Relations between amount and type of alcohol and colon and rectal cancer in a Danish population based cohort study

Harnessing unique architecture and emerging strategies of solid lipid nanoparticles to combat colon cancer: A state-of-the-art review

Cancer is a serious worldwide public health problem, ranking as the second leading cause of death in the United States. The third most prevalent tumor kind in the world is a colon or rectal tumor. Colon Cancer (CC) is the third most common cancer worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. In the US, CC has become the 2nd most common cause of death after having different advancements like detection, surgery, and chemotherapy. The current strategies for treating colon cancer have several disadvantages, including higher toxicity, drug resistance, damage to healthy cells, solubility, specificity, a lower therapeutic index, and more. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are a viable targeted treatment option for colon cancer to avoid this problem. This comprehensive review discussed the severity, pathophysiology, risk factors, and stages of colon cancer. The review covers the most effective colon cancer therapy and diagnostic procedures, including HSgFOBT, Fecal immunological test (FIT), Colonoscopy, FIT-DNA Test/mt-sDNA screening test, Colon capsule (CCE), Blood-based DNA Tests, and Flexible sigmoidoscopy. This reviewemphasizes the need for novel and specific approaches to colon cancer treatment to improve patient outcomes.

Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for the Detection and Management of Colorectal Cancer Treatment

Currently, eight million people in the United States suffer from cancer and it is a major global health concern. Early detection and interventions are urgently needed for all cancers, including colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer worldwide. Based on the diagnostic efforts to general awareness and lifestyle choices, it is understandable why colorectal cancer is so prevalent today. There is a notable lack of awareness concerning the impact of this cancer and its connection to lifestyle elements, as well as people sometimes mistaking symptoms for a different gastrointestinal condition. Artificial intelligence (AI) may assist in the early detection of all cancers, including colorectal cancer. The usage of AI has exponentially grown in healthcare through extensive research, and since clinical implementation, it has succeeded in improving patient lifestyles, modernizing diagnostic processes, and innovating current treatment strategies. Numerous challenges arise for patients with colorectal cancer and oncologists alike during treatment. For initial screening phases, conventional methods often result in misdiagnosis. Moreover, after detection, determining the course of which colorectal cancer can sometimes contribute to treatment delays. This article touches on recent advancements in AI and its clinical application while shedding light on why this disease is so common today.

The association of smoking and alcohol in colorectal cancer in black patients - Case-control study

Background

Studies have focused on smoking and alcohol as risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC). Caucasians and other populations have been studied worldwide, and both smoking and alcohol have been validated as causes of CRC. However, there are limited data on the black population; studies that have been performed in Africa have not specifically focused on these two risk factors but rather in combination with other risks.

Aim

To determine how smoking and alcohol affect the incidence of CRC in the African black population.

Setting

Steve Biko Academic Hospital's gastrointestinal clinic.

Methods

Subjects used for the study included black African patients above 18 years who had undergone a colonoscopy for suspected CRC between 2016 and 2018. Cases used were confirmed CRC on histology; controls were negative on histology. A minimum of 68 cases and 136 controls were needed for this study according to sample calculation. Hundred and ten cases and 220 controls were obtained in the final analysis. Data were collected between June 2019 and March 2020.

Results

Smoking (odds ratio [OR] = 1.795, p = 0.049) was a significant risk factor for CRC among black patients who presented at the gastrointestinal clinic. Age > 50 years (OR = 3.742, p < 0.001), family history (OR = 12.457, p < 0.001), and the combination of smoking and alcohol (OR = 5.927, p = 0.008) were significant risk factors. Interestingly, alcohol alone was protective (OR = 0.205, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Both smoking and a combination of alcohol and smoking are significant risk factors in the development of CRC in the black African population.

Contribution

Smoking, as in most population groups, is a risk factor for CRC. The observed protective role of alcohol needs to be confirmed in larger studies representing the African population.

Colorectal cancer: incidence, risk factors, and screening

The analysis of the current literature data characterizing the incidence, risk factors and screening methods of colorectal cancer (CRC) is presented. In recent years, dynamics of CRC epidemiological indicators have been unfavorable worldwide. The CRC incidence in Russia is high and reaches 30.7 per 100 thousand population in men, among women — 20.9 per 100 thousand population. The leading risk factors for this pathology include male sex, age older than 45—50 years, detection of adenomatous polyps in the intestines, the presence of close relatives with CRC, obesity, tobacco smoking, alcohol use, consumption of red and processed meat. The leading CRC screening methods are highly sensitive stool occult blood tests and colonoscopy. It is advisable to increase the use of screening and the development of preventive measures to reduce the incidence of CRC in Russia.

Healthy Lifestyle and Cancer Risk: Modifiable Risk Factors to Prevent Cancer

Cancer has become a serious problem worldwide, as it represents the main cause of death, and its incidence has increased over the years. A potential strategy to counter the growing spread of various forms of cancer is the adoption of prevention strategies, in particular, the use of healthy lifestyles, such as maintaining a healthy weight, following a healthy diet; being physically active; avoiding smoking, alcohol consumption, and sun exposure; and vitamin D supplementation. These modifiable risk factors are associated with this disease, contributing to its development, progression, and severity. This review evaluates the relationship between potentially modifiable risk factors and overall cancer development, specifically breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer, and highlights updated recommendations on cancer prevention. The results of numerous clinical and epidemiological studies clearly show the influence of lifestyles on the development and prevention of cancer. An incorrect diet, composed mainly of saturated fats and processed products, resulting in increased body weight, combined with physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, and smoking, has induced an increase in the incidence of all three types of cancer under study. Given the importance of adopting correct and healthy lifestyles to prevent cancer, global institutions should develop strategies and environments that encourage individuals to adopt healthy and regular behaviors.

Long-Term Health Outcomes of Regular, Moderate Red Wine Consumption

Studies that are conducted to assess alcohol's long-term health outcomes generally report the results as a pooled analysis across all types of alcohol. Questions have been raised regarding potential health differences between types of alcohol, such as beer, wine, or spirits. While these three share the same alcohol in the form of ethanol, they differ in the other compounds they contain that are particular to each type of alcohol, specifically the polyphenols in red wine. The generalizability of pooled results may be limited due to the differences in health outcomes that may exist between different types of alcohol and lead to overall conclusions that differ from the subset analysis by type of alcohol that is often reported in the data tables of an article. The objective of this systematic review was to specifically address the assessment of the long-term health outcomes of regular, moderate, red wine consumption. PubMed was searched from 1987 through June 2023. Studies were included if they met all the following criteria: adult participants, red wine consumption and its frequency (close to daily), volume in moderation (1 glass/day for women, 2 glasses/day for men), and measurement of long-term (> 2 years) health outcomes. Nonclinical animal studies, or studies with an endpoint as a marker or biomarker, without a health outcome, of short duration (< 2 years), small size (< 25 subjects), a focus on binge drinking, no wine analysis performed, review articles, meta-analysis, or editorial/commentary were excluded. A total of 74 studies met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Of these, 27 (36%) evaluated cancer outcomes, 14 (19%) evaluated cardiovascular outcomes, 10 (14%) evaluated mortality, 7 (9%) evaluated weight gain, 5 (7%) evaluated dementia, and the remaining 11 evaluated a variety of health outcomes. There were no studies that demonstrated an association between red wine consumption and negative health outcomes. Forty-seven studies demonstrated an association between red wine consumption and positive health outcomes, whereas 26 studies were neutral, and one had mixed results where women had a positive health outcome and men were neutral. All studies on mortality and dementia showed positive health outcomes. From this systematic review of the literature, there is no evidence of an association between moderate red wine consumption and negative health outcomes. Across the various outcomes assessed, a beneficial effect of moderate red wine consumption was consistently seen for mortality and dementia, along with certain cancers (e.g., non-Hodgkin lymphoma) and cardiovascular conditions (e.g., metabolic syndrome). For other health outcomes, the association was neutral, i.e., neither harmful nor beneficial. This review is not intended to encourage red wine consumption for health outcomes but rather to avoid discouraging moderate red wine consumption based on misunderstanding or misinterpretation of the red wine data due to the reporting of pooled data across all types of alcohol.

