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Jooste M, Schwellnus M. Countermeasures to reduce the risk of infections at the 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games-A balancing act. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024:S2095-2546(24)00080-2. [PMID: 38797436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Jooste
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0083, South Africa; Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0083, South Africa.
| | - Martin Schwellnus
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0083, South Africa; IOC Research Centre of South Africa, Pretoria 0083, South Africa
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2
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Snyders C, Derman W, Schwellnus M. Ready, set, go--Medical preparations for the Paris 2024 Paralympic Games. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024:S2095-2546(24)00078-4. [PMID: 38777123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolette Snyders
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0083, South Africa.
| | - Wayne Derman
- IOC Research Centre of South Africa, Pretoria, 0083, South Africa; Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Martin Schwellnus
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0083, South Africa; IOC Research Centre of South Africa, Pretoria, 0083, South Africa
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Larson EG, Hasley I, Post EG, Cali MG, Clark SC, McPherson AL, Noble-Taylor KE, Robinson DM, Anderson T, Finnoff J, Adams WM. Incidence of staff injury and illness at the Tokyo 2020 and Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Games. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001835. [PMID: 38645762 PMCID: PMC11029204 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To report epidemiological data regarding injury and illness among the Team USA staff during the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games and Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games. Methods A retrospective review of all Team USA staff (total staff, N=1703 (62.5% female); total staff days (SD)=34 489) medical encounters during the Tokyo 2020 Games and Beijing 2022 Games was conducted. Details related to injury and illness were evaluated. Incidence with 95% CI per 1000 staff days were calculated. Results A total of 32 illnesses (incidence [95% CI] 0.9 [0.6, 1.2]) and 23 injuries (incidence 0.7 [0.4, 0.9]) were sustained by the Team USA delegation staff members during the Tokyo 2020 Games and Beijing 2022 Games. Female staff reported more illnesses (illnesses proportion (IP) 2.9%; incidence 1.4 [0.8, 2.0]), while male staff incurred more injuries (IP 1.8%; incidence 0.9 [0.5, 1.3]). When stratified by physiological system, dermatological and infectious were the most common systems involved with illness (IP 0.5%; incidence 0.2 [0.1, 0.4]). Injuries to the upper limb were most common (IP 0.3%; incidence 0.3 [0.1, 0.5]). Conclusion Injury and illness rates among the Team USA staff during the Tokyo 2020 Games and Beijing 2022 Games were low, but notable. Knowledge of injury and illness risks contributes to staffing decisions and prevention strategies for staff supporting athletes during competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Larson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ike Hasley
- Summit Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Woodbury, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric G Post
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Malia G Cali
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephanie C Clark
- Family Medicine, Rehabilitation and Performance Medicine Swedish Medical Group, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - April L McPherson
- Emory Sports Performance and Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, Georgia, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - David M Robinson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Travis Anderson
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Jonathan Finnoff
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - William M Adams
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Brownlow M, Wootten M, McCaig S, Taylor A, Webborn N, Bennett P, Wass J, Ibrahim D, Ranson C. Year-round injury and illness surveillance in UK summer paralympic sport athletes: 2016-2019. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:320-327. [PMID: 38253433 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the priority injuries and illnesses across UK summer Paralympic World Class Programmes (WCP). METHODS Four years (2016-2019) of electronic medical records from 360 athletes across 17 Paralympic WCP sports were analysed. Methods were based on the 2021 International Paralympic Committee translation of the original 2020 International Olympic Committee consensus statement for epidemiological recording and reporting. This included reporting incidence (count of injury per athlete year) and burden (time loss days per athlete year) of injuries by impairment category. RESULTS 836 injuries and 453 illnesses were recorded during the surveillance period, accounting for 34 638 and 10 032 time-loss days, respectively. 216 (60%) athletes reported at least one injury, while 171 (47.5%) reported at least one illness. There were 0.9 injuries per athlete year, resulting in a mean injury burden of 38.1 days per athlete year. The lumbar/pelvis, shoulder and thoracic/ribs body region had the greatest incidence whereas the shoulder, lumbar/pelvis and wrist had the greatest injury burden. All impairment categories had shoulder or lumbar/pelvis as the body region with the greatest incidence, however the burden of body areas did not always reflect the incidence. Athletes reported 0.5 illnesses per athlete year, resulting in an average illness burden of 11.3 days per athlete year. The respiratory, gastrointestinal, dermatological and genitourinary organ systems had the greatest illness incidence. CONCLUSIONS To optimise health and performance in Paralympic sport athletes, system-wide mitigation initiatives should target priority injury problems occurring in the lumbar/pelvis, shoulder, thoracic spine/ribs and wrist. Illness types causing the greatest burden vary with impairment group, and illness mitigation initiatives should consider athlete impairment types in their design, while continuing to note the high incidence of respiratory and gastrointestinal illness across all impairments. Further research should examine associated risk factors and the influence of impairment categorisation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nick Webborn
- Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- British Paralympic Association, London, UK
| | - Pippa Bennett
- UK Sports Institute, Manchester, UK
- British Paralympic Association, London, UK
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Sakanashi S, Tanaka H, Yokota H, Otomo Y, Masuno T, Nakano K, Inoue J, Sugita M, Tokunaga T, Kato N, Kinoshi T, Inoue H, Numata H, Nakagawa K, Sagisaka R, Tanaka S, Miyamoto T, Akama T. Injuries and illness of athletes at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic summer games visiting outside facilities. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 6:48-53. [PMID: 38463667 PMCID: PMC10918355 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the reasons for transferring athletes to local medical facilities during the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Data on 567 injuries and other illnesses of athletes treated at the on-site clinics were collected from the Tokyo 2020 Organizing Committee. Of these, 84 athletes who required outpatient care during the Games were registered for this survey. During the Olympic and Paralympic Games, 66 (8.3/1 000) and 18 (7.2/1 000) athletes, respectively, consulted external medical facilities. In the Olympic Games, the reasons for these visits included 48 cases (72.7%) of injuries, 13 (19.7%) cases of illnesses, and 5 (7.6%) cases of heat stroke illness (HSI). Of these patients, 56 (84.9%) were treated as outpatients and 10 (15.1%) were hospitalized, while three of these patients required hospitalization for > 7 days. On the other hand, in the Paralympics Games, there were 7 (38.8%) cases of injuries, 9 (50.0%) other illnesses, 1 (5.6%) case of HSI, and 1 (5.6%) other cases, of which 11 (61.1%) were treated as outpatients and 7 (38.9%) were hospitalized, but none was hospitalized for > 7 days. Injuries accounted for 70% of the total cases at the 2021 Olympic Games, but only three (0.05%) were severe cases that required hospitalization for more than 1 week. In contrast, in the Paralympic Games, other illnesses accounted for approximately half of the total cases. This study provides details on the extent of injuries and other illnesses that were transferred to outside facilities, which has not been documented in previous games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Sakanashi
- The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Sports Medicine Kokushikan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideharu Tanaka
- The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Sports Medicine Kokushikan University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Emergency Medical System, Kokushikan University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute of Disaster Management and EMS Kokushikan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yokota
- The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Health and Medical Science, Nippon Sports Science University, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Otomo
- The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan
- National Hospital Organization Disaster Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Masuno
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kousuke Nakano
- Saitama City Hospital, Emergency Department, Saitama, Japan
| | - Junichi Inoue
- Nippon Medical School Musashikosugi Hospital, Emergency and Critical Care Center, Knagawa, Japan
| | - Manabu Sugita
- Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Tokunaga
- Graduate School of Emergency Medical System, Kokushikan University, Tokyo, Japan
- Emergency Lifesaving Academy Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nagisa Kato
- The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital, Trauma and Acute Critical Care Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kinoshi
- The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Sports Medicine Kokushikan University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Emergency Medical System, Kokushikan University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute of Disaster Management and EMS Kokushikan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Inoue
- The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Emergency Medical System, Kokushikan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Numata
- The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Health and Medical Science, Nippon Sports Science University, Japan
| | - Koshi Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Emergency Medical System, Kokushikan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Sagisaka
- Department of Integrated Science and Engineering for Sustaiable Society, Chuo University, Japan
| | - Shota Tanaka
- Research Institute of Disaster Management and EMS Kokushikan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Miyamoto
- The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Akama
- The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
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Derman W, Runciman P, Eken M, Boer PH, Blauwet C, Bogdos E, Hirschmueller A, Jordaan E, Kissick J, Lexell J, Mohammadi F, Patricio M, Schwellnus M, Webborn N, Zhou JX. Incidence of injury and illness at the Beijing 2022 Paralympic Winter Games held in a closed-loop environment: a prospective cohort study of 7332 athlete days. Br J Sports Med 2024:bjsports-2023-107525. [PMID: 38346775 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology of injuries and illnesses sustained during the Beijing 2022 Paralympic Winter Games, organised in a closed-loop environment to adhere with COVID-19 restrictions. METHODS Injuries and illnesses from all teams were recorded on a daily basis by team medical staff on a web-based form and by local organising committee medical (polyclinic) facilities and venue medical support. Duplicates recorded on both systems were removed. Incidence of injuries and illnesses are reported per 1000 athlete days (95% CI). RESULTS 564 athletes (426 male and 138 female) representing 46 countries were monitored for the 13-day period of the Beijing 2022 Paralympic Winter Games (7332 athlete days). The overall incidences were 13.0 injuries (10.6-15.8) and 6.1 illnesses (4.5-8.4) per 1000 athlete days. The incidence of injury in alpine skiing (19.9; 15.2-26.1) was significantly higher compared with Nordic skiing, ice hockey and wheelchair curling (p<0.05), while the incidence of respiratory illness was significantly higher in Nordic skiing (1.6; 0.9-2.9) compared with alpine skiing, ice hockey and snowboarding (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The incidence of both injury and illness at the Beijing 2022 Games were the lowest yet reported in the Paralympic Winter Games. The incidence of injury was highest in alpine skiing. These findings underscore the importance of ongoing vigilance and continued injury risk mitigation strategies to safeguard the well-being of athletes in these high-risk competitions. Respiratory illnesses were most commonly reported in Nordic skiing, which included the three cases of COVID-19 recorded at the games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- IOC Research Center, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Phoebe Runciman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maaike Eken
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pieter-Henk Boer
- Department of Human Movement Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cheri Blauwet
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emmanouil Bogdos
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, General Hospital of Athens "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Anja Hirschmueller
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Esme Jordaan
- Biostatistics Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Parow, South Africa
- Statistics and Population Studies Department, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James Kissick
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan Lexell
- Department of Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fariba Mohammadi
- Department of Sport Medicine, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Marcelo Patricio
- Trauma Observatory, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martin Schwellnus
