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Franier BDL, Thompson M. Interaction of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans with surface-modified silica studied by ultra-high frequency acoustic wave biosensor. RSC Adv 2024; 14:29658-29664. [PMID: 39297046 PMCID: PMC11408991 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra05532b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work the bacteria S. aureus and fungi C. albicans were allowed to interact with quartz-based biosensor devices under different flow rates, with and without an anti-fouling coating. These experiments were conducted in order to determine if the level of fouling observed was affected by the flow rate. The biosensor used was an ultra-high frequency acoustic wave device (EMPAS) for investigation of device surface initial interaction of S. aureus or C. albicans under flow of PBS buffer at flow rates between 50 and 200 μL min-1. Surface-bound microbes were also visualized by fluorescence microscopy following these experiments. S. aureus bacteria was able to foul the bare quartz sensors at each flow rate tested, with the greatest degree of fouling observed at a flow rate of 100 μL min-1. C. albicans showed far less fouling of bare devices with the maximum fouling observed at a flow rate of 75 μL min-1. Antifouling MEG-OH coated sensors showed greatly reduced fouling for S. aureus, with between a 90 and 99% reduction in observed frequency change depending on the flow rate used, and between 22 and 90% for C. albicans. Fluorescence images of the microbes following the experiments correlated well with the frequency data, showing a marked decrease in the amount of bacteria seen on MEG-OH-coated surfaces compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian De La Franier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Michael Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
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Williams C, Carnahan BR, Hyland SN, Grimes CL. Bioorthogonal labeling of chitin in pathogenic Candida species reveals biochemical mechanisms of hyphal growth and homeostasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.27.609898. [PMID: 39253419 PMCID: PMC11383299 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.27.609898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi rely on the cell wall component, chitin, for critical structural and immunological functions. Here a chitin labeling method to visualize the hyphal pathogenic response was developed. The data show that filamentous fungi, Candida albicans , transport N -acetylglucosamine (NAG) bio-orthogonal probes and incorporate them into the cell wall, indicating the probes utility for in vivo study of the morphological, pathogenic switch. As yeast reside in complex microenvironments, The data show that the opportunistic microbe C. albicans , has developed processes to utilize surrounding bacterial cell wall fragments to initiate the morphogenic switch. The probes are utilized for visualization of growth patterns of pathogenic fungi, providing insights into novel mechanisms for the development of antifungals. Remodeling chitin in fungi using NAG derivatives will advance yeast pathogenic studies.
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Kim JS, Cha H, Bahn YS. Comprehensive Overview of Candida auris: An Emerging Multidrug-Resistant Fungal Pathogen. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:1365-1375. [PMID: 38881183 PMCID: PMC11294645 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2404.04040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The rise of Candida auris, a multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen, across more than 40 countries, has signaled an alarming threat to global health due to its significant resistance to existing antifungal therapies. Characterized by its rapid spread and robust drug resistance, C. auris presents a critical challenge in managing infections, particularly in healthcare settings. With research on its biological traits and genetic basis of virulence and resistance still in the early stages, there is a pressing need for a concerted effort to understand and counteract this pathogen. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the epidemiology, biology, genetic manipulation, pathogenicity, diagnostics, and resistance mechanisms of C. auris, and discusses future directions in research and therapeutic development. By exploring the complexities surrounding C. auris, we aim to underscore the importance of advancing research to devise effective control and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Seok Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Cha
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Bahn
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Razmi M, Kim J, Chinnici J, Busarajan S, Vuppalapaty H, Lankipalli D, Li R, Maddi A. Candida albicans Mannosidases, Dfg5 and Dcw1, Are Required for Cell Wall Integrity and Pathogenesis. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:525. [PMID: 39194851 DOI: 10.3390/jof10080525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an oral mucosal commensal fungus that transforms into an opportunistic pathogen under specific conditions, including immunosuppression. It causes oral and systemic candidiasis, which results in a significant health burden. Furthermore, an alarming rise in antifungal drug resistance in Candida species raises the urgent need for novel drugs and drug targets. C. albicans Dfg5 and Dcw1 are homologous cell wall alpha-1,6-mannosidases with critical functions and represent potential new drug targets. Our past studies have shown that Dfg5 and Dcw1 function in cell wall biogenesis through the cross-linking of glycoproteins into the cell wall, thus playing a key role in cell wall integrity. Additionally, Dfg5 and Dcw1 are required for hyphal morphogenesis. However, the exact functions of Dfg5 and Dcw1 in cell wall integrity, hyphal morphogenesis, and pathogenesis are not known. In this study, we determined the relation of Dfg5 and Dcw1 with Hog1 MAPK, which plays a key role in cell wall integrity via the regulation of chitin synthesis in C. albicans. Additionally, we also determined the effects of dfg5 and dcw1 mutations on the gene expression of transcriptional regulators of hyphal morphogenesis. Furthermore, we determined the effects of dfg5 and dcw1 mutations on pathogenesis in a mouse model of oral candidiasis. Our results demonstrate that dfg5 and dcw1 mutations, as well as a hog1 knockout mutation, result in the dysregulation of chitin synthesis, resulting in a cell separation defect. Heterozygous and conditional mutations in dfg5 and dcw1 resulted in decreased transcriptional levels of cst20, a positive regulator of hyphal morphogenesis. However, dfg5 and dcw1 mutations resulted in increased levels of all the five negative regulators of hyphal morphogenesis-Tup1, Nrg1, Mig1, Rbf1, and Rfg1. Additionally, Tup1 levels were significantly higher than other negative regulators, indicating that Dfg5 and Dcw1 function in hyphal morphogenesis by repressing Tup1. Finally, dfg5 and dcw1 mutations affected the ability of C. albicans to cause oral candidiasis in mice. Thus, the cell wall glycosidases Dfg5 and Dcw1 are required for virulence and pathogenesis and represent novel drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Razmi
- Department of Periodontics & Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Jaewon Kim
- Department of Periodontics & Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Jennifer Chinnici
- Department of Periodontics & Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Sujay Busarajan
- Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Hema Vuppalapaty
- Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Deepika Lankipalli
- Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Abhiram Maddi
- Department of Periodontics & Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Division of Regenerative Sciences & Periodontics, Department of Advanced Specialty Sciences, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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El Hachem S, Fattouh N, Chedraoui C, Finianos M, Bitar I, Khalaf RA. Sequential Induction of Drug Resistance and Characterization of an Initial Candida albicans Drug-Sensitive Isolate. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:347. [PMID: 38786702 PMCID: PMC11122215 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenic fungus Candida albicans is a leading agent of death in immunocompromised individuals with a growing trend of antifungal resistance. METHODS The purpose is to induce resistance to drugs in a sensitive C. albicans strain followed by whole-genome sequencing to determine mechanisms of resistance. Strains will be assayed for pathogenicity attributes such as ergosterol and chitin content, growth rate, virulence, and biofilm formation. RESULTS We observed sequential increases in ergosterol and chitin content in fluconazole-resistant isolates by 78% and 44%. Surface thickening prevents the entry of the drug, resulting in resistance. Resistance imposed a fitness trade-off that led to reduced growth rates, biofilm formation, and virulence in our isolates. Sequencing revealed mutations in genes involved in resistance and pathogenicity such as ERG11, CHS3, GSC2, CDR2, CRZ2, and MSH2. We observed an increase in the number of mutations in key genes with a sequential increase in drug-selective pressures as the organism increased its odds of adapting to inhospitable environments. In ALS4, we observed two mutations in the susceptible strain and five mutations in the resistant strain. CONCLUSION This is the first study to induce resistance followed by genotypic and phenotypic analysis of isolates to determine mechanisms of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setrida El Hachem
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos P.O. Box 36, Lebanon; (S.E.H.); (N.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Nour Fattouh
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos P.O. Box 36, Lebanon; (S.E.H.); (N.F.); (C.C.)
- Department of Biology, Saint George University of Beirut, Beirut 1100-2807, Lebanon
| | - Christy Chedraoui
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos P.O. Box 36, Lebanon; (S.E.H.); (N.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Marc Finianos
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (M.F.); (I.B.)
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ibrahim Bitar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (M.F.); (I.B.)
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Roy A. Khalaf
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos P.O. Box 36, Lebanon; (S.E.H.); (N.F.); (C.C.)
