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Rikkert LG, van der Pol E, van Leeuwen TG, Nieuwland R, Coumans FAW. Centrifugation affects the purity of liquid biopsy-based tumor biomarkers. Cytometry A 2019; 93:1207-1212. [PMID: 30551256 PMCID: PMC6590195 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers in the blood of cancer patients include circulating tumor cells (CTCs), tumor-educated platelets (TEPs), tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (tdEVs), EV-associated miRNA (EV-miRNA), and circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA). Because the size and density of biomarkers differ, blood is centrifuged to isolate or concentrate the biomarker of interest. Here, we applied a model to estimate the effect of centrifugation on the purity of a biomarker according to published protocols. The model is based on the Stokes equation and was validated using polystyrene beads in buffer and plasma. Next, the model was applied to predict the biomarker behavior during centrifugation. The result was expressed as the recovery of CTCs, TEPs, tdEVs in three size ranges (1-8, 0.2-1, and 0.05-0.2 μm), EV-miRNA, and ccfDNA. Bead recovery was predicted with errors <18%. Most notable cofounders are the 22% contamination of 1-8 μm tdEVs for TEPs and the 8-82% contamination of <1 μm tdEVs for ccfDNA. A Stokes model can predict biomarker behavior in blood. None of the evaluated protocols produces a pure biomarker. Thus, care should be taken in the interpretation of obtained results, as, for example, results from TEPs may originate from co-isolated large tdEVs and ccfDNA may originate from DNA enclosed in <1 μm tdEVs. © 2018 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda G Rikkert
- Medical Cell BioPhysics, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ton G van Leeuwen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank A W Coumans
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Losserand S, Coupier G, Podgorski T. Migration velocity of red blood cells in microchannels. Microvasc Res 2019; 124:30-36. [PMID: 30831125 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The lateral migration of red blood cells (RBCs) in confined channel flows is an important ingredient of microcirculatory hydrodynamics and is involved in the development of a cell free layer near vessel walls and influences the distribution of RBCs in networks. It is also relevant to a number of lab-on-chip applications. This migration is a consequence of their deformability and is due to the combined effects of hydrodynamic wall repulsion and the curvature of the fluid velocity profile. We performed microfluidic experiments with dilute suspensions of RBCs in which the trajectories and migration away from the channel wall are analyzed to extract the mean behavior, from which we propose a generic scaling law for the transverse migration velocity valid in a whole range of parameters relevant to microcirculatory and practical situations. Experiments with RBCs of different mechanical properties (separated by density gradient sedimentation or fixed with glutaraldehyde) show the influence of this parameter which can induce significant dispersion of the trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gwennou Coupier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Thomas Podgorski
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble F-38000, France
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Varchanis S, Dimakopoulos Y, Wagner C, Tsamopoulos J. How viscoelastic is human blood plasma? SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:4238-4251. [PMID: 29561062 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00061a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Blood plasma has been considered a Newtonian fluid for decades. Recent experiments (Brust et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 2013, 110) revealed that blood plasma has a pronounced viscoelastic behavior. This claim was based on purely elastic effects observed in the collapse of a thin plasma filament and the fast flow of plasma inside a contraction-expansion microchannel. However, due to the fact that plasma is a solution with very low viscosity, conventional rotational rheometers are not able to stretch the proteins effectively and thus, provide information about the viscoelastic properties of plasma. Using computational rheology and a molecular-based constitutive model, we predict accurately the rheological response of human blood plasma in strong extensional and constriction complex flows. The complete rheological characterization of plasma yields the first quantitative estimation of its viscoelastic properties in shear and extensional flows. We find that although plasma is characterized by a spectrum of ultra-short relaxation times (on the order of 10-3-10-5 s), its elastic nature dominates in flows that feature high shear and extensional rates, such as blood flow in microvessels. We show that plasma exhibits intense strain hardening when exposed to extensional deformations due to the stretch of the proteins in its bulk. In addition, using simple theoretical considerations we propose fibrinogen as the main candidate that attributes elasticity to plasma. These findings confirm that human blood plasma features bulk viscoelasticity and indicate that this non-Newtonian response should be seriously taken into consideration when examining whole blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Varchanis
- Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics & Rheology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece.
| | - Y Dimakopoulos
- Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics & Rheology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece.
| | - C Wagner
- Experimentalphysik, Universitat des Saarlandes, Saarbrucken 66123, Germany
| | - J Tsamopoulos
- Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics & Rheology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece.
