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Falch-Joergensen AC, Andersen PK, Budtz-Jorgensen E, Hestbaek L, Strandberg-Larsen K, Nybo Andersen AM. Body height and spinal pain in adolescence: a cohort study from the Danish National Birth Cohort. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:958. [PMID: 38082386 PMCID: PMC10712045 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-07077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate how body height and trajectories of height from infancy through childhood and adolescence were associated with spinal pain in pre- and late adolescence. METHODS This prospective study included 43,765 individuals born into The Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC) from 1996 to 2003. DNBC-data were linked with health and social data identified from Statistics Denmark registers. Spinal pain was self-reported in both the 11-year- and 18-year follow-up of DNBC and classified according to severity. Body height was measured from birth and onwards and further modelled as distinct developmental height trajectories by using latent growth curve modelling. Associations were estimated by using multinomial logistic regression models. RESULTS Taller body height in childhood and adolescence was associated with approximately 20% increased likelihood of spinal pain in pre- and late adolescence among girls compared to their peers in the normal height group. For boys, taller body height was associated with spinal pain by late adolescence only. Spinal pain in pre-adolescence almost doubled the likelihood of spinal pain in late adolescence regardless of body height at age 18. Height trajectories confirmed the relationship for girls with the tall individuals being most likely to have spinal pain in both pre- and late adolescence. CONCLUSION Tall body height during childhood and adolescence predisposes to spinal pain among girls in both pre-and late adolescence, and among boys in late adolescence. Body height is a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of spinal pain in adolescence; however, the mechanisms may be related to growth velocity, but for now uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cathrine Falch-Joergensen
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Oster Farimagsgade 5, Box 2099, Copenhagen K, DK-1014, Denmark.
| | - Per Kragh Andersen
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Esben Budtz-Jorgensen
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Lise Hestbaek
- Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Katrine Strandberg-Larsen
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Oster Farimagsgade 5, Box 2099, Copenhagen K, DK-1014, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Oster Farimagsgade 5, Box 2099, Copenhagen K, DK-1014, Denmark
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High heels enhance perceived sexual attractiveness, leg length and women’s mate-guarding. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00832-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Meyer JF, Larsen SB, Blond K, Damsgaard CT, Bjerregaard LG, Baker JL. Associations between body mass index and height during childhood and adolescence and the risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13276. [PMID: 33960625 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Body mass index (BMI) at child and adolescent ages is positively associated with adult coronary heart disease (CHD) whereas height at these ages may be inversely associated with CHD. However, potential effects of age, sex, and socioeconomic status on associations between BMI and CHD are less investigated. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of BMI and height at ages 2-19 years in relation to adult CHD and examined effects of age, sex, socioeconomic status, and other factors. Twenty-two studies on BMI and five on height were included, comprising 5,538,319 individuals and 69,830 CHD events. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted. Child and adolescent BMI were positively associated with CHD (hazard ratio = 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.01, 1.25] per standard deviation [SD]), and categorical analyses supported these findings. The associations did not significantly differ by age, sex, or by adjustment for socioeconomic status. Child and adolescent height were inversely associated with CHD (hazard ratio = 0.87; 95% CI [0.81, 0.93] per SD), and categorical analyses agreed. Insufficient studies on height precluded subgroup analyses. Heterogeneity was generally high in all analyses. We found that BMI in youth is positively associated with adult CHD regardless of sex or adjustment for socioeconomic status whereas height is inversely associated with later risk of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie F Meyer
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sara B Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kim Blond
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla T Damsgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lise G Bjerregaard
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jennifer L Baker
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Maddock J, Castillo-Fernandez J, Wong A, Ploubidis GB, Kuh D, Bell JT, Hardy R. Childhood growth and development and DNA methylation age in mid-life. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:155. [PMID: 34372922 PMCID: PMC8351141 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the first study of its kind, we examine the association between growth and development in early life and DNAm age biomarkers in mid-life. METHODS Participants were from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (n = 1376). Four DNAm age acceleration (AgeAccel) biomarkers were measured when participants were aged 53 years: AgeAccelHannum; AgeAccelHorvath; AgeAccelLevine; and AgeAccelGrim. Exposure variables included: relative weight gain (standardised residuals from models of current weight z-score on current height, and previous weight and height z-scores); and linear growth (standardised residuals from models of current height z-score on previous height and weight z-scores) during infancy (0-2 years, weight gain only), early childhood (2-4 years), middle childhood (4-7 years) and late childhood to adolescence (7-15 years); age at menarche; and pubertal stage for men at 14-15 years. The relationship between relative weight gain and linear growth and AgeAccel was investigated using conditional growth models. We replicated analyses from the late childhood to adolescence period and pubertal timing among 240 participants from The National Child and Development Study (NCDS). RESULTS A 1SD increase in relative weight gain in late childhood to adolescence was associated with 0.50 years (95% CI 0.20, 0.79) higher AgeAccelGrim. Although the CI includes the null, the estimate was similar in NCDS [0.57 years (95% CI - 0.01, 1.16)] There was no strong evidence that relative weight gain and linear growth in childhood was associated with any other AgeAccel biomarker. There was no relationship between pubertal timing in men and AgeAccel biomarkers. Women who reached menarche ≥ 12 years had 1.20 years (95% CI 0.15, 2.24) higher AgeAccelGrim on average than women who reached menarche < 12 years; however, this was not replicated in NCDS and was not statistically significant after Bonferroni correction. CONCLUSIONS Our findings generally do not support an association between growth and AgeAccel biomarkers in mid-life. However, we found rapid weight gain during pubertal development, previously related to higher cardiovascular disease risk, to be associated with older AgeAccelGrim. Given this is an exploratory study, this finding requires replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Maddock
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.
| | | | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - George B Ploubidis
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Jordana T Bell
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- CLOSER, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, WC1H 0NU, UK
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Pool LR, Aguayo L, Brzezinski M, Perak AM, Davis MM, Greenland P, Hou L, Marino BS, Van Horn L, Wakschlag L, Labarthe D, Lloyd-Jones D, Allen NB. Childhood Risk Factors and Adulthood Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review. J Pediatr 2021; 232:118-126.e23. [PMID: 33516680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a comprehensive review of the literature on childhood risk factors and their associations with adulthood subclinical and clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD). STUDY DESIGN A systematic search was performed using the MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases to identify English-language articles published through June 2018. Articles were included if they were longitudinal studies in community-based populations, the primary exposure occurred during childhood, and the primary outcome was either a measure of subclinical CVD or a clinical CVD event occurring in adulthood. Two independent reviewers screened determined whether eligibility criteria were met. RESULTS There were 210 articles that met the predefined criteria. The greatest number of publications examined associations of clinical risk factors, including childhood adiposity, blood pressure, and cholesterol, with the development of adult CVD. Few studies examined childhood lifestyle factors including diet quality, physical activity, and tobacco exposure. Domains of risk beyond "traditional" cardiovascular risk factors, such as childhood psychosocial adversity, seemed to have strong published associations with the development of CVD. CONCLUSIONS Although the evidence was fairly consistent in direction and magnitude for exposures such as childhood adiposity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, significant gaps remain in the understanding of how childhood health and behaviors translate to the risk of adulthood CVD, particularly in lesser studied exposures like glycemic indicators, physical activity, diet quality, very early life course exposure, and population subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay R Pool
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
| | - Liliana Aguayo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Michal Brzezinski
- Department of Public Health and Social Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Amanda M Perak
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Matthew M Davis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Philip Greenland
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Bradley S Marino
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Linda Van Horn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Lauren Wakschlag
- Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Darwin Labarthe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Donald Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Norrina B Allen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Kumaran K, Joshi SM, Di Gravio C, Lubree H, Joglekar C, Bhat D, Kinare A, Bavdekar A, Bhave S, Pandit A, Osmond C, Yajnik C, Fall C. Do components of adult height predict body composition and cardiometabolic risk in a young adult South Asian Indian population? Findings from a hospital-based cohort study in Pune, India: Pune Children's Study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e036897. [PMID: 33033015 PMCID: PMC7542941 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-036897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated whether the relationship between components of height and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk may be explained by body composition. We also examined relationships between parental heights and offspring CVD risk. DESIGN A cohort study using cross-sectional data. SETTING A secondary care hospital setting in Pune, India. PARTICIPANTS We studied 357 young adults and their parents in the Pune Children's Study. Primary and secondary outcomes: we measured weight, total height, leg length, sitting height, plasma glucose, insulin and lipids, and blood pressure (BP). Total and regional lean and fat mass were measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Leg length was inversely related, and sitting height was directly related to BMI. Total height and leg length were directly related to lean mass, while sitting height was directly related to both lean and fat mass. Leg length was inversely related to systolic BP and 120 min glucose, independent of lean and fat mass. Sitting height was directly related to systolic BP and triglycerides; these relationships were attenuated on adjustment for lean and fat mass. When examined simultaneously, greater leg length was protective and greater sitting height was associated with a more detrimental CVD risk profile. CONCLUSIONS Shorter adult leg length and greater sitting height are associated with a more adverse CVD risk factor profile. The mechanisms need further study, but our findings suggest a role for lean and fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyanaraman Kumaran
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Suyog M Joshi
- Diabetes Unit, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chiara Di Gravio
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Himangi Lubree
- Vadu Rural Health Centre, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Charudatta Joglekar
- Department of Statistics, BKL Walawalkar Hospital and Diagnostic Centre, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dattatray Bhat
- Diabetes Unit, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arun Kinare
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Bharati Medical College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashish Bavdekar
- Department of Paediatrics, KEM Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sheila Bhave
- Department of Paediatrics, KEM Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anand Pandit
- Department of Paediatrics, KEM Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Clive Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | | | - Caroline Fall
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
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Van De Kelft AS, Lievens C, De Groote K, Demulier L, De Backer J, T’Sjoen G, Craen M, Callewaert B, De Schepper J. Disproportion and dysmorphism in an adult Belgian population with Turner syndrome: risk factors for chronic diseases? Acta Clin Belg 2020; 75:258-266. [PMID: 31025600 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2019.1606761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Turner syndrome (TS) is characterized by dysmorphism and body disproportion. TS women are also susceptible to a range of chronic disorders including arterial hypertension (AHT), osteoporosis, sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and thyroid disease. The association between dysmorphism/body disproportion and chronic disease has never been studied in TS women. The effect of growth hormone treatment on body disproportion is also unclear. Objectives: to analyze dysmorphic features and body disproportion in TS women in relation to the presence of chronic disease and to document the effect of growth hormone therapy on body disproportion. METHOD 76 adult TS women with a regular follow up at the TS clinic UZ Ghent were invited to participate. Detailed body measurements were performed in 44 volunteering TS women. Scoring systems for overall dysmorphism, craniofacial dysmorphism, thoracic and limb abnormalities and skeletal disproportion were developed. RESULTS TS women with a higher dysmorphism score were more at risk for AHT (p = 0.04) as well as those with a higher sitting height/standing height ratio (p < 0.05). Prevalence of AHT, osteoporosis and DM 2 was lower in TS women treated with GH during childhood (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Adult TS women with relatively short legs or with more physical dysmorphic stigmata were more at risk for AHT. GH therapy does not seem to increase the risk of chronic disease on the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Sofie Van De Kelft
- UZ Gent Turner Clinic, Department of pediatrics, University hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Lievens
- UZ Gent Turner Clinic, Department of pediatrics, University hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katya De Groote
- UZ Gent Turner Clinic, Department of pediatrics, University hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurent Demulier
- UZ Gent Turner Clinic, Department of cardiology, University hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie De Backer
- UZ Gent Turner Clinic, Department of cardiology, University hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy T’Sjoen
- UZ Gent Turner Clinic, Department of endocrinology, University hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Margarita Craen
- UZ Gent Turner Clinic, Department of pediatrics, University hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Callewaert
- UZ Gent Turner Clinic, Department of Pediatrics and medical genetics, University hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean De Schepper
- UZ Gent Turner Clinic, Department of endocrinology, University hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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Ríos L, Terán JM, Varea C, Bogin B. Plasticity in the growth of body segments in relation to height-for-age and maternal education in Guatemala. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 32:e23376. [PMID: 31854051 PMCID: PMC7507214 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Plasticity in the growth of body segments between populations has been researched in relation to migration, temporal change and high‐altitude studies. We study the within population variation in body segments, thus controlling for some of the environmental and genetic differences that could be at play in between populations studies. We test a version of the thrifty phenotype hypothesis, where the growth of head‐trunk and hand are prioritized due to their functional significance over height and leg growth. Materials and methods A total of 3913 Guatemalan, rural, semi‐urban and urban, Maya and Ladino children 6 to 15 years old were studied. Height, sitting height, leg length, and metacarpal length were studied in relation to three proxies for living conditions: height‐ and leg length‐for‐age, and maternal education. Estimation statistics and null hypothesis significance testing were used to analyze the data. Results Metatarsal length and sitting height values were higher than height and leg length respectively. Relative metacarpal length was conserved across height‐for‐age groups. Females were less affected than males for metacarpal length and sitting height, but more affected for leg length. Conclusion Our results agree with the thrifty phenotype hypothesis, where metacarpal and sitting height growth would be prioritized over height and leg length due to greater functional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ríos
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Aranzadi Science Society, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - José Manuel Terán
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Varea
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Barry Bogin