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Moon H, Min K, Winarto J, Shin S, Jeon H, Song DG, Son H. Proteomic Analysis of Cell Wall Proteins with Various Linkages in Fusarium graminearum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6028-6039. [PMID: 38457781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The fungal cell wall, primarily comprising a glucan-chitin matrix and cell wall proteins (CWPs), serves as a key mediator for fungal interactions with the environment and plays a pivotal role in virulence. In this study, we employed a comprehensive proteomics approach to analyze the CWPs in the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. Our methodology successfully extracted and identified 1373 CWPs, highlighting their complex linkages, including noncovalent bonds, disulfide bridges, alkali-sensitive linkages, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors. A significant subset of these proteins, enriched in Gene Ontology terms, suggest multifunctional roles of CWPs. Through the integration of transcriptomic and proteomic data, we observed differential expression patterns of CWPs across developmental stages. Specifically, we focused on two genes, Fca7 and Cpd1, which were upregulated in planta, and confirmed their localization predominantly outside the plasma membrane, primarily in the cell wall and periplasmic space. The disruption of FCA7 reduced virulence on wheat, aligning with previous findings and underscoring its significance. Overall, our findings offer a comprehensive proteomic profile of CWPs in F. graminearum, laying the groundwork for a deeper understanding of their roles in the development and interactions with host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeji Moon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghun Min
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plant Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Jessica Winarto
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Soobin Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosung Jeon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Geun Song
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Kadirvelu L, Sivaramalingam SS, Jothivel D, Chithiraiselvan DD, Karaiyagowder Govindarajan D, Kandaswamy K. A review on antimicrobial strategies in mitigating biofilm-associated infections on medical implants. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2024; 6:100231. [PMID: 38510214 PMCID: PMC10951465 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2024.100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomedical implants are crucial in providing support and functionality to patients with missing or defective body parts. However, implants carry an inherent risk of bacterial infections that are biofilm-associated and lead to significant complications. These infections often result in implant failure, requiring replacement by surgical restoration. Given these complications, it is crucial to study the biofilm formation mechanism on various biomedical implants that will help prevent implant failures. Therefore, this comprehensive review explores various types of implants (e.g., dental implant, orthopedic implant, tracheal stent, breast implant, central venous catheter, cochlear implant, urinary catheter, intraocular lens, and heart valve) and medical devices (hemodialyzer and pacemaker) in use. In addition, the mechanism of biofilm formation on those implants, and their pathogenesis were discussed. Furthermore, this article critically reviews various approaches in combating implant-associated infections, with a special emphasis on novel non-antibiotic alternatives to mitigate biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lohita Kadirvelu
- Research Center for Excellence in Microscopy, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641049, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sowmiya Sri Sivaramalingam
- Research Center for Excellence in Microscopy, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641049, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Deepsikha Jothivel
- Research Center for Excellence in Microscopy, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641049, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhivia Dharshika Chithiraiselvan
- Research Center for Excellence in Microscopy, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641049, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Kumaravel Kandaswamy
- Research Center for Excellence in Microscopy, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641049, Tamil Nadu, India
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Wiench R, Paliga D, Mertas A, Bobela E, Kuśka-Kiełbratowska A, Bordin-Aykroyd S, Kawczyk-Krupka A, Grzech-Leśniak K, Lukomska-Szymanska M, Lynch E, Skaba D. Red/Orange Autofluorescence in Selected Candida Strains Exposed to 405 nm Laser Light. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:48. [PMID: 38534272 DOI: 10.3390/dj12030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida albicans and similar species are significant pathogens in immunocompromised and hospitalized individuals, known for mucosal colonization and bloodstream/organ invasion. Many pathogenic fungi, including these species, exhibit autofluorescence (R/OF) under specific light conditions, a feature crucial for their detection. AIM We investigated the use of a 405 nm diode laser for the direct observation of red/orange autofluorescence of Candida spp., common in the oral cavity, exploring its potential in health screenings. METHODS This study utilized cultures of Candida spp. on Sabouraud dextrose agar with Qdot 655 and 685 for fluorescence benchmarking, illuminated using a 405 nm diode laser (continuous wave, power 250 mW, 0.0425 J/cm² fluence, 0.0014 W/cm² power density). Images were captured using a yellow-filter camera at set intervals (48 to 144 h). Visual and computational analyses evaluated the R/OF in terms of presence, intensity, coloration, and intra-colony variation. RESULTS Most Candida strains displayed red/orange autofluorescence at all observation times, characterized by varied coloration and intra-colony distribution. Initially, there was an increase in R/OF intensity, which then stabilized in the later stages of observation. CONCLUSIONS The majority of the Candida strains tested are capable of emitting R/OF under 405 nm laser light. This finding opens up new possibilities for integrating R/OF detection into routine dental screenings for Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Wiench
- Department of Periodontal Diseases and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Dariusz Paliga
- Dental Office Reanata and Dariusz Paliga, Aleja Niepodległości 3/lok 2, 35-303 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Anna Mertas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Bobela
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Kuśka-Kiełbratowska
- Department of Periodontal Diseases and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Sonia Bordin-Aykroyd
- Photomedicine, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Kinga Grzech-Leśniak
- Laser Laboratory, Dental Surgery Department, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | | | - Edward Lynch
- Photomedicine, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Dariusz Skaba
- Department of Periodontal Diseases and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
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Cheng B, Yu K, Weng X, Liu Z, Huang X, Jiang Y, Zhang S, Wu S, Wang X, Hu X. Impact of cell wall polysaccharide modifications on the performance of Pichia pastoris: novel mutants with enhanced fitness and functionality for bioproduction applications. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:55. [PMID: 38368340 PMCID: PMC10874062 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pichia pastoris is a widely utilized host for heterologous protein expression and biotransformation. Despite the numerous strategies developed to optimize the chassis host GS115, the potential impact of changes in cell wall polysaccharides on the fitness and performance of P. pastoris remains largely unexplored. This study aims to investigate how alterations in cell wall polysaccharides affect the fitness and function of P. pastoris, contributing to a better understanding of its overall capabilities. RESULTS Two novel mutants of GS115 chassis, H001 and H002, were established by inactivating the PAS_chr1-3_0225 and PAS_chr1-3_0661 genes involved in β-glucan biosynthesis. In comparison to GS115, both modified hosts exhibited a looser cell surface and larger cell size, accompanied by faster growth rates and higher carbon-to-biomass conversion ratios. When utilizing glucose, glycerol, and methanol as exclusive carbon sources, the carbon-to-biomass conversion rates of H001 surpassed GS115 by 10.00%, 9.23%, and 33.33%, respectively. Similarly, H002 exhibited even higher increases of 32.50%, 12.31%, and 53.33% in carbon-to-biomass conversion compared to GS115 under the same carbon sources. Both chassis displayed elevated expression levels of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and human epidermal growth factor (hegf). Compared to GS115/pGAPZ A-gfp, H002/pGAPZ A-gfp showed a 57.64% higher GFP expression, while H002/pPICZα A-hegf produced 66.76% more hegf. Additionally, both mutant hosts exhibited enhanced biosynthesis efficiencies of S-adenosyl-L-methionine and ergothioneine. H001/pGAPZ A-sam2 synthesized 21.28% more SAM at 1.14 g/L compared to GS115/pGAPZ A-sam2, and H001/pGAPZ A-egt1E obtained 45.41% more ERG at 75.85 mg/L. The improved performance of H001 and H002 was likely attributed to increased supplies of NADPH and ATP. Specifically, H001 and H002 exhibited 5.00-fold and 1.55-fold higher ATP levels under glycerol, and 6.64- and 1.47-times higher ATP levels under methanol, respectively, compared to GS115. Comparative lipidomic analysis also indicated that the mutations generated richer unsaturated lipids on cell wall, leading to resilience to oxidative damage. CONCLUSIONS Two novel P. pastoris chassis hosts with impaired β-1,3-D-glucan biosynthesis were developed, showcasing enhanced performances in terms of growth rate, protein expression, and catalytic capabilities. These hosts exhibit the potential to serve as attractive alternatives to P. pastoris GS115 for various bioproduction applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Cheng
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Keyang Yu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xing Weng
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xuewu Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yuhong Jiang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Ltd, Massey University, University Avenue and Library Road, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
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10
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Feng Z, Lu H, Jiang Y. Promising immunotherapeutic targets for treating candidiasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1339501. [PMID: 38404288 PMCID: PMC10884116 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1339501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In the last twenty years, there has been a significant increase in invasive fungal infections, which has corresponded with the expanding population of individuals with compromised immune systems. As a result, the mortality rate linked to these infections remains unacceptably high. The currently available antifungal drugs, such as azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins, face limitations in terms of their diversity, the escalating resistance of fungi and the occurrence of significant adverse effects. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop new antifungal medications. Vaccines and antibodies present a promising avenue for addressing fungal infections due to their targeted antifungal properties and ability to modulate the immune response. This review investigates the structure and function of cell wall proteins, secreted proteins, and functional proteins within C. albicans. Furthermore, it seeks to analyze the current advancements and challenges in macromolecular drugs to identify new targets for the effective management of candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Dong Y, Du J, Deng Y, Cheng M, Shi Z, Zhu H, Sun H, Yu Q, Li M. Reduction of histone proteins dosages increases CFW sensitivity and attenuates virulence of Candida albicans. Microbiol Res 2024; 279:127552. [PMID: 38000336 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Histone proteins are important components of nucleosomes, which play an important role in regulating the accessibility of DNA and the function of genomes. However, the effect of histone proteins dosages on physiological processes is not clear in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. In this study, we found that the deletion of the histone protein H3 coding gene HHT21 and the histone protein H4 coding gene HHF1 resulted in a significant decrease in the expression dosage of the histone proteins H3 and H4, which had a significant impact on the localization of the histone protein H2A and plasmid maintenance. Stress sensitivity experiments showed that the mutants hht21Δ/Δ, hhf1Δ/Δ and hht21Δ/Δhhf1Δ/Δ were more sensitive to cell wall stress induced by Calcofluor White (CFW) than the wild-type strain. Further studies showed that the decrease in the dosage of the histone proteins H3 and H4 led to the change of cell wall components, increased chitin contents, and down-regulated expression of the SAP9, KAR2, and CRH11 genes involved in the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway. Overexpression of SAP9 could rescue the sensitivity of the mutants to CFW. Moreover, the decrease in the histone protein s dosages affected the FAD-catalyzed oxidation of Ero1 protein, resulting in the obstruction of protein folding in the ER, and thus reduced resistance to CFW. It was also found that CFW induced a large amount of ROS accumulation in the mutants, and the addition of ROS scavengers could restore the growth of the mutants under CFW treatment. In addition, the reduction of the histone proteins dosages greatly weakened systemic infection and kidney fungal burden in mice, and hyphal development was significantly impaired in the mutants under macrophage treatment, indicating that the histone proteins dosages is very important for the virulence of C. albicans. This study revealed that histone proteins dosages play a key role in the cell wall stress response and pathogenicity in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiawen Du
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mengjuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhishang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hangqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qilin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mingchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Teng W, Subsomwong P, Narita K, Nakane A, Asano K. Heat Shock Protein SSA1 Enriched in Hypoxic Secretome of Candida albicans Exerts an Immunomodulatory Effect via Regulating Macrophage Function. Cells 2024; 13:127. [PMID: 38247818 PMCID: PMC10814802 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that can survive in both normoxic and hypoxic environments. The involvement of C. albicans secretome on host biological processes has been demonstrated. However, the immunoregulatory function of C. albicans secretome released under hypoxic condition remains unclear. This study demonstrated the differences in cytokine responses and protein profiles between secretomes prepared under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, the immunoregulatory effects of heat shock protein SSA1(Ssa1), a protein candidate enriched in the hypoxic secretome, were investigated. Stimulation of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) with Ssa1 resulted in the significant production of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α as well as the significant expression of M2b macrophage markers (CD86, CD274 and tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 14), suggesting that C. albicans Ssa1 may promote macrophage polarization towards an M2b-like phenotype. Proteomic analysis of Ssa1-treated BMMs also revealed that Ssa1 reduced inflammation-related factors (IL-18-binding protein, IL-1 receptor antagonist protein, OX-2 membrane glycoprotein and cis-aconitate decarboxylase) and enhanced the proteins involved in anti-inflammatory response (CMRF35-like molecule 3 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor). Based on these results, we investigated the effect of Ssa1 on C. albicans infection and showed that Ssa1 inhibited the uptake of C. albicans by BMMs. Taken together, our results suggest that C. albicans alters its secretome, particularly by promoting the release of Ssa1, to modulate host immune response and survive under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Teng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; (W.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Phawinee Subsomwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; (W.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Kouji Narita
- Insititue for Animal Experimentation, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan;
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan;
| | - Krisana Asano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; (W.T.); (P.S.)
- Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan;
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13
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Pathan SK, Shelar A, Deshmukh S, Kalam Khan FA, Ansari SA, Ansari IA, Patil RB, Arote R, Bhusnure O, Patil RH, Sangshetti JN. Exploring antibiofilm potential of some new imidazole analogs against C. albicans: synthesis, antifungal activity, molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38174407 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2296604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
A series of 1, 2, 4, 5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives were synthesized and their antibiofilm potential against Candida albicans was evaluated in vitro. Two of the synthesized derivatives 5e (IC50 = 25 µg/mL) and 5m (IC50 = 6 µg/mL),displayed better antifungal and antibiofilm potential than the standard drug Fluconazole (IC50 = 40 µg/mL) against C. albicans. Based on the in vitro results, we escalated the real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis to gain knowledge of the enzymes expressed in the generation and maintenance of biofilms and the mechanism of biofilm inhibition by the synthesized analogues. We then investigated the possible interactions of the synthesized compounds in inhibiting agglutinin-like proteins, namely Als3, Als4 and Als6 were prominently down-regulated using in-silico molecular docking analysis against the previously available crystal structure of Als3 and constructed structure of Als4 and Als6 using the SWISS-MODEL server. The stability and energy of the agglutinin-like proteins-ligand complexes were evaluated using molecular dynamics simulations (MDS). According to the 100 ns MDS, all the compounds remained stable, formed a maximum of 3, and on average 2 hydrogen bonds, and Gibb's free energy landscape analysis suggested greater affinity of the compounds 5e and 5m toward Als4 protein.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahebaaz K Pathan
- Y. B. Chavan College of Pharmacy, Dr. Rafiq Zakaria Campus, Rauza Baugh, Aurangabad, India
| | - Amruta Shelar
- Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | | | | | - Siddique Akber Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan Aamer Ansari
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Rajesh B Patil
- Sinhgad Technical Education Society's Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, Pune, India
| | - Rohidas Arote
- Center for Nano Materials and Science (CNMS), Jain University, Bangalore, India
| | - Omprakash Bhusnure
- Channabasweshwar Channabasweshwar Pharmacy College (Degree), Latur, India
| | - Rajendra H Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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Memariani M, Memariani H. Antifungal properties of cathelicidin LL-37: current knowledge and future research directions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 40:34. [PMID: 38057654 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The threat of fungal diseases is substantially underestimated worldwide, but they have serious consequences for humans, animals, and plants. Given the limited number of existing antifungal drugs together with the emergence of drug-resistant strains, many researchers have actively sought alternatives or adjuvants to antimycotics. The best way to tackle these issues is to unearth potential antifungal agents with new modes of action. Antimicrobial peptides are being hailed as a promising source of novel antimicrobials since they exhibit rapid and broad-spectrum microbicidal activities with a reduced likelihood of developing drug resistance. Recent years have witnessed an explosion in knowledge on microbicidal activity of LL-37, the sole human cathelicidin. Herein, we provide a summary of the current understanding about antifungal properties of LL-37, with particular emphasis on its molecular mechanisms. We further illustrate fruitful areas for future research. LL-37 is able to inhibit the growth of clinically and agronomically relevant fungi including Aspergillus, Candida, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Malassezia, Pythium, and Trichophyton. Destruction of the cell wall integrity, membrane permeabilization, induction of oxidative stress, disruption of endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis, formation of autophagy-like structures, alterations in expression of numerous fungal genes, and inhibition of cell cycle progression are the key mechanisms underlying antifungal effects of LL-37. Burgeoning evidence also suggests that LL-37 may act as a potential anti-virulence peptide. It is hoped that this review will not only motivate researchers to conduct more detailed studies in this field, but also inspire further innovations in the design of LL-37-based drugs for the treatment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Memariani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Memariani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ke CL, Lew SQ, Hsieh Y, Chang SC, Lin CH. Convergent and divergent roles of the glucose-responsive kinase SNF4 in Candida tropicalis. Virulence 2023; 14:2175914. [PMID: 36745535 PMCID: PMC9928470 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2175914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1) complex is a heterotrimeric protein kinase complex that is an ortholog of the mammalian AMPK complex and is evolutionally conserved in most eukaryotes. This complex contains a catalytic subunit (Snf1), a regulatory subunit (Snf4) and a scaffolding subunit (Sip1/Sip2/Gal73) in budding yeast. Although the function of AMPK has been well studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans, the role of AMPK in Candida tropicalis has never been investigated. In this study, we focused on SNF4 in C. tropicalis as this fungus cannot produce a snf1Δ mutant. We demonstrated that C. tropicalis SNF4 shares similar roles in glucose derepression and is necessary for cell wall integrity and virulence. The expression of both SNF1 and SNF4 was significantly induced when glucose was limited. Furthermore, snf4Δ strains exhibited high sensitivity to many surface-perturbing agents because the strains contained lower levels of glucan, chitin and mannan. Interestingly, in contrast to C. albicans sak1Δ and snf4Δ, C. tropicalis snf4Δ exhibited phenotypes for cell aggregation and pseudohypha production. These data indicate that SNF4 performs convergent and divergent roles in C. tropicalis and possibly other unknown roles in the C. tropicalis SNF1-SNF4 AMPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Ling Ke
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi Qian Lew
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi Hsieh
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Cheng Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan,CONTACT Ching-Hsuan Lin
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Ndlovu E, Malpartida L, Sultana T, Dahms TES, Dague E. Host Cell Geometry and Cytoskeletal Organization Governs Candida-Host Cell Interactions at the Nanoscale. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37888912 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Candida is one of the most common opportunistic fungal pathogens in humans. Its adhesion to the host cell is required in parasitic states and is important for pathogenesis. Many studies have shown that there is an increased risk of developing candidiasis when normal tissue barriers are weakened or when immune defenses are compromised, for example, during cancer treatment that induces immunosuppression. The mechanical properties of malignant cells, such as adhesiveness and viscoelasticity, which contribute to cellular invasion and migration are different from those of noncancerous cells. To understand host invasion and its relationship with host cell health, we probed the interaction of Candida spp. with cancerous and noncancerous human cell lines using atomic force microscopy in the single-cell force spectroscopy mode. There was significant adhesion between Candida and human cells, with more adhesion to cancerous versus noncancerous cell lines. This increase in adhesion is related to the mechanobiological properties of cancer cells, which have a disorganized cytoskeleton and lower rigidity. Altered geometry and cytoskeletal disruption of the human cells impacted adhesion parameters, underscoring the role of cytoskeletal organization in Candida-human cell adhesion and implicating the manipulation of cell properties as a potential future therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Easter Ndlovu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina S4S 0A2, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lucas Malpartida
- National Centre for Scientific Research, Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems (LAAS), 7 Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 54200, Toulouse cedex 4 31031, France
| | - Taranum Sultana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina S4S 0A2, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Tanya E S Dahms
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina S4S 0A2, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Etienne Dague
- National Centre for Scientific Research, Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems (LAAS), 7 Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 54200, Toulouse cedex 4 31031, France
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Montoya C, Kurylec J, Ossa A, Orrego S. Cyclic strain of poly (methyl methacrylate) surfaces triggered the pathogenicity of Candida albicans. Acta Biomater 2023; 170:415-426. [PMID: 37625677 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic yeast and the primary etiological factor in oral candidiasis and denture stomatitis. The pathogenesis of C. albicans could be triggered by several variables, including environmental, nutritional, and biomaterial surface cues. Specifically, biomaterial interactions are driven by different surface properties, including wettability, stiffness, and roughness. Dental biomaterials experience repetitive (cyclic) stresses from chewing and biomechanical movements. Pathogenic biofilms are formed over these biomaterial surfaces under cyclic strain. This study investigated the effect of the cyclic strain (deformation) of biomaterial surfaces on the virulence of Candida albicans. Candida biofilms were grown over Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) surfaces subjected to static (no strain) and cyclic strain with different levels (ε˜x=0.1 and 0.2%). To evaluate the biomaterial-biofilm interactions, the biofilm characteristics, yeast-to-hyphae transition, and the expression of virulent genes were measured. Results showed the biofilm biomass and metabolic activity to be significantly higher when Candida adhered to surfaces subjected to cyclic strain compared to static surfaces. Examination of the yeast-to-hyphae transition showed pseudo-hyphae cells (pathogenic) in cyclically strained biomaterial surfaces, whereas static surfaces showed spherical yeast cells (commensal). RNA sequencing was used to determine and compare the transcriptome profiles of cyclically strained and static surfaces. Genes and transcription factors associated with cell adhesion (CSH1, PGA10, and RBT5), biofilm formation (EFG1), and secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) (CRH1, ADH5, GCA1, and GCA2) were significantly upregulated in the cyclically strained biomaterial surfaces compared to static ones. Genes and transcription factors associated with virulence (UME6 and HGC1) and the secretion of extracellular enzymes (LIP, PLB, and SAP families) were also significantly upregulated in the cyclically strained biomaterial surfaces compared to static. For the first time, this study reveals a biomaterial surface factor triggering the pathogenesis of Candida albicans, which is essential for understanding, controlling, and preventing oral infections. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Fungal infections produced by Candida albicans are a significant contributor to various health conditions. Candida becomes pathogenic when certain environmental conditions change, including temperature, pH, nutrients, and CO2 levels. In addition, surface properties, including wettability, stiffness, and roughness, drive the interactions between Candida and biomaterials. Clinically, Candida adheres to biomaterials that are under repetitive deformation due to body movements. In this work, we revealed that when Candida adhered to biomaterial surfaces subjected to repetitive deformation, the microorganism becomes pathogenic by increasing the formation of biofilms and the expression of virulent factors related to hyphae formation and secretion of enzymes. Findings from this work could aid the development of new strategies for treating fungal infections in medical devices or implanted biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Montoya
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Julia Kurylec
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alex Ossa
- Production Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Santiago Orrego
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Bioengineering Department, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Edgerton M, Rojas I, Kumar R, Li R, Salvatori O, Abrams S, Irimia D. Neutrophil swarms containing myeloid-derived suppressor cells are crucial for limiting oral mucosal infection by C. albicans. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3346012. [PMID: 37886517 PMCID: PMC10602121 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3346012/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Oral mucosal colonization by C. albicans (Ca) is benign in healthy people but progresses to deeper infection known as oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) that may become disseminated when combined with immunosuppression. Cortisone-induced immunosuppression is a well-known risk factor for OPC, however the mechanism by which it permits infection is poorly understood. Neutrophils are the primary early sentinels preventing invasive fungal growth, and here we identify that in vivo neutrophil functional complexes known as swarms are crucial for preventing Ca invasion which are disrupted by cortisone. Neutrophil swarm function required leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (BLT1) expression, and swarms were further characterized by peripheral association of polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) showing that OPC recruits PMN-MDSCs to this site of infection. Furthermore, PMN-MDSCs associated with Ca hyphae had no direct antifungal effect but showed prolonged survival times and increased autophagy. Thus in vivo neutrophil swarms are complex structures with spatially associated PMN-MDSCs that likely contribute immunoregulatory functions to resolve OPC. These swarm structures have an important function in preventing deep invasion by Ca within the oral mucosa and represent a mechanism for increased disease severity under immune deficient clinical settings.
