1
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O'Reilly S. Emerging therapeutic targets in systemic sclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:465-478. [PMID: 38386070 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02424-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune connective tissue disease which is characterised by vascular perturbations, inflammation, and fibrosis. Although huge progress recently into the underlying molecular pathways that are perturbed in the disease, currently no therapy exists that targets the fibrosis element of the disease and consequently there is a huge unmet medical need. Emerging studies reveal new dimensions of complexity, and multiple aberrant pathways have been uncovered that have shed light on disturbed signalling in the disease, primarily in inflammatory pathways that can be targeted with repurposed drugs. Pre-clinical animal models using these inhibitors have yielded proof of concept for targeting these signalling systems and progressing to clinical trials. This review will examine the recent evidence of new perturbed pathways in SSc and how these can be targeted with new or repurposed drugs to target a currently intractable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven O'Reilly
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UK.
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2
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Mansilla-Polo M, Gimeno E, Morgado-Carrasco D. Topical and Oral Roflumilast in Dermatology: A Narrative Review. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2024; 115:265-279. [PMID: 37709133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral roflumilast is a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor approved for the prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic bronchitis. In dermatology, topical roflumilast is authorized by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of plaque psoriasis and mild to moderate seborrheic dermatitis. Several studies have described the off-label use of roflumilast in dermatology, including a randomized controlled trial showing its usefulness in the treatment of psoriasis; case reports and small series have also reported successful outcomes in hidradenitis suppurativa, recurrent oral aphthosis, nummular eczema, lichen planus, and Behçet disease. Roflumilast has a favorable safety profile, similar to that of apremilast, and it is considerably cheaper than new generation drugs and even some conventional immunosuppressants. We review the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of topical and oral roflumilast and discuss potential adverse effects and both approved and off-label uses in dermatology. Roflumilast is a promising agent to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mansilla-Polo
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, España
| | - E Gimeno
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - D Morgado-Carrasco
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital de Figueres, Fundació Salut Empordà, Figueres, Girona, España.
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3
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Mansilla-Polo M, Gimeno E, Morgado-Carrasco D. [Translated aticle] Topical and Oral Roflumilast in Dermatology: A Narrative Review. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2024; 115:T265-T279. [PMID: 38224734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral roflumilast is a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor approved for the prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic bronchitis. In dermatology, topical roflumilast is authorized by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of plaque psoriasis and mild to moderate seborrheic dermatitis. Several studies have described the off-label use of roflumilast in dermatology, including a randomized controlled trial showing its usefulness in the treatment of psoriasis; case reports and small series have also reported successful outcomes in hidradenitis suppurativa, recurrent oral aphthosis, nummular eczema, lichen planus, and Behçet disease. Roflumilast has a favorable safety profile, similar to that of apremilast, and it is considerably cheaper than new generation drugs and even some conventional immunosuppressants. We review the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of topical and oral roflumilast and discuss potential adverse effects and both approved and off-label uses in dermatology. Roflumilast is a promising agent to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mansilla-Polo
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - E Gimeno
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Morgado-Carrasco
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital de Figueres, Fundació Salut Empordà, Figueres, Girona, Spain.
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4
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Liu J, Zhang X, Chen G, Shao Q, Zou Y, Li Z, Su H, Li M, Xu Y. Drug repurposing and structure-based discovery of new PDE4 and PDE5 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 262:115893. [PMID: 37918035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) and PDE5 responsible for the hydrolysis of intracellular cAMP and cGMP, respectively, are promising targets for therapeutic intervention in a wide variety of diseases. Here, we report the discovery of novel, drug-like PDE4 inhibitors by performing a high-throughput drug repurposing screening of 2560 approved drugs and drug candidates in clinical trial studies. It allowed us to identify eight potent PDE4 inhibitors with IC50 values ranging from 0.41 to 2.46 μM. Crystal structures of PDE4 in complex with four compounds, namely ethaverine hydrochloride (EH), benzbromarone (BBR), CX-4945, and CVT-313, were further solved to elucidate molecular mechanisms of action of these new inhibitors, providing a solid foundation for optimizing the inhibitors to improve their potency as well as selectivity. Unexpectedly, selectivity profiling of other PDE subfamilies followed by crystal structure determination revealed that CVT-313 was also a potent PDE5 inhibitor with a binding mode similar to that of tadalafil, a marketed PDE5 inhibitor, but distinctively different from the binding mode of CVT-313 with PDE4. Structure-guided modification of CVT-313 led to the discovery of a new inhibitor, compound 2, with significantly improved inhibitory activity as well as selectivity towards PDE5 over PDE4. Together, these results highlight the utility of the drug repurposing in combination with structure-based drug design in identifying novel inhibitors of PDE4 and PDE5, which provides a prime example for efficient discovery of drug-like hits towards a given target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xianglei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Guofeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiang Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yi Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhewen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haixia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Minjun Li
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yechun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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5
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Higuchi T, Takagi K, Tochimoto A, Ichimura Y, Hirose H, Sawada T, Shibata N, Harigai M, Kawaguchi Y. Antifibrotic effect of apremilast in systemic sclerosis dermal fibroblasts and bleomycin-induced mouse model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19378. [PMID: 37938601 PMCID: PMC10632419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitors have been reported to suppress the progression of dermal fibrosis in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc); however, the precise mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Therefore, we conducted experiments focusing on the antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects of apremilast using dermal fibroblasts derived from patients with SSc and an SSc mouse model. Dermal fibroblasts derived from healthy controls and patients with SSc were incubated with apremilast in the presence or absence of 10 ng/ml transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 for the measurement of intracellular cAMP levels and evaluation of mRNA and protein expression. A bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis mouse model was used to evaluate the inhibitory effects of apremilast on the progression of dermal fibrosis. Intracellular cAMP levels were significantly reduced in dermal fibroblasts derived from patients with SSc compared with those derived from healthy controls. Apremilast reduced the mRNA expression of profibrotic markers and the protein expression of type I collagen and Cellular Communication Network Factor 2 (CCN2) in dermal fibroblasts. Additionally, apremilast inhibited the progression of dermal fibrosis in mice, partly by acting on T cells. These results suggest that apremilast may be a potential candidate for treating dermal fibrosis in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Higuchi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
- Division of Multidisciplinary Management of Rheumatic Diseases, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Kae Takagi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Tochimoto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Ichimura
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Hirose
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Sawada
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Shibata
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Harigai
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawaguchi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Villanueva-Martin G, Acosta-Herrera M, Carmona EG, Kerick M, Ortego-Centeno N, Callejas-Rubio JL, Mages N, Klages S, Börno S, Timmermann B, Bossini-Castillo L, Martin J. Non-classical circulating monocytes expressing high levels of microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 tag an aberrant IFN-response in systemic sclerosis. J Autoimmun 2023; 140:103097. [PMID: 37633117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex disease that affects the connective tissue, causing fibrosis. SSc patients show altered immune cell composition and activation in the peripheral blood (PB). PB monocytes (Mos) are recruited into tissues where they differentiate into macrophages, which are directly involved in fibrosis. To understand the role of CD14+ PB Mos in SSc, a single-cell transcriptome analysis (scRNA-seq) was conducted on 8 SSc patients and 8 controls. Using unsupervised clustering methods, CD14+ cells were assigned to 11 clusters, which added granularity to the known monocyte subsets: classical (cMos), intermediate (iMos) and non-classical Mos (ncMos) or type 2 dendritic cells. NcMos were significantly overrepresented in SSc patients and showed an active IFN-signature and increased expression levels of PTGES, in addition to monocyte motility and adhesion markers. We identified a SSc-related cluster of IRF7+ STAT1+ iMos with an aberrant IFN-response. Finally, a depletion of M2 polarised cMos in SSc was observed. Our results highlighted the potential of PB Mos as biomarkers for SSc and provided new possibilities for putative drug targets for modulating the innate immune response in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Villanueva-Martin
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Marialbert Acosta-Herrera
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain; Systemic Autoimmune Disease Unit, Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Elio G Carmona
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain; Systemic Autoimmune Disease Unit, Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Martin Kerick
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Norberto Ortego-Centeno
- Systemic Autoimmune Disease Unit, Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Callejas-Rubio
- Systemic Autoimmune Disease Unit, Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Norbert Mages
- Sequencing Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Klages
- Sequencing Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Börno
- Sequencing Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Timmermann
- Sequencing Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lara Bossini-Castillo
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology Institute, Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain; Advanced Therapies and Biomedical Technologies (TEC-14), Biosanitary Research Institute Ibs. GRANADA, 18016, Granada, Spain.
| | - Javier Martin
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain.