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Bird PK, Pickett KE, Graham H, Faresjö T, Jaddoe VWV, Ludvigsson J, Raat H, Seguin L, Wijtzes AI, McGrath JJ. Income inequality and social gradients in children's height: a comparison of cohort studies from five high-income countries. BMJ Paediatr Open 2019; 3:e000568. [PMID: 31909223 PMCID: PMC6937032 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2019-000568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health and well-being are better, on average, in countries that are more equal, but less is known about how this benefit is distributed across society. Height is a widely used, objective indicator of child health and predictor of lifelong well-being. We compared the level and slope of social gradients in children's height in high-income countries with different levels of income inequality, in order to investigate whether children growing up in all socioeconomic circumstances are healthier in more equal countries. METHODS We conducted a coordinated analysis of data from five cohort studies from countries selected to represent different levels of income inequality (the USA, UK, Australia, the Netherlands and Sweden). We used standardised methods to compare social gradients in children's height at age 4-6 years, by parent education status and household income. We used linear regression models and predicted height for children with the same age, sex and socioeconomic circumstances in each cohort. RESULTS The total analytic sample was 37 063 children aged 4-6 years. Gradients by parent education and household income varied between cohorts and outcomes. After adjusting for differences in age and sex, children in more equal countries (Sweden, the Netherlands) were taller at all levels of parent education and household income than children in less equal countries (USA, UK and Australia), with the greatest between-country differences among children with less educated parents and lowest household incomes. CONCLUSIONS The study provides preliminary evidence that children across society do better in more equal countries, with greatest benefit among children from the most disadvantaged socioeconomic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa K Bird
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, UK
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Kate E Pickett
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Hilary Graham
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Tomas Faresjö
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johnny Ludvigsson
- Division of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hein Raat
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louise Seguin
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne I Wijtzes
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer J McGrath
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Kryst Ł, Żegleń M, Dasgupta P, Saha R, Das R, Das S. Secular changes in limb lengths and proportions from 1952 to 2011 in children, adolescents, and young adults from Kolkata (India). Am J Hum Biol 2019; 32:e23335. [PMID: 31617273 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate the intergenerational changes of upper and lower limb lengths as well as the values of the upper, lower limb, and intermembral indicators of children, adolescents, and young adults from Kolkata (India) between 1952 to 1966 and 2005 to 2011. METHODS The analysis was based on the results of anthropometric measurements of 7488 Bengali children, adolescents, and young adults. They were included in three cross-sectional surveys, carried out in 1955 to 1966, 1982 to 1983 (only males), and 2005 to 2011. The upper and lower limb lengths were obtained and the upper and lower limb indicators, as well as an intermembral index, were calculated. The differences between the cohorts were assessed using two-way ANOVA. RESULTS Positive, statistically significant, secular trends regarding the length of the lower and upper limbs as well as the value of the lower limb index were observed. Negative intergenerational changes were noted for the values of the upper limb indicator and intermembral index, suggesting that the secular increase of the length of the upper limbs was less pronounced than those of the body height and lower limbs length. CONCLUSIONS The secular increase regarding the lower limbs length was associated with the socioeconomic progress of the country, but the length of the upper limbs was less sensitive for those factors. It is also important to mention that there is still very little information on those characteristics in general, which further proves the need for similar studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kryst
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Anthropology, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Żegleń
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Anthropology, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Parasmani Dasgupta
- Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Rana Saha
- Department of Anthropology, Dinabandhu Mahavidyalaya, Bongaon, West Bengal, India
| | - Rituparna Das
- Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Sukanta Das
- Department of Anthropology, North Bengal University, West Bengal, India
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Early-life exposures and cardiovascular disease risk among Ghanaian migrant and home populations: the RODAM study. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2019; 11:250-263. [PMID: 31556361 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174419000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Early-life environmental and nutritional exposures are considered to contribute to the differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden. Among sub-Saharan African populations, the association between markers of early-life exposures such as leg length and sitting height and CVD risk is yet to be investigated. This study assessed the association between leg length, sitting height, and estimated 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk among Ghanaian-born populations in Europe and Ghana. We constructed sex-specific quintiles for sitting height and leg length for 3250 participants aged 40-70 years (mean age 52 years; men 39.6%; women 60.4%) in the cross-sectional multicenter Research on Diabetes and Obesity among African Migrants study. Ten-year risk of ASCVD was estimated using the Pooled Cohort Equations; risk ≥7.5% was defined as "elevated" CVD risk. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated to determine the associations between sitting height, leg length, and estimated 10-year ASCVD risk. For both men and women, mean sitting height and leg length were highest in Europe and lowest in rural Ghana. Sitting height was inversely associated with 10-year ASCVD risk among all women (PR for 1 standard deviation increase of sitting height: 0.75; 95% confidence interval: 0.67, 0.85). Among men, an inverse association between sitting height and 10-year ASCVD risk was significant on adjustment for study site, adult, and parental education but attenuated when further adjusted for height. No association was found between leg length and estimated 10-year ASCVD risk. Early-life and childhood exposures that influence sitting height could be the important determinants of ASCVD risk in this adult population.
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Gialamas A, Kinnell A, Mittinty MN, Davison B, Singh G, Lynch J. Association of anthropometric measures and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents: Findings from the Aboriginal Birth Cohort study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199280. [PMID: 29927998 PMCID: PMC6013209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the association of anthropometric measures including height, leg length, trunk length and body mass index (BMI) at 11 and 18 years with systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) at 11 and 18 years. We analysed data from 661 participants from the Aboriginal Birth Cohort study–a longitudinal study based in the Northern Territory, Australia. Associations between anthropometric measures and cardiovascular risk factors were investigated in linear regression analyses adjusted for confounding, with imputation for missing data. In adjusted analyses, increasing leg length [males: 0.47mmHg/cm (0.23, 0.72); females: 0.50mmHg/cm (0.18, 0.83)], trunk length [males: 0.50mmHg/cm (0.28, 0.73); females: 0.57mmHg/cm (0.33, 0.81)] and height [males: 0.32mmHg/cm (0.16, 0.48); females: 0.32mmHg/cm (0.12, 0.52)] at 11 years was associated with higher SBP at 11 years. When these exposures were measured at 18 years the effect on SBP at 18 years had attenuated, and only increased trunk length was associated with higher SBP at 18 years for both sexes [males: 0.46mmHg/cm (0.05, 0.87); females: 0.69mmHg/cm (0.30, 1.08)]. We observed little association between height, leg length and trunk length and DBP, total cholesterol, LDL-c and HDL-c. Increased BMI was associated with elevated SBP and DBP at 11 and 18 years. Our findings suggest that height, leg length, and trunk length measured at 11 and 18 years was generally not associated with cardiovascular risk factors at 11 and 18 years. However, greater childhood BMI was associated with higher blood pressure and this association persisted into adolescence. This study contributes to the limited body of evidence on the association between measures of early anthropometry and cardiovascular risk among the Australian Aboriginal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Gialamas
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Angela Kinnell
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Belinda Davison
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Gurmeet Singh
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - John Lynch
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Gjærde LK, Truelsen TC, Baker JL. Childhood Stature and Growth in Relation to First Ischemic Stroke or Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2018; 49:579-585. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.019880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Line Klingen Gjærde
- From the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.K.G., J.L.B.); Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, Denmark (L.K.G., J.L.B.); and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.T.)
| | - Thomas Clement Truelsen
- From the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.K.G., J.L.B.); Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, Denmark (L.K.G., J.L.B.); and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.T.)
| | - Jennifer Lyn Baker
- From the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.K.G., J.L.B.); Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, Denmark (L.K.G., J.L.B.); and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.T.)
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Early-life nutritional status and metabolic syndrome: gender-specific associations from a cross-sectional analysis of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Public Health Nutr 2018; 21:1546-1553. [PMID: 29455688 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980017004256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present study we investigated gender-specific associations of low birth weight (LBW) and shorter relative leg length with metabolic syndrome (MetS) after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and health-related behaviours. We also investigated whether these associations are independent of age at menarche and BMI at 20 years old. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis. SUBJECTS Baseline data from 12 602 participants (35-74 years) of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), 2008-2010. SETTING MetS was defined according to the revised National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. LBW (<2·5 kg) and age- and sex-standardized relative leg length (high, medium and low) were the explanatory variables studied. The strength of the associations between the explanatory variables and MetS was estimated by Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS MetS prevalence was 34·2 %; it was more prevalent in men (36·8 %) than in women (32·2 %). In multivariate analysis, LBW was associated (prevalence ratio; 95 % CI) with MetS only in women (1·28; 1·24, 1·45). Shorter leg length was associated with MetS in both men (1·21; 1·09, 1·35 and 1·46; 1·29, 1·65 for low and medium lengths, respectively) and women (1·12; 1·00, 1·25 and 1·40; 1·22, 1·59 for low and medium lengths, respectively). Additional adjustments for age at menarche and BMI at 20 years old did not change the associations. CONCLUSIONS Poor nutritional status as estimated by LBW and lower leg length in childhood was associated with a higher prevalence of MetS, although LBW was a significant factor only among women.