- IOC Research Center, Pretoria, South Africa
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nick Webborn
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Jian-Xin Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Teodoro JI, Irving EL, Blaine JD, Dalton KN. An Urgent Call for Concussion Incidence Measures in Para Sport for Athletes with Vision Impairment: A Narrative Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:525. [PMID: 38470636 PMCID: PMC10931318 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12050525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Concussion in para athletes with vision impairment (VI) is poorly understood. Recently published studies have suggested that athletes with VI may be more likely to sustain sport-related concussions compared to non-disabled athletes and athletes with other impairment types. There is a critical need for objective concussion incidence measures to determine concussion injury rates and risks more accurately. The aim of this review was to examine the limited available evidence of concussion incidence rates across six different para sports for athletes with VI and encourage the future collection of concussion incidence data and the adoption of injury prevention strategies in VI para sport. A literature search was conducted using four unique databases, which formed the basis of this narrative review. Injury prevention strategies such as modifying sport rules, introducing protective equipment, and incorporating additional safety measures into the field of play have been introduced sporadically, but the effectiveness of most strategies remains unknown. More prospective, sport-specific research examining mechanisms of injury and risk factors for concussion injuries in athletes with VI in both training and competition is needed. This research will help inform the development of targeted injury prevention strategies to reduce the likelihood of concussion for athletes with VI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette I. Teodoro
- Vision and Motor Performance Lab, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Elizabeth L. Irving
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Jane D. Blaine
- British Columbia Blind Sports and Recreation Association, Burnaby, BC V5H 4K7, Canada;
| | - Kristine N. Dalton
- Vision and Motor Performance Lab, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
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Adam F, Derman W, Schwellnus M, Boer PH, Jordaan E, Runciman P. Injury incidence according to athlete impairment type during the 2012 and 2016 Summer Paralympic Games: a combined analysis of 101 108 athlete days. Br J Sports Med 2024:bjsports-2023-107144. [PMID: 38286574 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relationship between sport-related injuries and Para athlete impairment type has not yet been comprehensively studied. This study aimed to describe injury incidence according to athlete impairment type during the London 2012 and Rio 2016 Summer Paralympic Games, by sex, age, Games period, chronicity and anatomical area. METHODS A combined analysis of 7222 athletes was conducted comprising 101 108 athlete days, using pooled data. Internet sources were used to identify impairments of registered athletes. Impairment types: brain disorders (BD), limb deficiency, neuromuscular disorders (NMD), spinal cord-related disorders, visual impairment (VI) and 'all others' (OTH: impaired passive range of movement, intellectual impairment, leg length difference, short stature and unknown impairments). Results by impairment type are reported as univariate unadjusted incidences (injuries/1000 athlete days; 95% CIs). Statistical significance between impairment types was determined when 95% CIs did not overlap. RESULTS The overall crude unadjusted incidence of injury was 11.1 (95% CI 10.4 to 11.9), significantly higher in VI (13.7 (95% CI 11.0 to 15.7)) and NMD (13.3 (95% CI 11.1 to 16.1)) compared with BD (9.1 (95% CI 7.7 to 10.8)). Acute (sudden onset) (8.6 (95% CI 7.3 to 10.1)) and lower limb (6.6 (95% CI 5.4 to 8.1)) injuries were higher among athletes with VI, while athletes with NMD had a higher incidence of repetitive (gradual onset) (5.9 (95% CI 4.3 to 8.0)) and upper limb (6.9 (95% CI 5.2 to 9.0)) injuries compared with other impairments. CONCLUSIONS Incidence and type of injuries differed between athlete impairment types. Athletes with VI or NMD sustained the highest incidence of injury, and athletes with BD had the lowest. Findings of this study can inform the management of competition-related injuries in Para athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faatima Adam
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- International Olympic Committee Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Martin Schwellnus
- International Olympic Committee Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Pieter-Henk Boer
- Department of Human Movement Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Esme Jordaan
- Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Statistics and Population Studies Department, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Phoebe Runciman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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9
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Pinheiro LSP, Silva A, Madaleno FO, Verhagen E, de Mello MT, Ocarino JM, Resende RA. Prevalence and incidence of health problems and their characteristics in Brazilian para athletes: A one-season single-center prospective pilot study. Disabil Health J 2024; 17:101511. [PMID: 37612205 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2023.101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Para athletes experience high prevalence and incidence of health problems related to sport. Despite this, there are few longitudinal studies. OBJECTIVE To describe the characteristics, prevalence, incidence, and severity of health problems in para athletes from one of the Brazilian Paralympic Reference Centers during a sports season and to compare the prevalence of health problems between para athletics, para powerlifting, and para swimming. METHODS This prospective pilot study was conducted from October 2019 to March 2020. The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire on Health Problems was used to record injuries and illnesses every week for 24 weeks. The characteristics, prevalence, incidence, and severity of health problems were described for each modality. The prevalence of health problems was compared among the three sport modalities. RESULTS Thirty-five para athletes participated. Most of the injuries occurred in the shoulder, and most illnesses caused respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. The average weekly prevalence and the incidence rate of health problems were 40.6% (95% CI 17.0-64.4) and 12.7 (95% CI 9.6-15.9) per 1000 athlete hours, respectively. Para powerlifting had the highest prevalence of all and substantial health problems; para swimming had the lowest prevalence of injuries; and para athletics had the lowest prevalence of illnesses. CONCLUSIONS This group of Brazilian para athletes showed a high prevalence and incidence of health problems throughout the season. Para athletics, para powerlifting, and para swimming each had a different prevalence of injuries and illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Santos Pinto Pinheiro
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Andressa Silva
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Sports, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Oliveira Madaleno
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Tulio de Mello
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Sports, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana Melo Ocarino
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Renan Alves Resende
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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10
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Soligard T, Palmer D, Steffen K, Lopes AD, Grek N, He X, Wang Y, Grant ME, Toresdahl BG, Gilgien M, Budgett R, Engebretsen L. Olympic Games during nationwide lockdown: sports injuries and illnesses, including COVID-19, at the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics. Br J Sports Med 2023:bjsports-2023-107412. [PMID: 37875331 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to describe the incidence of injuries and illnesses sustained during the Beijing Winter Olympic Games from 4 February 2022 to 20 February 2022. METHODS We recorded the daily number of athlete injuries and illnesses (1) through the reporting of all National Olympic Committee (NOC) medical teams and (2) in the polyclinic and medical venues by the Beijing 2022 medical staff. RESULTS In total, 2848 athletes (1276 women, 45%; 1572 men, 55%) from 91 NOCs were followed prospectively for the occurrence of injury and illness. NOC and Beijing 2022 medical staff reported 289 injuries and 109 illnesses, equalling 10.1 injuries and 3.8 illnesses per 100 athletes over the 17-day period. The injury incidence was highest in ski halfpipe (30%), ski big air (28%), snowboard slopestyle (23%) and ski slopestyle (22%), and lowest (1%-2%) in curling, alpine mixed team parallel slalom, Nordic combined and alpine super-G. The illness incidence was highest in ski aerials (10%), skeleton (8%), cross-country skiing (8%) and Nordic combined (7%). In the study period, COVID-19 affected 32 athletes, accounting for 29% of all illnesses affecting 1.1% of all athletes. CONCLUSION Overall, 10% of the athletes incurred an injury and 4% an illness during the Beijing Winter Olympic Games. The incidence of illnesses overall, which was the lowest yet recorded in the Winter Olympic Games, and COVID-19 was mitigated through comprehensive countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torbjørn Soligard
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Debbie Palmer
- Edinburgh Sports Medicine Research Network, Institute for Sport, PE and Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Collaborating Centre on Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kathrin Steffen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandre Dias Lopes
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Xuan He
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Marie-Elaine Grant
- Institute of Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brett G Toresdahl
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Matthias Gilgien
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Richard Budgett
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Rebai M, Tan R, Vanlandewijck Y, Derman W, Webborn N, Fagher K. The Underlying Mechanisms of Sports Injuries in Paralympic Goalball: A Mixed-Method Study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2023; 102:746-753. [PMID: 36075884 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000002095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Data from the Paralympic Games indicate a fluctuating injury incidence in the Paralympic sport goalball, but the mechanisms behind have not been explored. The aims of this study are to (1) quantitatively analyze goalball injuries reported in the London 2012 and Rio 2016 Paralympic Games, (2) qualitatively explain the differences between both games, and (3) qualitatively assess general injury mechanisms and prevention opportunities of injuries in Goalball. DESIGN This is a mixed-method study. Injury incidence rates were analyzed from data collected during the 2012 and 2016 Paralympic Games. Then, semistructured interviews of games participants qualitatively explored injury mechanisms and prevention opportunities. RESULTS A reduction of injuries occurred from 2012 (incidence rate, 19.5; 95% confidence interval, 12.5-26.5) to 2016 (incidence rate: 5.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-9.5). In both games, acute traumatic injuries were most common. Female athletes reported higher rate of injuries compared with males ( P = 0.05). Qualitative data revealed that causes of injuries were collisions, overuse, and poor physical conditioning. The differences between the two games were explained by equipment, environment, and preparations. CONCLUSIONS The result from this study indicates that injuries in goalball are multifactorial. Ultimately, the mixed-method data from this study can help the sports context develop prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Rebai
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (MR, RT, YV); Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), Stockholm, Sweden (YV); Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (WD); IOC Research Center, Stellenbosch, South Africa (WD); Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom (NW); and Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (KF)
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Injuries and Illnesses During the 53rd FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2021 in Oberstdorf: A Prospective Cohort Study. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:e1-e7. [PMID: 36730291 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE For the 3 Nordic ski disciplines of cross-country skiing, Nordic combined, and ski jumping, data on injuries and illnesses during major sporting events only exist from the Winter Olympics of 2010 to 2018. So far, an investigation has not been conducted during the Nordic World Ski Championships. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Fédération Internationale de Ski (FIS) Nordic World Ski Championships 2021 in Oberstdorf, Germany. PARTICIPANTS Overall, 663 athletes from 65 nations participated in the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2021. The study population included 344 athletes from 32 nations. INTERVENTIONS National medical teams were invited to report daily all newly incurred or exacerbated injuries and illnesses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES All reported injuries and illnesses that occurred during the championships from February 23 until March 7, 2021, were analyzed. Injury and illness rates were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS The 32 reporting nations returned 88.4% of the daily report forms. The incidence of injuries was 4.7 (95% CI, 2.4-6.9) per 100 athletes in the 3 Nordic ski disciplines. The incidence of illness was also 4.7 (95% CI, 2.4-6.9) per 100 athletes with a relative proportion of infection-related illnesses of 31.3%. CONCLUSIONS Although the incidence of injuries of the Nordic disciplines was comparable with those of the 2010 to 2018 Winter Olympics, the incidence of illnesses was lower than during the previous 3 Winter Olympic Games with a lower rate of infection-related illnesses. This might be caused by the high hygiene measures due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.