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Suzuki M, Ototake Y, Akita A, Asami M, Ikeda N, Watanabe T, Kanaoka M, Yamaguchi Y. Periostin-An inducer of pro-fibrotic phenotype in monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages in systemic sclerosis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281881. [PMID: 37531393 PMCID: PMC10395906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhanced circulating blood periostin levels positively correlate with disease severity in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Monocytes/macrophages are predominantly associated with the pathogenesis of SSc, but the effect of periostin on immune cells, particularly monocytes and macrophages, still remains to be elucidated. We examined the effect of periostin on monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) in the pathogenesis of SSc. The modified Rodnan total skin thickness score in patients with dcSSc was positively correlated with the proportion of CD80-CD206+ M2 cells. The proportion of M2 macrophages was significantly reduced in rPn-stimulated MDMs of HCs compared to that of SSc patients. The mRNA expression of pro-fibrotic cytokines, chemokines, and ECM proteins was significantly upregulated in rPn-stimulated monocytes and MDMs as compared to that of control monocytes and MDMs. A similar trend was observed for protein expression in the respective MDMs. In addition, the ratio of migrated cells was significantly higher in rPn-stimulated as compared to control monocytes. These results suggest that periostin promotes inflammation and fibrosis in the pathogenesis of SSc by possible modulation of monocytes/macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Suzuki
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ototake
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Asami Akita
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Miho Asami
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Noriko Ikeda
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomoya Watanabe
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Miwa Kanaoka
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yukie Yamaguchi
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Petty AJ, Emge DA, Blanchard SK, Selim MA, Scoggins K, Liu B, Green CL, Cardones AR. Pilot, open-label, single-arm clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of topical crisaborole for steroid refractory morphea. J Am Acad Dermatol 2023; 89:390-392. [PMID: 37054813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Petty
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Drew A Emge
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Maria Angelica Selim
- Division of Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kim Scoggins
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Beiyu Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Cynthia L Green
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Adela R Cardones
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas, Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
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Yan YM, Jin MZ, Li SH, Wu Y, Wang Q, Hu FF, Shen C, Yin WH. Hub genes, diagnostic model, and predicted drugs in systemic sclerosis by integrated bioinformatics analysis. Front Genet 2023; 14:1202561. [PMID: 37501723 PMCID: PMC10369177 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1202561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma; SSc), a rare and heterogeneous connective tissue disease, remains unclear in terms of its underlying causative genes and effective therapeutic approaches. The purpose of the present study was to identify hub genes, diagnostic markers and explore potential small-molecule drugs of SSc. Methods: The cohorts of data used in this study were downloaded from the Gene Expression Complex (GEO) database. Integrated bioinformatic tools were utilized for exploration, including Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), Connectivity Map (CMap) analysis, molecular docking, and pharmacokinetic/toxicity properties exploration. Results: Seven hub genes (THY1, SULF1, PRSS23, COL5A2, NNMT, SLCO2B1, and TIMP1) were obtained in the merged gene expression profiles of GSE45485 and GSE76885. GSEA results have shown that they are associated with autoimmune diseases, microorganism infections, inflammatory related pathways, immune responses, and fibrosis process. Among them, THY1 and SULF1 were identified as diagnostic markers and validated in skin samples from GSE32413, GSE95065, GSE58095 and GSE125362. Finally, ten small-molecule drugs with potential therapeutic effects were identified, mainly including phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors (BRL-50481, dipyridamole), TGF-β receptor inhibitor (SB-525334), and so on. Conclusion: This study provides new sights into a deeper understanding the molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of SSc. More importantly, the results may offer promising clues for further experimental studies and novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Mei Yan
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Jin
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei-Fei Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Hao Yin
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
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10
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Hu M, Yao Z, Xu L, Peng M, Deng G, Liu L, Jiang X, Cai X. M2 macrophage polarization in systemic sclerosis fibrosis: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic effects. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16206. [PMID: 37234611 PMCID: PMC10208842 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma), is an autoimmune rheumatic disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs, and vasculopathy. Preventing fibrosis by targeting aberrant immune cells that drive extracellular matrix (ECM) over-deposition is a promising therapeutic strategy for SSc. Previous research suggests that M2 macrophages play an essential part in the fibrotic process of SSc. Targeted modulation of molecules that influence M2 macrophage polarization, or M2 macrophages, may hinder the progression of fibrosis. Here, in an effort to offer fresh perspectives on the management of scleroderma and fibrotic diseases, we review the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of M2 macrophage polarization in SSc-related organ fibrosis, potential inhibitors targeting M2 macrophages, and the mechanisms by which M2 macrophages participate in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Hu
- Department of Rheumatology of the First Hospital and Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Zhongliu Yao
- Department of Rheumatology of the First Hospital and Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Rheumatology of the First Hospital and Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Muzi Peng
- Department of Rheumatology of the First Hospital and Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Guiming Deng
- Department of Rheumatology of the First Hospital and Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Rheumatology of the First Hospital and Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Xueyu Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology of the First Hospital and Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
- Yueyang Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, China
| | - Xiong Cai
- Department of Rheumatology of the First Hospital and Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
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11
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Youn C, Dikeman DA, Chang E, Liu H, Nolan SJ, Alphonse MP, Joyce DP, Liu Q, Meixiong J, Dong X, Miller LS, Archer NK. Crisaborole efficacy in murine models of skin inflammation and Staphylococcus aureus infection. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:425-435. [PMID: 36461082 PMCID: PMC10066830 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is highly expressed in keratinocytes and immune cells and promotes pro-inflammatory responses upon activation. The activity of PDE4 has been attributed to various inflammatory conditions, leading to the development and approval of PDE4 inhibitors as host-directed therapeutics in humans. For example, the topical PDE4 inhibitor, crisaborole, is approved for the treatment of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis and has shown efficacy in patients with psoriasis. However, the role of crisaborole in regulating the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases and infection is not entirely known. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of crisaborole in multiple mouse models, including psoriasis-like dermatitis, AD-like skin inflammation with and without filaggrin mutations, and Staphylococcus aureus skin infection. We discovered that crisaborole dampens myeloid cells and itch in the skin during psoriasis-like dermatitis. Furthermore, crisaborole was effective in reducing skin inflammation in the context of filaggrin deficiency. Importantly, crisaborole reduced S. aureus skin colonization during AD-like skin inflammation. However, crisaborole was not efficacious in treating S. aureus skin infections, even as adjunctive therapy to antibiotics. Taken together, we found that crisaborole reduced itch during psoriasis-like dermatitis and decreased S. aureus skin colonization upon AD-like skin inflammation, which act as additional mechanisms by which crisaborole dampens the immunopathogenesis in mouse models of inflammatory skin diseases. Further examination is warranted to translate these preclinical findings to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Youn
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dustin A. Dikeman
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Evelyn Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Haiyun Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabrina J. Nolan
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Martin P. Alphonse
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel P. Joyce
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James Meixiong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lloyd S. Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathan K. Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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12
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Shahini A, Shahini A. Role of interleukin-6-mediated inflammation in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease: focus on the available therapeutic approaches and gut microbiome. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:55-74. [PMID: 36112307 PMCID: PMC10030733 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-022-00695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is considered a chronic inflammatory and multifactorial disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are two types of chronic IBD. Although there is no accurate information about IBD pathophysiology, evidence suggests that various factors, including the gut microbiome, environment, genetics, lifestyle, and a dysregulated immune system, may increase susceptibility to IBD. Moreover, inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) are involved in the immunopathogenesis of IBDs. IL-6 contributes to T helper 17 (Th17) differentiation, mediating further destructive inflammatory responses in CD and UC. Moreover, Th1-mediated responses participate in IBD, and the antiapoptotic IL-6/IL-6 receptor (IL-6R)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signals are responsible for preserving Th1 cells in the site of inflammation. It has been revealed that fecal bacteria isolated from UC-active and UC-remission patients stimulate the hyperproduction of several cytokines, such as IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-10, and IL-12. Given the importance of the IL-6/IL-6R axis, various therapeutic options exist for controlling or treating IBD. Therefore, alternative therapeutic approaches such as modulating the gut microbiome could be beneficial due to the failure of the target therapies so far. This review article summarizes IBD immunopathogenesis focusing on the IL-6/IL-6R axis and discusses available therapeutic approaches based on the gut microbiome alteration and IL-6/IL-6R axis targeting and treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshia Shahini
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Ali Shahini
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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13
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Kolb M, Crestani B, Maher TM. Phosphodiesterase 4B inhibition: a potential novel strategy for treating pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir Rev 2023; 32:32/167/220206. [PMID: 36813290 PMCID: PMC9949383 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0206-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with interstitial lung disease can develop a progressive fibrosing phenotype characterised by an irreversible, progressive decline in lung function despite treatment. Current therapies slow, but do not reverse or stop, disease progression and are associated with side-effects that can cause treatment delay or discontinuation. Most crucially, mortality remains high. There is an unmet need for more efficacious and better-tolerated and -targeted treatments for pulmonary fibrosis. Pan-phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors have been investigated in respiratory conditions. However, the use of oral inhibitors can be complicated due to class-related systemic adverse events, including diarrhoea and headaches. The PDE4B subtype, which has an important role in inflammation and fibrosis, has been identified in the lungs. Preferentially targeting PDE4B has the potential to drive anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects via a subsequent increase in cAMP, but with improved tolerability. Phase I and II trials of a novel PDE4B inhibitor in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis have shown promising results, stabilising pulmonary function measured by change in forced vital capacity from baseline, while maintaining an acceptable safety profile. Further research into the efficacy and safety of PDE4B inhibitors in larger patient populations and for a longer treatment period is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kolb
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Service de Pneumologie A, Hôpital Bichat, APHP, Paris, France,INSERM, Unité 1152, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Toby M. Maher
- Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK,Corresponding author: Toby M. Maher ()
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14
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Yang S, Zhao M, Jia S. Macrophage: Key player in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1080310. [PMID: 36865559 PMCID: PMC9974150 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1080310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The macrophage is an essential part of the innate immune system and also serves as the bridge between innate immunity and adaptive immune response. As the initiator and executor of the adaptive immune response, macrophage plays an important role in various physiological processes such as immune tolerance, fibrosis, inflammatory response, angiogenesis and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Consequently, macrophage dysfunction is a vital cause of the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we mainly discuss the functions of macrophages in autoimmune diseases, especially in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatic arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc) and type 1 diabetes (T1D), providing references for the treatment and prevention of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- Dapartment of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Dapartment of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Sujie Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
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15
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Kim S, Park HJ, Lee SI. The Microbiome in Systemic Sclerosis: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416154. [PMID: 36555792 PMCID: PMC9853331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc), also known as scleroderma, is an autoimmune disease with unknown etiology characterized by multi-organ fibrosis. Despite substantial investigation on SSc-related cellular and molecular mechanisms, effective therapies are still lacking. The skin, lungs, and gut are the most affected organs in SSc, which act as physical barriers and constantly communicate with colonized microbiota. Recent reports have documented a unique microbiome signature, which may be the pathogenic trigger or driver of SSc. Since gut microbiota influences the efficacy and toxicity of oral drugs, evaluating drug-microbiota interactions has become an area of interest in disease treatment. The existing evidence highlights the potential of the microbial challenge as a novel therapeutic option in SSc. In this review, we have summarized the current knowledge about molecular mechanisms of SSc and highlighted the underlying role of the microbiome in SSc pathogenesis. We have also discussed the latest therapeutic interventions using microbiomes in SSc, including drug-microbiota interactions and animal disease models. This review aims to elucidate the pathophysiological connection and therapeutic potential of the microbiome in SSc. Insights into the microbiome will significantly improve our understanding of etiopathogenesis and developing therapeutics for SSc.