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Fazio RL, Dyshniku F, Lykins AD, Cantor JM. Leg Length Versus Torso Length in Pedophilia: Further Evidence of Atypical Physical Development Early in Life. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2017; 29:500-514. [PMID: 26459491 DOI: 10.1177/1079063215609936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Adult men's height results from an interaction among positive and negative influences, including genetic predisposition, conditions in utero, and influences during early development such as nutritional quality, pathogen exposure, and socioeconomic status. Decreased height, reflected specifically as a decreased leg length, is strongly associated with increased risk of poorer health outcomes. Although prior research has repeatedly shown that pedophiles are shorter than nonpedophiles, the largest study to date relied on self-reported height. In the present study, pedophiles demonstrated reduced measured height and reduced leg length as compared with teleiophiles. Given the prenatal and early childhood origins of height, these findings contribute additional evidence to a biological, developmental origin of pedophilia. In addition, the magnitude of this height difference was substantially larger than that found in children exposed to a variety of early environmental stressors, but similar to that seen in other biologically based neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Fazio
- 1 Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Amy D Lykins
- 3 University of New England, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James M Cantor
- 1 Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- 4 University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Sawada N, Wark PA, Merritt MA, Tsugane S, Ward HA, Rinaldi S, Weiderpass E, Dartois L, His M, Boutron-Ruault MC, Turzanski-Fortner R, Kaaks R, Overvad K, Redondo ML, Travier N, Molina-Portillo E, Dorronsoro M, Cirera L, Ardanaz E, Perez-Cornago A, Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, Valanou E, Masala G, Pala V, HM Peeters P, T. van der Schouw Y, Melander O, Manjer J, da Silva M, Skeie G, Tjønneland A, Olsen A, J. Gunter M, Riboli E, J. Cross A. The association between adult attained height and sitting height with mortality in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173117. [PMID: 28257491 PMCID: PMC5336260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult height and sitting height may reflect genetic and environmental factors, including early life nutrition, physical and social environments. Previous studies have reported divergent associations for height and chronic disease mortality, with positive associations observed for cancer mortality but inverse associations for circulatory disease mortality. Sitting height might be more strongly associated with insulin resistance; however, data on sitting height and mortality is sparse. Using the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study, a prospective cohort of 409,748 individuals, we examined adult height and sitting height in relation to all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Height was measured in the majority of participants; sitting height was measured in ~253,000 participants. During an average of 12.5 years of follow-up, 29,810 deaths (11,931 from cancer and 7,346 from circulatory disease) were identified. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for death were calculated using multivariable Cox regression within quintiles of height. Height was positively associated with cancer mortality (men: HRQ5 vs. Q1 = 1.11, 95%CI = 1.00-1.24; women: HRQ5 vs. Q1 = 1.17, 95%CI = 1.07-1.28). In contrast, height was inversely associated with circulatory disease mortality (men: HRQ5 vs. Q1 = 0.63, 95%CI = 0.56-0.71; women: HRQ5 vs. Q1 = 0.81, 95%CI = 0.70-0.93). Although sitting height was not associated with cancer mortality, it was inversely associated with circulatory disease (men: HRQ5 vs. Q1 = 0.64, 95%CI = 0.55-0.75; women: HRQ5 vs. Q1 = 0.60, 95%CI = 0.49-0.74) and respiratory disease mortality (men: HRQ5 vs. Q1 = 0.45, 95%CI = 0.28-0.71; women: HRQ5 vs. Q1 = 0.60, 95%CI = 0.40-0.89). We observed opposing effects of height on cancer and circulatory disease mortality. Sitting height was inversely associated with circulatory disease and respiratory disease mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norie Sawada
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Petra A. Wark
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa A. Merritt
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Heather A. Ward
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabina Rinaldi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laureen Dartois
- Health Across Generations Team, CESP, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Mathilde His
- Health Across Generations Team, CESP, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kim Overvad
- Aarhus University, Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aalborg University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Aalborg Hospital Science and Innovation Center, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Noemie Travier
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Elena Molina-Portillo
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miren Dorronsoro
- Public Health Direction and Biodonostia-Ciberesp, Basque Regional Health Department, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Lluis Cirera
- Unidad de Registro y Estadística de Mortalidad, Unit of Mortality Coding and Statistics, Servicio de Epidemiología, Consejería de Sanidad, Department of Epidemiology, Murcia’s Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Navara Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navara Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aurora Perez-Cornago
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Pagona Lagiou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, United States of America
| | | | - Giovanna Masala
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute–ISPO, Florence, Italy
| | - Valeria Pala
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Petra HM Peeters
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne T. van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonas Manjer
- Department of Surgery, Skane University Hospital Malmo Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marisa da Silva
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Guri Skeie
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Anja Olsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc J. Gunter
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J. Cross
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Dong B, Wang Z, Ma J. Leg-to-trunk ratio and the risk of hypertension in children and adolescents: a population-based study. J Public Health (Oxf) 2016; 38:688-695. [PMID: 28158765 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdv203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Ma
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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18
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Haugaard LK, Baker JL, Perng W, Belfort MB, Rifas-Shiman SL, Switkowski K, Oken E, Gillman MW. Growth in Total Height and Its Components and Cardiometabolic Health in Childhood. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163564. [PMID: 27658308 PMCID: PMC5033234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short stature or short legs is associated with cardiometabolic disease. Few studies have addressed this issue in children, incorporated repeated measures, or studied modern cohorts. METHODS We examined if change in total height, leg length and trunk length between two time points from early (median: 3.2 years) to mid-childhood (median: 7.7 years), with and without adjustment for concurrent change in adiposity (subscapular plus triceps skinfold thickness), was associated with mid-childhood cardiometabolic risk in 315 boys and 295 girls from Project Viva. The main outcome was a cardiometabolic risk score based on sex-specific internal z-scores for systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. RESULTS Mean (SD) total height was 97.9 (4.5) cm in boys and 97.1 (4.7) cm in girls in early childhood and 129.1 (7.2) cm in boys and 128.3 (7.9) cm in girls in mid-childhood. Trunk length constituted about half of total height. In linear regression models adjusted for parental anthropometry and socio-demographics, faster growth in total height, leg length and particularly trunk length, were associated with higher cardiometabolic risk in mid-childhood. Per 1 cm annual increase in trunk length, the cardiometabolic risk score was 0.23 z-score (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.08, 0.39) higher among boys and 0.47 z-score (95% CI 0.33, 0.60) higher among girls. Estimates were attenuated after adjusting for adiposity (boys: 0.03 z-score, 95% CI -0.11, 0.18; girls: 0.32 z-score, 95% CI 0.19, 0.45). CONCLUSION Rapid linear growth, particularly in trunk length, was associated with higher cardiometabolic risk in childhood, which was explained by relationships of linear growth with adiposity in boys, but only partly in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Klingen Haugaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Jennifer L. Baker
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wei Perng
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mandy Brown Belfort
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karen Switkowski
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emily Oken
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Gillman
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Stefan N, Häring HU, Hu FB, Schulze MB. Divergent associations of height with cardiometabolic disease and cancer: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and global implications. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016; 4:457-67. [PMID: 26827112 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Among chronic non-communicable diseases, cardiometabolic diseases and cancer are the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although high BMI and waist circumference, as estimates of total and abdominal fat mass, are now accepted as predictors of the increasing incidence of these diseases, adult height, which also predicts mortality, has been neglected. Interestingly, increasing evidence suggests that height is associated with lower cardiometabolic risk, but higher cancer risk, associations supported by mendelian randomisation studies. Understanding the complex epidemiology, biology, and pathophysiology related to height, and its association with cardiometabolic diseases and cancer, is becoming even more important because average adult height has increased substantially in many countries during recent generations. Among the mechanisms driving the increase in height and linking height with cardiometabolic diseases and cancer are insulin and insulin-like growth factor signalling pathways. These pathways are thought to be activated by overnutrition, especially increased intake of milk, dairy products, and other animal proteins during different stages of child development. Limiting overnutrition during pregnancy, early childhood, and puberty would avoid not only obesity, but also accelerated growth in children-and thus might reduce risk of cancer in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Stefan