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Anaya EU, Amin AE, Wester MJ, Danielson ME, Michel KS, Neumann AK. Dectin-1 multimerization and signaling depends on fungal β-glucan structure and exposure. Biophys J 2023; 122:3749-3767. [PMID: 37515324 PMCID: PMC10541497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dectin-1A is a C-type lectin innate immunoreceptor that recognizes β-(1,3;1,6)-glucan, a structural component of Candida species cell walls. β-Glucans can adopt solution structures ranging from random coil to insoluble fiber due to tertiary (helical) and quaternary structure. Fungal β-glucans of medium and high molecular weight are highly structured, but low molecular weight glucan is much less structured. Despite similar affinity for Dectin-1, the ability of glucans to induce Dectin-1A-mediated signaling correlates with degree of structure. Glucan denaturation experiments showed that glucan structure determines agonistic potential, but not receptor binding affinity. We explored the impact of glucan structure on molecular aggregation of Dectin-1A. Stimulation with glucan signaling decreased Dectin-1A diffusion coefficient. Fluorescence measurements provided direct evidence of ligation-induced Dectin-1A aggregation, which positively correlated with increasing glucan structure content. In contrast, Dectin-1A is predominantly in a low aggregation state in resting cells. Molecular aggregates formed during interaction with highly structured, agonistic glucans did not exceed relatively small (<15 nm) clusters of a few engaged receptors. Finally, we observed increased molecular aggregation of Dectin-1A at fungal particle contact sites in a manner that positively correlated with the degree of exposed glucan on the particle surface. These results indicate that Dectin-1A senses the solution conformation of β-glucans through their varying ability to drive receptor dimer/oligomer formation and activation of membrane proximal signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo U Anaya
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Akram Etemadi Amin
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Michael J Wester
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | | | | | - Aaron K Neumann
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
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20
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Fait ME, Grillo PD, Garrote GL, Prieto ED, Vázquez RF, Saparrat MCN, Morcelle SR. Biocidal and antibiofilm activities of arginine-based surfactants against Candida isolates. Amino Acids 2023; 55:1083-1102. [PMID: 37382761 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Amino-acid-based surfactants are a group of compounds that resemble natural amphiphiles and thus are expected to have a low impact on the environment, owing to either the mode of surfactant production or its means of disposal. Within this context, arginine-based tensioactives have gained particular interest, since their cationic nature-in combination with their amphiphilic character-enables them to act as broad-spectrum biocides. This capability is based mainly on their interactive affinity for the microbial envelope that alters the latter's structure and ultimately its function. In the work reported here, we investigated the efficiency of Nα-benzoyl arginine decyl- and dodecylamide against Candida spp. to further our understanding of the antifungal mechanism involved. For the assays, both a Candida albicans and a Candida tropicalis clinical isolates along with a C. albicans-collection strain were used as references. As expected, both arginine-based compounds proved to be effective against the strains tested through inhibiting both the planktonic and the sessile growth. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy techniques and lipid monolayer experiments enabled us to gain insight into the effect of the surfactant on the cellular envelope. The results demonstrated that all the yeasts treated exhibited changes in their exomorphologic structure, with respect to alterations in both roughness and stiffness, relative to the nontreated ones. This finding-in addition to the amphiphiles' proven ability to insert themselves within this model fungal membrane-could explain the changes in the yeast-membrane permeability that could be linked to viability loss and mixed-vesicle release.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elisa Fait
- Centro de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales (CIProVe-UNLP-Centro Asociado CICPBA), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro Asociado CICPBA, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Patricia D Grillo
- Centro de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales (CIProVe-UNLP-Centro Asociado CICPBA), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro Asociado CICPBA, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
- Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela L Garrote
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA, CONICET-UNLP-CICPBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eduardo D Prieto
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), CONICET, UNLP, CCT-La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Instituto Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina F Vázquez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT-La Plata, CONICET, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mario C N Saparrat
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE-CONICET-UNLP) and Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Susana R Morcelle
- Centro de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales (CIProVe-UNLP-Centro Asociado CICPBA), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro Asociado CICPBA, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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21
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Wagner AS, Lumsdaine SW, Mangrum MM, Reynolds TB. Caspofungin-induced β(1,3)-glucan exposure in Candida albicans is driven by increased chitin levels. mBio 2023; 14:e0007423. [PMID: 37377417 PMCID: PMC10470516 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00074-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To successfully induce disease, Candida albicans must effectively evade the host immune system. One mechanism used by C. albicans to achieve this is to mask immunogenic β(1,3)-glucan epitopes within its cell wall under an outer layer of mannosylated glycoproteins. Consequently, induction of β(1,3)-glucan exposure (unmasking) via genetic or chemical manipulation increases fungal recognition by host immune cells in vitro and attenuates disease during systemic infection in mice. Treatment with the echinocandin caspofungin is one of the most potent drivers of β(1,3)-glucan exposure. Several reports using murine infection models suggest a role for the immune system, and specifically host β(1,3)-glucan receptors, in mediating the efficacy of echinocandin treatment in vivo. However, the mechanism by which caspofungin-induced unmasking occurs is not well understood. In this report, we show that foci of unmasking co-localize with areas of increased chitin within the yeast cell wall in response to caspofungin, and that inhibition of chitin synthesis via nikkomycin Z attenuates caspofungin-induced β(1,3)-glucan exposure. Furthermore, we find that both the calcineurin and Mkc1 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways work synergistically to regulate β(1,3)-glucan exposure and chitin synthesis in response to drug treatment. When either of these pathways are interrupted, it results in a bimodal population of cells containing either high or low chitin content. Importantly, increased unmasking correlates with increased chitin content within these cells. Microscopy further indicates that caspofungin-induced unmasking correlates with actively growing cells. Collectively, our work presents a model in which chitin synthesis induces unmasking within the cell wall in response to caspofungin in growing cells. IMPORTANCE Systemic candidiasis has reported mortality rates ranging from 20% to 40%. The echinocandins, including caspofungin, are first-line antifungals used to treat systemic candidiasis. However, studies in mice have shown that echinocandin efficacy relies on both its cidal impacts on Candida albicans, as well as a functional immune system to successfully clear invading fungi. In addition to direct C. albicans killing, caspofungin increases exposure (unmasking) of immunogenic β(1,3)-glucan moieties. To evade immune detection, β(1,3)-glucan is normally masked within the C. albicans cell wall. Consequently, unmasked β(1,3)-glucan renders these cells more visible to the host immune system and attenuates disease progression. Therefore, discovery of how caspofungin-induced unmasking occurs is needed to elucidate how the drug facilitates host immune system-mediated clearance in vivo. We report a strong and consistent correlation between chitin deposition and unmasking in response to caspofungin and propose a model in which altered chitin synthesis drives increased unmasking during drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Wagner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Mikayla M. Mangrum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Todd B. Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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22
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Falsetta ML, Maddipati KR, Honn KV. Inflammation, lipids, and pain in vulvar disease. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 248:108467. [PMID: 37285943 PMCID: PMC10527276 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Localized provoked vulvodynia (LPV) affects ∼14 million people in the US (9% of women), destroying lives and relationships. LPV is characterized by chronic pain (>3 months) upon touch to the vulvar vestibule, which surrounds the vaginal opening. Many patients go months or years without a diagnosis. Once diagnosed, the treatments available only manage the symptoms of disease and do not correct the underlying problem. We have focused on elucidating the underlying mechanisms of chronic vulvar pain to speed diagnosis and improve intervention and management. We determined the inflammatory response to microorganisms, even members of the resident microflora, sets off a chain of events that culminates in chronic pain. This agrees with findings from several other groups, which show inflammation is altered in the painful vestibule. The vestibule of patients is acutely sensitive to inflammatory stimuli to the point of being deleterious. Rather than protect against vaginal infection, it causes heightened inflammation that does not resolve, which coincides with alterations in lipid metabolism that favor production of proinflammatory lipids and not pro-resolving lipids. Lipid dysbiosis in turn triggers pain signaling through the transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 4 receptor (TRPV4). Treatment with specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) that foster resolution reduces inflammation in fibroblasts and mice and vulvar sensitivity in mice. SPMs, specifically maresin 1, act on more than one part of the vulvodynia mechanism by limiting inflammation and acutely inhibiting TRPV4 signaling. Therefore, SPMs or other agents that target inflammation and/or TRPV4 signaling could prove effective as new vulvodynia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Falsetta
- University of Rochester, OB/GYN Research Division, Rochester, NY, United States of America; University of Rochester, Pharmacology and Physiology Department, Rochester, NY, United States of America.