Association between wine consumption and cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Alcohol consumption is related to the risk of developing different types of cancer. However, unlike other alcoholic beverages, moderate wine drinking has demonstrated a protective effect on the risk of developing several types of cancer.

Objective

To analyze the association between wine consumption and the risk of developing cancer.

Methods

We searched the MEDLINE (through PubMed), Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases to conduct this systematic review and meta-analysis. Pooled relative risks (RRs) were calculated using the DerSimonian and Laird methods. I2 was used to evaluate inconsistency, the τ2 test was used to assess heterogeneity, and The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale were applied to evaluate the risk of bias. This study was previously registered in PROSPERO, with the registration number CRD42022315864.

Results

Seventy-three studies were included in the systematic review, and 26 were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled RR for the effect of wine consumption on the risk of gynecological cancers was 1.03 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.08), that for colorectal cancer was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.82, 1.03), and that for renal cancer was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.04). In general, the heterogeneity was substantial.

Conclusion

The study findings reveal no association between wine consumption and the risk of developing any type of cancer. Moreover, wine drinking demonstrated a protective trend regarding the risk of developing pancreatic, skin, lung, and brain cancer as well as cancer in general.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022315864, identifier CRD42022315864 (PROSPERO).

Geographic Variation and Risk Factor Association of Early Versus Late Onset Colorectal Cancer

The proportion of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) at age < 50 (early-onset CRC, or EOCRC) has steadily increased over the past three decades relative to the proportion of patients diagnosed at age ≥ 50 (late-onset CRC, or LOCRC), despite the reduction in CRC incidence overall. An important gap in the literature is whether EOCRC shares the same community-level risk factors as LOCRC. Thus, we sought to (1) identify disparities in the incidence rates of EOCRC and LOCRC using geospatial analysis and (2) compare the importance of community-level risk factors (racial/ethnic, health status, behavioral, clinical care, physical environmental, and socioeconomic status risk factors) in the prediction of EOCRC and LOCRC incidence rates using a random forest machine learning approach. The incidence data came from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (years 2000-2019). The geospatial analysis revealed large geographic variations in EOCRC and LOCRC incidence rates. For example, some regions had relatively low LOCRC and high EOCRC rates (e.g., Georgia and eastern Texas) while others had relatively high LOCRC and low EOCRC rates (e.g., Iowa and New Jersey). The random forest analysis revealed that the importance of community-level risk factors most predictive of EOCRC versus LOCRC incidence rates differed meaningfully. For example, diabetes prevalence was the most important risk factor in predicting EOCRC incidence rate, but it was a less important risk factor of LOCRC incidence rate; physical inactivity was the most important risk factor in predicting LOCRC incidence rate, but it was the fourth most important predictor for EOCRC incidence rate. Thus, our community-level analysis demonstrates the geographic variation in EOCRC burden and the distinctive set of risk factors most predictive of EOCRC.

Risk Factors for Colorectal Adenocarcinoma in an Indigenous Population in East Africa

Introduction

The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing in East Africa. Changes in lifestyle and dietary changes, particularly alcohol consumption, smoking, and consumption of cooked meats with a reduction in fibre in the diet may be responsible. The objective of our study was to determine the risk factors responsible for CRC in Uganda.

Methods

We recruited 129 participants with histologically proven colorectal adenocarcinoma and 258 control participants from four specialized hospitals in central Uganda from 2019 to 2021. Controls were block matched for age (±5 years) and sex of the case participants. The risk factor variables included; area of residence, tribe, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption and family history of gastrointestinal cancer. We used conditional or ordinal logistic regression to obtain crude and adjusted odds ratios for risk factors associated with CRC.

Results

In bivariate analysis, case participants were more likely to be associated with urban residence (cOR:62.11; p<0.001); family history of GI cancer (cOR: 14.34; p=0.001); past smokers (cOR: 2.10; p=0.080); past alcohol drinkers (cOR: 2.35; p=0.012); current alcohol drinkers (cOR: 3.55; p<0.001); high BMI 25–29.9 kg/m² (cOR: 2.49; p<0.001); and high BMI ≥30kg/m² (cOR: 2.37; p=0.012). In the multivariate analysis, urban residence (aOR: 82.79; p<0.001), family history of GI cancer (aOR: 61.09; p<0.001) and past smoking (aOR: 4.73; p=0.036) were independently associated with a higher risk of developing CRC.

Conclusion

A family history of gastrointestinal cancer was a risk factor for CRC. While population-based CRC screening may not be feasible in low income-countries, targeted CRC screening for first-degree relatives with CRC should be considered in East Africa. Molecular genetic studies need to be carried out to determine the role of hereditary factors in our population. Prevention strategies should be adopted to avoid smoking in our population which was associated with an increased risk of CRC.

Oral antibiotic use and early-onset colorectal cancer: findings from a case-control study using a national clinical database

BACKGROUND

Antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis has been associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) in older adults. This study will investigate whether an association exists between antibiotic usage and early-onset colorectal cancer (CRC), and also evaluate this in later-onset CRC for comparison.

METHODS

A case-control study was conducted using primary care data from 1999-2011. Analysis were conducted separately in early-onset CRC cases (diagnosed < 50 years) and later-onset cases (diagnosed ≥ 50 years). Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between antibiotic exposure and CRC by tumour location, adjusting for comorbidities.

RESULTS

Seven thousands nine hundred and three CRC cases (445 aged <50 years) and 30,418 controls were identified. Antibiotic consumption was associated with colon cancer in both age-groups, particularly in the early-onset CRC cohort (<50 years: adjusted Odds Ratio (ORadj) 1.49 (95% CI 1.07, 2.07), p = 0·018; ≥50 years (ORadj (95% CI) 1.09 (1.01, 1.18), p = 0·029). Antibiotics were not associated with rectal cancer (<50 years: ORadj (95% CI) 1.17 (0.75, 1.84), p = 0.493; ≥50 years: ORadj (95% CI) 1.07 (0.96, 1.19), p = 0.238).

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest antibiotics may have a role in colon tumour formation across all age-groups.

Colorectal Cancer: A Review of Carcinogenesis, Global Epidemiology, Current Challenges, Risk Factors, Preventive and Treatment Strategies

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most deadly cancer. Global incidence and mortality are likely to be increased in the coming decades. Although the deaths associated with CRC are very high in high-income countries, the incidence and fatalities related to CRC are growing in developing countries too. CRC detected early is entirely curable by surgery and subsequent medications. However, the recurrence rate is high, and cancer drug resistance increases the treatment failure rate. Access to early diagnosis and treatment of CRC for survival is somewhat possible in developed countries. However, these facilities are rarely available in developing countries. Highlighting the current status of CRC, its development, risk factors, and management is crucial in creating public awareness. Therefore, in this review, we have comprehensively discussed the current global epidemiology, drug resistance, challenges, risk factors, and preventive and treatment strategies of CRC. Additionally, there is a brief discussion on the CRC development pathways and recommendations for preventing and treating CRC.