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Centre Munich at the Unversity of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Centre Munich at the Unversity of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Frank B Hu
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
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20
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Tyrrell J, Jones SE, Beaumont R, Astley CM, Lovell R, Yaghootkar H, Tuke M, Ruth KS, Freathy RM, Hirschhorn JN, Wood AR, Murray A, Weedon MN, Frayling TM. Height, body mass index, and socioeconomic status: mendelian randomisation study in UK Biobank. BMJ 2016; 352:i582. [PMID: 26956984 PMCID: PMC4783516 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether height and body mass index (BMI) have a causal role in five measures of socioeconomic status. DESIGN Mendelian randomisation study to test for causal effects of differences in stature and BMI on five measures of socioeconomic status. Mendelian randomisation exploits the fact that genotypes are randomly assigned at conception and thus not confounded by non-genetic factors. SETTING UK Biobank. PARTICIPANTS 119,669 men and women of British ancestry, aged between 37 and 73 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Age completed full time education, degree level education, job class, annual household income, and Townsend deprivation index. RESULTS In the UK Biobank study, shorter stature and higher BMI were observationally associated with several measures of lower socioeconomic status. The associations between shorter stature and lower socioeconomic status tended to be stronger in men, and the associations between higher BMI and lower socioeconomic status tended to be stronger in women. For example, a 1 standard deviation (SD) higher BMI was associated with a £210 (€276; $300; 95% confidence interval £84 to £420; P=6 × 10(-3)) lower annual household income in men and a £1890 (£1680 to £2100; P=6 × 10(-15)) lower annual household income in women. Genetic analysis provided evidence that these associations were partly causal. A genetically determined 1 SD (6.3 cm) taller stature caused a 0.06 (0.02 to 0.09) year older age of completing full time education (P=0.01), a 1.12 (1.07 to 1.18) times higher odds of working in a skilled profession (P=6 × 10(-7)), and a £1130 (£680 to £1580) higher annual household income (P=4 × 10(-8)). Associations were stronger in men. A genetically determined 1 SD higher BMI (4.6 kg/m(2)) caused a £2940 (£1680 to £4200; P=1 × 10(-5)) lower annual household income and a 0.10 (0.04 to 0.16) SD (P=0.001) higher level of deprivation in women only. CONCLUSIONS These data support evidence that height and BMI play an important partial role in determining several aspects of a person's socioeconomic status, especially women's BMI for income and deprivation and men's height for education, income, and job class. These findings have important social and health implications, supporting evidence that overweight people, especially women, are at a disadvantage and that taller people, especially men, are at an advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Tyrrell
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, The Knowledge Spa, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Samuel E Jones
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Robin Beaumont
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Christina M Astley
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research and Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca Lovell
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, The Knowledge Spa, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Marcus Tuke
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Katherine S Ruth
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Rachel M Freathy
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, The Knowledge Spa, Truro TR1 3HD, UK Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Anna Murray
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
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ETHNICITY AND INCOME IMPACT ON BMI AND STATURE OF SCHOOL CHILDREN LIVING IN URBAN SOUTHERN MEXICO. J Biosoc Sci 2015; 48:143-57. [PMID: 26041567 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932015000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity affects quality of life and increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. Mexico, a middle-income country, has a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among urban children. Merida is the most populated and growing city in southern Mexico with a mixed Mayan and non-Maya population. Local urbanization and access to industrialized foods have impacted the eating habits and physical activity of children, increasing the risk of overweight and obesity. This study aimed to contribute to the existing literature on the global prevalence of overweight and obesity and examined the association of parental income, ethnicity and nutritional status with body mass index (BMI) and height in primary school children in Merida. The heights and weights of 3243 children aged 6-12 from sixteen randomly selected schools in the city were collected between April and December 2012. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine differences in the prevalence of BMI and height categories (based on WHO reference values) by ethnicity and income levels. Of the total students, 1648 (50.9%) were overweight or obese. Stunting was found in 227 children (7%), while 755 (23.3%) were defined as having short stature. Combined stunting and overweight/obesity was found in 301 students (9.3%) and twelve (0.4%) were classified as stunted and of low weight. Having two Mayan surnames was inversely associated with having adequate height (OR=0.69, p<0.05) and the presence of two Maya surnames in children increased the odds of short stature and stunting. Children from lower income families had twice the odds of being stunted and obese. Overweight, obesity and short stature were frequent among the studied children. A significant proportion of Meridan children could face an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and its associated negative economic and social outcomes unless healthier habits are adopted. Action is needed to reduce the prevalence of obesity among southern Mexican families of all ethnic groups, particularly those of lower income.
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Skau JKH, Touch B, Chhoun C, Chea M, Unni US, Makurat J, Filteau S, Wieringa FT, Dijkhuizen MA, Ritz C, Wells JC, Berger J, Friis H, Michaelsen KF, Roos N. Effects of animal source food and micronutrient fortification in complementary food products on body composition, iron status, and linear growth: a randomized trial in Cambodia. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:742-51. [PMID: 25833972 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.084889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor nutritional quality of complementary foods often limits growth. Animal source foods, such as milk or meat, are often unaffordable. Local affordable alternatives are needed. OBJECTIVE We evaluate the efficacy of 2 newly developed, rice-based complementary food products: WinFood (WF) with small fish and edible spiders and WinFood-Lite (WF-L) fortified with small fish, against 2 existing fortified corn-soy blend products, CSB+ (purely plant based) and CSB++ (8% dried skimmed milk). DESIGN In total, 419 infants aged 6 mo were enrolled in this randomized, single-blinded study for 9 mo, designed primarily to assess increments in fat-free mass by a deuterium dilution technique and change in plasma ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor. Secondary endpoints were changes in anthropometric variables, including knee-heel length. Data were analyzed by the intention-to-treat approach. RESULTS There was no difference in fat-free mass increment in WF or WF-L compared with CSB+ [WF: +0.04 kg (95% CI: -0.20, 0.28 kg); WF-L: +0.14 kg (95% CI: -0.10, 0.38 kg)] or CSB++ [WF: -0.03 kg (95% CI: -0.27, 0.21 kg); WF-L: +0.07 kg (95% CI: -0.18, 0.31 kg)] and no effect on iron status. The 1.7-mm (95% CI: -0.1, 3.5 mm) greater increase in knee-heel length in WF-L than in CSB+ was not significant. CONCLUSIONS No difference was found between the locally produced products (WF and WF-L) and the CSBs. Micronutrient fortification may be necessary, and small fish may be an affordable alternative to milk to improve complementary foods. The dietary role of edible spiders needs to be further explored. This trial was registered at controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN19918531.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta K H Skau
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (JKHS, MD, CR, HF, KFM, and NR); Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (BT); Department of Fisheries Post-harvest Technologies and Quality Control, Fishery Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (CC); National Nutrition Programme, Maternal and Child Health Centre, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (MC); Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (JM); Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (SF); Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom (JW); St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India (USU); and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France (FW and JB)
| | - Bunthang Touch
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (JKHS, MD, CR, HF, KFM, and NR); Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (BT); Department of Fisheries Post-harvest Technologies and Quality Control, Fishery Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (CC); National Nutrition Programme, Maternal and Child Health Centre, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (MC); Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (JM); Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (SF); Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom (JW); St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India (USU); and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France (FW and JB)
| | - Chamnan Chhoun
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (JKHS, MD, CR, HF, KFM, and NR); Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (BT); Department of Fisheries Post-harvest Technologies and Quality Control, Fishery Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (CC); National Nutrition Programme, Maternal and Child Health Centre, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (MC); Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (JM); Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (SF); Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom (JW); St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India (USU); and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France (FW and JB)
| | - Mary Chea
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (JKHS, MD, CR, HF, KFM, and NR); Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (BT); Department of Fisheries Post-harvest Technologies and Quality Control, Fishery Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (CC); National Nutrition Programme, Maternal and Child Health Centre, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (MC); Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (JM); Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (SF); Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom (JW); St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India (USU); and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France (FW and JB)
| | - Uma S Unni