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13
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Runciman P, Blauwet C, Kissick J, Lexell J, Schwellnus M, Webborn N, Derman W. 'Heading' in the right direction: concussions reported at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games. Br J Sports Med 2022; 57:bjsports-2022-106550. [PMID: 36588429 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Runciman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cheri Blauwet
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Kissick
- Deptartment of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan Lexell
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Schwellnus
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute, University of Pretoria Faculty of Health Sciences, Pretoria, South Africa
- IOC Research Centre, South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nick Webborn
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- IOC Research Centre, South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
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14
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Derman W, Runciman P, Eken M, Boer PH, Blauwet C, Bogdos M, Idrisova G, Jordaan E, Kissick J, LeVan P, Lexell J, Mohammadi F, Patricio M, Schwellnus M, Webborn N, Willick SE, Yagishita K. Incidence and burden of illness at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games held during the COVID-19 pandemic: a prospective cohort study of 66 045 athlete days. Br J Sports Med 2022; 57:bjsports-2022-106312. [PMID: 36588431 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the incidence and burden of illness at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games, which was organised with strict COVID-19 countermeasures. METHODS Daily illnesses were recorded via the web-based injury and illness surveillance system (teams with their own medical staff; n=81), and local polyclinic services (teams without their own medical staff; n=81). Illness proportion, incidence and burden were reported for all illnesses and in subgroups by sex, age, competition period, sports and physiological system. RESULTS 4403 athletes (1853 female and 2550 male) from 162 countries were monitored for the 15-day period of the Tokyo Paralympic Games (66 045 athlete days). The overall incidence of illnesses per 1000 athlete days was 4.2 (95% CI 3.8 to 4.8; 280 illnesses). The highest incidences were in wheelchair tennis (7.1), shooting (6.1) and the new sport of badminton (5.9). A higher incidence was observed in female compared with male athletes (5.1 vs 3.6; p=0.005), as well as during the precompetition versus competition period (7.0 vs 3.5; p<0.0001). Dermatological and respiratory illnesses had the highest incidence (1.1 and 0.8, respectively). Illness burden was 4.9 days per 1000 athlete days and 23% of illnesses resulted in time loss from training/competition>1 day. CONCLUSION The incidence of illness at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games was the lowest yet to be recorded in either the summer or winter Paralympic Games. Dermatological and respiratory illnesses were the most common, with the burden of respiratory illness being the highest, largely due to time loss associated with COVID-19 cases. Infection countermeasures appeared successful in reducing respiratory and overall illness, suggesting implementation in future Paralympic Games may mitigate illness risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- IOC Research Center, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Phoebe Runciman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maaike Eken
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pieter-Henk Boer
- Department of Human Movement Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cheri Blauwet
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manos Bogdos
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Nestor Psychogeriatric Society, Athens, Greece
| | - Guzel Idrisova
- Sport and Health, Lesgaft National State University of Physical Education, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Esme Jordaan
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Statistics and Population Studies Department, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James Kissick
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philipe LeVan
- Pôle Médical, Institut National des Sports de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Jan Lexell
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fariba Mohammadi
- Department of Sport Medicine, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Marcelo Patricio
- Trauma Observatory, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martin Schwellnus
- IOC Research Center, Pretoria, South Africa
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nick Webborn
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Stuart E Willick
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah Orthopaedic Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kazuyoshi Yagishita
- Clinical Center for Sports Medicine and Sports Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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15
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Derman W, Runciman P, Eken M, Boer PH, Blauwet C, Bogdos M, Idrisova G, Jordaan E, Kissick J, LeVan P, Lexell J, Mohammadi F, Patricio M, Schwellnus M, Webborn N, Willick SE, Yagishita K. Incidence and burden of injury at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games held during the COVID-19 pandemic: a prospective cohort study of 66 045 athlete days. Br J Sports Med 2022; 57:bjsports-2022-106234. [PMID: 36588428 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology of injuries at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games, including injuries sustained in the new sports of badminton and taekwondo. METHODS Injury data were obtained daily via the established web-based injury and illness surveillance system (WEB-IISS; 81 countries, 3836 athletes) and local organising committee medical facilities (81 countries, 567 athletes). Univariate unadjusted incidences (injuries per 1000 athlete days with 95% CIs), injury proportion (IP, %) and injury burden (days lost per 1000 athlete days) are reported. RESULTS A total of 4403 athletes (1853 women, 2550 men) from 162 countries were monitored prospectively during the 3-day pre-competition and 12-day competition periods (66 045 athlete days). 386 injuries were reported in 352 athletes (IP=8.0%) with an incidence of 5.8 per 1000 athlete days (95% CI 5.3 to 6.5). Football 5-a-side (17.2), taekwondo (16.0), judo (11.6) and badminton (9.6) had the highest incidence. There was a higher incidence of injuries in the pre-competition period than in the competition period (7.5 vs 5.4; p=0.0053). Acute (sudden onset) injuries and injuries to the shoulder (0.7) and hand/fingers (0.6) were most common. Injury burden was 10.9 (8.6-13.8), with 35% of injuries resulting in time loss from training and competition. CONCLUSION Compared with previous Paralympic Games, there was a reduction in injury incidence but higher injury burden at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games. The new sports of taekwondo and badminton had a high injury incidence, with the highest injury burden in taekwondo, compared with other sports. These findings provide epidemiological data to inform injury prevention measures for high-risk sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- IOC Research Center, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Phoebe Runciman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maaike Eken
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pieter-Henk Boer
- Department of Human Movement Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cheri Blauwet
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manos Bogdos
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Nestor Psychogeriatric Society, Athens, Greece
| | - Guzel Idrisova
- Sport and Health, Lesgaft National State University of Physical Education, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Esme Jordaan
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Statistics and Population Studies Department, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James Kissick
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philipe LeVan
- Pôle Médical, Institut National des Sports de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Jan Lexell
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fariba Mohammadi
- Department of Sport Medicine, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Marcelo Patricio
- Trauma Observatory, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martin Schwellnus
- IOC Research Center, Pretoria, South Africa
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nick Webborn
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Stuart E Willick
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah Orthopaedic Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kazuyoshi Yagishita
- Clinical Center for Sports Medicine and Sports Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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Profile of musculoskeletal injuries in the parasport: A systematic review. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Soo Hoo JA, Kim H, Fram J, Lin YS, Page C, Easthausen I, Jayabalan P. Shoulder pain and ultrasound findings: A comparison study of wheelchair athletes, nonathletic wheelchair users, and nonwheelchair users. PM R 2022; 14:551-560. [PMID: 34028204 PMCID: PMC9444331 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shoulder pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal concerns in manual wheelchair users including among athletes. However, there is a paucity of research characterizing both shoulder pain and shoulder pathology in this population. OBJECTIVE To characterize and compare the prevalence of current shoulder pain and ultrasound metrics of shoulder pathology between wheelchair athletes, nonathletic wheelchair users, and nonwheelchair users. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Chicago-area adaptive sport teams/programs and musculoskeletal clinics. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-four wheelchair athletes, six nonathletic wheelchair users, and 12 nonwheelchair users. METHODS Self-reported shoulder pain was assessed by questionnaire and Wheelchair User Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI). Shoulder physiology and pathology were assessed by physical and ultrasound evaluation of both shoulders by a sports medicine physician. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Questionnaire outcomes: Prevalence of current shoulder pain, total WUSPI score. Physical examination outcomes: total Physical Examination of Shoulder Scale (PESS) score. Sonographic outcomes: Acromiohumeral distance (AHD) and presence of shoulder pathology. RESULTS The majority of wheelchair athletes (68%) and nonathletic wheelchair users (67%) experienced shoulder pain since using a manual wheelchair. Wheelchair basketball players had a mean WUPSI score of 17.2 (SD = 21.8), and athletes participating in handcycling, sled hockey, and quad rugby had mean scores of 4.91 (SD = 8.32), 7.76 (SD = 13.1), and 4.29 (SD = 7.75), respectively. Shoulder pathology was observed in 14 of 31 (45%) wheelchair athletes and 4 of 6 (67%) nonathletic wheelchair users (p = .41). CONCLUSIONS Although wheelchair use is a risk factor for shoulder pain, participation in amateur wheelchair sports may not be associated with increased risk of shoulder pain. It is possible that overhead sports such as wheelchair basketball may define a unique high-risk group. Further study is needed to examine this relationship and to determine whether there are differences between specific wheelchair sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Soo Hoo
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine/NYP, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hyungtaek Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Julia Fram
- Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yen-Sheng Lin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Imaani Easthausen
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Prakash Jayabalan
- Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Alexander LAJ, Eken MM, Teoh CS, Stuart MC, Derman EW, Blauwet CA. Patterns of Athlete Medication Use at the 2018 PyeongChang Paralympic Games: A Descriptive Cohort Study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 101:270-278. [PMID: 33782274 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Medication use among elite athletes has received growing attention over the past decades. However, only limited studies have focused on para athletes, and trends in medication use among this cohort remain unclear. The aims of this study were (1) to describe the pattern of medication use in elite Paralympic athletes, with a particular focus on analgesics, (2) to analyze whether medications declared by athletes were included in the 2018 World Anti-Doping Agency's prohibited list and monitoring program, (3) to report on a variety of novel supplements, and (4) to review whether athlete analgesic needs will be met by the new Olympic & Paralympic Model Formulary. DESIGN This is a retrospective, descriptive cohort study. RESULTS Of all athletes who underwent doping control, 21% declared the use of an analgesic medication. Athletes with limb deficiency and para snowboarders declared the most analgesic medications in their respective categories. It was determined that 84% of the athletes' analgesic medication needs were provided from the new Olympic & Paralympic Model Formulary. CONCLUSIONS Analgesic use among athletes who participated at the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Paralympics was high. Para snowboarders and athletes with limb deficiency declared the most analgesics. The new Olympic & Paralympic Model Formulary adequately addressed the medication needs of the athletes attending the 2018 games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laine A J Alexander
- From the Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (LAJA, MME, EWD); Sports Medicine Centre, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore (CST); International Olympic Committee Medical and Scientific Commission Games Group, Lausanne, Switzerland (MCS); Centre for Metabolism and Inflammation, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom (MCS); International Olympic Committee Research Centre, Stellenbosch, South Africa (EWD); and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (CAB)
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Electromyography, Wavelet Analysis and Muscle Co-Activation as Comprehensive Tools of Movement Pattern Assessment for Injury Prevention in Wheelchair Fencing. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12052430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the correct movement patterns of fencing techniques in wheelchair fencers. Through a comprehensive analysis, the key muscles in the kinematic chain exposed to potential injuries were identified. The study participants were 16 wheelchair fencers, divided into two groups representing two categories of disability: Group A (N = 7) comprising fencers with mild paraplegia, having freedom of movement of the trunk and arms; and Group B (N = 9) comprising fencers with a spinal cord injury and partial paresis of the arms. EMG and an accelerometer were used as the main research tools. The EMG electrodes were placed on the muscles of the sword arm as well as on the left and right sides of the abdomen and torso. The EMG signal was transformed using wavelet analysis, and the muscle activation time and co-activation index (CI) were determined. In Group A fencers, first the back and abdominal muscles were activated, while in Group B, it was the deltoid muscle. The wavelet coherence analysis revealed intermuscular synchronization at 8–20 Hz for Group A fencers and at 5–15 Hz for Group B fencers. In Group A fencers, the co-activation index was 50.94 for the right-side back and abdominal muscles, 50.75 for the ECR-FCR, and 47.99 for the TRI-BC pairs of upper limb muscles. In contrast, Group B fencers demonstrated higher CI values (50.54) only for the postural left-side muscle pairs. Many overload injuries of the shoulder girdle, elbow, postural muscles, spine, and neck have been found to be preventable through modification of current training programs dominated by specialist exercises. Modern wheelchair fencing training should involve neuromuscular coordination and psychomotor exercises. This will facilitate the individualization of training depending on the fencer’s degree of disability and training experience.