| | - Krishna Rao Maddipati
- Wayne State University, Pathology Department, Detroit, MI, United States of America; Wayne State University, Lipidomics Core Facility and Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Kenneth V Honn
- Wayne State University, Pathology Department, Detroit, MI, United States of America; Wayne State University, Lipidomics Core Facility and Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Detroit, MI, United States of America
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23
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Lin L, Zhuo Y, Dong Q, Yang C, Cheng C, Liu T. Plasma activated Ezhangfeng Cuji as innovative antifungal agent and its inactivation mechanism. AMB Express 2023; 13:65. [PMID: 37368076 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a highly drug-resistant fungus for which new treatments are urgently needed due to the lack of clinically effective options. In this study, we evaluated the antifungal activity and mechanism of plasma-activated Ezhangfeng Cuji (PAEC) against Candida albicans and compared it with physiological saline (PS), plasma-activated physiological saline (PAPS) and Ezhangfeng Cuji (EC). After dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treatment with EC for 20 min followed by a 10 min immersion of Candida albicans, the fungus was reduced by approximately 3 orders of magnitude. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed an increase of 41.18% and 129.88% in the concentration of oxymatrine and rhein, respectively, after plasma-treated EC. The concentrations of reactive species (RS), such as H2O2, [Formula: see text], and O3, were found to be higher and the pH value was getting lower in PS after plasma treatment. Detailed analysis of intracellular material leakage, reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis for Candida albicans and observation by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that PAPS, EC and PAEC disrupt the morphological structure of Candida albicans to varying degrees.Additionally, specific analyses on Candida albicans virulence factors, such as adhesion to tissue surfaces, cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), the transition of yeast-phase cells to mycelium-phase cells, and the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes for Candida albicans were conducted and found to be inhibited after PAPS/EC/PAEC treatment. In our investigation, the inhibitory effects on Candida albicans were ranked from strong to weak as follows: PAEC, EC, PAPS, and PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- The Postgraduate School of Anhui, University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhuo
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiran Dong
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunjun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Taofeng Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Jawhara S. Healthy Diet and Lifestyle Improve the Gut Microbiota and Help Combat Fungal Infection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1556. [PMID: 37375058 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Western diets are rapidly spreading due to globalization, causing an increase in obesity and diseases of civilization. These Western diets are associated with changes in the gut microbiota related to intestinal inflammation. This review discusses the adverse effects of Western diets, which are high in fat and sugar and low in vegetable fiber, on the gut microbiota. This leads to gut dysbiosis and overgrowth of Candida albicans, which is a major cause of fungal infection worldwide. In addition to an unhealthy Western diet, other factors related to disease development and gut dysbiosis include smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, lack of physical activity, prolonged use of antibiotics, and chronic psychological stress. This review suggests that a diversified diet containing vegetable fiber, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins D and E, as well as micronutrients associated with probiotic or prebiotic supplements can improve the biodiversity of the microbiota, lead to short-chain fatty acid production, and reduce the abundance of fungal species in the gut. The review also discusses a variety of foods and plants that are effective against fungal overgrowth and gut dysbiosis in traditional medicine. Overall, healthy diets and lifestyle factors contribute to human well-being and increase the biodiversity of the gut microbiota, which positively modulates the brain and central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Jawhara
- UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-59000 Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1285, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Medicine Faculty, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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25
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Guo J, Mou Y, Li Y, Yang Q, Wang X, Lin H, Kang Z, Guo J. Silencing a Chitinase Gene, PstChia1, Reduces Virulence of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8215. [PMID: 37175921 PMCID: PMC10179651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is the main component of fungal cell walls, which can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP). Chitinase in filamentous fungi has been reported to degrade immunogenic chitin oligomers, thereby preventing chitin-induced immune activation. In this study, we identified the chitinase families in 10 fungal genomes. A total of 131 chitinase genes were identified. Among the chitinase families, 16 chitinase genes from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) were identified, and the expression of PstChia1 was the highest during Pst infection. Further studies indicated that PstChia1 is highly induced during the early stages of the interaction of wheat and Pst and has chitinase enzyme activity. The silencing of PstChia1 revealed that PstChia1 limited the growth and reduced the virulence of Pst. The expression level of TaPR1 and TaPR2 was induced in PstChia1 knockdown plants, suggesting that PstChia1 is involved in regulating wheat resistance to Pst. Our data suggest that PstChia1 contributes to pathogenicity by interfering with plant immunity and regulating the growth of Pst.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
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26
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Tebbi CK. Mycoviruses in Fungi: Carcinogenesis of Fungal Agents May Not Always Be Mycotoxin Related. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030368. [PMID: 36983536 PMCID: PMC10052198 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain viruses have been found to induce diverse biological pathways to carcinogenesis, evidenced by the presence of viral gene products in some tumors. Despite the fact that many fungal agents contain mycoviruses, until recently, their possible direct effects on human health, including carcinogenesis and leukemogenesis, had not been explored. In this regard, most studies of fungal agents have rightly concentrated on their mycotoxin formation and effects. Recently, the direct role of yeasts and fungi in the etiology of cancers, including leukemia, have been investigated. While greater attention has been placed on the carcinogenic effects of Candida, the role of filamentous fungi in carcinogenesis has also been explored. Recent findings from studies using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique indicate that the plasma of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) uniformly contains antibodies for a certain mycovirus-containing Aspergillus flavus, while controls are negative. The exposure of mononuclear leukocytes from patients with ALL in full remission, and long-term survivors, to the product of this organism was reported to result in the re-development of typical genetics and cell surface phenotypes characteristic of active ALL. Mycoviruses are known to be able to significantly alter the biological characteristics and functions of their host. The possible carcinogenic and leukemogenic role of mycoviruses, with and without their host, needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron K Tebbi
- Children's Cancer Research Group Laboratory, 13719 North Nebraska Avenue, Suite #108, Tampa, FL 33613-3305, USA
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27
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Bourouai MA, Si Larbi K, Bouchoucha A, Terrachet-Bouaziz S, Djebbar S. New Ni(II) and Pd(II) complexes bearing derived sulfa drug ligands: synthesis, characterization, DFT calculations, and in silico and in vitro biological activity studies. Biometals 2023; 36:153-188. [PMID: 36427181 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the synthesis of six new Ni(II) and Pd(II) complexes with three derived sulfamethoxazole drug ligands is reported. The coordination mode, geometry, and chemical formula of all the synthesized compounds have been determined by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, emission atomic spectroscopy, conductivity measurements, magnetic susceptibility, FTIR, TGA, 1H-NMR, electronic absorption spectroscopy, SEM-EDX along with DFT calculations. The Schiff Base ligands were found to be bidentate and coordinated to the metal ions through sulfonamidic nitrogen and oxazolic nitrogen atoms leading to a square planar geometry for palladium (II) while a distorted octahedral geometry around Nickel (II) ion was suggested. Biological applications of the new complexes including in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer properties were investigated. The results showed that the new metal (II) compounds exhibit remarkable antibacterial inhibition activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, in addition to noticeable DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay of the complexes against cell lines of chronic myelogenous leukaemia (K562) showed promising potential for the application of the coordination compounds in antitumor therapy. Subsequently, to evaluate the pharmaceutical potential of the metal-containing compounds, pharmacokinetics and toxicity were studied by ADMET simulations while interactions between the complexes and bacterial proteins were evaluated by molecular docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Amine Bourouai
- Hydrometallurgy and Molecular Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, BP 32 El Alia, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Karima Si Larbi
- Hydrometallurgy and Molecular Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, BP 32 El Alia, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Afaf Bouchoucha
- Hydrometallurgy and Molecular Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, BP 32 El Alia, 16111, Algiers, Algeria.
| | | | - Safia Djebbar
- Hydrometallurgy and Molecular Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, BP 32 El Alia, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
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28
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Khan A, Moni SS, Ali M, Mohan S, Jan H, Rasool S, Kamal MA, Alshahrani S, Halawi M, Alhazmi HA. Antifungal Activity of Plant Secondary Metabolites on Candida albicans: An Updated Review. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2023; 16:15-42. [PMID: 35249516 DOI: 10.2174/1874467215666220304143332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections have been increasing continuously worldwide, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Fungi, regarded as eukaryotic pathogens, have many similarities to the host cells, which inhibit anti-fungal drug development progress. Various fungal model systems have been studied, and it was concluded that Candida spp. is the most common disease-causing fungus. Candida species are well known to cause infections not only in our mouth, skin, and vagina, but they are also a frequent cause of life-threatening hospital bloodstream infections. The morphological and developmental pathways of Candida have been studied extensively, providing insight into the fungus development. Candida albicans is known to be the most pathogenic species responsible for a variety of infections in humans. Conventional anti-fungal drugs, mainly azoles drugs available in the market, have been used for years developing resistance in C. albicans. Hence, the production of new anti-fungal drugs, which require detailed molecular knowledge of fungal pathogenesis, needs to be encouraged. Therefore, this review targets the new approach of "Green Medicines" or the phytochemicals and their secondary metabolites as a source of novel anti-fungal agents to overcome the drug resistance of C. albicans, their mechanism of action, and their combined effects with the available anti-fungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - M Ali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Huma Jan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar -190006, J&K, India
| | - Saiema Rasool
- Department of School Education, Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir, Srinagar, 190001 J&K, India
| | - Mohammad A Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589. Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee place, Hebersham, NSW 2770; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | - Saeed Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Halawi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
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29
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Wang W, Pan CY, Huang EY, Peng BJ, Hsu J, Clapper JC. Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile Silver(I,III) Oxide Nanoparticle Nanocomposites as Alternative Antimicrobial Materials. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:48173-48183. [PMID: 36591150 PMCID: PMC9798751 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Infectious microbial diseases can easily be transferred from person to person in the air or via high contact surfaces. As a result, researchers must aspire to create materials that can be implemented in surface contact applications to disrupt pathogen growth and transmission. This study examines the antimicrobial properties of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers coated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver(I,III) oxide. PAN was homogenized with varied weight concentrations of silver nitrate (AgNO3) in N,N-dimethylformamide solution, a common organic solvent that serves as both an electrospinning solvent and as a reducing agent that forms AgNPs. The subsequent colloids were electrospun into nanofibers, which were then characterized via various analysis techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, dynamic light scattering, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A total of 10 microbes, including 7 strains of Gram-positive bacteria, 2 strains of Gram-negative bacteria, and Candida albicans, were incubated with cutouts of various PAN-AgNP nanocomposites using disk diffusion methods to test for the nanocomposites' antimicrobial efficiency. We report that our electrospun PAN-AgNP nanocomposites contain 100% AgO, a rare, mixed oxidation state of silver(I,III) oxide that is a better sterilizing agent than conventional nanosilver. PAN-AgNP nanocomposites also retain a certain degree of antimicrobial longevity; samples stored for approximately 90 days demonstrate a similar antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Lactobacillus crispatus (L. crispatus) when compared to their newly electrospun counterparts. Moreover, our results indicate that PAN-AgNP nanocomposites successfully display antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi strains regardless of their resistance to conventional antibiotics. Our study demonstrates that PAN-AgNP nanocomposites, a novel polymer material with long-term universal antimicrobial stability, can potentially be applied as a universal antimicrobial on surfaces at risk of contracting microbial infections and alleviate issues related to antibiotic overuse and microbial mutability.
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Affiliation(s)
- William
B. Wang
- Department
of Scientific Research, Taipei American
School, Taipei 11152, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Yu Pan
- Department
and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National
Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811213, Taiwan
| | - Eng-Yen Huang
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- School
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung
University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Bai-Jing Peng
- School
of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung
Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Jonathan Hsu
- Department
of Scientific Research, Taipei American
School, Taipei 11152, Taiwan
| | - Jude C. Clapper
- Department
of Scientific Research, Taipei American
School, Taipei 11152, Taiwan
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30
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Chudzik-Rząd B, Zalewski D, Kasela M, Sawicki R, Szymańska J, Bogucka-Kocka A, Malm A. The Landscape of Gene Expression during Hyperfilamentous Biofilm Development in Oral Candida albicans Isolated from a Lung Cancer Patient. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010368. [PMID: 36613809 PMCID: PMC9820384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentation ability of Candida albicans represents one of the main virulence factors allowing for host tissue penetration and biofilm formation. The aim of this paper was to study the genetic background of the hyperfilamentous biofilm development in vitro in C. albicans isolated from the oral cavity of a lung cancer patient. Analyzed C. albicans isolates (CA1, CA2, CA3) were chosen based on their different structures of mature biofilm. The CA3 isolate possessing hyperfilamentation properties and forming high biofilm was compared with CA1 and CA2 isolates exhibiting low or average biofilm-forming ability, respectively. The detailed biofilm organization was studied with the use of confocal scanning laser microscopy. The whole transcriptome analysis was conducted during three stages of biofilm development (24 h, 48 h, 72 h). In contrast to CA1 and/or CA2 isolate, the CA3 isolate was characterized by a significant upregulation of genes encoding for cell wall proteins (HWP1, PGA13, PGA44, ALS3) and candidalysin (ECE1), as well as being involved in iron metabolism (FRE1, ALS3), sulfur metabolism (HAL21), the degradation of aromatic compounds (HQD2), and membrane transport (DIP5, PHO89, TNA1). In contrast, some genes (SCW11, FGR41, RBE1) in the CA3 were downregulated. We also observed the overexpression of a few genes over time-mainly FRE1, ATX1, CSA2 involved in iron metabolism. This is the first insight into the potential function of multiple genes in the hyperfilamentous biofilm formation in C. albicans, primarily isolated from host tissue, which may have an important clinical impact on cancer patients. Moreover, the presented data can lay the foundation for further research on novel pathogen-specific targets for antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Chudzik-Rząd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Daniel Zalewski
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Martyna Kasela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (A.M.); Tel.: +48-81448-7100 (M.K. & A.M.)
| | - Rafał Sawicki
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Szymańska
- Department of Comprehensive Paediatric and Adult Dentistry, Medical University of Lublin, 6 Chodźki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Bogucka-Kocka
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Malm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (A.M.); Tel.: +48-81448-7100 (M.K. & A.M.)