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (JKHS, MD, CR, HF, KFM, and NR); Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (BT); Department of Fisheries Post-harvest Technologies and Quality Control, Fishery Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (CC); National Nutrition Programme, Maternal and Child Health Centre, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (MC); Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (JM); Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (SF); Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom (JW); St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India (USU); and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France (FW and JB)
| | - Jan Makurat
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (JKHS, MD, CR, HF, KFM, and NR); Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (BT); Department of Fisheries Post-harvest Technologies and Quality Control, Fishery Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (CC); National Nutrition Programme, Maternal and Child Health Centre, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (MC); Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (JM); Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (SF); Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom (JW); St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India (USU); and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France (FW and JB)
| | - Suzanne Filteau
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (JKHS, MD, CR, HF, KFM, and NR); Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (BT); Department of Fisheries Post-harvest Technologies and Quality Control, Fishery Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (CC); National Nutrition Programme, Maternal and Child Health Centre, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (MC); Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (JM); Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (SF); Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom (JW); St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India (USU); and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France (FW and JB)
| | - Frank T Wieringa
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (JKHS, MD, CR, HF, KFM, and NR); Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (BT); Department of Fisheries Post-harvest Technologies and Quality Control, Fishery Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (CC); National Nutrition Programme, Maternal and Child Health Centre, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (MC); Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (JM); Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (SF); Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom (JW); St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India (USU); and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France (FW and JB)
| | - Marjoleine A Dijkhuizen
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (JKHS, MD, CR, HF, KFM, and NR); Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (BT); Department of Fisheries Post-harvest Technologies and Quality Control, Fishery Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (CC); National Nutrition Programme, Maternal and Child Health Centre, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (MC); Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (JM); Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (SF); Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom (JW); St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India (USU); and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France (FW and JB)
| | - Christian Ritz
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (JKHS, MD, CR, HF, KFM, and NR); Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (BT); Department of Fisheries Post-harvest Technologies and Quality Control, Fishery Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (CC); National Nutrition Programme, Maternal and Child Health Centre, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (MC); Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (JM); Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (SF); Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom (JW); St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India (USU); and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France (FW and JB)
| | - Jonathan C Wells
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (JKHS, MD, CR, HF, KFM, and NR); Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (BT); Department of Fisheries Post-harvest Technologies and Quality Control, Fishery Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (CC); National Nutrition Programme, Maternal and Child Health Centre, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (MC); Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (JM); Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (SF); Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom (JW); St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India (USU); and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France (FW and JB)
| | - Jacques Berger
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (JKHS, MD, CR, HF, KFM, and NR); Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (BT); Department of Fisheries Post-harvest Technologies and Quality Control, Fishery Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (CC); National Nutrition Programme, Maternal and Child Health Centre, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (MC); Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (JM); Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (SF); Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom (JW); St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India (USU); and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France (FW and JB)
| | - Henrik Friis
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (JKHS, MD, CR, HF, KFM, and NR); Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (BT); Department of Fisheries Post-harvest Technologies and Quality Control, Fishery Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (CC); National Nutrition Programme, Maternal and Child Health Centre, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (MC); Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (JM); Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (SF); Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom (JW); St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India (USU); and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France (FW and JB)
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (JKHS, MD, CR, HF, KFM, and NR); Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (BT); Department of Fisheries Post-harvest Technologies and Quality Control, Fishery Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (CC); National Nutrition Programme, Maternal and Child Health Centre, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (MC); Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (JM); Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (SF); Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom (JW); St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India (USU); and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France (FW and JB)
| | - Nanna Roos
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (JKHS, MD, CR, HF, KFM, and NR); Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (BT); Department of Fisheries Post-harvest Technologies and Quality Control, Fishery Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (CC); National Nutrition Programme, Maternal and Child Health Centre, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (MC); Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (JM); Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (SF); Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom (JW); St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India (USU); and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France (FW and JB)
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23
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Zhu Y, Hernandez LM, Dong Y, Himes JH, Hirschfeld S, Forman MR. Longer breastfeeding duration reduces the positive relationships among gestational weight gain, birth weight and childhood anthropometrics. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 69:632-8. [PMID: 25680365 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between gestational weight gain (GWG) and childhood growth remains controversial. An examination on whether infant feeding practices mediate this relationship may improve our understanding of it. METHODS We investigated whether the relationships among GWG, birth weight and childhood anthropometrics were mediated through infant feeding practices (breastfeeding duration and age at introduction of solid foods) in a cross-sectional multiethnic study of 1387 mothers and their children aged 0-5.9 years in the USA (2011-2012). Child anthropometrics included age-specific and sex-specific z-scores for weight-for-age (WAZ), height/length-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-height/length (WHZ) and body mass index-for-age (BMIZ); and ulnar length, a marker for limb growth. We used structural equation modelling to calculate standardised path coefficients and total, direct and indirect associations of GWG, birth weight and infant feeding practices with child anthropometrics. RESULTS Maternal GWG had a positive indirect association with all anthropometrics mediated via birth weight, whereas longer breastfeeding duration reduced the positive associations of GWG and birth weight with WAZ, WHZ and BMIZ in non-Hispanics (β=-0.077, -0.064 and -0.106, respectively). Longer breastfeeding duration and introducing solid foods at a later age were positively associated with ulnar length (β=0.023 and 0.030, respectively) but not HAZ, suggesting a distinct association, for the first time, with limb growth. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that promoting longer breastfeeding duration among women with excessive GWG who had high birthweight newborns may mitigate the potential for their offspring to develop obesity. In addition, findings reinforce the importance of promoting appropriate GWG and preventing high birth weight, which are positively associated with childhood anthropometrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyi Zhu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Ladia M Hernandez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Yongquan Dong
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - John H Himes
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Steven Hirschfeld
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michele R Forman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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24
