1
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Tang Y, Yi X, Ai J. mRNA vaccines for prostate cancer: A novel promising immunotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2025; 1880:189333. [PMID: 40288658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2025.189333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2025] [Revised: 04/21/2025] [Accepted: 04/21/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025]
Abstract
The treatment of advanced prostate cancer (PCa) primarily based on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT); however, patients inevitably progress to the castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) stage. Despite the recent advancements in CRPC treatment with novel endocrine drugs that further inhibit androgen receptor signaling, resistance ultimately develops, underscoring the urgent need for new effective therapeutic strategies. Therapeutic cancer vaccines, a form of immunotherapy, exert anti-cancer effects by activating the host's immune system. Over the past few decades, various conventional therapeutic PCa vaccines based on cells, microbes, proteins, peptides, or DNA have been developed and tested in patients with advanced PCa. These attempts have largely failed to improve survival, with the sole exception of sipuleucel-T, which extended the median overall survival of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic CRPC (mCRPC) patients by four months. The rapid development and high efficacy of mRNA vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic have garnered worldwide attention. Compared to conventional vaccines, mRNA vaccines offer several unique advantages, including high production efficiency, low cost, high safety, strong immune response induction, and high adaptability and precision. These attributes make mRNA vaccines a promising frontier in the treatment of advanced PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxiong Tang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 88 South Keyuan Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xianyanling Yi
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 88 South Keyuan Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jianzhong Ai
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 88 South Keyuan Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
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2
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Li X, Han Z, Ai J. Synergistic targeting strategies for prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2025:10.1038/s41585-025-01042-6. [PMID: 40394240 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-025-01042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2025] [Indexed: 05/22/2025]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fifth leading cause of death among men worldwide. Androgen deprivation therapy is a common prostate cancer treatment, but its efficacy is often hindered by the development of resistance, which results in reducing survival benefits. Immunotherapy showed great promise in treating solid tumours; however, clinically significant improvements have not been demonstrated for patients with prostate cancer, highlighting specific drawbacks of this therapeutic modality. Hence, exploring novel strategies to synergistically enhance the efficacy of prostate cancer immunotherapy is imperative. Clinical investigations have focused on the combined use of targeted or gene therapy and immunotherapy for prostate cancer. Notably, tumour-specific antigens and inflammatory mediators are released from tumour cells after targeted or gene therapy, and the recruitment and infiltration of immune cells, including CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells activated by immunotherapy, are further augmented, markedly improving the efficacy and prognosis of prostate cancer. Thus, immunotherapy, targeted therapy and gene therapy could have reciprocal synergistic effects in prostate cancer in combination, resulting in a proposed synergistic model encompassing these three therapeutic modalities, presenting novel potential treatment strategies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanji Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zeyu Han
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianzhong Ai
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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3
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Zhang M, Liu C, Tu J, Tang M, Ashrafizadeh M, Nabavi N, Sethi G, Zhao P, Liu S. Advances in cancer immunotherapy: historical perspectives, current developments, and future directions. Mol Cancer 2025; 24:136. [PMID: 40336045 PMCID: PMC12057291 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-025-02305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2025] [Accepted: 03/15/2025] [Indexed: 05/09/2025] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, encompassing both experimental and standard-of-care therapies, has emerged as a promising approach to harnessing the immune system for tumor suppression. Experimental strategies, including novel immunotherapies and preclinical models, are actively being explored, while established treatments, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), are widely implemented in clinical settings. This comprehensive review examines the historical evolution, underlying mechanisms, and diverse strategies of cancer immunotherapy, highlighting both its clinical applications and ongoing preclinical advancements. The review delves into the essential components of anticancer immunity, including dendritic cell activation, T cell priming, and immune surveillance, while addressing the challenges posed by immune evasion mechanisms. Key immunotherapeutic strategies, such as cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, adoptive cell transfer, and ICIs, are discussed in detail. Additionally, the role of nanotechnology, cytokines, chemokines, and adjuvants in enhancing the precision and efficacy of immunotherapies were explored. Combination therapies, particularly those integrating immunotherapy with radiotherapy or chemotherapy, exhibit synergistic potential but necessitate careful management to reduce side effects. Emerging factors influencing immunotherapy outcomes, including tumor heterogeneity, gut microbiota composition, and genomic and epigenetic modifications, are also examined. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms underlying immune evasion and therapeutic resistance are analyzed, with a focus on the contributions of noncoding RNAs and epigenetic alterations, along with innovative intervention strategies. This review emphasizes recent preclinical and clinical advancements, with particular attention to biomarker-driven approaches aimed at optimizing patient prognosis. Challenges such as immunotherapy-related toxicity, limited efficacy in solid tumors, and production constraints are highlighted as critical areas for future research. Advancements in personalized therapies and novel delivery systems are proposed as avenues to enhance treatment effectiveness and accessibility. By incorporating insights from multiple disciplines, this review aims to deepen the understanding and application of cancer immunotherapy, ultimately fostering more effective and widely accessible therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyin Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Chaojun Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University; People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Jing Tu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, China
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Independent Researcher, Victoria, British Columbia, V8 V 1P7, Canada
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology and NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR) Yong Loo Lin, School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
| | - Peiqing Zhao
- Translational Medicine Center, Zibo Central Hospital Affiliated to Binzhou Medical University, No. 54 Communist Youth League Road, Zibo, China.
