structure and conformation of calprotectin, a prominent leucocyte protein found in many species.Methods-The binding of Ca(2+) to calprotectin was studied by means of equilibrium dialysis using (45)Ca as tracer. The thermal stability and denaturation kinetics of calprotectin were studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry. Con-comitant alterations in optical activity resulting from different conditions were measured. A computer program calculated the parameters to fit different models of protein structure. Ultraviolet spectroscopy gave absorbtion spectra. Sedimentation velocity studies and molecular weight determinations by the low speed (sedimentation) equilibrium technique were performed.Results-A maximum of six calcium ions were bound per calprotectin molecule at 0.7 mM calcium chloride. The apparent dissociation constants were calculated. Ca(2+) ions increased the denaturation temperature by 26 degrees K. The enthalpy of denaturation was also increased by Ca(2+). Addition of Ca(2+) to the buffers caused a gradual change in the near UV circular dichroism spectrum, while only minor changes were seen at wavelengths of 210-240 nm. A gradual increase in the sedimentation coefficient was observed on addition of calcium chloride. The extinction coefficient at 279nm was determined: E(279)= 2.53.10(4) M(-1) cm(-1).Conclusions-Calprotectin can bind six calcium ions. Upon binding, the protein shows distinct conformational changes and increased thermal stability. The former may be of importance for its function, while the biological significance of the latter is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Naess-Andresen
- Blood Bank and Department of Immunology, Ullevaal University Hospital, N-0407 Oslo, Norway
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Fagerhol MK. Nomenclature for proteins: is calprotectin a proper name for the elusive myelomonocytic protein? Mol Pathol 2010; 49:M74-9. [PMID: 16696054 PMCID: PMC408025 DOI: 10.1136/mp.49.2.m74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M K Fagerhol
- Blood Bank and Department of Immunology, Ullevaal University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
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Hsu K, Champaiboon C, Guenther BD, Sorenson BS, Khammanivong A, Ross KF, Geczy CL, Herzberg MC. ANTI-INFECTIVE PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF S100 CALGRANULINS. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2009; 8:290-305. [PMID: 20523765 PMCID: PMC2879674 DOI: 10.2174/187152309789838975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The calgranulins are a subgroup of proteins in the S100 family (calgranulin A, S100A8; calgranulin B, S100A9 and calgranulin C, S100A12) that provide protective anti-infective and anti-inflammatory functions for the mammalian host. In this review, we discuss the structure-function relationships whereby S100A8 and S100A9, and for comparison, S100A12, provide intra- and extracellular protection during the complex interplay between infection and inflammation and how the calgranulins are regulated to optimally protect the host. Ideally located to support epithelial barrier function, calprotectin, a complex of S100A8/S100A9, is expressed in squamous mucosal keratinocytes and innate immune cells present at mucosal surfaces. The calgranulins are also abundantly produced in neutrophils and monocytes, whereas expression is induced in epidermal keratinocytes, gastrointestinal epithelial cells and fibroblasts during inflammation. The calgranulins show species-specific expression and function. For example, S100A8 is chemotactic in rodents but not in humans. In humans, S100A12 appears to serve as a functional chemotactic homolog to murine S100A8. Transition metal-binding and oxidation sites within calgranulins are able to create structural changes that may orchestrate new protective functions or binding targets. The calgranulins thus appear to adopt a variety of roles to protect the host. In addition to serving as a leukocyte chemoattractant, protective functions include oxidant scavenging, antimicrobial activity, and chemokine-like activities. Each function may reflect the concentration of the calgranulin, post-transcriptional modifications, oligomeric forms, and the proximal intracellular or extracellular environments. Calprotectin and the calgranulins are remarkable as multifunctional proteins dedicated to protecting the intra- and extracellular environments during infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Hsu
- Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chantrakorn Champaiboon
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and the Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA
| | - Brian D. Guenther
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and the Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA
| | - Brent S. Sorenson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and the Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA
| | - Ali Khammanivong
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and the Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA
| | - Karen F. Ross
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and the Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA
| | - Carolyn L. Geczy
- Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mark C. Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and the Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA
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Endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern molecules at the crossroads of inflammation and cancer. Neoplasia 2009; 11:615-28. [PMID: 19568407 DOI: 10.1593/neo.09284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory mediators play important roles in the development and progression of cancer. Cellular stress, damage, inflammation, and necrotic cell death cause release of endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules or alarmins, which alert the host of danger by triggering immune responses and activating repair mechanisms through their interaction with pattern recognition receptors. Recent studies show that abnormal persistence of these molecules in chronic inflammation and in tumor microenvironments underlies carcinogenesis and tumor progression, indicating that DAMP molecules and their receptors could provide novel targets for therapy. This review focuses on the role of DAMP molecules high-mobility group box 1 and S100 proteins in inflammation, tumor growth, and early metastatic events.