Alcohol Consumption, HDL-Cholesterol and Incidence of Colon and Rectal Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study Including 250,010 Participants

Aims

Alcohol consumption has been linked to colorectal cancer (CRC) and also to the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (HDL-C). HDL-C has been associated with the incidence of CRC. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between self-reported alcohol consumption, HDL-C and incidence of CRC, separately for the two sites.

Methods

Altogether, 250,010 participants in Norwegian surveys have been followed-up for an average of 18 years with respect to a first-time outcome of colon or rectal cancer. During follow-up, 3023 and 1439 colon and rectal cancers were registered.

Results

For men, the HR per 1 drink per day was 1.05 with 95% confidence interval (0.98–1.12) for colon and 1.08 (1.02–1.15) for rectal cancer. The corresponding figures for women were 1.03 (0.97–1.10) and 1.05 (1.00–1.10). There was a positive association between alcohol consumption and HDL-C. HDL-C was inversely associated with colon cancer in men (0.74 (0.62–0.89) per 1 mmol/l) and positively associated with rectal cancer, although not statistically significant (1.15 (0.92–1.44). A robust regression that assigned weights to each observation and exclusion of weights ≤ 0.1 increased the HRs per 1 drink per day and decreased the HR per 1 mmol/l for colon cancer. The associations with rectal cancer remained unchanged.

Conclusion

Our results support a positive association between alcohol consumption and colon and rectal cancer, most pronounced for rectal cancer. Considering the positive relation between alcohol consumption and HDL-C, the inverse association between HDL-C and colon cancer in men remains unsettled.

Risk of colorectal cancer in patients with alcoholism: A nationwide, population-based nested case-control study

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is regarded as a multifactorial disease and shares many risk factors with alcoholism. However, the association between alcoholism and CRC remains controversial.

OBJECTIVES

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association between alcoholism and risk of CRC.

METHODS

We performed a large-scale, population-based nested case-control study using the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2013, derived from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database, and collected data from 2000 to 2013. There were 49,095 diagnosed cases of CRC defined according to the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification. Each case was matched with three controls by sex, age, index date of CRC, and annual medical visits; a total of 147,285 controls were identified. Multiple risk factors of CRC in alcoholism cases were investigated using unconditional multiple logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

Among 49,095 cases of CRC, alcoholism was associated with a significantly higher risk of CRC (adjusted odds ratio (OR), 1.631; 95% CI, 1.565-1.699) in multivariate logistic regression, after adjusting other CRC risk factors, and in stratified analysis with multivariate logistic regression. In addition, there was a time-dependent relationship between alcoholism duration and CRC risk in >1 year, > 2 years, >5 years, and > 11 years groups (adjusted ORs, 1.875, 2.050, 2.662 and 2.670; 95% CI, 1.788-1.967, 1.948-2.158, 2.498-2.835, and 2.511-2.989 respectively).

CONCLUSION

An association between alcoholism and risk of CRC was found in this study. Furthermore, patients with longer alcoholism history showed higher likelihood of developing CRC, which indicates a time-dependent relationship between alcoholism exposure and CRC. Further research on colorectal tumorigenesis is needed.

Diet and colorectal cancer in UK Biobank: a prospective study

BACKGROUND

Most of the previous studies on diet and colorectal cancer were based on diets consumed during the 1990s.

METHODS

We used Cox-regression models to estimate adjusted hazard ratios for colorectal cancer by dietary factors in the UK Biobank study. Men and women aged 40-69 years at recruitment (2006-10) reported their diet on a short food-frequency questionnaire (n = 475 581). Dietary intakes were re-measured in a large sub-sample (n = 175 402) who completed an online 24-hour dietary assessment during follow-up. Trends in risk across the baseline categories were calculated by assigning re-measured intakes to allow for measurement error and changes in intake over time.

RESULTS

During an average of 5.7 years of follow-up, 2609 cases of colorectal cancer occurred. Participants who reported consuming an average of 76 g/day of red and processed meat compared with 21 g/day had a 20% [95% confidence interval (CI): 4-37] higher risk of colorectal cancer. Participants in the highest fifth of intake of fibre from bread and breakfast cereals had a 14% (95% CI: 2-24) lower risk of colorectal cancer. Alcohol was associated with an 8% (95% CI: 4-12) higher risk per 10 g/day higher intake. Fish, poultry, cheese, fruit, vegetables, tea and coffee were not associated with colorectal-cancer risk.

CONCLUSIONS

Consumption of red and processed meat at an average level of 76 g/d that meets the current UK government recommendation (≤90 g/day) was associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Alcohol was also associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer, whereas fibre from bread and breakfast cereals was associated with a reduced risk.

Wine consumption and colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of observational studies

There were inconsistent results with respect to the correlation between consumption of wine and the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). We carried out a meta-analysis to investigate this issue. We included observational studies on the aforementioned relationship according to a literature search of Embase and Pubmed from inception till 28 February 2017. The summary relative risk (SRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random-effects model. A total of eight case-control and nine cohort studies were identified, involving 12 110 CRC cases. The study showed that wine drinking was not associated with any greater risk for CRC (SRR=0.99, 95% CI: 0.89-1.10; Pheterogeneity<0.001) compared with nondrinkers. The subgroup analyses indicated that null associations were observed in men and women for colon and rectal cancer. Neither light to moderate (<2 drinks/day; SRR=0.93, 95% CI: 0.80-1.08, I= 69.2%) nor heavy (≥2 drinks/day; SRR=1.00, 95% CI: 0.86-1.16, I= 39.9%) consumption of wine was associated statistically with CRC risk. This meta-analysis suggests that any wine consumption was not associated with the risk of CRC. Null associations were shown in men and women for colon and rectal cancer.

The presence of bacteria varies between colorectal adenocarcinomas, precursor lesions and non-malignant tissue

BACKGROUND

A causal association has been suggested between certain bacteria and colorectal cancer (CRC). Only a few studies have, however, investigated the presence of these bacteria directly in colon tissue with conflicting results. It is thus uncertain which role they may have in prognosis and carcinogenesis of CRC.

METHODS

Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) colorectal tissue samples from patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC)(tumor and paired normal tissue, n = 99), adenomas (n = 96), or diverticular disease (n = 104) were tested for the presence and bacterial load of Streptococcus gallolyticus (S. gallolyticus), Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), and Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis) using quantitative PCR. A subsequent broader search was conducted on a subset of samples using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Finally, to evaluate the prognostic value, the bacterial status was compared to patient outcome.

RESULTS

S. gallolyticus was not detected by qPCR in any of the investigated tissue samples and F. nucleatum and B. fragilis were found to be equally distributed in tumors, paired normal tissue, and diverticula, but significantly less present in adenomas compared to both tumors and diverticula. Neither, F. nucleatum nor B. fragilis status affected the five-year prognosis of the patients. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing data revealed that tumors were associated with the Prevotella genus while conversely adenomas and diverticula were associated with Acinetobacter genus.

CONCLUSION

These findings do not support a role of F. nucleatum or B. fragilis during colorectal beginning, while S. gallolyticus was not implicated in the colorectal tissue of a Danish population. A potential role of the bacterial genera Prevotella and Acinetobacter was indicated, and requires further investigations.