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Salerno J, Tow S, Regan E, Bendziewicz S, McMillan M, Harrington S. Injury and Injury Prevention in United States Para Swimming: A Mixed-Methods Approach. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2022; 17:293-306. [PMID: 35136699 PMCID: PMC8805095 DOI: 10.26603/001c.31173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Para swimming has experienced increased participation in recent years. Injury and injury prevention research on Para swimmers is lacking compared to swimmers without impairment. PURPOSE This study aimed to gather data in Para swimmers on typical injuries, injury prevention programs, and attitudes toward injury and injury prevention in this population. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional, mixed-methods design evaluating injuries, injury management, and injury prevention in elite Para swimmers in United States (U.S.). METHODS Para swimmers on the U.S. Paralympics Swimming National teams at multiple competition levels were invited to complete an online survey. Qualitative interviews with six U.S. Paralympics National team Para swimmers were conducted to provide detail on athlete experiences with injury and prevention. RESULTS Twenty-one of 56 surveys were returned: 11 of 21 participants (52.4%) reported experiencing an injury that altered their weekly training. All (21/21) reported participating in strength training and 19 of 21 (90.5%) reported incorporating stretching into their training regimen, although strengthening/stretching regimens included routines that may not have been specifically targeted toward injury prevention. Six of 21 (28.6%) reported participation in an injury prevention program. Qualitative interview themes included the impact of swimmers' compensated body mechanics on injury risk, the value of individualized injury prevention programs, and the importance of knowledgeable coaching and rehabilitation staff. CONCLUSIONS Injury prevention programs are important components in Para swimming training although they are underutilized based on responses in this study. These programs should be individualized to address swimming biomechanics and athlete-specific impairments. Increasing coaching knowledge and access to individualized programs may reduce injury prevalence among this at-risk population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Salerno
- Prisma Health Apex Athletic Performance, Lexington, SC, USA
| | - Stephanie Tow
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Elizabeth Regan
- Department of Exercise Science, Physical Therapy Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | | | - Shana Harrington
- Department of Exercise Science, Physical Therapy Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Goodlin GT, Steinbeck L, Bergfeld D, Haselhorst A. Adaptive Cycling: Injuries and Health Concerns. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2021; 33:45-60. [PMID: 34799002 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Para-cycling has high rates of acute injuries. The underlying medical conditions of para-athletes predispose these cyclists to injury patterns and sequelae different from those of their able-bodied counterparts. Such injuries include an increased incidence of upper-extremity and soft tissue injuries, along with predisposition for respiratory, skin, genitourinary, and heat-related illnesses. There are no validated sideline assessment tools or return-to-play protocols for sports-related concussion in wheelchair user para-athletes or those with balance deficits. Para-cyclists may be at increased risk for relative energy deficiency in sport due to competitive pressure to maintain certain weights and increased incidence of low bone mineral density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle T Goodlin
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, 1400 North IH-35, Suite 2.230, Austin, TX 78701, USA. https://twitter.com/gabi_goodlin
| | - Lindsey Steinbeck
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, 1400 North IH-35, Suite 2.230, Austin, TX 78701, USA
| | - Deborah Bergfeld
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, 1400 North IH-35, Suite 2.230, Austin, TX 78701, USA
| | - Alexandria Haselhorst
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, 1400 North IH-35, Suite 2.230, Austin, TX 78701, USA.
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22
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Gee CM, Lacroix MA, Stellingwerff T, Gavel EH, Logan-Sprenger HM, West CR. Physiological Considerations to Support Podium Performance in Para-Athletes. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2021; 2:732342. [PMID: 36188768 PMCID: PMC9397986 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2021.732342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The twenty-first century has seen an increase in para-sport participation and the number of research publications on para-sport and the para-athlete. Unfortunately, the majority of publications are case reports/case series or study single impairment types in isolation. Indeed, an overview of how each International Paralympic Committee classifiable impairment type impact athlete physiology, health, and performance has not been forthcoming in the literature. This can make it challenging for practitioners to appropriately support para-athletes and implement evidence-based research in their daily practice. Moreover, the lack of a cohesive publication that reviews all classifiable impairment types through a physiological lens can make it challenging for researchers new to the field to gain an understanding of unique physiological challenges facing para-athletes and to appreciate the nuances of how various impairment types differentially impact para-athlete physiology. As such, the purpose of this review is to (1) summarize how International Paralympic Committee classifiable impairments alter the normal physiological responses to exercise; (2) provide an overview of "quick win" physiological interventions targeted toward specific para-athlete populations; (3) discuss unique practical considerations for the para-sport practitioner; (4) discuss research gaps and highlight areas for future research and innovation, and (5) provide suggestions for knowledge translation and knowledge sharing strategies to advance the field of para-sport research and its application by para-sport practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Athletics Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Erica H. Gavel
- Canadian Sport Institute-Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Health Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Heather M. Logan-Sprenger
- Canadian Sport Institute-Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Health Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher R. West
- Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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Steffen K, Clarsen B, Gjelsvik H, Haugvad L, Koivisto-Mørk A, Bahr R, Berge HM. Illness and injury among Norwegian Para athletes over five consecutive Paralympic Summer and Winter Games cycles: prevailing high illness burden on the road from 2012 to 2020. Br J Sports Med 2021; 56:204-212. [PMID: 34607800 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the illness and injury pattern of Norwegian Para athletes over five consecutive Paralympic Summer and Winter Games cycles and to identify which health problems should be targeted in risk management plans with respect to impairment types. METHODS We monitored athletes from 12 to 18 months prior to each Game using a weekly online questionnaire (Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center-H2 (OSTRC-H2)). We asked them to report all health problems they had experienced in the preceding 7 days, irrespective of their consequences on their sports participation or performance and whether they had sought medical attention. RESULTS Between 2011 and 2020, 94 candidate athletes were included in this monitoring programme and prepared to represent Norway; of these, 66 (71%) were finally selected for multiple Paralympic Games. The overall response rate to the weekly questionnaires was 87%. At any given time during the five observation cycles, 37% of the athletes (95% CI 36% to 38%) reported having at least one health problem. Athletes with neurological impairments (n=51) lost 10 days per year due to respiratory problems (95% CI 9 to 11) compared with 9 days (8-10) among those with musculoskeletal impairments (n=37). Gastrointestinal problems caused a time loss of on average 4 days per year in athletes with neurological impairments versus 1 day in athletes with musculoskeletal impairments (mean difference 2.7 days, 2.1-3.3). Musculoskeletal injuries generated a high burden for both athlete groups, in particular, to the elbow, shoulder and lumbosacral regions. CONCLUSION At any given time, nearly two out of five elite Norwegian Para athletes reported at least one health problem. Respiratory tract and other infections; gastrointestinal problems, injuries to the shoulder, elbow and lumbosacral regions represented the greatest health burden. Our findings can help guide the allocation of clinical resources, which should include a broad network of medical specialists, together with dieticians and physiotherapists, to meet the health challenges in Para athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Steffen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway .,Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Center (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Benjamin Clarsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Center (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Gjelsvik
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Center (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Haugvad
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Center (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Anu Koivisto-Mørk
- Department of Nutrition, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Center (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Moseby Berge
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Center (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
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Yamaguchi T, Kubota M, Naruse H, Kuwatsuru K, Miyazaki T. Injuries and Illnesses Observed in Athletes from Beginner to Elite Levels at the 18th National Sports Festival for Persons with Disabilities in Japan. Prog Rehabil Med 2021; 6:20210032. [PMID: 34514182 PMCID: PMC8385550 DOI: 10.2490/prm.20210032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives : This study aimed to describe the injuries and illnesses that occurred at the 18th
National Sports Festival for Persons with Disabilities in Japan, which was attended by
more than 3000 athletes from beginner to elite levels. Methods : Records from medical stations set up at the venues for each sport were reviewed. The
incidence rates (IRs) were calculated as the number of medical station visits per 1000
athlete-days. The backgrounds of injuries and illnesses were investigated. Results : In total, 3277 athletes attended the festival, and 134 eligible medical station
visits were analyzed. Overall, 102 athletes complained of injuries. For the whole
schedule of the festival, IRs were 15.5 for injuries and illnesses and 11.8 for injuries
alone. For injuries and illnesses, high IRs were seen in soccer (39.8), basketball
(25.6), and foot baseball (22.4); for injuries alone, high IRs were also seen in soccer
(33.6), basketball (25.6), and foot baseball (16.8). The most frequent symptoms were
internal symptoms (n=32), contusions (n=30), and wounds (n=24). Joint sprains occurred
in various sports, whereas muscle strains happened mainly in disciplines demanding
sprinting or high agility. Of the 55 cases that occurred during events or public
rehearsals, 45 were traumatic, whereas the relation to sports activities was not
described in 51 cases. Of participants with internal symptoms, 11 were suggested to have
viral infections. We identified 21 injuries caused by falls. Conclusions : Minor trauma and viral infection were the most frequently observed symptoms among
injuries and illnesses, respectively. Structured medical records and organized
surveillance systems should be utilized to improve data collection and understand the
onset of injury and illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kubota
- Department of Physical Therapy; Graduate Course of Rehabilitation Science; School of Health Sciences; College of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa; Japan
| | - Hiroaki Naruse
- Division of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | | | - Tsuyoshi Miyazaki
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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McNamee M, Parnell R, Vanlandewijck Y. "Fairness, Technology and the Ethics of Paralympic Sport Classification". Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 21:1510-1517. [PMID: 34304697 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1961022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fairness in sport is a widely shared meritocratic norm. Its application is usually restricted to equality of opportunity to compete for victory. Paralympic sports lay down a further challenge in that equality of opportunity must be shaped by considerations of fairness, evidenced by the development of discrete competition categories to construct fair and meaningful contests. In this article we extend these philosophical ideas to consider how Fair Equality of Opportunity might operate in the context of Paralympic sports classification. We articulate three conceptions of fairness relevant to these sports: (i) background fairness; (ii) procedural fairness; and (iii) stakes fairness. We critically review the International Paralympic Committee's Policy on Sport Equipment in relation to the first two conceptions and argue that greater clarification, theorization and rule modification is required if physical prowess, as opposed to equipment technology, is to be assured as the dominant determinant of Paralympic athletic success.Bullet points: Fair equality of opportunity in sport is applied to disability or Paralympic sportConceptual and ethical review of IPC sport equipment policyGreater theorization and rule modification required to preserve the principle that physical prowess as opposed to equipment technology is the dominant determinat of athletic success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yves Vanlandewijck