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Joyce EA, Popper SJ, Falkow S. Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal colonization induces type I interferons and interferon-induced gene expression. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:404. [PMID: 19712482 PMCID: PMC2743716 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We employed DNA microarray technology to investigate the host response to Streptococcus pneumoniae in a mouse model of asymptomatic carriage. Over a period of six weeks, we profiled transcript abundance and complexity in the Nasal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (NALT) to identify genes whose expression differed between pneumococcal-colonized and uncolonized states. Results Colonization with S. pneumoniae altered the expression of hundreds of genes over the course of the study, demonstrating that carriage is a dynamic process characterized by increased expression of a set of early inflammatory responses, including induction of a Type I Interferon response, and the production of several antimicrobial factors. Subsequent to this initial inflammatory response, we observed increases in transcripts associated with T cell development and activation, as well as wounding, basement membrane remodeling, and cell proliferation. Our analysis suggests that microbial colonization induced expression of genes encoding components critical for controlling JAK/STAT signaling, including stat1, stat2, socs3, and mapk1, as well as induction of several Type I Interferon-inducible genes and other antimicrobial factors at the earliest stages of colonization. Conclusion Examining multiple time points over six weeks of colonization demonstrated that asymptomatic carriage stimulates a dynamic host response characterized by temporal waves with distinct biological programs. Our data suggest that the usual response to the presence of the pneumocccus is an initial controlled inflammatory response followed by activation of host physiological processes such as response to wounding, basement membrane remodeling, and increasing cellular numbers that ultimately allow the host to maintain an intact epithelium and eventually mount a preventive adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Joyce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94131, USA.
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Abstract
Tissue-specific silencing of genes may be used for genetic engineering in mice and has possible therapeutic applications in humans. Current strategies in mice rely on Cre/loxP technology requiring the generation of multiple transgenic lines and breeding strategies. Here, we describe the selective silencing of CD18, a leukocyte-specific integrin in neutrophils using a micro RNA (miRNA) strategy that requires the generation of one transgenic line. CD18-specific miRNA hairpin driven by the myeloid specific human MRP8 promoter resulted in the generation of transgenic lines with 75% to 95% reduction in CD18 protein levels in neutrophils and monocytes. Minimal decreases in T cells and a partial diminution in macrophages were observed. Neutrophil CD18 silencing resulted in neutrophilia, splenomegaly, and significant defects in neutrophil trafficking with the degree of alterations correlating with the extent of CD18 silencing. Thus, our data demonstrate the utility of using miRNA approaches to silence genes in neutrophils, which are terminally differentiated cells with a short half-life that largely precludes their genetic manipulation in vitro. Furthermore, the mouse models provide a valuable tool to examine the contribution of CD18 on neutrophils to leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I (LAD-I), a complex inherited disorder in which reduced or absent CD18 expression in multiple leukocyte subsets leads to impaired innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Pagano RL, Mariano M, Giorgi R. Neutrophilic cell-free exudate induces antinociception mediate by the protein S100A9. Mediators Inflamm 2007; 2006:36765. [PMID: 17047291 PMCID: PMC1618946 DOI: 10.1155/mi/2006/36765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-binding protein S100A9 (MRP-14) induces
antinociceptive effect in an experimental model of
painful sensibility and participates of antinociception observed
during neutrophilic peritonitis induced by glycogen or carrageenan
in mice. In this study, the direct antinociceptive role of the
protein S100A9 in neutrophilic cell-free exudates obtained of mice
injected with glycogen was investigated. Mice were
intraperitoneally injected with a glycogen solution, and after
4, 8, 24, and 48 hours, either the pattern of cell
migration of the peritoneal exudate or the nociceptive response of
animals was evaluated. The glycogen-induced neutrophilic
peritonitis evoked antinociception 4 and 8 hours after
inoculation of the irritant. Peritoneal cell-free exudates,
collected in different times after the irritant injection, were
transferred to naive animals which were submitted to the
nociceptive test. The transference of exudates also induced
antinociceptive effect, and neutralization of S100A9 activity by
anti-S100A9 monoclonal antibody totally reverted this response.