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31
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Zeng G, Neo SP, Pang LM, Gao J, Chong SC, Gunaratne J, Wang Y. Comprehensive Interactome Analysis for the Sole Adenylyl Cyclase Cyr1 of Candida albicans. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0393422. [PMID: 36314909 PMCID: PMC9769623 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03934-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyr1, the sole adenylyl cyclase of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, is a central component of the cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway that controls the yeast-to-hypha transition. Cyr1 is a multivalent sensor and integrator of various external and internal signals. To better understand how these signals are relayed to Cyr1 to regulate its activity, we sought to establish the interactome of Cyr1 by using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based quantitative proteomics to identify the proteins that coimmunoprecipitated with Cyr1. The method identified 36 proteins as candidates for authentic Cyr1-interacting partners, together with two known Cyr1-binding proteins, Cap1 and Act1. Fourteen identified proteins belonged to three functional groups, including actin regulation, cell wall components, and mitochondrial activities, that are known to play important roles in cell morphogenesis. To validate the proteomics data, we used biochemical and genetic methods to characterize two cell wall-related proteins, Mp65 and Sln1. First, coimmunoprecipitation confirmed their physical association with Cyr1. Second, deleting either MP65 or SLN1 resulted in severe defects in filamentation on serum plates. This study establishes the first Cyr1 interactome and uncovers a potential role for cell wall proteins in directly regulating Cyr1 activity to determine growth forms in C. albicans. IMPORTANCE A critical virulence trait of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans is its ability to undergo the yeast-to-hypha transition in response to diverse environmental and cellular stimuli. Previous studies suggested that the sole adenylyl cyclase of C. albicans, Cyr1, is a multivalent signal sensor and integrator synthesizing cAMP to activate the downstream hypha-promoting events through the cAMP/protein kinase A pathway. To fully understand how Cyr1 senses and processes multiple stimuli to generate appropriate signal outputs, it was necessary to identify and characterize Cyr1-interacting partners. This study employed SILAC-based quantitative proteomic approaches and identified 36 Cyr1-associated proteins, many having functions associated with hyphal morphogenesis. Coimmunoprecipitation verified two cell surface proteins, Mp65 and Sln1. Furthermore, genetic and phenotypic analyses demonstrated the cAMP-dependent roles of these two proteins in determining hyphal growth. Our study establishes the first Cyr1 interactome and uncovers new Cyr1 regulators that mediate cell surface signals to influence the growth mode of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suat Peng Neo
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Jayantha Gunaratne
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yue Wang
- Infectious Diseases Labs, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Macias-Paz IU, Pérez-Hernández S, Tavera-Tapia A, Luna-Arias JP, Guerra-Cárdenas JE, Reyna-Beltrán E. Candida albicans the main opportunistic pathogenic fungus in humans. Rev Argent Microbiol 2022:S0325-7541(22)00084-0. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Ganguli A, Lim J, Mostafa A, Saavedra C, Rayabharam A, Aluru NR, Wester M, White KC, Kumar J, McGuffin R, Frederick A, Valera E, Bashir R. A culture-free biphasic approach for sensitive and rapid detection of pathogens in dried whole-blood matrix. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2209607119. [PMID: 36161889 PMCID: PMC9546527 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209607119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood stream infections (BSIs) cause high mortality, and their rapid detection remains a significant diagnostic challenge. Timely and informed administration of antibiotics can significantly improve patient outcomes. However, blood culture, which takes up to 5 d for a negative result, followed by PCR remains the gold standard in diagnosing BSI. Here, we introduce a new approach to blood-based diagnostics where large blood volumes can be rapidly dried, resulting in inactivation of the inhibitory components in blood. Further thermal treatments then generate a physical microscale and nanoscale fluidic network inside the dried matrix to allow access to target nucleic acid. The amplification enzymes and primers initiate the reaction within the dried blood matrix through these networks, precluding any need for conventional nucleic acid purification. High heme background is confined to the solid phase, while amplicons are enriched in the clear supernatant (liquid phase), giving fluorescence change comparable to purified DNA reactions. We demonstrate single-molecule sensitivity using a loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction in our platform and detect a broad spectrum of pathogens, including gram-positive methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria, and Candida albicans (fungus) from whole blood with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.2 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL from 0.8 to 1 mL of starting blood volume. We validated our assay using 63 clinical samples (100% sensitivity and specificity) and significantly reduced sample-to-result time from over 20 h to <2.5 h. The reduction in instrumentation complexity and costs compared to blood culture and alternate molecular diagnostic platforms can have broad applications in healthcare systems in developed world and resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurup Ganguli
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
| | - Jongwon Lim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
| | - Ariana Mostafa
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
| | - Carlos Saavedra
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
| | - Archith Rayabharam
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
| | - Narayana R. Aluru
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
| | - Matthew Wester
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
| | - Karen C. White
- Critical Care, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
- Department of Clinical Science, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
| | - James Kumar
- Hospital Medicine, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
- Department of Clinical Science, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
| | - Reubin McGuffin
- Specimen Procurement Service Center in the Research Department, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
| | - Ann Frederick
- Microbiology, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana,IL-61801, USA
| | - Enrique Valera
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801,USA
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Science, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL-61801, USA
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Wei PW, Song CR, Wang X, Chen M, Yang YX, Wang C, Hu ZQ, Liu HM, Wang B. A potential milk preservative----Phormicin C-NS, sorbic acid-modified housefly antimicrobial peptide, inhibits Candida albicans hypha and biofilm formation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Targeting Virulence Factors of Candida albicans with Natural Products. Foods 2022; 11:foods11192951. [PMID: 36230026 PMCID: PMC9562657 DOI: 10.3390/foods11192951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products derived from natural resources, including nutritional functional food, play an important role in human health. In recent years, the study of anti-fungal and other properties of agri-foods and derived functional compounds has been a hot research topic. Candida albicans is a parasitic fungus that thrives on human mucosal surfaces, which are colonized through opportunistic infection. It is the most prevalent cause of invasive fungal infection in immunocompromised individuals, resulting in a wide variety of clinical symptoms. Moreover, the efficacy of classical therapeutic medications such as fluconazole is often limited by the development of resistance. There is an ongoing need for the development of novel and effective antifungal therapy and medications. Infection of C. albicans is influenced by a great quantity of virulence factors, like adhesion, invasion-promoting enzymes, mycelial growth, and phenotypic change, and among others. Furthermore, various natural products especially from food sources that target C. albicans virulence factors have been researched, providing promising prospects for C. albicans prevention and treatment. In this review, we discuss the virulence factors of C. albicans and how functional foods and derived functional compounds affect them. Our hope is that this review will stimulate additional thoughts and suggestions regarding nutritional functional food and therapeutic development for patients afflicted with C. albicans.
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Wang X, Liu P, Jiang Y, Han B, Yan L. The prophylactic effects of monoclonal antibodies targeting the cell wall Pmt4 protein epitopes of Candida albicans in a murine model of invasive candidiasis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:992275. [PMID: 36081783 PMCID: PMC9446456 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.992275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most prevalent opportunistic human pathogen, accounting for approximately half of all clinical cases of candidemia. Resistance to the existing antifungal drugs is a major challenge in clinical therapy, necessitating the development and identification of novel therapeutic agents and potential treatment strategies. Monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapy represents a promising therapeutic strategy against disseminated candidiasis. Protein mannosyltransferase (Pmt4) encodes mannosyltransferases initiating O-mannosylation of secretory proteins and is essential for cell wall composition and virulence of C. albicans. Therefore, the Pmt4 protein of C. albicans is an attractive target for the discovery of alternative antibody agents against invasive C. albicans infections. In the present study, we found that monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) C12 and C346 specifically targeted the recombinant protein mannosyltransferase 4 (rPmt4p) of C. albicans. These mAbs were produced and secreted by hybridoma cells isolated from the spleen of mice that were initially immunized with the purified rPmt4p to generate IgG antibodies. The mAbs C12 and C346 exhibited high affinity to C. albicans whole cells. Remarkably, these mAbs reduced the fungal burden, alleviated inflammation in the kidneys, and prolonged the survival rate significantly in the murine model of systemic candidiasis. Moreover, they could activate macrophage opsonophagocytic killing and neutrophil killing of C. albicans strain in vitro. These results suggested that anti-rPmt4p mAbs may provide immunotherapeutic interventions against disseminated candidiasis via opsonophagocytosis and opsonic killing activity. Our findings provide evidence for mAbs as a therapeutic option for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Bing Han,
| | - Lan Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Lan Yan,
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Wiederhold NP. Pharmacodynamics, Mechanisms of Action and Resistance, and Spectrum of Activity of New Antifungal Agents. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080857. [PMID: 36012845 PMCID: PMC9410397 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several new antifungals are currently in late-stage development, including those with novel pharmacodynamics/mechanisms of action that represent new antifungal classes (manogepix, olorofim, ATI-2307, GR-2397). Others include new agents within established classes or with mechanisms of action similar to clinically available antifungals (ibrexafungerp, rezafungin, oteseconazole, opelconazole, MAT2203) that have been modified in order to improve certain characteristics, including enhanced pharmacokinetics and greater specificity for fungal targets. Many of the antifungals under development also have activity against Candida and Aspergillus strains that have reduced susceptibility or acquired resistance to azoles and echinocandins, whereas others demonstrate activity against species that are intrinsically resistant to most clinically available antifungals. The tolerability and drug–drug interaction profiles of these new agents also appear to be promising, although the number of human subjects that have been exposed to many of these agents remains relatively small. Overall, these agents have the potential for expanding our antifungal armamentarium and improving clinical outcomes in patients with invasive mycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Wiederhold
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Zhang X, Dong S, Huang Y, Shi H, Chen X, Wang Y, Li Y, Cao D, Wang L. A scFv phage targeting the C. albicans cell wall screened from a bacteriophage-based library of induced immune protection in mice. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 102:105303. [PMID: 35577227 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
C. albicans is the most prevalent opportunistic fungal and can cause life-threatening systemic infections under certain circumstances. The inefficiency and resistance of traditional therapy make the development of novel techniques indispensable. The main components, proteins and glycoproteins, of the C. albicans cell wall are highly immunogenic and very different from those of the host, making it an ideal source of targets for antifungal drug development. This study aimed to screen and identify specific peptides that bind to the C. albicans cell wall using a phage-display peptide library, and to develop a peptide-based therapy targeted to C. albicans. After four rounds of screening, JC-1 ScFv was found to bind to the C. albicans cell wall specifically, inhibit C. albicans growth and viability in vitro, and protect mice from C. albicans infection in vivo. Further study showed that JC-1 could provoke an immune response in C. albicans-infected mice. These results indicated that JC-1 ScFv screened from a phage-display peptide library had the potential to be developed as a vector for targeting C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Zhang
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130024, PR China.; The Bethune Institute of Epigenetic Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Shuai Dong
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130024, PR China.; Department of obstetrics and gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Department of pediatric outpatient, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Hongxi Shi
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130024, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130024, PR China
| | - Yicun Wang
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130024, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130024, PR China
| | - Donghui Cao
- Division of Clinical Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130021, PR China..