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16
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Bitar C, Ninh T, Brag K, Foutouhi S, Radosta S, Meyers J, Baddoo M, Liu D, Stumpf B, Harms PW, Saba NS, Boh E. Apremilast in Recalcitrant Cutaneous Dermatomyositis: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial. JAMA Dermatol 2022; 158:1357-1366. [PMID: 36197661 PMCID: PMC9535502 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2022.3917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Importance Cutaneous disease in dermatomyositis has no standardized treatment approach and so presents a challenging task for patients and clinicians. Objective To study the efficacy and safety of apremilast as an add-on therapy in patients with recalcitrant cutaneous dermatomyositis. Design, Setting, and Participants This phase 2a, open-label, single-arm nonrandomized controlled trial was conducted at a single center from June 2018 to June 2021. Participants were 8 patients with recalcitrant cutaneous dermatomyositis, defined by a cutaneous disease activity severity index (CDASI) score greater than 5 despite treatment with steroids, steroid-sparing agents, or both. Data were analyzed from June 2018 to June 2021. Interventions Apremilast 30 mg orally twice daily was added to ongoing treatment regimens. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the overall response rate (ORR) at 3 months. Key secondary outcomes were the safety and toxicity of apremilast and the durability of response at 6 months. The CDASI, muscle score, dermatology life quality index (DLQI), and depression assessments were performed at baseline and regularly until month 7. Skin biopsies were performed at baseline and 3 months after apremilast (defined as 3 months into active apremilast therapy) and tested for gene expression profiling and immunohistochemical stains. Adverse events were assessed using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0. Results Among 8 patients with recalcitrant cutaneous dermatomyositis (all women; mean [SD] age, 54 [15.9] years), a response was found at 3 months after apremilast among 7 patients (ORR, 87.5%). The mean (SD) decrease in CDASI was 12.9 (6.3) points at 3 months (P < .001). Apremilast was well tolerated, with no grade 3 or higher adverse events. Sequencing of RNA was performed on skin biopsies taken from 7 patients at baseline and at 3 months after therapy. Appropriate negative (ie, no primary antibody) and positive (ie, tonsil and spleen) controls were stained in parallel with each set of slides studied. Of 39 076 expressed genes, there were 195 whose expression changed 2-fold or more at P < .01 (123 downregulated and 72 upregulated genes). Gene set enrichment analysis identified 13 pathways in which apremilast was associated with downregulated expression, notably signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1), STAT3, interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, interferon γ (IFNγ), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) pathways. In immunohistochemical staining, there was a mean (SD) decrease in phosphorylation levels STAT1 (22.3% [28.3%] positive cells) and STAT3 (13.4% [11.6%] positive cells) at the protein level, a downstream signaling pathway for the downregulated cytokines. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that apremilast was a safe and efficacious add-on treatment in recalcitrant dermatomyositis, with an overall response rate of 87.5% and associations with downregulation of multiple inflammatory pathways. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03529955.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Bitar
- Department of Dermatology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Thien Ninh
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Katherine Brag
- Department of Dermatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Stella Radosta
- Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jade Meyers
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Melody Baddoo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Delong Liu
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brittany Stumpf
- Department of Dermatology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Paul W. Harms
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Nakhle S. Saba
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Erin Boh
- Department of Dermatology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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17
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Chung MP, Paik JJ. Past, Present, and Future in Dermatomyositis Therapeutics. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN RHEUMATOLOGY 2022; 8:71-90. [PMID: 38650607 PMCID: PMC11034924 DOI: 10.1007/s40674-022-00193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review This review highlights current and emerging pharmacologic therapies for the treatment of dermatomyositis (DM). Current clinical evidence, in addition to recently published and ongoing clinical trials for various drugs in development, are summarized in this review. Recent findings There has been significant progress in the research and development of potential treatments in DM. The FDA recently approved Octagam® 10% Immune Globulin Intravenous (IVIg) for the treatment of DM. Several drug targets are being explored as viable therapeutic options in phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials; at the forefront of these are JAK inhibitors (tofacitinib and baricitinib) and T-cell co-stimulation blockers (i.e. abatacept). In addition, clinical trials are currently under way for therapeutics targeting novel molecular pathways, including immunoproteasome inhibitors, anti-B cell therapy, anti-interferon drugs, complement inhibitors, and phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors. Summary With the large number of clinical trials, multiple novel therapeutics in development, and improved classification and outcome measures, the treatment landscape for DM will continue to rapidly evolve in the coming years as more options become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody P. Chung
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie J. Paik
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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18
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Liang H, Liu B, Gao Y, Nie J, Feng S, Yu W, Wen S, Su X. Jmjd3/IRF4 axis aggravates myeloid fibroblast activation and m2 macrophage to myofibroblast transition in renal fibrosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:978262. [PMID: 36159833 PMCID: PMC9494509 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.978262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis commonly occurs in the process of chronic kidney diseases. Here, we explored the role of Jumonji domain containing 3 (Jmjd3)/interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) axis in activation of myeloid fibroblasts and transition of M2 macrophages into myofibroblasts transition (M2MMT) in kidney fibrosis. In mice, Jmjd3 and IRF4 were highly induced in interstitial cells of kidneys with folic acid or obstructive injury. Jmjd3 deletion in myeloid cells or Jmjd3 inhibitor reduced the levels of IRF4 in injured kidneys. Myeloid Jmjd3 depletion impaired bone marrow-derived fibroblasts activation and M2MMT in folic acid or obstructive nephropathy, resulting in reduction of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins expression, myofibroblasts formation and renal fibrosis progression. Pharmacological inhibition of Jmjd3 also prevented myeloid fibroblasts activation, M2MMT, and kidney fibrosis development in folic acid nephropathy. Furthermore, IRF4 disruption inhibited myeloid myofibroblasts accumulation, M2MMT, ECM proteins accumulation, and showed milder fibrotic response in obstructed kidneys. Bone marrow transplantation experiment showed that wild-type mice received IRF4-/- bone marrow cells presented less myeloid fibroblasts activation in injured kidneys and exhibited much less kidney fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction. Myeloid Jmjd3 deletion or Jmjd3 inhibitor attenuated expressions of IRF4, α-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin and impeded M2MMT in cultured monocytes exposed to IL-4. Conversely, overexpression IRF4 abrogated the effect of myeloid Jmjd3 deletion on M2MMT. Thus, Jmjd3/IRF4 signaling has a crucial role in myeloid fibroblasts activation, M2 macrophages to myofibroblasts transition, extracellular matrix protein deposition, and kidney fibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Foshan Women and Children Hospital, Foshan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Foshan Women and Children Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Benquan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Jiayi Nie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Shuyun Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Wenqiang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Wenqiang Yu, ; Xi Su,
| | - Shihong Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Su
- Department of Paediatrics, Foshan Women and Children Hospital, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Wenqiang Yu, ; Xi Su,
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19
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Herrmann FE, Hesslinger C, Wollin L, Nickolaus P. BI 1015550 is a PDE4B Inhibitor and a Clinical Drug Candidate for the Oral Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:838449. [PMID: 35517783 PMCID: PMC9065678 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.838449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory abilities of oral selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors enabled the approval of roflumilast and apremilast for use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis, respectively. However, the antifibrotic potential of PDE4 inhibitors has not yet been explored clinically. BI 1015550 is a novel PDE4 inhibitor showing a preferential enzymatic inhibition of PDE4B. In vitro, BI 1015550 inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and phytohemagglutinin-induced interleukin-2 synthesis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as well as LPS-induced TNF-α synthesis in human and rat whole blood. In vivo, oral BI 1015550 shows potent anti-inflammatory activity in mice by inhibiting LPS-induced TNF-α synthesis ex vivo and in Suncus murinus by inhibiting neutrophil influx into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid stimulated by nebulized LPS. In Suncus murinus, PDE4 inhibitors induce emesis, a well-known gastrointestinal side effect limiting the use of PDE4 inhibitors in humans, and the therapeutic ratio of BI 1015550 appeared to be substantially improved compared with roflumilast. Oral BI 1015550 was also tested in two well-known mouse models of lung fibrosis (induced by either bleomycin or silica) under therapeutic conditions, and appeared to be effective by modulating various model-specific parameters. To better understand the antifibrotic potential of BI 1015550 in vivo, its direct effect on human fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) was investigated in vitro. BI 1015550 inhibited transforming growth factor-β-stimulated myofibroblast transformation and the mRNA expression of various extracellular matrix proteins, as well as basic fibroblast growth factor plus interleukin-1β-induced cell proliferation. Nintedanib overall was unremarkable in these assays, but interestingly, the inhibition of proliferation was synergistic when it was combined with BI 1015550, leading to a roughly 10-fold shift of the concentration–response curve to the left. In summary, the unique preferential inhibition of PDE4B by BI 1015550 and its anticipated improved tolerability in humans, plus its anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic potential, suggest BI 1015550 to be a promising oral clinical candidate for the treatment of IPF and other fibro-proliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lutz Wollin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Peter Nickolaus