Alcohol consumption and early-onset risk of colorectal cancer in Japanese patients with Lynch syndrome: a cross-sectional study conducted by the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum

We conducted this study to establish whether drinking alcohol alters the risk of early-onset colorectal cancer (CRC) in Japanese patients with Lynch syndrome (LS). The subjects were 66 LS patients with pathogenic mutation of mismatch repair genes (MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6) from the nationwide Japanese retrospective multicenter study. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to investigate the factors correlating with early-onset CRC diagnosis, using clinical data such as gender, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, body mass index, gene mutation (MLH1, MSH2 vs MSH6), and family cancer history. Alcohol was significantly correlated with an increased risk of early-onset CRC [HR 2.44, 95% CI 1.13-5.16 (p = 0.02)], but tobacco use was not [HR 0.8, 95%CI 0.38-1.62 (p = 0.53)]. These findings suggest that alcohol consumption is correlated with an earlier onset of CRC in Japanese patients with LS.

Dietary patterns and colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis

The analysis of dietary patterns has recently drawn considerable attention as a method of investigating the association between the overall whole diet and the risk of colorectal cancer. However, the results have yielded conflicting findings. Here, we carried out a meta-analysis to identify the association between dietary patterns and the risk of colorectal cancer. A total of 40 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in this meta-analysis. The highest category of 'healthy' dietary pattern compared with the lowest category was apparently associated with a decreased risk for colorectal cancer [odds ratio (OR)=0.75; confidence interval (CI): 0.68-0.83; P<0.00001]. An increased risk of colorectal cancer was shown for the highest compared with the lowest category of a 'western-style' dietary pattern (OR=1.40; CI: 1.26-1.56; P<0.00001). There was an increased risk of colorectal cancer in the highest compared with the lowest category of 'alcohol-consumption' pattern (OR=1.44; CI: 1.13-1.82; P=0.003). The results of this meta-analysis indicate that a 'healthy' dietary pattern may decrease the risk of colorectal cancer, whereas 'western-style' and 'alcohol-consumption' patterns may increase the risk of colorectal cancer.

Alcohol, smoking and the risk of premalignant and malignant colorectal neoplasms

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide and has a complex aetiology consisting of environmental and genetic factors. In this review, we evaluate the roles of alcohol and tobacco smoking in colorectal neoplasia. Alcohol intake and tobacco smoking are associated with modest, but significantly, increased risks of CRC, adenomatous and serrated polyps. There is consistent evidence of dose-response relationships for both alcohol and smoking, and risk of these neoplasms. Alcohol and smoking appear to be more strongly associated with colorectal polyp than CRC development, suggesting roles in the initiation of neoplastic growths. These lifestyle factors also seem more strongly related to adenomas and sessile serrated lesions than hyperplastic polyps, but further confirmation is required. The gastroenterology community has an important, yet currently underexploited, role to play addressing the modifiable factors associated with CRC and polyps. These behaviours include, but are not limited to, alcohol and smoking.

Multiple behavioral factors are associated with occurrence of large, flat colorectal polyps

PURPOSE

The prevalence of advanced dysplasia and synchronous lesions is particularly high in patients with large, flat colorectal polyps. However, the impact of lifestyle on the development of such polyps is poorly investigated. Hence, this study aims to identify associations between behavioral factors and the occurrence of large, flat colorectal polyps.

METHODS

Behavioral factors were retrospectively analyzed in patients with large, flat polyps and control patients with at most one diminutive polyp. Information on lifestyle factors, comorbidities, and demographic parameters were determined by a structured, self-administered questionnaire.

RESULTS

Questionnaires of 350 patients with large, flat polyps and 489 control patients were included in the analysis. Most large, flat colorectal polyps contained adenoma with low-grade neoplasia and were located in the right colon. Multivariate analysis showed that advanced age (per 1-year increase-OR 1.09, CI 1.07-1.11, p < 0.0001), frequent cigarette smoking (OR 2.04, CI 1.25-3.32, p = 0.0041), daily consumption of red meat (OR 3.61, CI 1.00-12.96, p = 0.0492), and frequent bowel movements (OR 1.62, CI 1.13-2.33, p = 0.0093) were independent risk factors for occurrence of large, flat colorectal polyps. In contrast, frequent intake of cereals (OR 0.62, CI 0.44-0.88, p = 0.0074) was associated with a reduced risk.

CONCLUSION

Multiple behavioral factors modulate the risk for developing large, flat colorectal polyps. This knowledge can be used to improve prevention of colorectal cancer.

Lifetime report of perceived stress at work and cancer among men: A case-control study in Montreal, Canada

BACKGROUND

The association between perceived workplace psychological stress, over the entire work career, and cancer among men has never been assessed. This was explored in the context of a population-based case-control study conducted in Montreal, Canada.

METHODS

3103 incident cancer cases (11 types) diagnosed in 1979-1985 and 512 population controls were interviewed. Subjects described in detail each job held during their lifetime, including the occurrence of stress, and its reason. Logistic regression estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between perceived workplace stress and its duration, and each cancer site, adjusting for lifestyle and occupational factors.

RESULTS

Employment in at least one stressful job was associated with increased odds of cancers of the lung (OR=1.33, 95% CI: 1.01-1.75), colon (OR=1.51, 95% CI: 1.15-1.98), bladder (OR=1.37, 95% CI: 1.03-1.81), rectal (OR=1.52, 95% CI: 1.10-2.10), and stomach (OR=1.53, 95% CI: 1.08-2.15). A duration-response trend was found for cancers of the lung, colon, rectum, stomach, and for NHL. Subjects reported changes in stress level over their career. Perceived stress was ascribed to several sources, including high demand and time pressure, financial issues, job insecurity, and hazardous conditions.

CONCLUSION

Prolonged exposure to perceived stress at work was associated with greater odds of cancer at 5 out of 11 sites. While over reporting of stress by cases cannot be fully ruled out, these associations, if substantiated, would bear important public health significance. Prospective studies building on detailed stress assessment protocols considering all sources and changes over the career are necessary.

Associations between amount of smoking and alcohol intake and risk of colorectal neoplasm

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Although smoking and alcohol has been linked to an increased risk of colorectal neoplasm (CRN), large-scale studies to identify dose-dependent relationship between amount of smoking and alcohol consumption and risk of CRN are rare. We aimed to investigate the risk for CRN according to the amount of smoking and alcohol intake in a large sample of Korean adults.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was performed on 31,714 examinees aged ≥30 years undergoing their first colonoscopy as part of routine preventive health care between 2010 and 2011. Never smokers were compared with six groups of smokers according to smoking amount, and individuals with alcohol intake of ≤ 6.25 g ethanol per day were compared with three groups according to alcohol amount.

RESULTS

In adjusted models, the risk of overall CRN increased with increasing amount of smoking (P for trend < 0.001). The adjusted odds ratios for overall CRN comparing never smokers with six smoker groups according to smoking amount (≤2.50, 2.51-5.60, 5.61-9.00, 9.01-13.00, 13.01-19.50, and ≥19.51 pack-years) were 1.02, 1.19, 1.35, 1.53, 1.63, and 2.03, respectively. In addition, the risk of both non-advanced and advanced CRN increased with increasing amount of smoking (both P for trend < 0.001). However, the amount of alcohol consumption was not correlated with the risk of CRN.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of CRN was associated with increasing amount of smoking in a dose-response manner, whereas it was not associated with the amount of alcohol consumption. Our study suggests that smoking amount as well as smoking status should be considered for CRN risk stratification.

Characteristics of and risk factors for colorectal neoplasms in young adults in a screening population

AIM: To investigate prevalence and risk factors for colorectal neoplasms in adults aged < 50 years, for whom screening is not recommended.