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130024, PR China..
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He Z, Piao J, Qiu Y, Lei D, Yang Y, Shi L, Wang F. Investigation of the location and secretion features of Candida albicans enolase with monoclonal antibodies. ANN MICROBIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-022-01682-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The glycolytic enzyme enolase plays important role in the pathogenesis of Candida albicans infection and has been also considered as a promising molecular marker for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. This study aimed to investigate the location and secretion features of Candida albicans enolase (CaEno) with a couple of specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).
Methods
Two mAbs named 9H8 and 10H8 against CaEno were generated by fusing SP2/0 myeloma cell with the spleen lymphocytes from CaEno immunized mice. The specificity of the mAbs was then validated by Western blot and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). A diverse set of experiments were conducted based on the pair of mAbs which involved immunohistochemical staining analysis, whole cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), double antibody sandwich ELISA, and confocal microscopy to analyze the possible location and secretion features of CaEno.
Results
CaEno is abundantly expressed in the cytoplasm of C. albicans blastospores and is distributed in a ring-shaped pattern along the cell wall. CaEno appeared in the hyphal C. albicans as just a “mushroom” form. CaEno was found to be weakly expressed on the surface of blastospores but constantly expressed at various stages of growth. CaEno concentrations in C. albicans blastospores culture supernatant are considerably higher than in C. albicans hyphae culture supernatant. The dynamic changes of supernatant CaEno concentration in blastospores and hyphal C. albicans exhibit distinct features, although both appear to be associated with the C. albicans growth state. When cultivated under normal circumstances, however, no apparent CaEno degradation was seen in the cell-free supernatant.
Conclusion
Our results implied that CaEno was constantly expressed on the cell surface and its secretion features varied according to the growth stage of C. albicans. However, further experimental and theoretical studies are needed in future to identify the specific mechanisms by which this phenomenon can arise.
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Oh SH, Martin-Yken H, Coleman DA, Dague E, Hoyer LL. Development and Use of a Monoclonal Antibody Specific for the Candida albicans Cell-Surface Protein Hwp1. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:907453. [PMID: 35832385 PMCID: PMC9273023 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.907453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Candida albicans cell-surface protein Hwp1 functions in adhesion to the host and in biofilm formation. A peptide from the Gln-Pro-rich adhesive domain of Hwp1 was used to raise monoclonal antibody (MAb) 2-E8. MAb 2-E8 specificity for Hwp1 was demonstrated using a hwp1/hwp1 C. albicans isolate and strains that expressed at least one HWP1 allele. Immunofluorescence and atomic force microscopy experiments using MAb 2-E8 confirmed C. albicans germ-tube-specific detection of the Hwp1 protein. MAb 2-E8 also immunolabeled the tips of some Candida dubliniensis germ tubes grown under conditions that maximized HWP1 expression. The phylogeny of HWP1 and closely related genes suggested that the Gln-Pro-rich adhesive domain was unique to C. albicans and C. dubliniensis focusing the utility of MAb 2-E8 on these species. This new reagent can be used to address unanswered questions about Hwp1 and its interactions with other proteins in the context of C. albicans biology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Hwan Oh
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Hélène Martin-Yken
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - David A. Coleman
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Etienne Dague
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Lois L. Hoyer
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Abdulghani M, Iram R, Chidrawar P, Bhosle K, Kazi R, Patil R, Kharat K, Zore G. Proteomic profile of Candida albicans biofilm. J Proteomics 2022; 265:104661. [PMID: 35728770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans biofilms are characterized by structural and cellular heterogeneity that confers antifungal resistance and immune evasion. Despite this, biofilm formation remains poorly understood. In this study, we used proteomic analysis to understand biofilm formation in C. albicans related to morphophysiological and architectural features. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that 64 proteins were significantly modulated, of which 31 were upregulated and 33 were downregulated. The results indicate that metabolism (25 proteins), gene expression (13 proteins), stress response (7 proteins), and cell wall (5 proteins) composition are modulated. The rate of oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and biosynthesis of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, vitamin B6, and thiamine increased, while the rate of methionine biosynthesis decreased. There was a significant modification of the cell wall architecture due to higher levels of Sun41, Pir1 and Csh1 and increased glycosylation of proteins. It was observed that C. albicans induces hyphal growth by upregulating the expression of genes involved in cAMP-PKA and MAPK pathways. This study is significant in that it suggests an increase in OxPhos and alteration of cell wall architecture that could be contributing to the recalcitrance of C. albicans cells growing in biofilms. Nevertheless, a deeper investigation is needed to explore it further. SIGNIFICANCE: Candida sps is included in the list of pathogens with potential drug resistance threat due to the increased frequency especially colonization of medical devices, and tissues among the patients, in recent years. Significance of our study is that we are reporting traits like modulation in cell wall composition, amino acid and vitamin biosynthesis and importantly energy generation (OxPhos) etc. These traits could be conferring antifungal resistance, host immune evasion etc. and thus survival, in addition to facilitating biofilm formation. These findings are expected to prime the further studies on devising potent strategy against biofilm growth among the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Abdulghani
- School of Life Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded 431606, MS, India
| | - Rasiqua Iram
- School of Life Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded 431606, MS, India
| | - Priti Chidrawar
- School of Life Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded 431606, MS, India
| | - Kajal Bhosle
- School of Life Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded 431606, MS, India
| | - Rubina Kazi
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-NCL, Pune 8, MS, India
| | - Rajendra Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, MS, India
| | - Kiran Kharat
- Department of Biotechnology, Deogiri College, Aurangabad, MS, India
| | - Gajanan Zore
- School of Life Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded 431606, MS, India.
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Jiang H, Bao J, Xing Y, Li X, Chen Q. Comparative Genomic Analyses Provide Insight Into the Pathogenicity of Metschnikowia bicuspidata LNES0119. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:939141. [PMID: 35770163 PMCID: PMC9234493 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.939141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metschnikowia bicuspidata is a globally distributed pathogenic yeast with a wide range of aquatic hosts. A new strain, M. bicuspidata LNES0119, isolated from the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis, has caused a serious reduction in production and marked economic loss for the aquaculture industry in China. Therefore, the whole-genome sequence of M. bicuspidata LNES0119 was sequenced using Illumina and Oxford Nanopore technology; whole-genome annotation and comparative genomic analyses of this pathogen were performed as well. A high-quality genome of M. bicuspidata LNES0119 was 16.13 Mb in size, with six scaffolds and six contigs, and encoded 5,567 putative predicted genes. Of these, 1,467 genes shared substantial homology with genes in the pathogen–host interactions database. Comparative genomic analyses of three M. bicuspidata strains and one non-pathogenic yeast, M. aff. pulcherrima, showed 331 unique genes in M. bicuspidata LNES0119, 30 of which were putatively related to pathogenicity. Overall, we identified several meaningful characteristics related to pathogenicity and virulence that may play essential roles in the infection and pathogenicity of M. bicuspidata LNES0119. Our study will aid in identifying potential targets for further exploration of the molecular basis of the pathogenicity of M. bicuspidata as well as the therapeutic intervention of M. bicuspidata infection.
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Fa K, Liu H, Gong H, Zhang L, Liao M, Hu X, Ciumac D, Li P, Webster J, Petkov J, Thomas RK, Lu JR. In-Membrane Nanostructuring of Cationic Amphiphiles Affects Their Antimicrobial Efficacy and Cytotoxicity: A Comparison Study between a De Novo Antimicrobial Lipopeptide and Traditional Biocides. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6623-6637. [PMID: 35587380 PMCID: PMC9161444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cationic biocides have been widely used as active ingredients in personal care and healthcare products for infection control and wound treatment for a long time, but there are concerns over their cytotoxicity and antimicrobial resistance. Designed lipopeptides are potential candidates for alleviating these issues because of their mildness to mammalian host cells and their high efficacy against pathogenic microbial membranes. In this study, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of a de novo designed lipopeptide, CH3(CH2)12CO-Lys-Lys-Gly-Gly-Ile-Ile-NH2 (C14KKGGII), were assessed against that of two traditional cationic biocides CnTAB (n = 12 and 14), with different critical aggregation concentrations (CACs). C14KKGGII was shown to be more potent against both bacteria and fungi but milder to fibroblast host cells than the two biocides. Biophysical measurements mimicking the main features of microbial and host cell membranes were obtained for both lipid monolayer models using neutron reflection and small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) using fluorescein leakage and zeta potential changes. The results revealed selective binding to anionic lipid membranes from the lipopeptide and in-membrane nanostructuring that is distinctly different from the co-assembly of the conventional CnTAB. Furthermore, CnTAB binding to the model membranes showed low selectivity, and its high cytotoxicity could be attributed to both membrane lysis and chemical toxicity. This work demonstrates the advantages of the lipopeptides and their potential for further development toward clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Fa
- Biological
Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Huayang Liu
- Biological
Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Haoning Gong
- Biological
Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Biological
Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Mingrui Liao
- Biological
Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Xuzhi Hu
- Biological
Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Daniela Ciumac
- Biological
Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Peixun Li
- ISIS
Neutron Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,
STFC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - John Webster
- ISIS
Neutron Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,
STFC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Jordan Petkov
- Arc
UK Biocides Ltd, Arxada,
Hexagon Tower, Delaunays Road, Blackley, Manchester M9 8ZS, U.K.
| | - Robert K. Thomas
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry, University of
Oxford, South Parks, Oxford OX1
3QZ, U.K.