| | - Shijian Liu
- Department of General Medicine, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150081, China.
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4
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Moseman JE, Rastogi I, Jeon D, McNeel DG. PD-1 blockade employed at the time CD8+ T cells are activated enhances their antitumor efficacy. J Immunother Cancer 2025; 13:e011145. [PMID: 40341032 PMCID: PMC12067779 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2024-011145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2025] [Indexed: 05/10/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that immune checkpoint receptors, including PD-1, are upregulated on T cells at the time of their activation, and that blockade of these receptors can improve the efficacy of antitumor vaccines. In the present study, we sought to determine whether, and by what mechanisms, the timing of PD-1 blockade with respect to vaccination affects antitumor T cell function. METHODS TRAMP-C1 or E.G7-OVA tumor-bearing mice received PD-1 blockade at different timing intervals with a tumor-associated antigen vaccine. Tumor growth, survival, and immune-infiltrating populations were assessed. In vitro models of T cell activation using OT-I T cells and PD-(L)1 axis disruption with a PD-1 blocking antibody or PD-L1KO dendritic cells were used. RESULTS Mice receiving PD-1 blockade at the time of T cell activation with vaccine had better antitumor outcomes in comparison to mice receiving PD-1 blockade before or after immunization. T cells activated in vitro in the presence of PD-(L)1 axis disruption had a more differentiated, functional phenotype with decreased CD28 and CCR7 expression and increased production of the Tc1 cytokines IL-2, TNFα, and IFNγ. Intriguingly, a small subset of undifferentiated cells (CD28+) was of a stem-like Tc17 phenotype (IL-17α+, TCF1+). Tumor-bearing mice receiving T cells activated in the presence of PD-(L)1-axis disruption had better antitumor outcomes and a greater number of complete responses. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that PD-1 blockade, when used with antitumor vaccines, acts primarily at the time of T cell activation, not exclusively within the tumor microenvironment. Consequently, PD-1 blockade may be best used when delivered concurrently with T cell activating agents such as vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena E Moseman
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ichwaku Rastogi
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Donghwan Jeon
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Douglas G McNeel
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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5
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Bhojnagarwala PS, Jose J, Zhao S, Weiner DB. DNA-based immunotherapy for cancer: In vivo approaches for recalcitrant targets. Mol Ther 2025:S1525-0016(25)00282-5. [PMID: 40211538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2025] [Revised: 04/01/2025] [Accepted: 04/07/2025] [Indexed: 05/10/2025] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment and complements traditional therapies, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies. Immunotherapy redirects the patient's immune system against tumors via several immune-mediated approaches. Over the past few years, therapeutic immunization, which enable the patient's T cells to better recognize and kill tumors, have been increasingly tested in the clinic, with several approaches demonstrating treatment improvements. There has been a renewed interest in cancer vaccines due to advances in tumor antigen identification, immune response optimization, novel adjuvants, next-generation vaccine delivery platforms, and antigen designs. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated progress in nucleic acid-based vaccine manufacturing, which spurred broader interest in mRNA or plasmid platforms. Enhanced DNA vaccine designs, including optimized leader sequences and RNA and codon optimizations, improved formulations, and delivery via adaptive electroporation using stereotactic intramuscular/intradermal methods have improved T cell responses to plasmid-delivered tumor antigens. Additionally, advancements for direct in vivo delivery of DNA-encoded monospecific/bispecific antibodies offer novel tumor-targeting strategies. This review summarizes the recent clinical data for therapeutic cancer vaccines utilizing the DNA platform, including vaccines targeting common tumor-associated and viral antigens and neoantigen vaccines using nucleic acid technologies. We also summarize preclinical data using DNA-launched monoclonal/bispecific antibodies, underscoring their potential as a novel cancer therapy tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik S Bhojnagarwala
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joshua Jose
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shushu Zhao
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David B Weiner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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6
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Yaraghi P, Kheyri A, Mikaeili N, Boroumand A, Abbasifard M, Farhangnia P, Rezagholizadeh F, Khorramdelazad H. Nanoparticle-mediated enhancement of DNA Vaccines: Revolutionizing immunization strategies. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 302:140558. [PMID: 39900152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.140558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2025] [Accepted: 01/30/2025] [Indexed: 02/05/2025]
Abstract