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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20
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Lu QK, Fan C, Xiang CG, Wu B, Lu HM, Feng CL, Yang XQ, Li H, Tang W. Inhibition of PDE4 by apremilast attenuates skin fibrosis through directly suppressing activation of M1 and T cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:376-386. [PMID: 33850274 PMCID: PMC8791980 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00656-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a life-threatening chronic connective tissue disease with the characteristics of skin fibrosis, vascular injury, and inflammatory infiltrations. Though inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) has been turned out to be an effective strategy in suppressing inflammation through promoting the accumulation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), little is known about the functional modes of inhibiting PDE4 by apremilast on the process of SSc. The present research aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanism of apremilast on SSc. Herein, we found that apremilast could markedly ameliorate the pathological manifestations of SSc, including skin dermal thickness, deposition of collagens, and increased expression of α-SMA. Further study demonstrated that apremilast suppressed the recruitment and activation of macrophages and T cells, along with the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, which accounted for the effects of apremilast on modulating the pro-fibrotic processes. Interestingly, apremilast could dose-dependently inhibit the activation of M1 and T cells in vitro through promoting the phosphorylation of CREB. In summary, our research suggested that inhibiting PDE4 by apremilast might provide a novel therapeutic option for clinical treatment of SSc patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-kai Lu
- grid.419093.60000 0004 0619 8396Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Chen Fan
- grid.419093.60000 0004 0619 8396Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Cai-gui Xiang
- grid.419093.60000 0004 0619 8396Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Bing Wu
- grid.419093.60000 0004 0619 8396Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Hui-min Lu
- grid.419093.60000 0004 0619 8396Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Chun-lan Feng
- grid.419093.60000 0004 0619 8396Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Xiao-qian Yang
- grid.419093.60000 0004 0619 8396Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Heng Li
- grid.419093.60000 0004 0619 8396Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Wei Tang
- grid.419093.60000 0004 0619 8396Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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21
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Schick MA, Schlegel N. Clinical Implication of Phosphodiesterase-4-Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031209. [PMID: 35163131 PMCID: PMC8835523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic function of 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent pathways in health and disease led to the development of pharmacological phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE-I) to attenuate cAMP degradation. While there are many isotypes of PDE, a predominant role of PDE4 is to regulate fundamental functions, including endothelial and epithelial barrier stability, modulation of inflammatory responses and cognitive and/or mood functions. This makes the use of PDE4-I an interesting tool for various therapeutic approaches. However, due to the presence of PDE4 in many tissues, there is a significant danger for serious side effects. Based on this, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the approaches and effects of PDE4-I for different therapeutic applications. In summary, despite many obstacles to use of PDE4-I for different therapeutic approaches, the current data warrant future research to utilize the therapeutic potential of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Alexander Schick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;
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22
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Xu M, Wu N, Du Q, Zhou Z, Deng D, Liu Y. Crisaborole: an emerging therapy for prurigo pigmentosa. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:e441-e443. [PMID: 35037315 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Xu
- Department of Dermatopathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1278 Bao'de Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Nanhui Wu
- Department of Dermatopathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1278 Bao'de Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Dermatopathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1278 Bao'de Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhou
- Department of Dermatopathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1278 Bao'de Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Dan Deng
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yeqiang Liu
- Department of Dermatopathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1278 Bao'de Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
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23
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Sloan B. This Month in JAAD Case Reports: April 2022 Apremilast for Morphea. J Am Acad Dermatol 2022; 86:744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Laurent P, Lapoirie J, Leleu D, Levionnois E, Grenier C, Jurado‐Mestre B, Lazaro E, Duffau P, Richez C, Seneschal J, Pellegrin J, Constans J, Schaeverbeke T, Douchet I, Duluc D, Pradeu T, Chizzolini C, Blanco P, Truchetet M, Contin‐Bordes C. Interleukin‐1‐β‐Activated
Microvascular Endothelial Cells Promote
DC‐SIGN
+ Alternative Macrophages Associated with Skin Fibrosis in Systemic Sclerosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 74:1013-1026. [DOI: 10.1002/art.42061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paôline Laurent
- ImmunoConcEpt Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5164 Bordeaux University F‐33076 Bordeaux France
| | | | - Damien Leleu
- ImmunoConcEpt Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5164 Bordeaux University F‐33076 Bordeaux France
| | - Emeline Levionnois
- ImmunoConcEpt Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5164 Bordeaux University F‐33076 Bordeaux France
| | - Cyrielle Grenier
- ImmunoConcEpt Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5164 Bordeaux University F‐33076 Bordeaux France
| | - Blanca Jurado‐Mestre
- ImmunoConcEpt Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5164 Bordeaux University F‐33076 Bordeaux France
| | - Estibaliz Lazaro
- ImmunoConcEpt Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5164 Bordeaux University F‐33076 Bordeaux France
- University Hospital Centre Bordeaux F‐33000 Bordeaux France
| | - Pierre Duffau
- ImmunoConcEpt Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5164 Bordeaux University F‐33076 Bordeaux France
- University Hospital Centre Bordeaux F‐33000 Bordeaux France
| | - Christophe Richez
- ImmunoConcEpt Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5164 Bordeaux University F‐33076 Bordeaux France
- University Hospital Centre Bordeaux F‐33000 Bordeaux France
| | | | | | - Joel Constans
- University Hospital Centre Bordeaux F‐33000 Bordeaux France
| | | | - Isabelle Douchet
- ImmunoConcEpt Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5164 Bordeaux University F‐33076 Bordeaux France
| | - Dorothée Duluc
- ImmunoConcEpt Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5164 Bordeaux University F‐33076 Bordeaux France
| | - Thomas Pradeu
- ImmunoConcEpt Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5164 Bordeaux University F‐33076 Bordeaux France
| | - Carlo Chizzolini
- Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine Geneva University Switzerland
| | - Patrick Blanco
- ImmunoConcEpt Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5164 Bordeaux University F‐33076 Bordeaux France
- University Hospital Centre Bordeaux F‐33000 Bordeaux France
| | - Marie‐Elise Truchetet
- ImmunoConcEpt Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5164 Bordeaux University F‐33076 Bordeaux France
- University Hospital Centre Bordeaux F‐33000 Bordeaux France
| | - Cécile Contin‐Bordes
- ImmunoConcEpt Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5164 Bordeaux University F‐33076 Bordeaux France
- University Hospital Centre Bordeaux F‐33000 Bordeaux France
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Merav Koschitzky
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Saakshi Khattri
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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26
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Fukasawa T, Yoshizaki A, Ebata S, Yoshizaki-Ogawa A, Asano Y, Enomoto A, Miyagawa K, Kazoe Y, Mawatari K, Kitamori T, Sato S. Single-cell-level protein analysis revealing the roles of autoantigen-reactive B lymphocytes in autoimmune disease and the murine model. eLife 2021; 10:e67209. [PMID: 34854378 PMCID: PMC8639144 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite antigen affinity of B cells varying from cell to cell, functional analyses of antigen-reactive B cells on individual B cells are missing due to technical difficulties. Especially in the field of autoimmune diseases, promising pathogenic B cells have not been adequately studied to date because of its rarity. In this study, functions of autoantigen-reactive B cells in autoimmune disease were analyzed at the single-cell level. Since topoisomerase I is a distinct autoantigen, we targeted systemic sclerosis as autoimmune disease. Decreased and increased affinities for topoisomerase I of topoisomerase I-reactive B cells led to anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokine production associated with the inhibition and development of fibrosis, which is the major symptom of systemic sclerosis. Furthermore, inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production and increased affinity of topoisomerase I-reactive B cells suppressed fibrosis. These results indicate that autoantigen-reactive B cells contribute to the disease manifestations in autoimmune disease through their antigen affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takemichi Fukasawa
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Ayumi Yoshizaki
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Satoshi Ebata
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Asako Yoshizaki-Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshihide Asano