- KU Leuven, Belgium; Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Clarsen B, Steffen K, Berge HM, Bendiksen F, Fossan B, Fredriksen H, Gjelsvik H, Haugvad L, Kjelsberg M, Ronsen O, Torgalsen T, Walløe A, Bahr R. Methods, challenges and benefits of a health monitoring programme for Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic athletes: the road from London 2012 to Tokyo 2020. Br J Sports Med 2021; 55:1342-1349. [PMID: 34039584 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the implementation of a health monitoring programme for Norwegian Paralympic and Olympic candidates over five consecutive Olympic and Paralympic Games cycles (London 2012, Sochi 2014, Rio de Janeiro 2016, PyeongChang 2018 and Tokyo 2020). METHODS Athletes were monitored for 12-18 months preparing for the games using a weekly online questionnaire (OSTRC-H2) with follow-up by physicians and physiotherapists, who provided clinical care and classified reported problems. RESULTS Between 2011 and 2020, 533 Olympic and 95 Paralympic athletes were included in the monitoring programme, with an overall response of 79% to the weekly questionnaire and a total observation period of 30 826 athlete weeks. During this time, 3770 health problems were reported, with a diagnosis rate of 97%. The average prevalence of health problems at any given time was 32% among Olympic athletes and 37% among Paralympic athletes. Acute traumatic injuries represented the greatest burden for Olympic team sport athletes, and illnesses represented the greatest burden for Olympic endurance and Paralympic athletes. On average, Olympic athletes lost 27 days and Paralympic athletes lost 33 days of training per year due to health problems. CONCLUSION Conducting long-term health monitoring of Olympic and Paralympic athletes is challenging, particularly because athletes travel frequently and often relate to many medical providers. This programme has been implemented and improved within Team Norway for five Olympic and Paralympic cycles and during this time we believe it has helped protect our athletes' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Clarsen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway .,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kathrin Steffen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Moseby Berge
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fredrik Bendiksen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Fossan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Fredriksen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Gjelsvik
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Haugvad
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona Kjelsberg
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Ola Ronsen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Torgalsen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Walløe
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Roald Bahr
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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27
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Understanding Injury and Injury Prevention in Para Sport Athletes. J Sport Rehabil 2021; 30:1053-1059. [PMID: 34034232 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2020-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Training loads, injury, and injury prevention in the Para sports population has not been well established. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to survey elite-level swimming, cycling, and athletic Para sport athletes in the United States who were competing in the 2016 US Paralympic trials to better understand common injuries among athletes in each sport and to determine whether injury prevention programs were being utilized. DESIGN Cross-sectional, survey study. SETTING The 2016 US Paralympic trials for swimming, cycling, and athletics. PARTICIPANTS Athletes who competed in swimming, cycling, and/or athletics at the 2016 US Paralympic trials (N = 144; 83 males and 61 females). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Participants completed electronic survey using Qualtrics XM (Qualtrics, Provo, UT) with questions pertaining to average number of hours trained per week, number of cross-training hours performed each week, descriptive information regarding sport-related injuries, pain, whether athletes received treatment for injuries, and descriptive information regarding whether the athletes had participated in an injury prevention program. RESULTS Over 64% of respondents reported training greater than or equal to 11 hours per week, and 45% of athletes reported spending greater than or equal to 6 hours per week cross-training. Forty-two percent of athletes reported currently having pain with 34% reporting missing a competition because of injury. Only 24% of respondents reported having participated in an injury prevention program. CONCLUSIONS Many Para sport athletes train at similar durations as able-bodied counterparts and have pain that interferes with their ability to train and compete, however, only a small percentage consistently perform injury prevention programs.
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28
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Derman W, Badenhorst M, Blauwet C, Emery CA, Fagher K, Lee YH, Kissick J, Lexell J, Miller IS, Pluim BM, Schwellnus M, Steffen K, Van de Vliet P, Webborn N, Weiler R. Para sport translation of the IOC consensus on recording and reporting of data for injury and illness in sport. Br J Sports Med 2021; 55:1068-1076. [PMID: 33853834 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In 2020, the IOC proposed a universal methodology for the recording and reporting of data for injury and illness in sport. Para sport is played by individuals with impairment, and they have a unique set of considerations not captured by these recommendations. Therefore, the aim of this addendum to IOC consensus statement was to guide the Para sport researcher through the complexities and nuances that should be taken into consideration when collecting, registering, reporting and interpreting data regarding Para athlete health. To develop this translation, experts in the field of Para sports medicine and epidemiology conducted a formal consensus development process, which began in March 2020 with the formation of a consensus group that worked over eight phases, incorporating three virtual consensus meetings to finalise the translation. This translation is consistent with the IOC consensus statement, yet provides more detailed Para athlete specific definitions and recommendations on study population, specifically, diagnostic and eligible impairment categorisation and recording of adaptive equipment, and defining and classifying health problems in the context of Para sport. Additionally, recommendations and Para athlete specific examples are described with regards to injury mechanism, mode of onset, injury and illness classification, duration, capturing and reporting exposure and risk. Finally, methods and considerations are provided to cater to the varied needs of athletes with impairment with respect to data collection tools. This harmonisation will allow the science to develop and facilitate a more accurate understanding of injury and illness patterns for tailoring evidence-informed prevention programmes and enabling better planning of medical services for Para sport events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine (ISEM), Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa .,International Olympic Committee Research Centre, South Africa.,IPC Medical Committee, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marelise Badenhorst
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine (ISEM), Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Olympic Committee Research Centre, South Africa.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cheri Blauwet
- IPC Medical Committee, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carolyn A Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology and Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,International Olympic Committee Research Center, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kristina Fagher
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Young-Hee Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Korea (the Republic of).,International Olympic Committee Research Center, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of).,Yonsei Institute of Sports Science and Exercise Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - James Kissick
- IPC Medical Committee, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan Lexell
- IPC Medical Committee, Bonn, Germany.,Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ian Stuart Miller
- English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK.,British Paralympic Association, London, UK
| | - Babette M Pluim
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center of Excellence, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Medical Department, Royal Netherlands Lawn Tennis Association (KNLTB), Amstelveen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Schwellnus
- International Olympic Committee Research Centre, South Africa.,Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kathrin Steffen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,International Olympic Committee Research Center, Norway.,The Norwegian Olympic Training Center (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Van de Vliet
- Former Medical & Scientific Director International Paralympic Committee, Bonn, Germany.,Immune-Oncological Centre, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nick Webborn
- IPC Medical Committee, Bonn, Germany.,Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Richard Weiler
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center of Excellence, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Fortius Clinic, London, UK
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Murphy CJ, Mason BS, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Exercise Recovery Practices of Wheelchair Court Sports Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:366-372. [PMID: 33337703 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Murphy, CJ, Mason, BS, and Goosey-Tolfrey, VL. Exercise recovery practices of wheelchair court sports athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 366-372, 2021-Research that describes the recovery practices of Para-athletes around training and competition is limited. This study investigated if and why athletes in wheelchair court sports (basketball, rugby, and tennis) use recovery strategies, what type of strategies are used, and whether the period of the season influences the prevalence of use. A cross-sectional questionnaire was developed to acquire data pertaining to individual characteristics, recovery habits, reasons for use/nonuse, the use of specific recovery strategies, and lifestyle habits. One hundred forty-four athletes (92 = international and 52 = national/club) completed the questionnaire online. In total, 85% (n = 122) of athletes reported using at least one type of recovery strategy, yet most specific types of recovery strategies were not popular (<34% of recovery strategy users). The most commonly used type of recovery strategy was stretching (n = 117), whereas both stretching and heat-related recovery were the most highly rated types of recovery strategies (μ = 4.2/5). The 3 most prevalent reasons for use across all strategies were "reduces muscle soreness," "reduces muscle tightness," and "reduces muscle spasms." The prevalence of sleep complaints was apparent with 38% (n = 55) of respondents reporting difficulties sleeping. This study highlights that although the frequent use of well-known recovery practices is positive, the lack of diversity in strategies implemented may have implications due to the specific requirements of exercise recovery. Therefore, strength and conditioning professionals should educate wheelchair athletes further around this area and increase the range of recovery-specific and impairment-specific strategies used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Murphy
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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30
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Sports injuries at the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Summer Paralympic Games: use of diagnostic imaging services. Eur Radiol 2021; 31:6768-6779. [PMID: 33660032 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-021-07802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the occurrence of imaging-depicted sports-related injuries (bone, muscle, tendon, and ligament injuries) during the Rio 2016 Summer Paralympic Games. METHODS Descriptive data on all imaging examinations by using radiography, ultrasonography (US), and MRI were collected and retrospectively analyzed centrally by five musculoskeletal radiologists according to imaging modality, country of origin of the athletes, type of sport, type of disability, and type and location of injury. RESULTS We report 109 injuries in 4378 athletes. A total of 382 radiologic examinations were performed in 261 athletes, including 118 (31%) radiographic, 22 (6%) US, and 242 (63%) MRI examinations. Para athletes from Africa had the highest utilization rate (20.1%, 67 out of 333). Athletes from Europe underwent the most examinations with 29 radiographic, 12 US, and 66 MRI examinations. The highest utilization rate of imaging modalities by sport was among Judo para athletes (16.7%, 22 out of 132). Most injuries were reported in athletics discipline (37.6%, 41 out of 109). Most injuries were also reported among para athletes with visual impairment (40 injuries, 36.7% of all injuries). Bone stress injuries were most common among para athletes with visual impairment (6 out of 7). Para athletes with visual impairment were also more prone to bone stress injuries than traumatic fractures, unlike para athletes with neurologic and musculoskeletal impairments. CONCLUSIONS Imaging was used in 6.0% of para athletes. MRI comprised 63% of imaging utilization. Identification of patterns of injuries may help building future prevention programs in elite para athletes. KEY POINTS • The highest imaging utilization rates were found among para athletes competing in Judo, sitting volleyball, powerlifting, and football. • Utilization of diagnostic imaging at the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games demonstrated similar trends to what was observed at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. • Comparison of the rate of imaging-depicted injuries between Olympic and Paralympic athletes is limited due to inherent differences between the two athlete populations and the manner in which injury risk in the Paralympic athlete varies dependent on impairment type, which is not the case for the Olympic athlete.