This effect was not observed when experiments were made 24 or
48 hours after glycogen injection. These results clearly
indicate that S100A9 is secreted during glycogen-induced
neutrophilic peritonitis, and that this protein is responsible by
antinociception observed in the initial phase of inflammatory
reaction. Thus, these data reinforce the hypothesis that the
calcium-binding protein S100A9 participates of the endogenous
control of inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana L. Pagano
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute,
Avenue Vital Brazil 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Mario Mariano
- Discipline of Immunology, Federal University of
São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 862, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
- Discipline of Immunology, Paulista University, Rua Dr Bacelar 1212, São Paulo 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Renata Giorgi
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute,
Avenue Vital Brazil 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
- *Renata Giorgi:
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Ehlermann P, Eggers K, Bierhaus A, Most P, Weichenhan D, Greten J, Nawroth PP, Katus HA, Remppis A. Increased proinflammatory endothelial response to S100A8/A9 after preactivation through advanced glycation end products. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2006; 5:6. [PMID: 16573830 PMCID: PMC1475836 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-5-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which a perpetuated activation of NFkappaB via the RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products)-MAPK signalling pathway may play an important pathogenetic role. As recently S100 proteins have been identified as ligands of RAGE, we sought to determine the effects of the proinflammatory heterodimer of S100A8/S100A9 on the RAGE-NFkappaB mediated induction of proinflammatory gene expression. Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were preincubated for 72 h with AGE-albumin or unmodified albumin for control, whereas AGE-albumin induction resulted in an upregulation of RAGE. Following this preactivation, cells were stimulated for 48 h with heterodimeric human recombinant S100A8/S100A9. Results Heterodimeric S100A8/S100A9 enhanced secretion of IL-6, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and MCP1 in AGE-albumin pretreated HUVEC in a dose dependent manner. These effects could not be detected after stimulation with the homodimeric proteins S100A8, S100A9, S100A1 and S100B. The effects of heterodimeric S100A8/S100A9 were reduced by inhibition of the MAP-kinase pathways ERK1/2 and p38 by PD 98059 and SB 203580, respectively. Conclusion The heterodimeric S100A8/S100A9 might therefore play a hitherto unknown role in triggering atherosclerosis in diabetes and renal failure, pathophysiological entities associated with a high AGE burden. Thus, blocking heterodimeric S100A8/S100A9 might represent a novel therapeutic modality in treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ehlermann
- Universität Heidelberg, Abteilung Innere Medizin III, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai Eggers
- Charité Campus Mitte, Kardiologie, Pneumologie und Angiologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelika Bierhaus
- Universität Heidelberg, Abteilung Innere Medizin I, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Most
- Universität Heidelberg, Abteilung Innere Medizin III, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Weichenhan
- Universität Heidelberg, Abteilung Innere Medizin III, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Greten
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Peter P Nawroth
- Universität Heidelberg, Abteilung Innere Medizin I, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Universität Heidelberg, Abteilung Innere Medizin III, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrew Remppis
- Universität Heidelberg, Abteilung Innere Medizin III, Heidelberg, Germany
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Stroncek DF, Shankar RA, Skubitz KM. The subcellular distribution of myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8) and MRP14 in human neutrophils. J Transl Med 2005; 3:36. [PMID: 16191197 PMCID: PMC1253536 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-3-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8) and MRP14 are S100 family calcium binding proteins that form a heterodimer known as calprotectin or MRP8/14 that is present in the cytosol of neutrophils and monocytes. MRP8/14 becomes associated with endothelium at sites of monocyte and neutrophil adhesion and transmigration and induces a thrombogenic and inflammatory response by increasing the endothelial transcription of proinflammatory chemokines and adhesion molecules. The distribution of MRP8/MRP14 among neutrophil granules and plasma membranes is unclear and was investigated to better understand the role of this molecule in acute inflammation. STUDY DESIGN Three monoclonal antibodies specific for MRP8 and MRP14 were characterized and used in immunoblotting assays of neutrophil