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Laboratory of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Kiyoshi Miyagawa
- Laboratory of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yutaka Kazoe
- Department of System Design Engineering, Keio university, Faculty of Science and technologyTokyoJapan
| | - Kazuma Mawatari
- Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of EngineeringTokyoJapan
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of EngineeringTokyoJapan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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27
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Wenzel D, Haddadi N, Afshari K, Richmond JM, Rashighi M. Upcoming treatments for morphea. Immun Inflamm Dis 2021; 9:1101-1145. [PMID: 34272836 PMCID: PMC8589364 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphea (localized scleroderma) is a rare autoimmune connective tissue disease with variable clinical presentations, with an annual incidence of 0.4-2.7 cases per 100,000. Morphea occurs most frequently in children aged 2-14 years, and the disease exhibits a female predominance. Insights into morphea pathogenesis are often extrapolated from studies of systemic sclerosis due to their similar skin histopathologic features; however, clinically they are two distinct diseases as evidenced by different demographics, clinical features, disease course and prognosis. An interplay between genetic factors, epigenetic modifications, immune and vascular dysfunction, along with environmental hits are considered as the main contributors to morphea pathogenesis. In this review, we describe potential new therapies for morphea based on both preclinical evidence and ongoing clinical trials. We focus on different classes of therapeutics, including antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, cellular and gene therapy, and antisenolytic approaches, and how these target different aspects of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wenzel
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Nazgol‐Sadat Haddadi
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Khashayar Afshari
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jillian M. Richmond
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Mehdi Rashighi
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
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28
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Zhang B, Gao L, Shao C, Deng M, Chen L. Arecoline Enhances Phosphodiesterase 4A Activity to Promote Transforming Growth Factor-β-Induced Buccal Mucosal Fibroblast Activation via cAMP-Epac1 Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:722040. [PMID: 34819854 PMCID: PMC8606562 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.722040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chewing areca nut (betel quid) is strongly associated with oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), a pre-cancerous lesion. Among the areca alkaloids, arecoline is the main agent responsible for fibroblast proliferation; however, the specific molecular mechanism of arecoline affecting the OSF remains unclear. The present study revealed that arecoline treatment significantly enhanced Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced buccal mucosal fibroblast (BMF) activation and fibrotic changes. Arecoline interacts with phosphodiesterase 4A (PDE4A) to exert its effects through modulating PDE4A activity but not PDE4A expression. PDE4A silence reversed the effects of arecoline on TGF-β-induced BMFs activation and fibrotic changes. Moreover, the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (Epac1)-selective Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) analog (8-Me-cAMP) but not the protein kinase A (PKA)-selective cAMP analog (N6-cAMP) remarkably suppressed α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA) and Collagen Type I Alpha 1 Chain (Col1A1) protein levels in response to TGF-β1 and arecoline co-treatment, indicating that cAMP-Epac1 but not cAMP-PKA signaling is involved in arecoline functions on TGF-β1-induced BMFs activation. In conclusion, arecoline promotes TGF-β1-induced BMFs activation through enhancing PDE4A activity and the cAMP-Epac1 signaling pathway during OSF. This novel mechanism might provide more powerful strategies for OSF treatment, requiring further in vivo and clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lihua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunsheng Shao
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingsi Deng
- Department of Orthodontics, Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Liangjian Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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29
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Conte E. Targeting monocytes/macrophages in fibrosis and cancer diseases: Therapeutic approaches. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 234:108031. [PMID: 34774879 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over almost 140 years since their identification, the knowledge about macrophages has unbelievably evolved. The 'big eaters' from being thought of as simple phagocytic cells have been recognized as master regulators in immunity, homeostasis, healing/repair and organ development. Long considered to originate exclusively from bone marrow-derived circulating monocytes, macrophages have been also demonstrated to be the first immune cells colonizing tissues in the developing embryo and persisting in adult life by self-renewal, as long-lived tissue resident macrophages. Therefore, heterogeneous populations of macrophages with different ontogeny and functions co-exist in tissues. Macrophages act as sentinels of homeostasis and are intrinsically programmed to lead the wound healing and repair processes that occur after injury. However, in certain pathological circumstances macrophages get dysfunctional, and impaired or aberrant macrophage activities become key features of diseases. For instance, in both fibrosis and cancer, that have been defined 'wounds that do not heal', dysfunctional monocyte-derived macrophages overall play a key detrimental role. On the other hand, due to their plasticity these cells can be 're-educated' and exert anti-fibrotic and anti-cancer functions. Therefore macrophages represent an important therapeutic target in both fibrosis and cancer diseases. The current review will illustrate new insights into the role of monocytes/macrophages in these devastating diseases and summarize new therapeutic strategies and applications of macrophage-targeted drug development in their clinical setting.
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30
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Shen W, Wang S, Wang R, Zhang Y, Tian H, Yang X, Wei W. Analysis of the polarization states of the alveolar macrophages in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease samples based on miRNA-mRNA network signatures. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1333. [PMID: 34532470 PMCID: PMC8422127 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-3815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Multiple gene expression studies have been performed to investigate the biomarkers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, few studies have related COPD to macrophage cells. Methods The gene expression levels of clinical samples of COPD smokers (COPD; n=6), healthy smokers (Smoke; n=11), and never smokers (Never; n=4) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository of GSE124180. The expression levels of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) in macrophage cells of M0 (n=7), M1 (n=7), and M2 (n=7) were downloaded from the GEO repository of GSE46903 and GSE51307. Differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs (DEmRNAs) were identified by edgeR and GEO2R, with an adjusted P value <0.05 and |log2fold change (FC)| ≥1 chosen as the cut-off threshold. The potential target genes of miRNA were identified using miRanda (v3.3a) and TargetScan (v6.0) with default settings. Gene Ontology (GO) and Reactome pathway analyses were performed. Results The composition of macrophages was quite different between COPD, Never, and Smoke samples. The proportion of M1 cells was lower than that of M0 and M2 cells in Smokers and COPD samples. Most of the genes specifically up-regulated in M1 are related to inflammation/immunity. The expression levels of miR-30a-5p, miR-200c-3p, miR-20b-5p, miR-199b-5p, and miR-301b-3p in M1 macrophages were all lower than that of M0. Their expression levels in M2 macrophages compared with M1 varied, with higher expression in miR-30a-5p, miR-20b-5p, and lower expression in miR-200c-3p, and miR-301b-3p. The mRNAs of the fms related receptor tyrosine kinase 1 (FLT1), cardiotrophin like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF1), phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D), coagulation factor III, and tissue factor (F3) were dysregulated in COPD and macrophage cells. Conclusions The present study mined the miRNA-mRNA signature which might play an essential role in COPD and macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shen
- Respiratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shukun Wang
- Respiratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ruili Wang
- Respiratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Respiratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hong Tian
- Respiratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaolei Yang
- Respiratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Respiratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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31
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Myofibroblasts: Function, Formation, and Scope of Molecular Therapies for Skin Fibrosis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081095. [PMID: 34439762 PMCID: PMC8391320 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are contractile, α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells with multiple roles in pathophysiological processes. Myofibroblasts mediate wound contractions, but their persistent presence in tissues is central to driving fibrosis, making them attractive cell targets for the development of therapeutic treatments. However, due to shared cellular markers with several other phenotypes, the specific targeting of myofibroblasts has long presented a scientific and clinical challenge. In recent years, myofibroblasts have drawn much attention among scientific research communities from multiple disciplines and specialisations. As further research uncovers the characterisations of myofibroblast formation, function, and regulation, the realisation of novel interventional routes for myofibroblasts within pathologies has emerged. The research community is approaching the means to finally target these cells, to prevent fibrosis, accelerate scarless wound healing, and attenuate associated disease-processes in clinical settings. This comprehensive review article describes the myofibroblast cell phenotype, their origins, and their diverse physiological and pathological functionality. Special attention has been given to mechanisms and molecular pathways governing myofibroblast differentiation, and updates in molecular interventions.