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31
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Jeong HS, O'Sullivan DM, Jeong DH, Lee SY. Sports Injury and Illness after Implementation of the Web-Based Surveillance System in World Taekwondo. J Athl Train 2021; 56:1232-1238. [PMID: 33657209 DOI: 10.4085/330-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is a shortage of Taekwondo epidemiology studies since the rule changes introduced by World Taekwondo in 2017. OBJECTIVE To describe injury and illness patterns at the Muju 2017 World Taekwondo Championships (WTC) following the implementation of the web-based surveillance system by World Taekwondo. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING All injuries and illnesses were recorded during the 2017 WTC using a web-based system developed by the International Olympic Committee. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS 971 athletes who participated in the 2017 WTC. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) A profiles and mechanisms of injury and illness in the 2017 WTC. RESULTS We analyzed total 131 injuries and 26 illnesses, corresponding to an overall clinical incidence of 13.5 ((95% confidence interval (CI): 11.2-15.8)) injuries and 2.7 (95% CI: 1.6-3.7) illnesses per 100 athletes, and an overall incidence rate of 19.3 (95% CI: 16.0-22.6) injuries and 3.8 (95% CI: 2.4-5.3) illnesses per 1,000 athlete-days, respectively. Most injuries occurred in the lower extremities (46.6%, n=61), of which knee injuries were most frequent (19.8%, n=26). Among the head and trunk injuries (29.8%, n=39), face injuries (22.1%, n=29) were most frequent, whereas among upper extremity injuries (23.7%, n=31), finger injuries (6.1%, n=8) were most frequent. Contusions (33.6%, n=44) were the most frequent injury type, followed by fractures and ligament ruptures/sprains. The most common injury mechanism was in contact with another athlete (74.0%, n=97), whereas the least common was concussions (n=5). The major affected system was the respiratory system (30.8%, n=8), with major symptoms being pain (42.3%, n=11) and fever (26.9%, n=7). Environmental factors were the most common cause of illness (57.7%, n=15). CONCLUSION The web-based surveillance system used at the 2017 WTC revealed that 13.5/100 athletes (77.8/1,000 athlete-exposures, 13.9/1000 minute-exposures) had new or recurrent injuries, whereas 2.7/100 athletes became ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Seong Jeong
- 1Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea.,2International Olympic Committee Research Centre KOREA, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Dae Hyoun Jeong
- 4Department of Family and Community Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Sae Yong Lee
- 1Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea.,2International Olympic Committee Research Centre KOREA, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
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32
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Lhee SH, Jain R, Madathur Sadasivam M, Kim S, Bae M, Yu J, Lee DY. Sports injury and illness incidence among South Korean elite athletes in the 2018 Asian Games: a single-physician prospective study of 782 athletes. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e000689. [PMID: 33614125 PMCID: PMC7871279 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The increasing incidence of sports injury among athletes calls for systemic surveillance of injuries and illnesses in this field to develop preventive measures. The patterns of injuries and illnesses that occurred among Korean athletes during the 2018 Asian Games held in Indonesia were studied. Methods We recorded the occurrence of all injuries and illnesses reported to the chief medical officer, coordinated with the help of an instant social messaging application in real time. Results A total of 782 elite athletes participated in 46 sporting events. A total of 141 (18.03%) injuries were recorded, with 121 (15.47%) athletes suffering at least one injury. Out of 141 injuries 80 (56.74%) were in male athletes and 61 (43.26%) were in female athletes. The highest number of injuries was seen among sport climbing athletes (n=10, 71.43%), followed by sepak takraw. A total of 16 (11.35%) injuries were expected to prevent athletes from participation in competition/training. Most of the injuries occurred during training (46.10%), with lower lumbar spine being the most common part injured. A total of 209 (26.72%) illnesses were reported, with at least one illness in 170 (21.73%) athletes. The incidence among female athletes (26.90%) was comparable with that of male athletes (26.90%). Maximum illness rate was reported in table tennis (100%). The most common system involved was gastrointestinal (n=93, 44.49%), followed by respiratory (n=53, 25.36%). Environmental factors were causative in 111 athletes (53.11%) and infection in 79 (37.79%). Illnesses resulted in loss of at least 1 day among 30 (14.35%) athletes. Conclusion Overall 15.47% of athletes suffered at least one injury and 21.73% suffered at least one illness; the incidence of injury and illness varied depending on the type of sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Lhee
- Orthopedic Surgery, CM General Hospital, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of).,Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Rahul Jain
- Orthopedic Surgery, CM General Hospital, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | | | - Sejun Kim
- Medical and Science, Korean Sport & Olympic Committee, Jincheon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Moonjung Bae
- Medical and Science, Korean Sport & Olympic Committee, Jincheon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Jungjin Yu
- Orthopaedics, CM Hospital of Korean Olympic Committee Jincheon National Training Center, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Do Young Lee
- Orthopedic Surgery, CM General Hospital, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
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Thompson WR, Vanlandewijck YC. Perspectives on research conducted at the Paralympic Games. Disabil Rehabil 2020; 43:3503-3514. [DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1849427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter R. Thompson
- College of Education & Human Development, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yves C. Vanlandewijck
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), Stockholm, Sweden
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Walter M, Ruiz I, Squair JW, Rios LAS, Averbeck MA, Krassioukov AV. Prevalence of self-reported complications associated with intermittent catheterization in wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2020; 59:1018-1025. [PMID: 33051562 PMCID: PMC8397616 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-020-00565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVES To identify the prevalence of complications associated with intermittent catheterization in wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING International and national sporting events. METHODS A total 130 competitive wheelchair athletes living with SCI completed a self-reported questionnaire during international or national sporting events. The questionnaire collected information regarding demographics, injury characteristics, method of bladder emptying, and complications related to intermittent catheterization. RESULTS Overall, 84% (109/130) of wheelchair athletes used intermittent catheterization. Within this group, 77% of athletes (84/109) experienced at least one complication associated with intermittent catheterization. Twenty-seven percent (29/109) sustained urethral injuries and 63% (69/109) had at least one episode of urinary tract infection during the last 12 months. Almost one-fourth of male athletes (22/95, 23%) had a history of inflammation / infection of genital organs associated with intermittent catheterization. CONCLUSIONS Here we report a high prevalence of self-reported complications associated with intermittent catheterization in wheelchair athletes with SCI. Considering their potential impact on lower urinary tract function, athletic performance, and health, further studies are needed to assess the role of preventative strategies to reduce complications related to intermittent catheterization in wheelchair athletes with SCI. SPONSORSHIP Coloplast Brazil and Instituto Lado a Lado pela Vida (a nongovernmental, nonprofit organization based in São Paulo) and Wellspect provided funding for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Walter
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, British Columbia (BC), Canada.,Department of Urology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ian Ruiz
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, British Columbia (BC), Canada
| | - Jordan W Squair
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, British Columbia (BC), Canada
| | - Luis A S Rios
- Department of Urology, IAMSPE Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil.,Videourodynamic Unit, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio A Averbeck
- Department of Urology, Moinhos de Vento Hospital, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andrei V Krassioukov
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, British Columbia (BC), Canada. .,Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,G.F. Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Krüger L, Stinus H. [Injuries in German Paralympic alpine skiing over 25 years]. SPORTVERLETZUNG-SPORTSCHADEN 2020; 34:204-211. [PMID: 32869228 DOI: 10.1055/a-1147-6002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the size of the Paralympic Games and the large number of people with disabilities, there is a lack of studies on (high-performance) Paralympic sports. Major injuries in the German Paralympic Alpine Skiing Team have been recorded and presented in this retrospective cohort study. PATIENTS AND METHODS All major injuries in competition and training of the German Paralympic Ski Team were recorded over 25 years. A descriptive statistic evaluation was performed. RESULTS Major injuries were sustained by 22 of 94 athletes (23 %). These included 12 (55 %) "sitting" athletes, 9 (41 %) "standing" athletes and one "visually impaired" athlete (5 %). The most common injuries were upper extremity injuries (n = 9, 41 %), especially of the shoulder (n = 8, 36 %). Seated athletes were particularly prone to shoulder injuries. The most dangerous disciplines by far were the speed disciplines Downhill and Super-G (n = 17, 77 %). The average injury rate was 7 % of the athletes per year. In our cohort, the highest absolute number of athletes got injured during the 1998 Paralympic Games in Nagano (n = 4). The highest injury rate, however, was observed during the Sotchi 2014 Paralympic Games (33 %). DISCUSSION The current literature indicates that, contrary to previous assumptions, the risk of sustaining an injury seems to be higher in Paralympic athletes compared with Olympic athletes. Sitting athletes, in particular, have an increased risk of injury. They should be given special consideration when implementing preventive measures. An intensified training of the core muscles seems to be essential. Technical equipment such as the mono-ski bob deserves special attention to ensure safe usage. Shoulder injuries are particularly frequent and, at the same time, particularly debilitating for seated athletes. Careful strength training of the shoulder seems to be indispensable. In order to reduce the frequency and severity of injuries, the further development of preventive measures is essential. We think that the Paralympic sport should be further professionalized. CONCLUSIONS Sitting athletes show an increased injury rate and tend to have shoulder injuries, which often have a debilitating effect on an athlete's everyday life. We consider the further development of preventive measures to be essential for the future of Paralympic sport.