DNA vaccines are a novel form of vaccination that aims to harness genetic material to produce targeted immune responses. Nevertheless, their therapeutic application is hampered by low transfection efficacy, immunogenicity, and instability. Nanoparticle (NP) - based delivery systems are beneficial in enhancing DNA stability, increasing DNA uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and controlling antigen release. Some key progress includes the polymeric, lipid-based, and hybrid NPs and biocompatible carriers with inherent adjuvant effects. These systems have helped to enhance the antigen cross-presentation and T-cell activation significantly. In addition, biocompatible hybrid nanocarriers, antigen cross-presentation strategies, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are speeding up the identification of new antigens, while AI and machine learning are facilitating the development of efficient delivery systems. This review aims to assess how NPs have contributed to improving the effectiveness of DNA vaccines for treating diseases, cancer, and emerging diseases, as well as advancing the next generation of DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Yaraghi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abbas Kheyri
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Narges Mikaeili
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Armin Boroumand
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mitra Abbasifard
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Pooya Farhangnia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Rezagholizadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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7
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Che J, Liu Y, Liu Y, Song J, Cui H, Feng D, Tian A, Zhang Z, Xu Y. The application of emerging immunotherapy in the treatment of prostate cancer: progress, dilemma and promise. Front Immunol 2025; 16:1544882. [PMID: 40145100 PMCID: PMC11937122 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1544882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2025] [Indexed: 03/28/2025] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing trend towards the utilization of immunotherapy techniques for the treatment of cancer. Some malignancies have acquired significant progress with the use of cancer vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and adoptive cells therapy. Scholars are exploring the aforementioned methods as potential treatments for advanced prostate cancer (PCa) due to the absence of effective adjuvant therapy to improve the prognosis of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Immunotherapy strategies have yet to achieve significant advancements in the treatment of PCa, largely attributed to the inhibitory tumor microenvironment and low mutation load characteristic of this malignancy. Hence, researchers endeavor to address these challenges by optimizing the design and efficacy of immunotherapy approaches, as well as integrating them with other therapeutic modalities. To date, studies have also shown potential clinical benefits. This comprehensive review analyzed the utilization of immunotherapy techniques in the treatment of PCa, assessing their advantages and obstacles, with the aim of providing healthcare professionals and scholars with a comprehensive understanding of the progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhong Che
- Department of Urology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The Second Clinical Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Urology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The Second Clinical Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Urology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The Second Clinical Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jingheng Song
- Department of Urology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The Second Clinical Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hongguo Cui
- Department of Urology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The Second Clinical Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Dongdong Feng
- Department of Urology, Haiyang City People’s Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Aimin Tian
- Department of Urology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The Second Clinical Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhengchao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The Second Clinical Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yankai Xu
- Department of Urology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The Second Clinical Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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8
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Guan F, Wang R, Yi Z, Luo P, Liu W, Xie Y, Liu Z, Xia Z, Zhang H, Cheng Q. Tissue macrophages: origin, heterogenity, biological functions, diseases and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2025; 10:93. [PMID: 40055311 PMCID: PMC11889221 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-025-02124-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2024] [Revised: 11/01/2024] [Accepted: 12/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2025] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are immune cells belonging to the mononuclear phagocyte system. They play crucial roles in immune defense, surveillance, and homeostasis. This review systematically discusses the types of hematopoietic progenitors that give rise to macrophages, including primitive hematopoietic progenitors, erythro-myeloid progenitors, and hematopoietic stem cells. These progenitors have distinct genetic backgrounds and developmental processes. Accordingly, macrophages exhibit complex and diverse functions in the body, including phagocytosis and clearance of cellular debris, antigen presentation, and