METHODS: This cross-sectional study compared prevalence and characteristics of colorectal and advanced adenomas in patients aged < 50 years who underwent colonoscopy screening with subjects aged ≥ 50 years. To evaluate risk factors for colorectal and advanced adenoma in young adults, we used multivariable logistic regression models. Colorectal neoplasm characteristics were evaluated and compared with those in older patients.

RESULTS: Among 2819 patients included, prevalences of colorectal adenoma and advanced adenoma were 19.7% and 1.5%, respectively. As patient age increased, so did the prevalence of colorectal neoplasm. However, prevalence of advanced adenoma did not differ between age-groups 45-49 years and ≥ 50 years (OR = 0.43, 95%CI: 0.17-1.07, P = 0.070). In younger age-group (< 50 years), colorectal adenoma was significantly associated with older age, waist circumference (OR = 1.72, 95%CI: 1.15-2.55, P = 0.008), and current smoking (OR = 1.60, 95%CI: 1.07-2.41, P = 0.023). Alcohol consumption was an independent risk factor for colorectal advanced adenoma (OR = 3.69, 95%CI: 1.08-12.54, P = 0.037). Multiple neoplasms and large neoplasms (≥ 1 cm) were more prevalent in subjects ≥ 50 years.

CONCLUSION: Current screening strategies for colorectal cancer may need to be amended to account for patient age, especially in young subjects with abdominal obesity, current smoking and alcohol consumption.

Moderate Alcohol Consumption and Colorectal Cancer Risk

BACKGROUND

Heavy alcohol drinking is a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC); previous studies have shown a linear dose-dependent association between alcohol intake and CRC. However, some studies suggest that moderate alcohol consumption may have a protective effect, similar to that seen in cardiovascular disease. Other factors may interact with alcohol and contribute additional risk for CRC. We aimed to determine the association between moderate alcohol consumption, limited to 30 g of alcohol per day, by beverage type on CRC risk and to assess the effects of other factors that interact with alcohol to influence CRC risk.

METHODS

The PubMed database was used to find articles published between 2008 and 2014 related to alcohol and CRC. Twenty-one relevant articles were evaluated and summarized, including 11 articles reporting on CRC risk associated with moderate intake and 10 articles focusing on genetic interactions associated with alcohol and CRC risk.

RESULTS

The association between alcohol and increased risk for CRC was found when intakes exceeded 30 g/d alcohol. Nonsignificant results were consistently reported for intakes <30 g/d. Additional risks for CRC were found to be related to obesity and folate status for regular alcohol consumers. Some significant results suggest that the development of CRC is dependent on the interaction of gene and environment.

CONCLUSIONS

The association between the amount of alcohol consumed and the incidence of CRC was not significant at moderate intake levels. Moderate alcohol consumption was associated with a reduced CRC risk in study populations with greater adherence to a Mediterranean diet, where wine contributed substantially to the alcoholic beverage consumed. Other factors such as obesity, folate deficiency, and genetic susceptibility may contribute additional CRC risk for those consuming alcohol. To minimize CRC risk, appropriate recommendations should encourage intakes below 30 g of alcohol each day.

Low bone mineral density linked to colorectal adenomas: a cross-sectional study of a racially diverse population

BACKGROUND

Epidemiologic studies suggest that lower bone mineral density (BMD) is associated with an increased risk for colorectal adenoma/cancer, especially in postmenopausal women. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between osteopenia and/or osteoporosis and colorectal adenomas in patients from a New York community hospital.

METHODS

We performed a cross-sectional observational study on 200 patients who underwent screening colonoscopies and bone density scan (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) at Nassau University Medical Center from November 2009 to March 2011. Among these, 83 patients were identified as osteoporosis (T score of -2.5 or below) and 67 were osteopenia (T score between -1.0 and -2.5). Logistic regression model was performed to assess the association between osteopenia and/or osteoporosis and colorectal adenomas.

RESULTS

Among the patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis, the mean ages were 59.1 years [standard deviation (SD) =8.9] and 61.5 (SD =8.9), respectively. There were 94.0%, 85.1% and 74.7% women, respectively, in normal BMD, osteopenia and osteoporosis groups. The prevalence of colorectal adenomas was 17.9% and 25.3% in the osteopenia and osteoporosis groups, respectively, and 18.0% in the normal BMD group. After adjustment for potential confounders including age, sex, race, body mass index (BMI), tobacco use, alcohol use, history of diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia, osteoporosis was found to be associated with presence of colorectal adenomas more than 2, compared to the normal BMD group. No significant associations were found for the prevalence, size, and location of adenomas.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study suggests that osteoporosis is significantly associated with the presence of multiple colorectal adenomas. Prospective studies with a larger sample size are warranted in the future.

Alcohol drinking increased the risk of advanced colorectal adenomas

Background/Aims

Age, sex, gene and life style are modulating risks for colon cancer. Although alcohol intake may impact on colorectal adenoma, clear association has not been established yet. We aimed to investigate effects of alcohol consumption on the characteristics of colorectal adenoma.

Methods

Patients who underwent colonoscopic polypectomy of colorectal adenoma in the department of gastroenterology of Eulji hospital through 2005 to 2012, having both blood tests and ultrasound or abdominal CT examination were enrolled. The alcohol drinking patients were subdivided into normal or abnormal laboratory group, and alcoholic liver diseases group.

Results

212 patients with colorectal adenoma were analyzed; advanced adenoma and multiple adenoma were found in 68 (32.0%) and 79 (37.2%) patients. When compared to the nondrinker group (120/212 patients), the alcohol drinker group (92/212 patients) represented significantly high odds ratios (ORs) for advanced adenoma (OR, 2.697; P=0.002), and multiple adenoma (OR, 1.929; P=0.039). Among alcohol drinker (92 patients), the ORs of advanced adenoma were 6.407 (P=0.003) in alcoholic liver diseases group (17 patients), 3.711 (P=0.002) in the alcohol drinker with abnormal lab (24 patients), and 2.184 (P=0.034), in the alcohol drinker with normal lab (51 patients) compared to nondrinker group.

Conclusions

This study showed that alcohol drinking may influence on the development of advanced colorectal adenoma and multiplicity. Especially in the group with alcoholic liver diseases and with abnormal lab presented significantly higher ORs of advanced adenoma.

Interaction of plant phenols with food macronutrients: characterisation and nutritional-physiological consequences

Polyphenols are dietary constituents of plants associated with health-promoting effects. In the human diet, polyphenols are generally consumed in foods along with macronutrients. Because the health benefits of polyphenols are critically determined by their bioavailability, the effect of interactions between plant phenols and food macronutrients is a very important topic. In the present review, we summarise current knowledge, with a special focus on the in vitro and in vivo effects of food macronutrients on the bioavailability and bioactivity of polyphenols. The mechanisms of interactions between polyphenols and food macronutrients are also discussed. The evidence collected in the present review suggests that when plant phenols are consumed along with food macronutrients, the bioavailability and bioactivity of polyphenols can be significantly affected. The protein-polyphenol complexes can significantly change the plasma kinetics profile but do not affect the absorption of polyphenols. Carbohydrates can enhance the absorption and extend the time needed to reach a maximal plasma concentration of polyphenols, and fats can enhance the absorption and change the absorption kinetics of polyphenols. Moreover, as highlighted in the present review, not only a nutrient alone but also certain synergisms between food macronutrients have a significant effect on the bioavailability and biological activity of polyphenols. The review emphasises the need for formulations that optimise the bioavailability and in vivo activities of polyphenols.