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Kasitinon D, Royston A, Wernet L, Garner D, Richard J, Argo LR. Health-Related Incidents among Intercollegiate Wheelchair Basketball Players. PM R 2020; 13:746-755. [PMID: 32799432 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have revealed a higher incidence of injury and illness among elite adaptive athletes when compared to non-disabled athletes in the Paralympics and Olympics. However, sport-specific health care incidence rates and patterns outside of the Paralympics have been poorly described. To date, there are no prospective studies focused on injury or illness rates among intercollegiate wheelchair basketball players. OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of sports-related injuries and illnesses among men's and women's intercollegiate wheelchair basketball teams throughout a season. We hypothesized that injury rates among the intercollegiate wheelchair basketball players would be similar to or greater than those of previously published National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) nondisabled basketball players and that injuries would most commonly affect the upper extremities. DESIGN Prospective surveillance study. SETTING Men's and women's intercollegiate wheelchair basketball teams in Arlington, Texas. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-eight (14 male, 14 female) of the 29 (15 male, 14 female) eligible adult athletes playing on an intercollegiate men's or women's wheelchair basketball team during the 2018-2019 season. INTERVENTIONS Completion of a repeatable, electronic, web-app injury and illness survey during the season, as well as separate pre- and post-season injury and illness surveys. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Injury rates throughout the season based on athlete-exposures and relative risk (RR) of injury of intercollegiate wheelchair basketball players compared to NCAA nondisabled basketball players. Description of onset, location, diagnosis, medical evaluation, and missed time from sport related to injuries and illnesses. RESULTS Sixty-two health-related incidents, including 48 injuries and 14 illnesses, were prospectively reported during the season. Overall injury incidence rates were 12.2 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 7.4 to 17.4) and 13.1 (95% CI 7.8 to 18.4) injuries per 1000 athlete-exposures among male and female athletes, respectively. These equated to RRs of 1.53 (95% CI 1.03 to 2.27) (male) and 2.01 (95% CI 1.34 to 3.02) (female) when compared to the rates published previously on NCAA nondisabled basketball players, indicating a statistically significant increase in injury risk. Injuries most commonly involved the upper extremities (56.3%). Illnesses commonly involved the gastrointestinal (35.7%) or respiratory (21.4%) systems. CONCLUSIONS This is the first prospective study to report incidence of sports-related injuries and illnesses throughout an intercollegiate wheelchair basketball season. Overall injury rates reported were higher than prior NCAA nondisabled intercollegiate basketball reports. This reinforces the need to establish an accessible network of health care support and injury prevention strategies for these athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Kasitinon
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alexa Royston
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lauren Wernet
- University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Doug Garner
- University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Joshua Richard
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lindsay Ramsey Argo
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,WellMed Medical Management Inc., San Antonio, TX, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and implement a prospective varsity athlete surveillance system to identify injury and illness trends in a multisport varsity-level university setting. DESIGN Longitudinal prospective surveillance study. SETTING Varsity-level sport program at the University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada. PARTICIPANTS Athletic therapists (ATs) (n = 35) from 17 varsity sports provided injury and illness information on 624 varsity-level athletes (381 men and 243 women) during the 2016/2017 competitive season. INTERVENTIONS Team ATs reported athlete health complaints weekly. Athletes reported additional details on the injury or illness that was reported. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The outcome measurements included when the injury or illness occurred, anatomical location, diagnosis, cause, perceived severity, treatment, estimated athlete exposure (AE) to training and competition, and time loss from sport. Measures were recorded from the teams' first competition through to the end the season and/or playoffs. RESULTS Twenty-nine of 30 varsity sports teams participated in this injury and illness surveillance protocol. The compliance of team ATs and varsity athletes was 89% (men: 94%, women: 82%). The overall injury and illness rates were 5.5 injuries and 1.7 illnesses per 1000 AEs, respectively. Men's injury rates were greater than women's, and injury rates of contact sports were greater than noncontact sports. CONCLUSIONS The utilization of a prospective injury and illness surveillance protocol in the Canadian University sport system is feasible with good athlete, AT, and coach acceptance. The surveillance data should inform future injury and illness prevention strategies.
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Guerreiro RDC, Silva A, Andrade HDA, Biasibetti IG, Vital R, Silva HGVD, Silva FRD, Mello MTD. WAS POSTPONING THE TOKYO 2020 OLYMPIC AND PARALYMPIC GAMES A CORRECT DECISION? REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202026030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT In December 2019, Wuhan, in China, attracted international attention due to a pneumonia outbreak caused by the new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Infection by 2019-nCoV is more likely in elderly people with comorbidities or with associated chronic diseases. Due to the high transmission rate among humans, this disease is rapidly disseminated, which led to several events being canceled, including the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The aim of this article is to discuss the risk factors for Olympic and Paralympic athletes, as well as for spectators, that justify the decision to postpone the Tokyo Games 2020. Regular physical exercise is associated with health and the prevention of chronic diseases. Although athletes generally appear to be healthy and physically fit, this may not be true. The immune system, which protects the organism from invasive microorganisms, can be affected by the duration and quality of sleep, as well as by physical exercise which influences the quality of the immune response. High volumes of high-intensity physical exercise, as well as changes in sleep patterns during the pre-competition period and the impacts of jet lag on athletes traveling for the Tokyo Games in 2020 may lead to immune system suppression, making these groups more vulnerable to infection by 2019-nCoV. Moreover, during the period planned for the games in 2020 the pandemic may be subsiding in some countries and increasing in others, and this was also taken into consideration as a risk factor. Hence, the decision taken to postpone the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games until 2021 due to the 2019-nCoV was the correct one, and was extremely important to protect the health of Olympic and Paralympic athletes, as well as spectators. Level of evidence V; expert opinion .
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Fagher K, Dahlström Ö, Jacobsson J, Timpka T, Lexell J. Injuries and illnesses in Swedish Paralympic athletes—A 52‐week prospective study of incidence and risk factors. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:1457-1470. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Fagher
- Department of Health Sciences Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Örjan Dahlström
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences Athletics Research Center Linköping University Linköping Sweden
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Jenny Jacobsson
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences Athletics Research Center Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Toomas Timpka
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences Athletics Research Center Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Jan Lexell
- Department of Health Sciences Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group Lund University Lund Sweden
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Sasadai J, Maeda N, Shimizu R, Kobayashi T, Sakai S, Komiya M, Urabe Y. Analysis of team-sport wheelchair falls during the Rio 2016 Summer Paralympic Games: a video-based cross-sectional observational study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e033088. [PMID: 32152161 PMCID: PMC7064145 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To present the fall characteristics of athletes playing wheelchair rugby (WR) and wheelchair basketball (WB) using official videos from the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games and compare the key fall characteristics among the team wheelchair sports event. METHODS Eighteen WR and 10 WB game videos for men (MWB) and women (WWB), including 8 teams per sport, were obtained from the official International Paralympic Committee of the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games. The videos were analysed to assess the number of falls, playing time of fall, playing phase, contact with other athletes, the direction of the fall and the body part first in contact with the floor during the fall. RESULTS In total, 359 falls (96 for WR, 172 for MWB and 91 for WWB) occurred with a mean of 5.3, 17.2 and 9.1 falls per match, respectively (p<0.05). Significant differences among the three sports were detected in the playing time (p=0.011), presence of contact (p=0.037), direction (p<0.001) and body part first in contact with the floor (p<0.001). For WR, the falls were primarily lateral and caused by contact, occurring in the second half of the match. WB falls tended to be in the first half for women and the second half for men. Most falls were contact falls in the forward direction. CONCLUSION By observing the situational details, we described that a number of falls due to contact occurred during these team sports events, especially MWB. In addition, each sport exhibited characteristics attributable to differences in gender, degree of impairment and game rules. The directions of the falls and characteristics of the affected body parts indicate differences in impairments depending on the sport. A fall to the side or back may indicate a risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Sasadai
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Noriaki Maeda
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Reia Shimizu
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takumi Kobayashi
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shogo Sakai
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Komiya
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukio Urabe
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Exploring the Influence of Wheelchair-User Interface and Personal Characteristics on Ischial Tuberosity Peak Pressure Index and Gradient in Elite Wheelchair Basketball Players. Adapt Phys Activ Q 2020; 37:56-71. [PMID: 31837647 DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2019-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This pilot study investigated the relationship between personal and wheelchair factors on skin pressures at the ischial tuberosity in wheelchair basketball players. Seventeen wheelchair basketball players (7 male and 10 female) were evaluated during static and dynamic propulsive conditions while peak pressure index and peak pressure gradient were recorded with an interface pressure mat. The results showed that greater seat dump angles and backrest heights were negatively associated with the peak pressure index. Therapeutic cushion use was moderately associated with a reduced peak pressure gradient. Higher-class players used chair configurations associated with augmented pressure; however, classification status alone was not associated with pressure magnitude. Body mass index was negatively correlated with the static peak pressure gradient at levels approaching significance (p < .10). In conclusion, greater seat dump angles and backrest heights may provide pressure relief, whereas greater body mass index and therapeutic cushion use may reduce pressure gradients.
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Lankhorst K, de Groot J, Takken T, Backx F. Sports participation related to injuries and illnesses among ambulatory youth with chronic diseases: results of the health in adapted youth sports study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2020; 11:36. [PMID: 31890227 PMCID: PMC6915977 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-019-0145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Although sports participation leads to important health enhancement for youth with chronic diseases or physical disabilities (CDPD), it may pose an increased risk for injury or illness. This study investigated the incidence, type, severity and risks to (sports-related) injuries and illnesses among ambulatory youth with CDPD. Methods Over a 12-month period, every 2 weeks, the characteristics of injuries and illnesses were registered by an online questionnaire and phone-based interview. Physical activity level was measured with the Activ8 during 1 week. Complete data was available of 103 youngsters with CDPD (61 boys, 42 girls), with a mean age of 14.4 (SD = 2.7) years. The personal characteristics, the injury and illness rates per 1000 h of PA were investigated per group of organized sports participation per week (0, 1 or ≥ 2 times p/wk). Results Almost half of the youngsters sustained one or more injuries (46%) or illnesses (42%) during 1 year. The injury rate per 1000 h of PA between 0, 1 and ≥ 2 times per week of sports participation was 0.84, 1.88, 133 respectively and the illness rate were 1.87, 1.88 and 1.18 respectively. Differences between the rates were not statically significant. Most reported health problems had no subsequent restriction (49%) or other minor consequences (21%) in school, physical education or sports participation. Most reported health problems were contusions (41%) at the lower extremity (74%) and flu plus fever (58%). Conclusions Participation in sports ≥2 times per week does not pose a significant increased risk in the incidence of injury or illness per 1000 h of PA in youth with CDPD compared to their peers who participate less frequent (once weekly) and compared to non-sports participants. Athletes who participate in sports at least twice weekly get injured mostly during their sporting activities, while peers who do participate in sports once a week or not at all, get injured during less intense physical activities during physical eduction lessons, ADL or non-organized sports and play in leisure time. The social impact of injuries or illnesses was limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Lankhorst
- 1Research Group Lifestyle and Health, Institute of Human Movement Studies, University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 85083, 3508AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,2Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science & Sports, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Janke de Groot
- 1Research Group Lifestyle and Health, Institute of Human Movement Studies, University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 85083, 3508AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,3Child Development and Exercise Center, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,4Netherlands Institute for Healthcare Services Research (NIVEL), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Takken
- 3Child Development and Exercise Center, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Backx
- 2Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science & Sports, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Rogers AE, Baker J, Beutler A, Witkop C, Leggit JC. Injury and Illness Surveillance During the 2016 Department of Defense Warrior Games: Review of Methods and Results. Mil Med 2019; 184:e616-e621. [PMID: 30941408 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usz063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Surveillance systems have become a valuable tool to capture epidemiological data at multi-sport events, with findings serving to predict and prevent injury, reduce illness, and guide efficient utilization of medical resources. In 2016, the first injury and illness surveillance tool for the Department of Defense (DoD) Warrior Games was established to inform the required medical footprint. The purpose of this paper is to describe the methods and findings from the 2016 DoD Warrior Games surveillance system, which included a database of injuries and illness. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 245 wounded warrior (WW) athletes were followed over 19 days, to include train-up and competition periods, as they competed for their respective teams of Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Special Operations, and United Kingdom. Medical personnel recorded injuries and illnesses treated utilizing a standardized surveillance form and data were entered into a daily tracker to examine patterns or areas for prevention. Reports included sex, age, event discipline, previous injury or illness, reason for presentation, and treatment provided. RESULTS From June 3 to June 21, 2016, 114 individual encounters were recorded on the standard form and entered into the surveillance database. Athletes accounted for 67% of all encounters. Illness accounted for 30.7% of all visits, while injuries accounted for 69.2%. The incident proportion of injuries in athletes was 23.3 injuries per 100 athletes (95% CI 17.6, 30.1) and incident rate of 12.2 injuries per 1000 athlete days. Integrative medicine treatments including acupuncture, osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT), massage therapy, and gua sha accounted for the largest forms of treatment (31%). CONCLUSIONS From the surveillance data, staff levels and treatment supplies can be adjusted. In addition an improved surveillance tool can be created. Continuous surveillance is required to provide information on trends in injury and illness to support prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Rogers
- Navy Environmental and Preventive Medicine Unit TWO, 1285 West D Street, BLDG U-238, Norfolk, VA 23511
| | - Joshua Baker
- Uniformed Services University, Department of Family Medicine, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda MD 20814
| | - Anthony Beutler
- Uniformed Services University, Department of Family Medicine, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda MD 20814
| | - Catherine Witkop
- Uniformed Services University, Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda MD 20814
| | - Jeffrey C Leggit
- Uniformed Services University, Department of Family Medicine, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda MD 20814
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More Than Just a Game: The Public Health Impact of Sport and Physical Activity for People With Disabilities (The 2017 DeLisa Lecture). Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2019; 98:1-6. [PMID: 30286017 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although people with disabilities make up a large proportion of our global population and are known to be disproportionately impacted by sedentary lifestyles leading to chronic disease, programs promoting physical activity often fail to address their unique needs. Both environmental and attitudinal factors also act as barriers to full participation. In this context, increasing evidence shows the positive impact of physical activity and sport on outcomes related to physical health, mental health, community participation, and, in some cases, neurorecovery for people with disabilities. Thus, participation should be seen not only as a medical intervention but also as a rights-based issue. We, as physiatrists, can be agents of change by promoting concepts of universal design and inclusion in physical activity and sport programs.