whole cell extracts, and isolated plasma membranes, primary granules, secondary granules and cytosol. RESULTS MRP8 and MRP14 were detected in neutrophil cytosol, plasma membrane, primary granule and secondary granule fractions. MRP8/14 demonstrated a calcium-dependent adherence to plasma membranes and primary granules and could be removed by washing with EGTA in a high ionic strength buffer. In contrast, MRP8/14 was found within the contents of the secondary granules. Activated neutrophils released secondary granules and MRP8/14. CONCLUSION MRP8/14 is located in neutrophil cytosol and secondary granule fractions and is loosely associated with plasma membranes. MRP8/14 released with secondary granules by activated neutrophils likely binds to endothelium and plays an important role in acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Stroncek
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Keith M Skubitz
- The Department of Medicine, The University of Minnesota Medical School and Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Hobbs JAR, May R, Tanousis K, McNeill E, Mathies M, Gebhardt C, Henderson R, Robinson MJ, Hogg N. Myeloid cell function in MRP-14 (S100A9) null mice. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:2564-76. [PMID: 12640137 PMCID: PMC150714 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.7.2564-2576.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-related protein 14 (MRP-14) and its heterodimeric partner, MRP-8, are cytosolic calcium-binding proteins, highly expressed in neutrophils and monocytes. To understand the function of MRP-14, we performed targeted disruption of the MRP-14 gene in mice. MRP-14(-/-) mice showed no obvious phenotype and were fertile. MRP-8 mRNA but not protein is present in the myeloid cells of these mice, suggesting that the stability of MRP-8 protein is dependent on MRP-14 expression. A compensatory increase in other proteins was not detected in cells lacking MRP-8 and MRP-14. Although the morphology of MRP-14(-/-) myeloid cells was not altered, they were significantly less dense. When Ca(2+) responses were investigated, there was no change in the maximal response to the chemokine MIP-2. At lower concentrations, however, there was reduced responsiveness in MRP-14(-/-) compared with MRP-14(+/+) neutrophils. This alteration in the ability to flux Ca(2+) did not impair the ability of the MRP-14(-/-) neutrophils to respond chemotactically to MIP-2. In addition, the myeloid cell functions of phagocytosis, superoxide burst, and apoptosis were unaffected in MRP-14(-/-) cells. In an in vivo model of peritonitis, MRP-14(-/-) mice showed no difference from wild-type mice in induced inflammatory response. The data indicate that MRP-14 and MRP-8 are dispensable for many myeloid cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie A R Hobbs
- Leukocyte Adhesion Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London WC2A 3PX, United Kingdom
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Pagano RL, Dias MAA, Dale CS, Giorgi R. Neutrophils and the calcium-binding protein MRP-14 mediate carrageenan-induced antinociception in mice. Mediators Inflamm 2002; 11:203-10. [PMID: 12396471 PMCID: PMC1781669 DOI: 10.1080/0962935029000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that the calcium-binding protein MRP-14 secreted by neutrophils mediates the antinociceptive response in an acute inflammatory model induced by the intraperitoneal injection of glycogen in mice. AIM In an attempt to broaden the concept that neutrophils and MRP-14 controls inflammatory pain induced by different type of irritants, in the present study, after demonstrating that carrageenan (Cg) also induces atinociception in mice, we investigated the participation of both neutrophils and MRP-14 in the phenomenon. METHODS Male Swiss mice were injected intraperitoneally with Cg and after different time intervals, the pattern of cell migration of the peritoneal exudate and the nociceptive response of animals submitted to the writhing test were evaluated. The participation of neutrophils and of the MRP-14 on the Cg effect was evaluated by systemic inoculation of monoclonal antibodies anti-granulocyte and anti-MRP-14. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that the acute neutrophilic peritonitis evoked by Cg induced antinociception 2, 4 and 8 h after inoculation of the irritant. Monoclonal antibodies anti-granulocyte or anti-MRP-14 reverts the antinociceptive response only 2 and 8 h after Cg injection. The antibody anti-MRP-14 partially reverts the antinociception observed after 4 h of Cg injection while the anti-granulocyte antibody enhances this effect. This effect is reverted by simultaneous treatment of the animals with both antibodies. After 4 h of Cg injection in neutrophil-depleted mice a significant expression of the calcium-binding protein MRP-14 was detected in the cytoplasm of peritoneal macrophages. This suggests that the enhancement of the effect observed after treatment with the anti-neutrophil antibody may be due to secretion of MRP-14 by macrophages. It has also been demonstrated that endogenous opioids and glucocorticoids are not involved in the antinociception observed at the 4th hour after Cg injection. CONCLUSION These data support the hypothesis that neutrophils and the calcium-binding protein MRP-14 are participants of the endogenous control of inflammatory pain in mice despite the model of acute inflammation used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana L Pagano