Dietary (poly)phenolics in human health: structures, bioavailability, and evidence of protective effects against chronic diseases

Human intervention trials have provided evidence for protective effects of various (poly)phenol-rich foods against chronic disease, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. While there are considerable data suggesting benefits of (poly)phenol intake, conclusions regarding their preventive potential remain unresolved due to several limitations in existing studies. Bioactivity investigations using cell lines have made an extensive use of both (poly)phenolic aglycones and sugar conjugates, these being the typical forms that exist in planta, at concentrations in the low-μM-to-mM range. However, after ingestion, dietary (poly)phenolics appear in the circulatory system not as the parent compounds, but as phase II metabolites, and their presence in plasma after dietary intake rarely exceeds nM concentrations. Substantial quantities of both the parent compounds and their metabolites pass to the colon where they are degraded by the action of the local microbiota, giving rise principally to small phenolic acid and aromatic catabolites that are absorbed into the circulatory system. This comprehensive review describes the different groups of compounds that have been reported to be involved in human nutrition, their fate in the body as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract and are absorbed into the circulatory system, the evidence of their impact on human chronic diseases, and the possible mechanisms of action through which (poly)phenol metabolites and catabolites may exert these protective actions. It is concluded that better performed in vivo intervention and in vitro mechanistic studies are needed to fully understand how these molecules interact with human physiological and pathological processes.

Meta-analyses of colorectal cancer risk factors

PURPOSE

Demographic, behavioral, and environmental factors have been associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We reviewed the published evidence and explored associations between risk factors and CRC incidence.

METHODS

We identified 12 established non-screening CRC risk factors and performed a comprehensive review and meta-analyses to quantify each factor's impact on CRC risk. We used random-effects models of the logarithms of risks across studies: inverse-variance weighted averages for dichotomous factors and generalized least squares for dose-response for multi-level factors.

RESULTS

Significant risk factors include inflammatory bowel disease (RR = 2.93, 95 % CI 1.79-4.81); CRC history in first-degree relative (RR = 1.80, 95 % CI 1.61-2.02); body mass index (BMI) to overall population (RR = 1.10 per 8 kg/m(2) increase, 95 % CI 1.08-1.12); physical activity (RR = 0.88, 95 % CI 0.86-0.91 for 2 standard deviations increased physical activity score); cigarette smoking (RR = 1.06, 95 % CI 1.03-1.08 for 5 pack-years); and consumption of red meat (RR = 1.13, 95 % CI 1.09-1.16 for 5 servings/week), fruit (RR = 0.85, 95 % CI 0.75-0.96 for 3 servings/day), and vegetables (RR = 0.86, 95 % CI 0.78-0.94 for 5 servings/day).

CONCLUSIONS

We developed a comprehensive risk modeling strategy that incorporates multiple effects to predict an individual's risk of developing CRC. Inflammatory bowel disease and history of CRC in first-degree relatives are associated with much higher risk of CRC. Increased BMI, red meat intake, cigarette smoking, low physical activity, low vegetable consumption, and low fruit consumption were associated with moderately increased risk of CRC.

Subsite-specific dietary risk factors for colorectal cancer: a review of cohort studies

Objective. A shift in the total incidence from left- to right-sided colon cancer has been reported and raises the question as to whether lifestyle risk factors are responsible for the changing subsite distribution of colon cancer. The present study provides a review of the subsite-specific risk estimates for the dietary components presently regarded as convincing or probable risk factors for colorectal cancer: red meat, processed meat, fiber, garlic, milk, calcium, and alcohol. Methods. Studies were identified by searching PubMed through October 8, 2012 and by reviewing reference lists. Thirty-two prospective cohort studies are included, and the estimates are compared by sex for each risk factor. Results. For alcohol, there seems to be a stronger association with rectal cancer than with colon cancer, and for meat a somewhat stronger association with distal colon and rectal cancer, relative to proximal colon cancer. For fiber, milk, and calcium, there were only minor differences in relative risk across subsites. No statement could be given regarding garlic. Overall, many of the subsite-specific risk estimates were nonsignificant, irrespective of exposure. Conclusion. For some dietary components the associations with risk of cancer of the rectum and distal colon appear stronger than for proximal colon, but not for all.

Is it merely a myth that alcoholic beverages such as red wine can be cardioprotective?

It has been suggested that although the negative impact of alcohol consumption varies from person to person, on a global level the adverse effect of alcohol on cardiovascular disease outweighs any protective effect by between two- and three-fold. This is inaccurate. There is a proven positive relationship between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease that is acknowledged by the World Health Organization. For example, moderate alcohol consumption reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease by approximately 25%, such that alcohol consumption per se accounts for -4.7% of the total cardiovascular disease burden in Australia. Correspondingly, cardiovascular disease accounted for 34% of the total number of deaths in Australia in 2008, and 18% of the overall burden of disease in Australia in 2003, with coronary heart disease and stroke contributing over 80% of this burden. Australia is not substantially different from other developed countries having similar demographics to, and the same leading causes of burden as, other high-income developed countries. This article examines the suggestions and evidence surrounding the relationship between light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and benefits to human health.

Alcohol consumption and colorectal cancer in a Mediterranean population: a case-control study

BACKGROUND

Alcohol is considered to be a cocarcinogen or a tumor promoter, and various studies have shown a linear dose-dependent association between alcohol consumption and colorectal cancer. However, a few studies suggest that moderate alcohol consumption may have a protective effect, similar to that in cardiovascular disease.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of colorectal cancer to quantity and type of alcohol consumed.

DESIGN

This was case-control study.

SETTINGS

The study was conducted in the area of Attica, Greece.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 250 consecutive patients with a first diagnosis of colorectal cancer were matched for age group and sex with 250 controls recruited from the community. The mean age was 63 (SD, 12) years for the patient group (147 men, 59%; 103 women, 41%) and 55 (SD, 13) years for the control group (112 men; 44.8%; 138 women, 55.2%).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Questionnaires were administered by trained interviewers to assess sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle characteristics, in addition to dietary habits and quantity and type of alcoholic beverages usually consumed during the preceding year. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated with the MedDietScore (theoretical range, 0-55).

RESULTS

With intake of less than 12 g of alcohol per day as the reference, moderate alcohol intake (12-35 g/day) was associated with a significantly decreased likelihood of colorectal cancer in men (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.16-0.74) and in women (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.18-0.91). High alcohol intake (more than 48 g/day) was associated with an increased likelihood, which was significant in men (OR, 3.45; 95% CI, 1.35-8.83) but not in women (OR, 3.40; 95% CI, 0.50-22.92). Drinking red wine was associated with reduced odds of colorectal cancer, significant in men (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.23-0.96) but not in women (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.23-1.30). None of the associations between other beverage types and colorectal cancer were significant. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was independently associated with lower odds of colorectal cancer overall (p < 0.001), in men (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.83-0.97), and in women (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.80-0.94).

LIMITATIONS

The major limitations of this study included the inability of a case-control design to determine causation and the potential for recall bias.

CONCLUSIONS

The association between quantity of alcohol consumed and the presence of colorectal cancer followed a J-shaped curve. While demonstrating the detrimental effect of consuming large amounts of alcohol, the results of this study suggest that moderate alcohol consumption exerts a protective effect on colorectal cancer in both men and women, possibly related to the effects of red wine.