immune response, regulation of inflammation and cytokine production, tissue remodeling and repair, and multi-level regulatory signaling pathways/crosstalk involved in homeostasis and physiology. Besides, tumor-associated macrophages are a key component of the TME, exhibiting both anti-tumor and pro-tumor properties. Furthermore, the functional status of macrophages is closely linked to the development of various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic conditions, and trauma. Targeting macrophages has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy in these contexts. Clinical trials of macrophage-based targeted drugs, macrophage-based immunotherapies, and nanoparticle-based therapy were comprehensively summarized. Potential challenges and future directions in targeting macrophages have also been discussed. Overall, our review highlights the significance of this versatile immune cell in human health and disease, which is expected to inform future research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruixuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenjie Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanyao Liu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zaoqu Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Xia
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Aerospace Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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9
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Chen J, Ma N, Chen B, Huang Y, Li J, Li J, Chen Z, Wang P, Ran B, Yang J, Bai J, Ning S, Ai J, Wei Q, Liu L, Cao D. Synergistic effects of immunotherapy and adjunctive therapies in prostate cancer management. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2025; 207:104604. [PMID: 39732304 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2024] [Revised: 12/14/2024] [Accepted: 12/20/2024] [Indexed: 12/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cancer immunotherapy has received widespread attention due to significant tumor clearance in some malignancies. Various immunotherapy approaches, including vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic virotherapy, bispecific T cell engagers, and adoptive T cell transfer, have completed or are undergoing clinical trials for prostate cancer. Despite immune checkpoint blockade's extraordinary effectiveness in treating a variety of cancers, targeted prostate cancer treatment using the immune system is still in its infancy. Multiple factors including the heterogeneity of prostate cancer, the cold tumor microenvironment, and a low level of neoantigens, contribute to the poor immunotherapy response. Significant effort is being devoted to improving immune-based prostate cancer therapy. Recently, several key discoveries demonstrate that prostate cancer immunotherapy agents may be used to promise better prognosis for patients as part of combination strategies with other agents targeting tumor-associated immune mechanism of resistance. Here, this review comprehensively examines the recent advancements in immunotherapy for prostate cancer, exploring its potential synergistic effects when combined with other treatment modalities to enhance clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Na Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, 3rd section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yin Huang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jinze Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zeyu Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Puze Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Biao Ran
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiahao Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingxing Bai
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shu Ning
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jianzhong Ai
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liangren Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Dehong Cao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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10
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Kiełbowski K, Plewa P, Zadworny J, Bakinowska E, Becht R, Pawlik A. Recent Advances in the Development and Efficacy of Anti-Cancer Vaccines-A Narrative Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2025; 13:237. [PMID: 40266115 PMCID: PMC11946321 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines13030237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2025] [Revised: 02/19/2025] [Accepted: 02/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/24/2025] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is an established and efficient treatment strategy for a variety of malignancies. It aims to boost the anticancer properties of one's own immune system. Several immunotherapeutic options are available, but immune checkpoint blockers represent the most widely known and investigated. Anticancer vaccines represent an evolving area of immunotherapy that stimulate antigen-presenting cells, cytotoxic responses of CD8+ T cells, and the presence of memory T cells, among others. Over the years, different approaches for anticancer vaccines have been studied, such as mRNA and DNA vaccines, together with dendritic cell- and viral vector-based vaccines. Recently, an accumulating number of clinical studies have been performed to analyze the safety and potential efficacy of these agents. The aim of this review is to summarize recent advances regarding different types of therapeutic anticancer vaccines. Furthermore, it will discuss how recent advances in preclinical models can enhance clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajetan Kiełbowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.P.); (J.Z.); (E.B.)