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, Av Vital Brazil 1500, São Paulo, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Nisapakultorn K, Ross KF, Herzberg MC. Calprotectin expression in vitro by oral epithelial cells confers resistance to infection by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 2001; 69:4242-7. [PMID: 11401960 PMCID: PMC98457 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.7.4242-4247.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calprotectin, an S100 calcium-binding protein with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity in vitro, is expressed in neutrophils, monocytes, and gingival keratinocytes. In periodontitis, calprotectin appears upregulated and is detected at higher levels in gingival crevicular fluid and tissue specimens. How calprotectin contributes to the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases is unknown. To isolate the effects of calprotectin, a calprotectin-negative oral epithelial cell line was transfected with calprotectin genes to enable expression. Porphyromonas gingivalis was permitted to bind and invade transfected cells expressing calprotectin and sham transfectants. Rates of invasion into both cell lines were compared using the antibiotic protection assay. Transfected cells expressing calprotectin showed 40 to 50% fewer internalized P. gingivalis than sham transfectants. Similarly, binding to calprotectin expressing cells was reduced approximately twofold at all time points (15, 30, 45, and 60 min) as estimated by immunofluorescence analysis. Independent of invasion, however, prolonged exposure to P. gingivalis induced epithelial cell rounding and detachment from the substratum. These morphological changes were delayed, however, in cells expressing calprotectin. Using P. gingivalis protease-deficient mutants, we found that Arg-gingipain and Lys-gingipain contributed to epithelial cell rounding and detachment. In conclusion, expression of calprotectin appears to protect epithelial cells in culture against binding and invasion by P. gingivalis. In addition, cells expressing calprotectin are more resistant to detachment mediated by Arg-gingipain and Lys-gingipain. In periodontal disease, calprotectin may augment both the barrier protection and innate immune functions of the gingival epithelium to promote resistance to P. gingivalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nisapakultorn
- Department of Preventive Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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Nisapakultorn K, Ross KF, Herzberg MC. Calprotectin expression inhibits bacterial binding to mucosal epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2001; 69:3692-6. [PMID: 11349032 PMCID: PMC98370 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.6.3692-3696.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous mucosal epithelial cells constitutively express calprotectin in the cytoplasm. To study how this antimicrobial protein complex confers epithelial resistance to invading bacteria, an epithelial cell line was stably transfected to express the calprotectin complex. Cells expressing calprotectin resist invasion by Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Calprotectin expression was accompanied by altered actin organization, increased alpha3 integrin expression, and spreading cell morphology. In this study, we assessed whether calprotectin expression affects bacterial binding and uptake. Threefold-fewer Listeria organisms bound to the surfaces of calprotectin-expressing cells, and 10-fold fewer were localized intracellularly by immunofluorescence. Similarly, fewer Salmonella organisms bound to cells expressing calprotectin. Calprotectin-expressing and sham-transfected cells showed similar levels of expression of surface E-cadherin and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) by flow cytometry. Calprotectin-expressing transfectants expressed calprotectin on the cell surface as well as in the cytosol. In conclusion, two bacterial pathogens showed reduced binding to calprotectin-expressing epithelial cells. Calprotectin-expressing cells appeared to have internalized disproportionately fewer Listeria organisms, suggesting that reduced binding and translocation supplemented direct antimicrobial effects in calprotectin-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nisapakultorn
- Department of Preventive Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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Johne B, Fagerhol MK, Lyberg T, Prydz H, Brandtzaeg P, Naess-Andresen CF, Dale I. Functional and clinical aspects of the myelomonocyte protein calprotectin. Mol Pathol 1997; 50:113-23. [PMID: 9292145 PMCID: PMC379605 DOI: 10.1136/mp.50.3.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Johne
- Nycomed Pharma AS, Oslo, Norway.