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Fagher K, Dahlström Ö, Jacobsson J, Timpka T, Lexell J. Prevalence of Sports-Related Injuries and Illnesses in Paralympic Athletes. PM R 2019; 12:271-280. [PMID: 31260605 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With increased participation in Paralympic sports, the burden of sports-related injuries and illnesses may increase. However, there is limited knowledge about the epidemiology of sports-related injuries and illnesses in Paralympic sports (SRIIPS). OBJECTIVE To describe among Swedish Paralympic athletes the 1-year retrospective period prevalence of severe SRIIPS and the point prevalence of all SRIIPS and to examine differences in prevalence proportions between athletes with different impairments, behaviors, and sport characteristics. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Swedish Paralympic Programme. PARTICIPANTS One hundred and four Paralympic athletes with visual, physical, and intellectual impairment. METHODS An eHealth application adapted to Paralympic athletes was used to collect self-report data on existing and previous SRIIPS, as well as impairment, behavior, and sport characteristics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS One-year retrospective period prevalence and point prevalence. RESULTS The period prevalence of severe injuries was 31% (95% CI 23-40) and the point prevalence 32% (95% CI 24-41). The period prevalence of severe illnesses was 14% (95% CI 9-23), and 13% of the athletes (95% CI 8-22) reported a current illness. More severe injuries (P <.05) were reported by athletes aged 18 to 25 years, not using assistive device, having pain during sport, using analgesics, continuing training injured, and feeling guilt when missing exercise. Athletes who reported a previous severe injury, having pain in daily life and during sport, using analgesics, and being upset when unable to exercise had a higher prevalence of current injuries (P <.05). Being female, reporting previous severe illness, using prescribed medication, and feeling anxious/depressed were features associated with ongoing illnesses (P <.05). CONCLUSION Paralympic athletes report a high prevalence of SRIIPS. Behavioral and psychological aspects as well as pain and use of medication appear to be associated with the occurrence of SRIIPS. The results imply that factors leading to SRIIPS are complex and call for a broad biopsychosocial approach when developing preventive measures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Fagher
- Department of Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Örjan Dahlström
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jenny Jacobsson
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Toomas Timpka
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jan Lexell
- Department of Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Rice I, Peters J, Rice L, Jan YK. Influence of wheelchair user interface and personal characteristics on static and dynamic pretibial skin pressures in elite wheelchair racers, a pilot study. J Spinal Cord Med 2019; 42:613-621. [PMID: 30129885 PMCID: PMC6758617 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2018.1508954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Context/objective: To examine personal (athletic classification, age, sex, body mass index, duration of disability, tactile sensation of lower extremities) and wheelchair (kneeling plate angle) factors associated with increased pretibial skin pressures in elite wheelchair racers. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: University-based laboratory in Champaign, USA. Participants: A convenience sample of elite wheelchair races with traumatic spinal cord injury and spinal disease were recruited for participation. Interventions: Interface pressure mapping was used to examine athletes' average and peak pretibial skin pressures in their own racing wheelchairs during static and dynamic (propulsive) conditions on a dynamometer. Outcome measures: The study examined associations between personal and wheelchair factors and pressure, differences in pressure between static and dynamic conditions, and the influence of athletic classification (T53 vs. T54) on kneeling plate angle preference and skin pressure magnitudes. Results: Increased kneeling plate angle was moderately associated with dynamic pressures. T53 athletes utilized more vertical kneeling angles and experienced larger average and peak pressures during propulsion. Duration of disability was negatively associated with all measures of pressure. Overall, mean dynamic peak pressure was significantly greater than mean static peak pressure. Conclusion: This pilot study represents a first step in understanding the influence of user interface on potentially injurious skin pressures in wheelchair racers. Vertical kneeling plate configurations were associated with increased pressures while increased years with disability was associated with lower pretibial pressures. In addition, T53 athletes with less trunk function may be at a greater risk for experiencing larger interface pressures than T54 athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Rice
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Joseph Peters
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Laura Rice
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Yih-Kuen Jan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
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Ona Ayala KE, Li X, Huang P, Derman WE, Kissick J, Webborn N, Blauwet C, Stomphorst J, Tuakli‐Wosornu YA. Injury epidemiology and preparedness in powerlifting at the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games: An analysis of 1410 athlete‐days. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiang Li
- Yale University School of Public Health New Haven CT USA
| | | | - Wayne E. Derman
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, South Africa & International Olympic Committee Research Centre Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch ZA USA
| | - James Kissick
- Department of Family Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | | | - Cheri Blauwet
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston MA USA
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Kim DS, Lee YH, Bae KS, Baek GH, Lee SY, Shim H, On MG, Rhie SJY. PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympic Games and athletes' usage of 'polyclinic' medical services. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2019; 5:e000548. [PMID: 31548900 PMCID: PMC6733333 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This paper aims to describe the medical service of two polyclinics of the PyeongChang Winter Olympic Games and to analyse the injury and illness of athletes who visited the polyclinics during the oilympic period in order to provide some insight with respect to the future construction and operation of polyclinics in mass gathering events such as the Olympic Games. Methods The PyeongChang Olympic Village was located near the Olympic Stadium for snow sports athletes and the Gangneung Olympic Village was located near the ice venues for ice sports athletes. During the Olympic Games, polyclinics were consisted of emergency service and outpatient clinics. We retrospectively analysed the electronic medical record data of athletes who visiting polyclinics between 9 February 2018 and 25 February 2018. Results During the Olympics, there were 1639 athlete encounters in both polyclinics. Among those, injuries of athletes were 237 (14% of all athlete encounters) in total, and the most common injured site was knee joint. Upper respiratory infection was the most frequent case in diseases of athlete encounters. Total 223 cases of image study were done, MRI was 44 cases. Conclusion The PyeongChang Winter Olympic Games had the highest number of participants in the history of Winter Olympic Games. Overall 48% of athletes encountered polyclinics due to disease during the Games period. Upper respiratory infection and other seasonal diseases were more frequent this Olympic Games than before. Polyclinics were managed healthcare of athletes as well as injury and illness of athletes. In winter sports, a polyclinic and similar medical facilities should be prepare for diseases considering geography, weather as well as injuries and endemic diseases when planning future mass gathering events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo-Sup Kim
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea.,Yonsei Institute of Sports Science and Exercise Medicine (YISSEM), Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hee Lee
- Yonsei Institute of Sports Science and Exercise Medicine (YISSEM), Wonju, Republic of Korea.,Rehabilitation Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Keum Seok Bae
- Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea.,Trauma Center, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo Hyun Baek
- Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Yong Lee
- Yonsei Institute of Sports Science and Exercise Medicine (YISSEM), Wonju, Republic of Korea.,Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongjin Shim
- Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea.,Trauma Center, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Gi On
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea.,Yonsei Institute of Sports Science and Exercise Medicine (YISSEM), Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sandy Jeong Yeon Rhie
- Yonsei Institute of Sports Science and Exercise Medicine (YISSEM), Wonju, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Schwellnus M, Janse van Rensburg C, Bayne H, Derman W, Readhead C, Collins R, Kourie A, Suter J, Strauss O, Sewry N, Jordaan E. Team illness prevention strategy (TIPS) is associated with a 59% reduction in acute illness during the Super Rugby tournament: a control–intervention study over 7 seasons involving 126 850 player days. Br J Sports Med 2019; 54:245-249. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
ObjectivesTo determine whether a team illness prevention strategy (TIPS) would reduce the incidence of acute illness during the Super Rugby tournament.MethodsWe studied 1340 male professional rugby union player seasons from six South African teams that participated in the Super Rugby tournament (2010–2016). Medical staff recorded all illnesses daily (126 850 player days) in a 3-year control (C: 2010–2012; 47 553 player days) and a 4-year intervention (I: 2013–2016; 79 297 player days) period. A five-element TIPS was implemented in the I period, following agreement by consensus. Incidence rate (IR: per 1000 player days; 95% CI) of all acute illnesses, illness by main organ system, infectious illness and illness burden (days lost due to illness per 1000 player days) were compared between C and I period.ResultsThe IR of acute illness was significantly lower in the I (5.5: 4.7 to 6.4) versus the C period (13.2: 9.7 to 18.0) (p<0.001). The IR of respiratory (C=8.6: 6.3 to 11.7; I=3.8: 3.3 to 4.3) (p<0.0001), digestive (C=2.5: 1.8 to 3.6; I=1.1: 0.8 to 1.4) (p<0.001), skin and subcutaneous tissue illness (C=0.7: 0.4 to 1.4; I=0.3: 0.2 to 0.5) (p=0.0238), all infections (C=8.4: 5.9 to 11.9; I=4.3: 3.7 to 4.9) (p<0.001) and illness burden (C=9.2: 6.8 to 12.5; I=5.7: 4.1 to 7.8) (p=0.0314) were significantly lower in the I versus the C period.ConclusionA TIPS during the Super Rugby tournament was associated with a lower incidence of all acute illnesses (59%), infectious illness (49%) and illness burden (39%). Our findings may have important clinical implications for other travelling team sport settings.
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