Expression pattern, ethanol-metabolizing activities, and cellular localization of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases in human large bowel: association of the functional polymorphisms of ADH and ALDH genes with hemorrhoids and colorectal cancer

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) are principal enzymes responsible for metabolism of ethanol. Functional polymorphisms of ADH1B, ADH1C, and ALDH2 genes occur among racial populations. The goal of this study was to systematically determine the functional expressions and cellular localization of ADHs and ALDHs in human rectal mucosa, the lesions of adenocarcinoma and hemorrhoid, and the genetic association of allelic variations of ADH and ALDH with large bowel disorders. Twenty-one surgical specimens of rectal adenocarcinoma and the adjacent normal mucosa, including 16 paired tissues of rectal tumor, normal mucosae of rectum and sigmoid colon from the same individuals, and 18 surgical mixed hemorrhoid specimens and leukocyte DNA samples from 103 colorectal cancer patients, 67 hemorrhoid patients, and 545 control subjects recruited in previous study, were investigated. The isozyme/allozyme expression patterns of ADH and ALDH were identified by isoelectric focusing and the activities were assayed spectrophotometrically. The protein contents of ADH/ALDH isozymes were determined by immunoblotting using the corresponding purified class-specific antibodies; the cellular activity and protein localizations were detected by immunohistochemistry and histochemistry, respectively. Genotypes of ADH1B, ADH1C, and ALDH2 were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms. At 33mM ethanol, pH 7.5, the activity of ADH1C*1/1 phenotypes exhibited 87% higher than that of the ADH1C*1/*2 phenotypes in normal rectal mucosa. The activity of ALDH2-active phenotypes of rectal mucosa was 33% greater than ALDH2-inactive phenotypes at 200μM acetaldehyde. The protein contents in normal rectal mucosa were in the following order: ADH1>ALDH2>ADH3≈ALDH1A1, whereas those of ADH2, ADH4, and ALDH3A1 were fairly low. Both activity and content of ADH1 were significantly decreased in rectal tumors, whereas the ALDH activity remained unchanged. The ADH activity was also significantly reduced in hemorrhoids. ADH4 and ALDH3A1 were uniquely expressed in the squamous epithelium of anus at anorectal junctions. The allele frequencies of ADH1C*1 and ALDH2*2 were significantly higher in colorectal cancer and that of ALDH2*2 also significantly greater in hemorrhoids. In conclusion, ADH and ALDH isozymes are differentially expressed in mucosal cells of rectum and anus. The results suggest that acetaldehyde, an immediate metabolite of ethanol, may play an etiological role in pathogenesis of large bowel diseases.

Epigenetic changes in colorectal cancer

Epigenetic changes frequently occur in human colorectal cancer. Genomic global hypomethylation, gene promoter region hypermethylation, histone modifications, and alteration of miRNA patterns are major epigenetic changes in colorectal cancer. Loss of imprinting (LOI) is associated with colorectal neoplasia. Folate deficiency may cause colorectal Carcinogenesis by inducing gene-specific hypermethylation and genomic global hypomethylation. HDAC inhibitors and demethylating agents have been approved by the FDA for myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia treatment. Non-coding RNA is regarded as another kind of epigenetic marker in colorectal cancer. This review is mainly focused on DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA changes in colorectal cancer.

Site-specific risk factors for colorectal cancer in a Korean population

We investigated the association of colorectal cancer risk factors with different colorectal cancer subsites to assess etiological differences for cancers of the proximal colon, distal colon, and rectum. Included in this study were 869,725 men and 395,501 women who participated in a health examination provided by the Korean National Health System between 1996 and 1997. During up to 7 years of follow-up, 4,144 incident colorectal cancer cases were detected (3,051 men and 1,093 women). Greater height was associated with elevated risk for distal colon cancer and rectal cancer in both men and women. Family history of cancer was associated with higher risk for cancers of the proximal colon in men and distal colon in both men and women. Frequent alcohol consumption and consuming high amounts of alcohol were associated with elevated risk for distal colon cancer in men and higher risk for rectal cancer in women. Frequent meat consumption was associated with risk for proximal colon cancer in men and for rectal cancer in women. Our findings suggest that risk factors for colorectal cancer are different by subsites of colon and rectum, as well as by sex.

Site-specific risk factors for colorectal cancer in a Korean population

We investigated the association of colorectal cancer risk factors with different colorectal cancer subsites to assess etiological differences for cancers of the proximal colon, distal colon, and rectum. Included in this study were 869,725 men and 395,501 women who participated in a health examination provided by the Korean National Health System between 1996 and 1997. During up to 7 years of follow-up, 4,144 incident colorectal cancer cases were detected (3,051 men and 1,093 women). Greater height was associated with elevated risk for distal colon cancer and rectal cancer in both men and women. Family history of cancer was associated with higher risk for cancers of the proximal colon in men and distal colon in both men and women. Frequent alcohol consumption and consuming high amounts of alcohol were associated with elevated risk for distal colon cancer in men and higher risk for rectal cancer in women. Frequent meat consumption was associated with risk for proximal colon cancer in men and for rectal cancer in women. Our findings suggest that risk factors for colorectal cancer are different by subsites of colon and rectum, as well as by sex.

Investigation of the prevalence and number of aberrant crypt foci associated with human colorectal neoplasm

BACKGROUND

Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are considered to be useful as surrogate biomarker for colorectal cancer (CRC), but the biological significance of ACF remains controversial. We attempted to investigate the relationship between the presence of ACF and human colorectal carcinogenesis using a relatively large sample size.

METHODS

We carried out high-magnification chromoscopic colonoscopy to identify ACFs in 861 subjects undergoing a diagnostic endoscopy at the Yokohama City University Hospital. The present study compared the prevalence and number of ACFs in three subject groups (normal subjects, adenoma cases, and CRC cases). The correlations between the demographic and behavioral characteristics of the subjects and the prevalence of ACFs were also assessed.

RESULTS

The prevalence of ACF was 64%, 88%, and 95%, and the mean number of ACF was 3.6, 6.2, and 10.1, in normal subjects, adenoma cases, and CRC cases, respectively. When differences in the prevalence and number of ACFs among age- and sex-stratified subject groups were examined, significant stepwise increments from normal subjects to adenoma cases to CRC cases were apparent (P < 0.001). Moreover, an age- and sex-adjusted multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that smoking and alcohol habits had a synergistic effect, increasing the prevalence of ACFs as well as the risk of CRC (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggested that ACF may serve as a reliable surrogate biomarker for human colorectal carcinogenesis.

IMPACT

The use of ACF as an endpoint may enable the size, duration, and cost of CRC chemoprevention studies to be reduced.

Inverse relationship between moderate alcohol intake and rectal cancer: analysis of the North Carolina Colon Cancer Study

BACKGROUND

The relationship between alcohol intake and rectal cancer is uncertain.

OBJECTIVE

We sought to evaluate whether alcohol consumption is associated with distal colorectal cancer and rectal cancer specifically.

DESIGN

Data on alcohol intake were examined from the North Carolina Colon Cancer Study, a population-based case-control study of distal colorectal cancer.

SETTING

This study encompassed 33 counties in the central and eastern part of North Carolina.

PATIENTS

Cases had adenocarcinoma of the rectum, rectosigmoid, and sigmoid colon. Controls were frequency-matched on age, race, and sex.

INTERVENTIONS

Demographic and dietary intake data were collected with use of a validated questionnaire.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios for the relationship between alcohol consumption and distal colorectal cancer.

RESULTS

Included in the study were 1033 cases and 1011 controls. The odds ratio for rectal cancer comparing any vs no alcohol intake was 0.73 (95% CI 0.60, 0.90), adjusted for age, sex, race, smoking status, obesity, education, red meat intake, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, and family history of colorectal cancer. The odds ratio for moderate alcohol (≤14 g/day) was 0.66 (95% CI 0.53, 0.82), whereas the odds ratio for heavy alcohol (>14 g/day) was 0.93 (95% CI 0.70, 1.23). Moderate beer and wine intakes were also inversely associated with distal colorectal cancer: odds ratios 0.76 (95% CI 0.60, 0.96) and 0.69 (95% CI 0.56, 0.86).