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Fernihough A, McGovern ME. Physical stature decline and the health status of the elderly population in England. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2015; 16:30-44. [PMID: 24508050 PMCID: PMC4103973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Few research papers in economics have examined the extent, causes or consequences of physical stature decline in aging populations. Using repeated observations on objectively measured data from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA), we document that reduction in height is an important phenomenon among respondents aged 50 and over. On average, physical stature decline occurs at an annual rate of between 0.08% and 0.10% for males, and 0.12% and 0.14% for females-which approximately translates into a 2-4 cm reduction in height over the life course. Since height is commonly used as a measure of long-run health, our results demonstrate that failing to take age-related height loss into account substantially overstates the health advantage of older birth cohorts relative to their younger counterparts. We also show that there is an absence of consistent predictors of physical stature decline at the individual level. However, we demonstrate how deteriorating health and reductions in height occur simultaneously. We document that declines in muscle mass and bone density are likely to be the mechanism through which these effects are operating. If this physical stature decline is determined by deteriorating health in adulthood, the coefficient on measured height when used as an input in a typical empirical health production function will be affected by reverse causality. While our analysis details the inherent difficulties associated with measuring height in older populations, we do not find that significant bias arises in typical empirical health production functions from the use of height which has not been adjusted for physical stature decline. Therefore, our results validate the use of height among the population aged over 50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Fernihough
- Institute for International Integration Studies, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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25
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Pomeroy E, Stock JT, Cole TJ, O'Callaghan M, Wells JCK. Relationships between neonatal weight, limb lengths, skinfold thicknesses, body breadths and circumferences in an Australian cohort. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105108. [PMID: 25162658 PMCID: PMC4146506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low birth weight has been consistently associated with adult chronic disease risk. The thrifty phenotype hypothesis assumes that reduced fetal growth impacts some organs more than others. However, it remains unclear how birth weight relates to different body components, such as circumferences, adiposity, body segment lengths and limb proportions. We hypothesized that these components vary in their relationship to birth weight. Methods We analysed the relationship between birth weight and detailed anthropometry in 1270 singleton live-born neonates (668 male) from the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (Brisbane, Australia). We tested adjusted anthropometry for correlations with birth weight. We then performed stepwise multiple regression on birth weight of: body lengths, breadths and circumferences; relative limb to neck-rump proportions; or skinfold thicknesses. All analyses were adjusted for sex and gestational age, and used logged data. Results Circumferences, especially chest, were most strongly related to birth weight, while segment lengths (neck-rump, thigh, upper arm, and especially lower arm and lower leg) were relatively weakly related to birth weight, and limb lengths relative to neck-rump length showed no relationship. Skinfolds accounted for 36% of birth weight variance, but adjusting for size (neck-rump, thigh and upper arm lengths, and head circumference), this decreased to 10%. There was no evidence that heavier babies had proportionally thicker skinfolds. Conclusions Neonatal body measurements vary in their association with birth weight: head and chest circumferences showed the strongest associations while limb segment lengths did not relate strongly to birth weight. After adjusting for body size, subcutaneous fatness accounted for a smaller proportion of birth weight variance than previously reported. While heavier babies had absolutely thicker skinfolds, this was proportional to their size. Relative limb to trunk length was unrelated to birth weight, suggesting that limb proportions at birth do not index factors relevant to prenatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Pomeroy
- Newnham College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jay T. Stock
- Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tim J. Cole
- Population Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael O'Callaghan
- School of Medicine, Mater Clinical School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan C. K. Wells
- Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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Fenger RV, Vidal C, Gonzalez-Quintela A, Husemoen LLN, Skaaby T, Aadahl M, Linneberg A. The association of the 'additional height index' with atopic diseases, non-atopic asthma, ischaemic heart disease and mortality: a population-based study. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e003933. [PMID: 24583759 PMCID: PMC3939652 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intrauterine growth has been associated with atopic conditions. Growth and adult height have been associated with cardiovascular disease, cancers and mortality but are highly genetic traits. The objectives of the study were as follows: first, to define a height measure indicating an individual's height below or above that which could be expected based on parental height (genetic inheritance) and growth charts. It was named 'the additional height index' (AHI), defined as (attained-expected) height; second, to investigate possible associations of AHI with atopic versus non-atopic health outcomes and with ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and IHD mortality. DESIGN General population-based study. SETTING Research centre. PARTICIPANTS A random sample of 2656 men and women living in greater Copenhagen took part in the MONICA10 study (the Danish monitoring trends and determinants of cardiovascular disease). In total, 1900 participants with information of parental height were selected. OUTCOME MEASURES Atopic sensitisation (serum IgE), questionnaire information of atopic dermatitis, rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma or wheezing, and registry-based diagnoses of IHD/IHD mortality from National Registries. RESULTS Increasing levels of AHI were inversely associated with non-atopic asthma, non-atopic wheezing, IHD and IHD mortality (IHD-all). For one SD increase of AHI, the OR or HR with CI in adjusted analyses was non-atopic asthma OR=0.52 (0.36 to 0.74), non-atopic wheezing OR=0.67 (0.51 to 0.89), and IHD-all HR=0.89 (0.78 to 1.01). The level of AHI was higher among individuals with atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic sensitisation (all p values <0.001) compared with individuals without those conditions; however, the associations were not confirmed in adjusted analyses. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with childhood conditions that led them to attain tallness higher than expected from their parents' height may be at lower risk of non-atopic asthma/wheeze and IHD/IHD mortality but possibly at higher risk of atopic conditions. The measure of tallness below or above the expected height could be a sensitive alternative to normal height in epidemiological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Fenger
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
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Johnson W, Kuh D, Tikhonoff V, Charakida M, Woodside J, Whincup P, Hughes AD, Deanfield JE, Hardy R. Body mass index and height from infancy to adulthood and carotid intima-media thickness at 60 to 64 years in the 1946 British Birth Cohort Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:654-60. [PMID: 24458709 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis begins early in life and obesity is a key determinant. We investigated the role of body mass index (BMI) and height from infancy to adulthood in presenting with high adulthood carotid intima-media thickness. APPROACH AND RESULTS Odds ratios of BMI, and height Z scores at 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 15, and 20 years, and changes between 2 and 4, 4 and 7, 7 and 15, and 15 and 20 years, for carotid intima-media thickness at 60 to 64 years in the upper quartile were estimated for 604 men and 669 women. Confounding by early-life environments, mediating by body size and cardiometabolic measures at 60 to 64 years, and effect modification were investigated. In men, there was positive association of BMI at 4 years (odds ratio, 1.256; 95% confidence interval, 1.026-1.538) and 20 years (1.282; 1.022-1.609), negative association of height at 4 years (0.780; 0.631-0.964), and negative association of height growth between 2 and 4 years (0.698; 0.534-0.913) with high carotid intima-media thickness. The childhood estimates were robust, but the estimate for BMI at 20 years was attenuated by adjustment for BMI at 60 to 64 years. The protective influence of greater early childhood height was strongest in those with the lowest systolic blood pressure at 60 to 64 years. In women, there was no pattern of association and all confidence intervals crossed 1. CONCLUSIONS Early childhood in men might be a sensitive developmental period for atherosclerosis, in which changes in BMI and height represent 2 distinct biological mechanisms. The maintenance of healthy weight in men from adolescence onward may be a useful strategy to avoid the atherosclerotic complications of adiposity tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Johnson
- From the MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL (W.J., D.K., V.T., R.H.) and National Centre for Cardiovascular Prevention and Outcomes, Institute of Cardiovascular Science (M.C., J.W., J.E.D.), University College London, London, United Kingdom; Population Health Research Centre, Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom (P.W.); and International Centre for Circulatory Health, National Heart & Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (A.D.H.)
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Abstract
The dramatic rise in childhood obesity has driven the demand for tools better able to assess and define obesity and risk for related co-morbidities. In addition, the early life origins of non-communicable diseases including type 2 diabetes are associated with subtle alterations in growth and body composition, including total and regional body fatness, limb/trunk length and skeletal muscle mass (SMM). Consequently improved tools based on national reference data, which capture these body components must be developed as the limitations of BMI as a measure of overweight and obesity and associated cardiometabolic risk are now recognised. Furthermore, waist circumference as a measure of abdominal fatness in children is now endorsed by the International Diabetes Federation and National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence for diagnostic and monitoring purposes. The present paper aims to review the research on growth-related variations in body composition and proportions, together with how national references for percentage body fat, SMM and leg/trunk length have been developed. Where collection of these measures is not possible, alternative proxy measures including thigh and hip circumferences are suggested. Finally, body ratios including the waist:height and muscle:fat ratios are highlighted as potential measures of cardiometabolic disease risk. In conclusion, a collection of national references for individual body measures have been produced against which children and youths can be assessed. Collectively, they have the capacity to build a better picture of an individual's phenotype, which represents their risk for cardiometabolic disease beyond that of the capability of BMI.