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32
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Romano E, Rosa I, Fioretto BS, Cerinic MM, Manetti M. The Role of Pro-fibrotic Myofibroblasts in Systemic Sclerosis: from Origin to Therapeutic Targeting. Curr Mol Med 2021; 22:209-239. [PMID: 33823766 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210325102749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma) is a complex connective tissue disorder characterized by multisystem clinical manifestations resulting from immune dysregulation/autoimmunity, vasculopathy and, most notably, progressive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. In recent years, it has emerged that the main drivers of SSc-related tissue fibrosis are myofibroblasts, a type of mesenchymal cells with both the extracellular matrix-synthesizing features of fibroblasts and the cytoskeletal characteristics of contractile smooth muscle cells. The accumulation and persistent activation of pro-fibrotic myofibroblasts during SSc development and progression result into elevated mechanical stress and reduced matrix plasticity within the affected tissues and may be ascribed to a reduced susceptibility of these cells to pro-apoptotic stimuli, as well as their increased formation from tissue-resident fibroblasts or transition from different cell types. Given the crucial role of myofibroblasts in SSc pathogenesis, finding the way to inhibit myofibroblast differentiation and accumulation by targeting their formation, function and survival may represent an effective approach to hamper the fibrotic process or even halt or reverse established fibrosis. In this review, we discuss the role of myofibroblasts in SSc-related fibrosis, with a special focus on their cellular origin and the signaling pathways implicated in their formation and persistent activation. Furthermore, we provide an overview of potential therapeutic strategies targeting myofibroblasts that may be able to counteract fibrosis in this pathological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Romano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Florence. Italy
| | - Irene Rosa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Florence. Italy
| | - Bianca Saveria Fioretto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Florence. Italy
| | - Marco Matucci Cerinic
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Florence. Italy
| | - Mirko Manetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence. Italy
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33
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Xu M, Li S, Wang J, Huang S, Zhang A, Zhang Y, Gu W, Yu X, Jia Z. Cilomilast Ameliorates Renal Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis by Inhibiting the TGF-β1-Smad2/3 Signaling Pathway. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:626140. [PMID: 33553218 PMCID: PMC7859332 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.626140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis is the key pathological feature in chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) with no satisfactory therapies in clinic. Cilomilast is a second-generation, selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, but its role in renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in CKD remains unclear. Material and Methods: Cilomilast was applied to the mice with unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) and renal fibroblast cells (NRK-49F) stimulated by TGF-β1. Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis and inflammation after UUO or TGF-β1 stimulation were examined by histology, Western blotting, real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. KIM-1 and NGAL were detected to evaluate tubular injury in UUO mice. Results:In vivo, immunohistochemistry and western blot data demonstrated that cilomilast treatment inhibited extracellular matrix deposition, profibrotic gene expression, and the inflammatory response. Furthermore, cilomilast prevented tubular injury in UUO mice, as manifested by reduced expression of KIM-1 and NGAL in the kidney. In vitro, cilomilast attenuated the activation of fibroblast cells stimulated by TGF-β1, as shown by the reduced expression of fibronectin, α-SMA, collagen I, and collagen III. Cilomilast also inhibited the activation of TGF-β1-Smad2/3 signaling in TGF-β1-treated fibroblast cells. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that cilomilast is protective against renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in CKD, possibly through the inhibition of TGF-β1-Smad2/3 signaling, indicating the translational potential of this drug in treating CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shumin Li
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Songming Huang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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34
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Wang T, Zhou X, Kuang G, Jiang R, Guo X, Wu S, Wan J, Yin L. Paeoniflorin modulates oxidative stress, inflammation and hepatic stellate cells activation to alleviate CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis by upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 73:338-346. [PMID: 33793876 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The role of Paeoniflorin on hepatic fibrosis and the specific mechanisms has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we explored whether Paeoniflorin exerted protective effects on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS A model of hepatic fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneally injecting with CCl4 (10% 5 μl/g) twice a week for 7 weeks. To explore the effects of Paeoniflorin, mice were treated with Paeoniflorin (100 mg/kg) by gavage once a day at 1 week after modeling until they were sacrificed. KEY FINDINGS Paeoniflorin remarkably improved liver function and histopathological changes of hepatic tissues in CCl4-induced liver injury. Besides, the serum MAO enzyme activity and hydroxyproline contents were notably decreased following the intervention of Paeoniflorin. The decreased expression of Vimentin, α-SMA, Col1a and Desmin manifested the inhibition of the hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation. Interestingly, Paeoniflorin intervention significantly upregulated the expression of heme oxygenase-1, and attenuated the inflammatory cytokines production as well as the CCl4-induced oxidative stress imbalance. CONCLUSIONS Paeoniflorin could effectively alleviate CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis by upregulation of heme oxygenase-1, and it might be a new effective option for the comprehensive treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ge Kuang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyi Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengwang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyuan Wan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangjun Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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35
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Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling in Fibrotic Diseases and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121666. [PMID: 33322749 PMCID: PMC7763058 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is essential in embryo development and maintaining normal homeostasis. Extensive evidence shows that TGF-β activation acts on several cell types, including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells, to form a pro-fibrotic environment, ultimately leading to fibrotic diseases. TGF-β is stored in the matrix in a latent form; once activated, it promotes a fibroblast to myofibroblast transition and regulates extracellular matrix (ECM) formation and remodeling in fibrosis. TGF-β signaling can also promote cancer progression through its effects on the tumor microenvironment. In cancer, TGF-β contributes to the generation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) that have different molecular and cellular properties from activated or fibrotic fibroblasts. CAFs promote tumor progression and chronic tumor fibrosis via TGF-β signaling. Fibrosis and CAF-mediated cancer progression share several common traits and are closely related. In this review, we consider how TGF-β promotes fibrosis and CAF-mediated cancer progression. We also discuss recent evidence suggesting TGF-β inhibition as a defense against fibrotic disorders or CAF-mediated cancer progression to highlight the potential implications of TGF-β-targeted therapies for fibrosis and cancer.
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Cutolo M, Soldano S, Montagna P, Martinelli G, Tardito S, Corallo C, Giordano N, Tavilla P, Cozzani E, Parodi A, Sulli A, Pizzorni C, Patane M, Smith V, Paolino S. Apremilast interferes with the TGFβ1-induced transition of human skin fibroblasts into profibrotic myofibroblasts: in vitro study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 59:3927-3938. [PMID: 32725130 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition and extracellular matrix overproduction represent progressive events in chronic inflammatory and fibrotic diseases, in which TGFβ1 is one of the key mediators. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) acts as a proinflammatory enzyme through the degradation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and it is overexpressed in skin fibroblasts. The study investigated how apremilast (a PDE4 inhibitor) interferes with the intracellular signalling pathways responsible for the TGFβ1-induced fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition and profibrotic extracellular matrix protein synthesis. METHODS Cultured human skin fibroblasts were stimulated with TGFβ1 (10 ng/ml) alone or combined with apremilast (1 and 10 μM) for 4, 16 and 24 h. Other aliquots of the same cells were previously stimulated with TGFβ1 and then treated with apremilast (1 and 10 μM) for 4, 16 and 24 h, always under stimulation with TGFβ1. Gene and protein expression of αSMA, type I collagen (COL1) and fibronectin were evaluated, together with the activation of small mothers against decapentaplegic 2 and 3 (Smad2/3) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk1/2) proteins. RESULTS Apremilast reduced the TGFβ1-induced increase in αSMA, COL1 and fibronectin gene expression at 4 and 16 h, and protein synthesis at 24 h of treatment in cultured fibroblasts, even for cells already differentiated into myofibroblasts by way of a previous stimulation with TGFβ1. Apremilast inhibited the TGFβ1-induced Smad2/3 and Erk1/2 phosphorylation at 15 and 30 min. CONCLUSION Apremilast seems to inhibit in vitro the fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition and the profibrotic activity induced by TGFβ1 in cultured human skin fibroblasts by downregulating Smad2/3 and Erk1/2 intracellular signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Cutolo
- Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, IRCCS Polyclinic San Martino Hospital, Genoa
| | - Stefano Soldano
- Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, IRCCS Polyclinic San Martino Hospital, Genoa
| | - Paola Montagna
- Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, IRCCS Polyclinic San Martino Hospital, Genoa
| | - Giulia Martinelli
- Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, IRCCS Polyclinic San Martino Hospital, Genoa
| | - Samuele Tardito
- Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, IRCCS Polyclinic San Martino Hospital, Genoa
| | - Claudio Corallo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Scleroderma Unit, University of Siena, Siena
| | - Nicola Giordano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Scleroderma Unit, University of Siena, Siena
| | - Pierpaolo Tavilla
- Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genova, IRCCS Polyclinic San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cozzani
- Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genova, IRCCS Polyclinic San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Aurora Parodi
- Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genova, IRCCS Polyclinic San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Sulli
- Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, IRCCS Polyclinic San Martino Hospital, Genoa
| | - Carmen Pizzorni
- Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, IRCCS Polyclinic San Martino Hospital, Genoa
| | - Massimo Patane
- Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, IRCCS Polyclinic San Martino Hospital, Genoa
| | - Vanessa Smith
- Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University.,Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Inflammation Research Center (IRC), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sabrina Paolino
- Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, IRCCS Polyclinic San Martino Hospital, Genoa