| | - Jian Ren Lu
- Biological
Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
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Ferreira MDS, Mendoza SR, Gonçalves DDS, Rodríguez-de la Noval C, Honorato L, Nimrichter L, Ramos LFC, Nogueira FCS, Domont GB, Peralta JM, Guimarães AJ. Recognition of Cell Wall Mannosylated Components as a Conserved Feature for Fungal Entrance, Adaptation and Survival Within Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Murine Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:858979. [PMID: 35711659 PMCID: PMC9194641 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.858979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba castellanii (Ac) is a species of free-living amoebae (FLAs) that has been widely applied as a model for the study of host-parasite interactions and characterization of environmental symbionts. The sharing of niches between Ac and potential pathogens, such as fungi, favors associations between these organisms. Through predatory behavior, Ac enhances fungal survival, dissemination, and virulence in their intracellular milieu, training these pathogens and granting subsequent success in events of infections to more evolved hosts. In recent studies, our group characterized the amoeboid mannose binding proteins (MBPs) as one of the main fungal recognition pathways. Similarly, mannose-binding lectins play a key role in activating antifungal responses by immune cells. Even in the face of similarities, the distinct impacts and degrees of affinity of fungal recognition for mannose receptors in amoeboid and animal hosts are poorly understood. In this work, we have identified high-affinity ligands for mannosylated fungal cell wall residues expressed on the surface of amoebas and macrophages and determined the relative importance of these pathways in the antifungal responses comparing both phagocytic models. Mannose-purified surface proteins (MPPs) from both phagocytes showed binding to isolated mannose/mannans and mannosylated fungal cell wall targets. Although macrophage MPPs had more intense binding when compared to the amoeba receptors, the inhibition of this pathway affects fungal internalization and survival in both phagocytes. Mass spectrometry identified several MPPs in both models, and in silico alignment showed highly conserved regions between spotted amoeboid receptors (MBP and MBP1) and immune receptors (Mrc1 and Mrc2) and potential molecular mimicry, pointing to a possible convergent evolution of pathogen recognition mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina da Silva Ferreira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Imunologia e Inflamação, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Susana Ruiz Mendoza
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Imunologia e Inflamação, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego de Souza Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Rodríguez-de la Noval
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Leandro Honorato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências (Microbiologia), Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ - FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luís Felipe Costa Ramos
- Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio C. S. Nogueira
- Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilberto B. Domont
- Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Mauro Peralta
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Allan J. Guimarães
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Imunologia e Inflamação, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ - FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
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Balakrishnan SN, Yamang H, Lorenz MC, Chew SY, Than LTL. Role of Vaginal Mucosa, Host Immunity and Microbiota in Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060618. [PMID: 35745472 PMCID: PMC9230866 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a prevalent gynaecological disease characterised by vaginal wall inflammation that is caused by Candida species. VVC impacts almost three-quarters of all women throughout their reproductive years. As the vaginal mucosa is the first point of contact with microbes, vaginal epithelial cells are the first line of defence against opportunistic Candida infection by providing a physical barrier and mounting immunological responses. The mechanisms of defence against this infection are displayed through the rapid shedding of epithelial cells, the presence of pattern recognition receptors, and the release of inflammatory cytokines. The bacterial microbiota within the mucosal layer presents another form of defence mechanism within the vagina through acidic pH regulation, the release of antifungal peptides and physiological control against dysbiosis. The significant role of the microbiota in maintaining vaginal health promotes its application as one of the potential treatment modalities against VVC with the hope of alleviating the burden of VVC, especially the recurrent disease. This review discusses and summarises current progress in understanding the role of vaginal mucosa and host immunity upon infection, together with the function of vaginal microbiota in VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subatrra Nair Balakrishnan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.N.B.); (H.Y.)
| | - Haizat Yamang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.N.B.); (H.Y.)
| | - Michael C. Lorenz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Shu Yih Chew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.N.B.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (S.Y.C.); (L.T.L.T.)
| | - Leslie Thian Lung Than
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.N.B.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (S.Y.C.); (L.T.L.T.)
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Godoy P, Darlington PJ, Whiteway M. Genetic Screening of Candida albicans Inactivation Mutants Identifies New Genes Involved in Macrophage-Fungal Cell Interactions. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:833655. [PMID: 35450285 PMCID: PMC9016338 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.833655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, an important fungal pathogen of humans, displays different morphologies, such as yeast, pseudo-hyphae and hyphae, which are recognized unequally by phagocytic cells of the innate immune response. Once C. albicans cells invade host tissues, immune cells such as macrophages are attracted to the site of infection and activated to recognize, engulf and kill the pathogen. We have investigated this fungal cell-macrophage interface by using high-throughput screening of the C. albicans GRACE library to identify genes that can influence this interaction and modify the kinetics of engulfment. Compared with the wild-type (WT) strain, we identified generally faster rates of engulfment for those fungal strains with constitutive pseudo-hyphal and hyphal phenotypes, whereas yeast-form-locked strains showed a reduced and delayed recognition and internalization by macrophages. We identified a number of GRACE strains that showed normal morphological development but exhibited different recognition and engulfment kinetics by cultured macrophages and characterized two mutants that modified interactions with the murine and human-derived macrophages. One mutant inactivated an uncharacterized C. albicans open reading frame that is the ortholog of S. cerevisiae OPY1, the other inactivated CaKRE1. The modified interaction was monitored during a 4 h co-culture. Early in the interaction, both opy1 and kre1 mutant strains showed reduced recognition and engulfment rates by macrophages when compared with WT cells. At fungal germ tube initiation, the engulfment kinetics increased for both mutants and WT cells, however the WT cells still showed a higher internalization by macrophages up to 2 h of interaction. Subsequently, between 2 and 4 h of the interaction, when most macrophages contain engulfed fungal cells, the engulfment kinetics increased for the opy1 mutant and further decreased for the kre1 mutant compared with Ca-WT. It appears that fungal morphology influences macrophage association with C. albicans cells and that both OPY1 and KRE1 play roles in the interaction of the fungal cells with phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Godoy
- Centre of Structural and Functional Genomics, Biology Department, Concordia University - Loyola Campus, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Peter John Darlington
- Perform Centre, Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Malcolm Whiteway
- Centre of Structural and Functional Genomics, Biology Department, Concordia University - Loyola Campus, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Kota AK, Mikkineni A, Mathi P, Patnala K, Velagapudi K, Panditi SK, Jeevigunta NLL. Competetive metal binding stoichiometry between calcium and strontium by cell wall proteins of
Neurospora crassa. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 62:568-583. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Kota
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology Krishna University Machilipatnam India
| | - Anupama Mikkineni
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology Krishna University Machilipatnam India
| | | | | | - Kavitha Velagapudi
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology Krishna University Machilipatnam India
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48
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Kim J, Oh SH, Rodriguez-Bobadilla R, Vuong VM, Hubka V, Zhao X, Hoyer LL. Peering Into Candida albicans Pir Protein Function and Comparative Genomics of the Pir Family. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:836632. [PMID: 35372132 PMCID: PMC8975586 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.836632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall, comprised primarily of protein and polymeric carbohydrate, maintains cell structure, provides protection from the environment, and is an important antifungal drug target. Pir proteins (proteins with internal repeats) are linked to cell wall β-1,3-glucan and are best studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sequential deletion of S. cerevisiae PIR genes produces strains with increasingly notable cell wall damage. However, a true null mutant lacking all five S. cerevisiae PIR genes was never constructed. Because only two PIR genes (PIR1, PIR32) were annotated in the Candida albicans genome, the initial goal of this work was to construct a true Δpir/Δpir null strain in this species. Unexpectedly, the phenotype of the null strain was almost indistinguishable from its parent, leading to the search for other proteins with Pir function. Bioinformatic approaches revealed nine additional C. albicans proteins that share a conserved Pir functional motif (minimally DGQ). Examination of the protein sequences revealed another conserved motif (QFQFD) toward the C-terminal end of each protein. Sequence similarities and presence of the conserved motif(s) were used to identify a set of 75 proteins across 16 fungal species that are proposed here as Pir proteins. The Pir family is greatly expanded in C. albicans and C. dubliniensis compared to other species and the orthologs are known to have specialized function during chlamydospore formation. Predicted Pir structures showed a conserved core of antiparallel beta-sheets and sometimes-extensive loops that contain amino acids with the potential to form linkages to cell wall components. Pir phylogeny demonstrated emergence of specific ortholog groups among the fungal species. Variation in gene expression patterns was noted among the ortholog groups during growth in rich medium. PIR allelic variation was quite limited despite the presence of a repeated sequence in many loci. Results presented here demonstrate that the Pir family is larger than previously recognized and lead to new hypotheses to test to better understand Pir proteins and their role in the fungal cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Kim
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Soon-Hwan Oh
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | | | - Vien M. Vuong
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Vit Hubka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Lois L. Hoyer
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Chen T, Wagner AS, Reynolds TB. When Is It Appropriate to Take Off the Mask? Signaling Pathways That Regulate ß(1,3)-Glucan Exposure in Candida albicans. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:842501. [PMID: 36908584 PMCID: PMC10003681 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.842501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Candida spp. are an important source of systemic and mucosal infections in immune compromised populations. However, drug resistance or toxicity has put limits on the efficacy of current antifungals. The C. albicans cell wall is considered a good therapeutic target due to its roles in viability and fungal pathogenicity. One potential method for improving antifungal strategies could be to enhance the detection of fungal cell wall antigens by host immune cells. ß(1,3)-glucan, which is an important component of fungal cell walls, is a highly immunogenic epitope. Consequently, multiple host pattern recognition receptors, such as dectin-1, complement receptor 3 (CR3), and the ephrin type A receptor A (EphA2) are capable of recognizing exposed (unmasked) ß(1,3)-glucan moieties on the cell surface to initiate an anti-fungal immune response. However, ß(1,3)-glucan is normally covered (masked) by a layer of glycosylated proteins on the outer surface of the cell wall, hiding it from immune detection. In order to better understand possible mechanisms of unmasking ß(1,3)-glucan, we must develop a deeper comprehension of the pathways driving this phenotype. In this review, we describe the medical importance of ß(1,3)-glucan exposure in anti-fungal immunity, and highlight environmental stimuli and stressors encountered within the host that are capable of inducing changes in the levels of surface exposed ß(1,3)-glucan. Furthermore, particular focus is placed on how signal transduction cascades regulate changes in ß(1,3)-glucan exposure, as understanding the role that these pathways have in mediating this phenotype will be critical for future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Andrew S. Wagner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Todd B. Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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50
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Enespa, Chandra P, Singh DP. Sources, purification, immobilization and industrial applications of microbial lipases: An overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:6653-6686. [PMID: 35179093 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2038076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial lipase is looking for better attention with the fast growth of enzyme proficiency and other benefits like easy, cost-effective, and reliable manufacturing. Immobilized enzymes can be used repetitively and are incapable to catalyze the reactions in the system continuously. Hydrophobic supports are utilized to immobilize enzymes when the ionic strength is low. This approach allows for the immobilization, purification, stability, and hyperactivation of lipases in a single step. The diffusion of the substrate is more advantageous on hydrophobic supports than on hydrophilic supports in the carrier. These approaches are critical to the immobilization performance of the enzyme. For enzyme immobilization, synthesis provides a higher pH value as well as greater heat stability. Using a mixture of immobilization methods, the binding force between enzymes and the support rises, reducing enzyme leakage. Lipase adsorption produces interfacial activation when it is immobilized on hydrophobic support. As a result, in the immobilization process, this procedure is primarily used for a variety of industrial applications. Microbial sources, immobilization techniques, and industrial applications in the fields of food, flavor, detergent, paper and pulp, pharmaceuticals, biodiesel, derivatives of esters and amino groups, agrochemicals, biosensor applications, cosmetics, perfumery, and bioremediation are all discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enespa
- School for Agriculture, Sri Mahesh Prasad Post Graduate College, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prem Chandra
- Food Microbiology & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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