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Regnault N, Kleinman KP, Rifas-Shiman SL, Langenberg C, Lipshultz SE, Gillman MW. Components of height and blood pressure in childhood. Int J Epidemiol 2014; 43:149-59. [PMID: 24413933 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyt248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In children being taller is associated with higher blood pressure (BP), but few studies have divided height into its components: trunk and leg length. We examined the associations of total height, trunk length and leg length with systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP) and pulse pressure (PP) at early childhood and mid-childhood visits, as well as change between the two visits. METHODS We obtained five measures of SBP and DBP at the early childhood visit (N = 1153, follow-up rate = 54%) and at the mid-childhood visit (N = 1086, follow-up rate = 51%) respectively, in Project Viva, a US cohort study. We measured total height and sitting height (a measure of trunk length that includes head and neck) and calculated leg length as the difference between the two. Using mixed models, we adjusted the cross-sectional analyses for leg length when trunk length was the exposure of interest, and vice versa. We also adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, child age, sex, overall adiposity and BP measurement conditions. RESULTS At the mid-childhood visit, total height was positively associated with SBP [0.34 (0.24; 0.45) mmHg/cm] but not with DBP [0.07 (-0.003; 0.15)]. In models examining trunk and leg length separately, each was positively associated with SBP [0.72 (0.52; 0.92) and 0.33 (0.16; 0.49) respectively]. In a fully adjusted model with both leg and trunk length, only trunk length remained associated with BP. For a given leg length, a 1-cm increment in trunk length was associated with a 0.63-mmHg (0.42; 0.83) higher SBP and a 0.17-mmHg (0.02; 0.31) higher DBP. For a given trunk length, however, the associations of leg length with SBP [0.13 (-0.03; 0.30)] and with DBP [0.002 (-0.11; 0.12)] were null. These patterns were similar at the early childhood visit. CONCLUSIONS Children with greater trunk lengths have higher BPs, perhaps because of the additional pressure needed to overcome gravity to perfuse the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Regnault
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA, MRC Epidemiology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA and Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Ponsonby AL, Lucas RM, Dear K, van der Mei I, Taylor B, Chapman C, Coulthard A, Dwyer T, Kilpatrick TJ, McMichael AJ, Pender MP, Valery PC, Williams D. The physical anthropometry, lifestyle habits and blood pressure of people presenting with a first clinical demyelinating event compared to controls: The Ausimmune study. Mult Scler 2013; 19:1717-25. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458513483887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Lifestyle factors prior to a first clinical demyelinating event (FCD), a disorder often preceding the development of clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS), have not previously been examined in detail. Past tobacco smoking has been consistently associated with MS. Methods: This was a multicentre incident case-control study. Cases ( n = 282) were aged 18–59 years with an FCD and resident within one of four Australian centres (from latitudes 27°S to 43°S), from 1 November 2003 to 31 December 2006. Controls ( n = 558) were matched to cases on age, sex and study region, without CNS demyelination. Exposures measured included current and past tobacco and marijuana, alcohol and beverage use, physical activity patterns, blood pressure and physical anthropometry. Results: A history of smoking ever was associated with FCD risk (AOR 1.89 (95%CL 1.82, 3.52)). Marijuana use was not associated with FCD risk after adjusting for confounders such as smoking ever but the estimates were imprecise because of a low prevalence of use. Alcohol consumption was common and not associated with FCD risk. No case-control differences in blood pressure or physical anthropometry were observed. Conclusions: Past tobacco smoking was positively associated with a risk of FCD but most other lifestyle factors were not. Prevention efforts against type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease by increasing physical activity and reducing obesity are unlikely to alter MS incidence, and more targeted campaigns will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Australia
| | - Keith Dear
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Australia
| | | | - Bruce Taylor
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, Australia
- Otago University, New Zealand
| | | | - Alan Coulthard
- The University of Queensland and Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Australia
| | | | | | - Anthony J McMichael
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Australia
| | - Michael P Pender
- The University of Queensland and Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Australia
| | - Patricia C Valery
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Australia
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Pomeroy E, Stock JT, Stanojevic S, Miranda JJ, Cole TJ, Wells JCK. Trade-offs in relative limb length among Peruvian children: extending the thrifty phenotype hypothesis to limb proportions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51795. [PMID: 23272169 PMCID: PMC3521697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Methods Both the concept of ‘brain-sparing’ growth and associations between relative lower limb length, childhood environment and adult disease risk are well established. Furthermore, tibia length is suggested to be particularly plastic under conditions of environmental stress. The mechanisms responsible are uncertain, but three hypotheses may be relevant. The ‘thrifty phenotype’ assumes that some components of growth are selectively sacrificed to preserve more critical outcomes, like the brain. The ‘distal blood flow’ hypothesis assumes that blood nutrients decline with distance from the heart, and hence may affect limbs in relation to basic body geometry. Temperature adaptation predicts a gradient of decreased size along the limbs reflecting decreasing tissue temperature/blood flow. We examined these questions by comparing the size of body segments among Peruvian children born and raised in differentially stressful environments. In a cross-sectional sample of children aged 6 months to 14 years (n = 447) we measured head circumference, head-trunk height, total upper and lower limb lengths, and zeugopod (ulna and tibia) and autopod (hand and foot) lengths. Results Highland children (exposed to greater stress) had significantly shorter limbs and zeugopod and autopod elements than lowland children, while differences in head-trunk height were smaller. Zeugopod elements appeared most sensitive to environmental conditions, as they were relatively shorter among highland children than their respective autopod elements. Discussion The results suggest that functional traits (hand, foot, and head) may be partially protected at the expense of the tibia and ulna. The results do not fit the predictions of the distal blood flow and temperature adaptation models as explanations for relative limb segment growth under stress conditions. Rather, our data support the extension of the thrifty phenotype hypothesis to limb growth, and suggest that certain elements of limb growth may be sacrificed under tough conditions to buffer more functional traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Pomeroy
- Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Bibliography. Hyperlipidaemia and cardiovascular disease. Current world literature. Curr Opin Lipidol 2012; 23:386-91. [PMID: 22801387 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32835670af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kang Sim DE, Cappiello M, Castillo M, Lozoff B, Martinez S, Blanco E, Gahagan S. Postnatal Growth Patterns in a Chilean Cohort: The Role of SES and Family Environment. Int J Pediatr 2012; 2012:354060. [PMID: 22666275 PMCID: PMC3361171 DOI: 10.1155/2012/354060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. This study examined how family environmental characteristics served as mediators in the relationship between socioeconomic conditions and infant growth in a cohort of Chilean infants. Methods. We studied 999 infants, born between 1991 and 1996, from a longitudinal cohort which began as an iron deficiency anemia preventive trial. SES (Graffar Index), the Life Experiences Survey, and the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) were assessed in infancy. Using path analysis, we assessed the relationships between the social factors, home environment, and infant growth. Results. During the first year, weight and length gain averaged 540 grams/month and 6.5 cm/month, respectively. In the path analysis model for weight gain, higher SES and a better physical environment were positively related to higher maternal warmth, which in turn was associated with higher average weight gain. Higher SES was directly related to higher average length gain. Conclusions. In our cohort, a direct relationship between SES and length gain developed during infancy. Higher SES was indirectly related to infant weight gain through the home environment and maternal warmth. As the fastest growing infants are at risk for later obesity, new strategies are needed to encourage optimal rather than maximal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. E. Kang Sim
- Division of Child Development and Community Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive No. 0927, La Jolla, CA 92093-0927, USA
| | - M. Cappiello
- Division of Child Development and Community Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive No. 0927, La Jolla, CA 92093-0927, USA
| | - M. Castillo
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, Santiago, Chile
| | - B. Lozoff
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 300 North Ingalls, 10th Floor, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5406, USA
| | - S. Martinez
- Division of Child Development and Community Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive No. 0927, La Jolla, CA 92093-0927, USA
| | - E. Blanco
- Division of Child Development and Community Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive No. 0927, La Jolla, CA 92093-0927, USA
| | - S. Gahagan
- Division of Child Development and Community Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive No. 0927, La Jolla, CA 92093-0927, USA
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Wang N, Zhang X, Xiang YB, Yang G, Li HL, Gao J, Cai H, Gao YT, Zheng W, Shu XO. Associations of adult height and its components with mortality: a report from cohort studies of 135,000 Chinese women and men. Int J Epidemiol 2012; 40:1715-26. [PMID: 22268239 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyr173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several studies have evaluated the relationship between adult height and mortality, their results have not been entirely consistent. Little is known about components of adult height in relation to mortality, particularly in developing countries. METHODS We examined the association of adult height and its components (leg and trunk length) with mortality using data from 74 869 Chinese women and 61,333 men in the Shanghai Women's (1996-2008) and Men's (2002-2008) Health Studies. Anthropometric measurements, including standing and sitting height and weight, were taken at baseline by trained interviewers according to a standard protocol. Deaths were ascertained by biennial home visits and linkage with the vital statistics registry. Cox regression models were used to evaluate the associations. RESULTS Neither height nor its components were associated with all-cause mortality. Height and, less consistently, its components were positively associated with cancer mortality, but inversely associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Hazard ratios (HRs) [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] for cancer mortality per 1-SD increment in height, trunk and leg length were 1.06 (1.01-1.12), 1.07 (1.01-1.12) and 1.03 (0.98-1.08), respectively, in women, and 1.13 (1.05-1.22), 1.09 (1.00-1.19) and 1.10 (1.03-1.16), respectively, in men. The corresponding HRs for CVD mortality were 0.89 (0.84-0.95), 0.93 (0.87-0.99) and 0.91 (0.86-0.98) in women, and 0.93 (0.86-1.02), 0.89 (0.81-0.98) and 0.99 (0.92-1.06) in men. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that different mechanisms may be involved in linking height and its components with cancer and CVD mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203-1738, USA
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