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Toor D, Jain A, Kalhan S, Manocha H, Sharma VK, Jain P, Tripathi V, Prakash H. Tempering Macrophage Plasticity for Controlling SARS-CoV-2 Infection for Managing COVID-19 Disease. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:570698. [PMID: 33178021 PMCID: PMC7596271 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.570698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Devinder Toor
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Aklank Jain
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Shivani Kalhan
- Department of Pathology, Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, India
| | - Harmesh Manocha
- Department of Microbiology, Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Sharma
- Department of Physiology, Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, India
| | - Payal Jain
- Department of Medicine, Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, India
| | - Vishwas Tripathi
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Hridayesh Prakash
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
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Chen WY, Lin CH, Lee YS, Tsao PC, Jeng MJ. Pathophysiological effects of intravenous phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor in addition to surfactant lavage in meconium-injured newborn piglet lungs. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:2272-2282. [PMID: 32478966 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as selective phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitors have potential anti-inflammatory and respiratory smooth muscle relaxation effects. This study aimed to investigate the pathophysiological effects of an intravenous PDE4 inhibitor (rolipram) and surfactant lavage (SL) in a newborn piglet model of meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). METHODS MAS was induced in 25 newborn piglets, which were randomly divided into control and four SL treatment groups administered with different doses of intravenous rolipram (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg). Cardiopulmonary variables were monitored and recorded. The experimental time was 4 hours. Serial blood was drawn for blood gas and biomarker analyses. Lung tissue was examined for histological analysis. RESULTS All SL-treated groups revealed improved oxygenation during the 4-hour experiments and had significantly lower peak inspiratory pressure levels than the control group at the end of experiments. All SL plus rolipram-treated groups exhibited significantly higher lung compliance than the control group. However, the animals receiving high-dose (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) rolipram demonstrated significantly elevated heart rates. Lung histology of the nondependent sites revealed significantly lower lung injury scores in all SL-treated groups compared with that in the control group, but there were no differences among the rolipram-treated groups. CONCLUSIONS In addition to SL, intravenous PDE4 inhibitors may further improve lung compliance in treating MAS; however, it is necessary to consider cardiovascular adverse effects, primarily tachycardia. Further investigations are required before the clinical application of intravenous PDE4 inhibitor as an anti-inflammatory agent to treat severe MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsueh Lin
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of BioMedical Nutrition, HungKuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chen Tsao
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Jy Jeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Matsuhira T, Nishiyama O, Tabata Y, Kaji C, Kubota-Ishida N, Chiba Y, Sano H, Iwanaga T, Tohda Y. A novel phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, AA6216, reduces macrophage activity and fibrosis in the lung. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 885:173508. [PMID: 32858049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an intractable disease with poor prognosis, and therapeutic options are limited. While the pathogenic mechanism is unknown, cytokines, such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and immune cells, such as monocytes and macrophages, that produce them, seem to be involved in fibrosis. Some phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors reportedly have anti-fibrotic potential by acting on these disease-related factors. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of a novel PDE4 inhibitor, AA6216, on nonclinical IPF-related models and samples from IPF patients. First, we examined the inhibitory effect of AA6216 on the production of TGF-β1 from a human monocytic cell line, THP-1. Second, we analyzed the impact of AA6216 on TNF-α production by human alveolar macrophages collected from patients with IPF. Finally, we investigated the anti-fibrotic potency of AA6216 on bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice. We found that AA6216 significantly inhibited TGF-β1 production by THP-1 cells. It also significantly suppressed TNF-α production by alveolar macrophages from patients with IPF. In the mouse model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, therapeutic administration of AA6216 significantly reduced fibrosis scores, collagen-stained areas, and TGF-β1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. AA6216 may represent a new agent for the treatment of IPF with a distinct mechanism of action from that of conventional anti-fibrotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsuhira
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Onohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan; Pharmaceutical Research Center, Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., 760 Morooka-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 222-8567, Japan
| | - Osamu Nishiyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Onohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Yuji Tabata
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., 760 Morooka-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 222-8567, Japan
| | - Chizuko Kaji
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., 760 Morooka-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 222-8567, Japan
| | - Natsuki Kubota-Ishida
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., 760 Morooka-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 222-8567, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Chiba
- Division of Biostatistics, Clinical Research Center, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Onohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Onohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Takashi Iwanaga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Onohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yuji Tohda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Onohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Macrophages are key players in systemic sclerosis (SSc) and fibrosis. The mechanism by which macrophages regulate fibrogenesis is unclear and understanding the origin and function of macrophages is critical to developing effective therapeutics. Novel targets on macrophages are under investigation and recently, cadherins have emerged as a potential therapeutic target on macrophages. The current review will discuss the importance of macrophages in SSc and fibrosis and summarize recent studies on the role of cadherin-11 (Cdh11) on macrophages and fibrosis. RECENT FINDINGS Genome-wide expression studies demonstrate the importance of macrophages in SSc and fibrosis. Although M2 macrophages are associated with fibrosis, the presence of a mixed M1/M2 phenotype in fibrosis has recently been reported. Several studies aiming to identify macrophage subsets involved in fibrogenesis suggest that monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages are key players in the development of murine lung fibrosis. Recent functional studies show that Cdh11 regulates macrophages, fibroblast invasion, and adhesion of macrophages to myofibroblasts. SUMMARY Macrophages play an important role in SSc and fibrosis. New insights into the mechanisms by which macrophages regulate fibrogenesis have been discovered on the basis of Cdh11 studies and suggest that targeting Cdh11 may be an effective target to treat fibrosis.
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Mugheddu C, Pizzatti L, Sanna S, Atzori L, Rongioletti F. COVID-19 pulmonary infection in erythrodermic psoriatic patient with oligodendroglioma: safety and compatibility of apremilast with critical intensive care management. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:e376-e378. [PMID: 32385859 PMCID: PMC7272987 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Mugheddu
- Dermatology Clinic, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - L Pizzatti
- Dermatology Clinic, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - S Sanna
- Dermatology Clinic, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - L Atzori
- Dermatology Clinic, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - F Rongioletti
- Dermatology Clinic, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Krishnan SM, Ling YH, Huuskes BM, Ferens DM, Saini N, Chan CT, Diep H, Kett MM, Samuel CS, Kemp-Harper BK, Robertson AAB, Cooper MA, Peter K, Latz E, Mansell AS, Sobey CG, Drummond GR, Vinh A. Pharmacological inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome reduces blood pressure, renal damage, and dysfunction in salt-sensitive hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:776-787. [PMID: 30357309 PMCID: PMC6432065 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Renal inflammation, leading to fibrosis and impaired function is a major contributor to the development of hypertension. The NLRP3 inflammasome mediates inflammation in several chronic diseases by processing the cytokines pro-interleukin (IL)-1β and pro-IL-18. In this study, we investigated whether MCC950, a recently-identified inhibitor of NLRP3 activity, reduces blood pressure (BP), renal inflammation, fibrosis and dysfunction in mice with established hypertension. Methods and results C57BL6/J mice were made hypertensive by uninephrectomy and treatment with deoxycorticosterone acetate (2.4 mg/day, s.c.) and 0.9% NaCl in the drinking water (1K/DOCA/salt). Normotensive controls were uninephrectomized and received normal drinking water. Ten days later, mice were treated with MCC950 (10 mg/kg/day, s.c.) or vehicle (saline, s.c.) for up to 25 days. BP was monitored by tail-cuff or radiotelemetry; renal function by biochemical analysis of 24-h urine collections; and kidney inflammation/pathology was assessed by real-time PCR for inflammatory gene expression, flow cytometry for leucocyte influx, and Picrosirius red histology for collagen. Over the 10 days post-surgery, 1K/DOCA/salt-treated mice became hypertensive, developed impaired renal function, and displayed elevated renal levels of inflammatory markers, collagen and immune cells. MCC950 treatment from day 10 attenuated 1K/DOCA/salt-induced increases in renal expression of inflammasome subunits (NLRP3, ASC, pro-caspase-1) and inflammatory/injury markers (pro-IL-18, pro-IL-1β, IL-17A, TNF-α, osteopontin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, CCL2, vimentin), each by 25–40%. MCC950 reduced interstitial collagen and accumulation of certain leucocyte subsets in kidneys of 1K/DOCA/salt-treated mice, including CD206+ (M2-like) macrophages and interferon-gamma-producing T cells. Finally, MCC950 partially reversed 1K/DOCA/salt-induced elevations in BP, urine output, osmolality, [Na+], and albuminuria (each by 20–25%). None of the above parameters were altered by MCC950 in normotensive mice. Conclusion MCC950 was effective at reducing BP and limiting renal inflammation, fibrosis and dysfunction in mice with established hypertension. This study provides proof-of-concept that pharmacological inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome is a viable anti-hypertensive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini M Krishnan
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yeong H Ling
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brooke M Huuskes
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dorota M Ferens
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Narbada Saini
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher T Chan
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henry Diep
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle M Kett
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Avril A B Robertson
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Ashley S Mansell
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher G Sobey
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grant R Drummond
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antony Vinh