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Lügering N, Kucharzik T, Lügering A, Winde G, Sorg C, Domschke W, Stoll R. Importance of combined treatment with IL-10 and IL-4, but not IL-13, for inhibition of monocyte release of the Ca(2+)-binding protein MRP8/14. Immunology 1997; 91:130-4. [PMID: 9203976 PMCID: PMC1364045 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1997.00221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the two myeloic related proteins MRP8 and MRP14 is restricted to distinct stages of monocytic differentiation. Heterodimeric MRP8/14 complexes (27E10 antigen) have been shown to represent their biologically active forms. In this study, we investigated the effects of Th2-cytokines on release of these proteins from freshly obtained blood monocytes and monocytes cultured for 7 days in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Monocytes were stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) in the presence or absence of interleukin-13 (IL-13), IL-4 and IL-10, and secretion of MRP8, MRP14 and MRP8/14 was assessed by using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system. Peripheral monocytes secreted significantly increased amounts of MRP14 and MRP8/14 but not MRP8 under stimulation with PWM. IL-10 and IL-4, but not IL-13, down-regulated the PWM-stimulated MRP8/14 secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Maximal inhibition required that IL-10 and IL-4 be added up to 1 h before or simultaneous with PWM. A combination of IL-10 and IL-4 even at suboptimal concentrations significantly suppressed protein secretion much more than using IL-10 or IL-4 at a doubled concentration alone. Peripheral monocytes cultured for 7 days in the presence of GM-CSF showed two-to threefold higher protein levels compared with freshly obtained blood monocytes but responded inefficiently to either IL-4, IL-13, or IL-10 alone. However, treatment with IL-10 in combination with IL-4 but not IL-13 strongly suppressed MRP14 and MRP8/14 release by these cells. The unresponsiveness of 7-day-cultured blood macrophages suggests that more differentiated and activated cells may lose their ability to respond to anti-inflammatory cytokines. Combined cytokine treatment may therefore more effectively control the progression of chronic inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lügering
- Department of Medicine B, University of Münster, Germany
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50
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Abstract
Neutrophils, the most common inflammatory leukocytes, have the most limited life span of all blood cells. After they undergo apoptosis, they are recognized and engulfed by macrophages. bcl-2, a proto-oncogene rearranged and deregulated in B cell lymphomas bearing the t(14;18) translocation, is known to inhibit programmed death. bcl-2 expression is localized in early myeloid cells of the bone marrow but is absent in mature neutrophils. Transgenic mice that expressed bcl-2 in mature neutrophils showed that bcl-2 blocked neutrophil apoptosis. Despite this, homeostasis of neutrophil population is essentially unaffected. In fact, macrophage uptake of neutrophils expressing bcl-2 still occurred. This transgenic model indicates that the mechanism that triggers phagocytosis of aging neutrophils operates independently of the process of apoptosis regulated by bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lagasse
- Department of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305
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