LIMITATIONS

This was a retrospective, observational study. Residual confounding is possible.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, moderate alcohol intake (especially wine) was inversely associated with distal colorectal cancer.

Alcohol drinking and colorectal cancer risk: an overall and dose-response meta-analysis of published studies

BACKGROUND

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that alcohol consumption is related to colorectal cancer (CRC). However, several issues remain unresolved, including quantification of the association for light (≤1 drink/day) and moderate (2-3 drinks/day) alcohol drinking, investigation of the dose-response relationship, and potential heterogeneity of effects by sex, colorectal site, and geographical region.

METHODS

Twenty-seven cohort and 34 case-control studies presenting results for at least three categories of alcohol intake were identified from a PubMed search of articles published before May 2010. The summary relative risks (RRs) were estimated by the random effects model. Second-order fractional polynomials and random effects meta-regression models were used for modeling the dose-risk relation.

RESULTS

The RRs were 1.21 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13-1.28] for moderate and 1.52 (95% CI 1.27-1.81) for heavy (≥4 drinks/day) alcohol drinking. The RR for moderate drinkers, compared with non-/occasional drinkers, was stronger for men (RR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.13-1.37) than for women (RR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.03-1.13; P(heterogeneity) = 0.02). For heavy drinkers, the association was stronger in Asian studies (RR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.33-2.46; P(heterogeneity) = 0.04). The dose-risk analysis estimated RRs of 1.07 (95% CI 1.04-1.10), 1.38 (95% CI 1.28-1.50), and 1.82 (95% CI 1.41-2.35) for 10, 50, and 100 g/day of alcohol, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis provides strong evidence for an association between alcohol drinking of >1 drink/day and colorectal cancer risk.

Alcohol consumption and rectal tumor mutations and epigenetic changes

PURPOSE

An association between alcohol and rectal cancer has been reported in the epidemiological literature. In this study we further explore the association by examining specific tumor markers with alcohol consumption as well as types of alcoholic beverages consumed.

METHODS

We assessed alcohol consumption with CpG Island Methylator Phenotype, TP53, and KRAS2 mutations in incident rectal cancer cases and compared them with population-based controls. We evaluated type, long-term, and recent alcohol consumption.

RESULTS

We observed a trend toward increasing risk of CpG Island Methylator Phenotype positive tumors and long-term alcohol consumption. In contrast, after adjusting for total alcohol intake, recent high beer consumption significantly increased the odds of having a TP53 mutation compared with those who did not drink beer (odds ratio, 1.97; 95% CI 1.24, 3.12). We observed a nonstatistically significant reduced risk of a TP53 mutation among those who drank wine (in particular, red wine) vs nonconsumers of wine. The association between TP53 mutations and recent beer consumption was strongest for transversion mutations.

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest that both alcohol and specific constituents of alcoholic beverages contribute to rectal cancer risk among unique disease pathways.

Alcohol consumption and digestive cancer mortality in Koreans: the Kangwha Cohort Study

Background

Alcohol consumption is a known risk factor for cancers of the mouth, esophagus, liver, colon, and breast. In this study, we examined the association between alcohol consumption and digestive cancer mortality in Korean men and women.

Methods

A cohort of 6291 residents of Kangwha County who were aged 55 years or older in March 1985 were followed to 31 December 2005—a period of 20.8 years. We calculated the relative risks of cancer mortality with respect to the amount of alcohol consumed. Cox proportional hazard model was used to adjust for age at entry, smoking, ginseng intake, education status, and pesticide use.

Results

In men, the risks of mortality from esophageal cancer (relative risk [RR], 5.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.45–21.77) and colon cancer (RR, 4.59; 95% CI, 1.10–19.2) were higher among heavy drinkers, as compared with abstainers. The risks of mortality from colon cancer and bile duct cancer rose with increasing alcohol consumption; these trends were positive and statistically significant (P = 0.04 and P = 0.02, respectively). When participants were stratified by type of alcoholic beverage, soju drinkers had higher risks of mortality from esophageal cancer and colon cancer than makkoli drinkers. In women, the risk of digestive cancer mortality was higher among alcohol drinkers than abstainers, but this difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

Alcohol consumption increases mortality from esophageal cancer and colon cancer in men.

Longevity nutrients resveratrol, wines and grapes

A mild-to-moderate wine drinking has been linked with reduced cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular risk as well as reduced risk due to cancer. The reduced risk of cardiovascular disease associated with wine drinking is popularly known as French Paradox. A large number of reports exist in the literature indicating that resveratrol present in wine is primarily responsible for the cardioprotection associated with wine. Recently, resveratrol was shown to extend life span in yeast through the activation of longevity gene SirT1, which is also responsible for the longevity mediated by calorie restriction. This review summarizes the reports available on the functional and molecular biological aspects of resveratrol, wine and grapes in potentiating the longevity genes.

Chronic alcohol consumption prevents 8-hydroxyguanine accumulation in 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-treated mouse liver

Alcohol consumption is known to have opposing effects on carcinogenesis: promotion and prevention. In this study, we examined the effects of 12% ethanol on oxidative DNA damage accumulation and its repair in mouse livers treated with 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-MeDAB), a well-known hepatic carcinogen. We previously reported that 3'-MeDAB increased 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OH-Gua) accumulation and its repair activity, accompanied by the fragmentation of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), the main repair enzyme of 8-OH-Gua. The present results showed that 12% ethanol intake attenuated the 8-OH-Gua accumulation, but not the fragmentation of OGG1 induced by 3'-MeDAB. Additionally, no significant changes in oxidative status, as monitored by lipid peroxidation (LPO), were observed among the 3'-MeDAB-treated mouse livers with/without alcohol administration. These findings suggested that 12% ethanol consumption may reduce the risk of 3'-MeDAB-induced carcinogenesis by decreasing 8-OH-Gua accumulation.

Cancer incidence among patients with alcohol use disorders--long-term follow-up

AIMS

The aim of this study was to compare the cancer morbidity in a large cohort of patients with alcohol use disorders in the general Danish population.

METHODS

We included 15,258 men and 3552 women free of cancer when attending the Copenhagen Outpatient Clinic for Alcoholics in the period from 1954 to 1992. The cancer incidence until 1999 of the patients and the general Danish population was obtained through linkage with the Danish Cancer Registry. The incidence rates were standardized (SIR) according to sex, age and calendar time.

RESULTS

A total of 2145 men developed cancer compared to 1140.8 expected cases (SIR = 1.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8-2.0), while 601 women developed cancer compared to 239.1 expected cases (SIR = 2.5; 95% CI 2.3-2.7). Highly significant and strongly elevated incidence rates were found for cancer of the tongue, mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, liver, larynx and lung. A higher incidence rate was seen for renal cancer for both men (1.4; 1.1-1.8) and women (2.1; 1.0-3.8). The incidence of breast cancer in women was non-significantly elevated, but significantly elevated incidence rate was found for cervical cancer (1.8; 1.2-2.6). We did not observe increased incidence of colon, rectal or urinary bladder cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, this study confirms the well-established association between high alcohol intake and cancer of the upper digestive tract and liver. In addition, the results indicate a significantly elevated occurrence of renal cancer, but not of breast cancer and colorectal cancer, in patients with alcohol use disorders.