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Sarver JG, Fournier RL, Goldblatt PJ, Phares TL, Mertz SE, Baker AR, Mellon RJ, Horner JM, Selman SH. Tracer Technique to Measure in Vivo Chemical Transport Rates within an Implantable Cell Transplantation Device. Cell Transplant 2017; 4:201-17. [PMID: 7539700 DOI: 10.1177/096368979500400205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An in vivo tracer technique that uses radiolabeled inulin as the tracer molecule has been developed to assess the rate of chemical transport between the cell transplantation chamber of an implantable bioartificial device and the host's circulatory system. The device considered here employs site-directed neovascularization of a porous matrix to induce capillary growth adjacent to an immunoisolated cell implantation chamber. This device design is being investigated as a vehicle for therapeutic cell transplantation, with the advantages that it allows the cells to perform their therapeutic function without the danger of immune rejection and it avoids damaging contact of blood flow with artificial surfaces. A pharmacokinetic model of the mass transport between the implantation chamber, the vascularized matrix, and the body has been devised to allow proper analysis and understanding of the experimental tracer results. Experiments performed in this study have been principally directed at evaluation of the tracer model parameters, but results also provide a quantitative measure of the progression of capillary growth into a porous matrix. Measured plasma tracer levels demonstrate that chemical transport rates within the implanted device increase with the progression of matrix vascular ingrowth. Agreement between the fitted model curves and the corresponding measured concentrations at different levels of capillary ingrowth demonstrate that the model provides a realistic representation of the actual capillary-mediated transport phenomena occurring within the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Sarver
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43614, USA
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Jang SY, Jeong YJ, Kwon TK, Seo JH. Effects of Water-Soluble Calcium Supplements Made from Eggshells and Oyster Shells on the Calcium Metabolism of Growing Rats. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.3746/jfn.2010.15.1.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Yi NR, Park MJ, Han JS. Protective Effects of Fermented Soymilk Extract on High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.3746/jfn.2010.15.1.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Jang SY, Jeong YJ, Kwon TK, Seo JH, Park EM. The Effect of Water-Soluble Calcium Supplements on Calcium Metabolism and Bone Metabolism of Growing Rats. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.3746/jfn.2007.12.4.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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SMITH DC, TOMPSETT SL. The determination of ethylene diamine tetra-acetic (E.D.T.A.) in urine and serum. J Clin Pathol 2000; 11:365-6. [PMID: 13563666 PMCID: PMC479794 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.11.4.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Rovel A, Vigneron C, Streiff F. Comparison of in vitro effects of normal IgG and of a monoclonal IgG on the rheological behaviour of erythrocytes. Br J Haematol 1979; 41:509-13. [PMID: 435400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1979.tb05888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocyte sedimentation, viscosity, electrophroetic mobility, and osmotic fragility were measured in a study of the rheological behaviour of the erythrocyte in vitro. In comparison with physiological saline solution, a suspending medium containing a gamma2lambda2 monoclonal IgG from a patient with multiple myeloma caused rheological changes 2-3 times as great as a medium with normal IgG. Our results demonstrate the existence of nonimmunological interactions between erythrocytes and normal or monoclonal immunoglobulins, and they raise questions about the widely held assumption that paraproteins are structurally 'normal'.
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Crockson RA, Crockson AP. Relationship of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate to viscosity and plasma proteins in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1974; 33:53-6. [PMID: 4132380 PMCID: PMC1006199 DOI: 10.1136/ard.33.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Baker SBDC. The role of blood “sludging” in the renal ischæmic changes of experimental shock. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1962. [DOI: 10.1002/path.1700830114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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HOUSTON J, LAWRENCE JS. The blood sedimentation rate and fractional plasma viscosity in pulmonary tuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1955; 49:119-28. [PMID: 14363705 DOI: 10.1016/s0366-0869(55)80090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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LAWRENCE JS. Lactic acid in the treatment of osteo-arthritis. Lancet 1953; 265:913-5. [PMID: 13098128 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(53)90570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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