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Kania G, Rudnik M, Distler O. Involvement of the myeloid cell compartment in fibrogenesis and systemic sclerosis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 15:288-302. [PMID: 30953037 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune fibrotic disease of unknown aetiology that is characterized by vascular changes in the skin and visceral organs. Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation can improve skin and organ fibrosis in patients with progressive disease and a high risk of organ failure, indicating that cells originating in the bone marrow are important contributors to the pathogenesis of SSc. Animal studies also indicate a pivotal function of myeloid cells in the development of fibrosis leading to changes in the tissue architecture and dysfunction in multiple organs such as the heart, lungs, liver and kidney. In this Review, we summarize current knowledge about the function of myeloid cells in fibrogenesis that occurs in patients with SSc. Targeted therapies currently in clinical studies for SSc might affect myeloid cell-related pathways. Therefore, myeloid cells might be used as cellular biomarkers of disease through the application of high-dimensional techniques such as mass cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Kania
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michal Rudnik
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Distler
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Walsh T. Editor’s Pick: Systemic Sclerosis: The Role of YAP/TAZ in Disease Pathogenesis. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.33590/emj/10310340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a systemic autoimmune condition of unknown cause. Yes-Associated Protein/Tafazzin (YAP/TAZ) are transcriptional coactivators previously demonstrated to be involved in cellular stretch biology, and form the principal effector molecules of the Hippo signalling pathway. The association between YAP/TAZ and stretch is contingent upon their cytoplasmic localisation (with nuclear translocation, the cell adopts a relaxed state). The author weighs the evidence for a central role for YAP/TAZ signalling in scleroderma spanning the major clinical features of the condition. Several of the features unique to SSc are mediated by cytoplasmic localisation of YAP/TAZ, including the stretch phenotype (through binding to NF-2), arterial lumenal obliteration (through their binding to angiomotin), the promotion of hypergammaglobulinaemia (via feedback to the upstream Hippo signalling molecule Mammalian Ste20-like Kinase 1), and the induction of B-Lymphocyte-Induced Maturation Protein-1 leading to the adoption of Th2 lineage, prominent in SSc. One observes that the induction of the fibrotic phenotype of scleroderma is mediated through GLI1/GLI2 (the effector molecules of the Hedgehog pathway). GLI1/GLI2 are induced to reciprocally enter the nucleus when YAP/TAZ is intracytoplasmic. The latter explains the characteristically increased connective tissue growth factor 2 and endothelin-1 expression. In this article, the author references some examples of the role of YAP/TAZ in the biophysically similar condition nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and suggests a role of YAP/TAZ cytoplasmic sequestration in programmed cell death protein 1-ligand antagonist-induced scleroderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Walsh
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK
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Luong VH, Utsunomiya A, Chino T, Doanh LH, Matsushita T, Obara T, Kuboi Y, Ishii N, Machinaga A, Ogasawara H, Ikeda W, Kawano T, Imai T, Oyama N, Hasegawa M. Inhibition of the Progression of Skin Inflammation, Fibrosis, and Vascular Injury by Blockade of the CX 3 CL1/CX 3 CR1 Pathway in Experimental Mouse Models of Systemic Sclerosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:1923-1934. [PMID: 31173491 DOI: 10.1002/art.41009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the preclinical efficacy and mechanism of action of an anti-CX3 CL1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS Cultured human dermal fibroblasts were used to evaluate the direct effect of anti-CX3 CL1 mAb on fibroblasts. In addition, bleomycin-induced and growth factor-induced models of SSc were used to investigate the effect of anti-CX3 CL1 mAb on leukocyte infiltration, collagen deposition, and vascular damage in the skin. RESULTS Anti-CX3 CL1 mAb treatment significantly inhibited Smad3 phosphorylation (P < 0.05) and expression of type I collagen and fibronectin 1 (P < 0.01) in dermal fibroblasts stimulated with transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1). In the bleomycin model, daily subcutaneous bleomycin injection increased serum CX3 CL1 levels (P < 0.05) and augmented lesional CX3 CL1 expression. Simultaneous administration of anti-CX3 CL1 mAb or CX3 CR1 deficiency significantly suppressed the dermal thickness, collagen content, and capillary loss caused by bleomycin (P < 0.05). Injection of bleomycin induced expression of pSmad3 and TGFβ1 in the skin, which was inhibited by anti-CX3 CL1 mAb. Further, the dermal infiltration of CX3 CR1+ cells, macrophages (inflammatory and alternatively activated [M2-like] subsets), and CD3+ cells significantly decreased following anti-CX3 CL1 mAb therapy (P < 0.05), as did the enhanced skin expression of fibrogenic molecules, such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (P < 0.05). However, the treatment did not significantly reduce established skin fibrosis. In the second model, simultaneous anti-mCX3 CL1 mAb therapy significantly diminished the skin fibrosis induced by serial subcutaneous injection of TGFβ and connective tissue growth factor (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Anti-CX3 CL1 mAb therapy may be a novel approach for treating early skin fibrosis in inflammation-driven fibrotic skin disorders such as SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu H Luong
- University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan, and Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Le H Doanh
- Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Schepers M, Tiane A, Paes D, Sanchez S, Rombaut B, Piccart E, Rutten BPF, Brône B, Hellings N, Prickaerts J, Vanmierlo T. Targeting Phosphodiesterases-Towards a Tailor-Made Approach in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1727. [PMID: 31396231 PMCID: PMC6667646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by heterogeneous clinical symptoms including gradual muscle weakness, fatigue, and cognitive impairment. The disease course of MS can be classified into a relapsing-remitting (RR) phase defined by periods of neurological disabilities, and a progressive phase where neurological decline is persistent. Pathologically, MS is defined by a destructive immunological and neuro-degenerative interplay. Current treatments largely target the inflammatory processes and slow disease progression at best. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop next-generation therapeutic strategies that target both neuroinflammatory and degenerative processes. It has been shown that elevating second messengers (cAMP and cGMP) is important for controlling inflammatory damage and inducing CNS repair. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) have been studied extensively in a wide range of disorders as they breakdown these second messengers, rendering them crucial regulators. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of PDE inhibition in limiting pathological inflammation and stimulating regenerative processes in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Schepers
- Department of Neuroimmunology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Assia Tiane
- Department of Neuroimmunology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dean Paes
- Department of Neuroimmunology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Selien Sanchez
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Ben Rombaut
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Piccart
- Department of Neuroimmunology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bert Brône
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Niels Hellings
- Department of Neuroimmunology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Neuroimmunology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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47
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Korman B. Evolving insights into the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis. Transl Res 2019; 209:77-89. [PMID: 30876809 PMCID: PMC6545260 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma) is a complex multisystem disease characterized by autoimmunity, vasculopathy, and most notably, fibrosis. Multiple lines of evidence demonstrate a variety of emerging cellular and molecular pathways which are relevant to fibrosis in SSc. The myofibroblast remains the key effector cell in SSc. Understanding the development, differentiation, and function of the myofibroblast is therefore crucial to understanding the fibrotic phenotype of SSc. Studies now show that (1) multiple cell types give rise to myofibroblasts, (2) fibroblasts and myofibroblasts are heterogeneous, and (3) that a large number of (primarily immune) cells have important influences on the transition of fibroblasts to an activated myofibroblasts. In SSc, this differentiation process involves multiple pathways, including well known signaling cascades such as TGF-β and Wnt/β-Catenin signaling, as well as epigenetic reprogramming and a number of more recently defined cellular pathways. After reviewing the major and emerging cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying SSc, this article looks to identify clinical applications where this new molecular knowledge may allow for targeted treatment and personalized medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Korman
- Division of Allergy/Immunology & Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.
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48
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Ahmad F, Döbel T, Schmitz M, Schäkel K. Current Concepts on 6-sulfo LacNAc Expressing Monocytes (slanMo). Front Immunol 2019; 10:948. [PMID: 31191513 PMCID: PMC6540605 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human mononuclear phagocytes system consists of dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and macrophages having different functions in bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Among the heterogeneous population of monocytes the cell surface marker slan (6-sulfo LacNAc) identifies a specific subset of human CD14- CD16+ non-classical monocytes, called slan+ monocytes (slanMo). In this review we discuss the identity and functions of slanMo, their contributions to immune surveillance by pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and cross talk with T cells and NK cells. We also consider the role of slanMo in the regulation of chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. Finally, we highlight unresolved questions that should be the focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareed Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Döbel
- Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marc Schmitz
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universtät Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Partner Site Dresden, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany
| | - Knut Schäkel
- Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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49
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Bitar C, Maghfour J, Ho-Pham H, Stumpf B, Boh E. Apremilast as a potential treatment for moderate to severe dermatomyositis: A retrospective study of 3 patients. JAAD Case Rep 2019; 5:191-194. [PMID: 30740504 PMCID: PMC6357541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Bitar
- Department of Dermatology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Hoang Ho-Pham
- Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Brittany Stumpf
- Department of Dermatology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Erin Boh
- Department of Dermatology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Correspondence to: Erin Boh, MD, PhD, Department of Dermatology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, No. 8036, New Orleans, LA 70112.
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50
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Graceffa D, De Felice C, Lora V, Morrone A, Bonifati C. Successful treatment of psoriatic arthritis with apremilast in a mixed connective tissue disease patient. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2019; 155:373-375. [PMID: 30636395 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.18.06042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Graceffa
- Department of Clinical Dermatology, San Gallicano Dermatologic IRCCS Institute, Rome, Italy -
| | - Catia De Felice
- Department of Clinical Dermatology, San Gallicano Dermatologic IRCCS Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Lora
- Department of Clinical Dermatology, San Gallicano Dermatologic IRCCS Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Morrone
- Department of Clinical Dermatology, San Gallicano Dermatologic IRCCS Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Bonifati
- Department of Clinical Dermatology, San Gallicano Dermatologic IRCCS Institute, Rome, Italy
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