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Chemotherapy and Cancer Immunotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Paulina Plewa
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.P.); (J.Z.); (E.B.)
| | - Jan Zadworny
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.P.); (J.Z.); (E.B.)
| | - Estera Bakinowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.P.); (J.Z.); (E.B.)
| | - Rafał Becht
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Chemotherapy and Cancer Immunotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.P.); (J.Z.); (E.B.)
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11
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Li C, Cheng D, Li P. Androgen receptor dynamics in prostate cancer: from disease progression to treatment resistance. Front Oncol 2025; 15:1542811. [PMID: 40008000 PMCID: PMC11850250 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1542811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men worldwide, especially in those over 65, and is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The disease typically advances from an androgen-dependent state to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which poses significant treatment challenges. The androgen receptor (AR) on the X chromosome is a central driver in this process, activating genes that govern proliferation and survival. Mutations and amplifications of the AR are closely associated with disease progression and treatment resistance. While traditional therapies such as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and AR antagonists like enzalutamide have been effective, resistance persists due to reactivation of AR signaling through mechanisms like ligand-independent activation. Recent research highlights the role of epigenetic modifications in enhancing AR activity and drug resistance. The tumor microenvironment, particularly interactions with cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), further complicates treatment by promoting aggressive tumor behavior and immune evasion. Future directions include developing next-generation AR antagonists, identifying AR-related biomarkers for personalized therapy, and exploring combinations with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Additionally, basal cell-lumen-derived organoids provide innovative models that can enhance understanding and treatment strategies in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peng Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shenyang Jinghua Hospital, Shenyang, China
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12
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Liao HC, Liu SJ. Advances in nucleic acid-based cancer vaccines. J Biomed Sci 2025; 32:10. [PMID: 39833784 PMCID: PMC11748563 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01102-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 11/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid vaccines have emerged as crucial advancements in vaccine technology, particularly highlighted by the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The widespread administration of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 to billions globally marks a significant milestone. Furthermore, the approval of an mRNA vaccine for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) this year underscores the versatility of this technology. In oncology, the combination of mRNA vaccine encoding neoantigens and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has shown remarkable efficacy in eliciting protective responses against diseases like melanoma and pancreatic cancer. Although the use of a COVID-19 DNA vaccine has been limited to India, the inherent stability at room temperature and cost-effectiveness of DNA vaccines present a viable option that could benefit developing countries. These advantages may help DNA vaccines address some of the challenges associated with mRNA vaccines. Currently, several trials are exploring the use of DNA-encoded neoantigens in combination with ICIs across various cancer types. These studies highlight the promising role of nucleic acid-based vaccines as the next generation of immunotherapeutic agents in cancer treatment. This review will delve into the recent advancements and current developmental status of both mRNA and DNA-based cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chun Liao
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 307378, Taiwan.
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13
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Tonelli TP, Eickhoff JC, Johnson LE, Liu G, McNeel DG. Long-term follow up of patients treated with a DNA vaccine (pTVG-hp) for PSA-recurrent prostate cancer. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2395680. [PMID: 39208856 PMCID: PMC11364063 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2395680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported two single-agent phase I trials, evaluating the dose or schedule, of a DNA vaccine (pTVG-HP) encoding prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) administered with GM-CSF as the adjuvant. These were in patients with PSA-recurrent, radiographically non-metastatic, prostate cancer (PCa). We report here the long-term safety and overall survival of these patients. Specifically, 22 patients with non-metastatic, castration-sensitive PCa (nmCSPC) were treated with pTVG-HP, 100-1500 µg, administered over 12 weeks and followed for 15 y. 17 patients with non-metastatic castration-resistant PCa (nmCRPC) were treated with 100 µg pTVG-HP with different schedules of administration over 1 y and followed for 5 y. No adverse events were detected in long-term follow-up from either trial that were deemed possibly related to vaccination. Patients with nmCSPC had a median overall survival of 12.3 y, with 5/22 (23%) alive at 15 y. 8/22 (36%) died due to prostate cancer with a median survival of 11.0 y, and 9/22 (41%) died of other causes. Patients with nmCRPC had a median overall survival of 4.5 y, with 8/17 (47%) alive at 5 y. The presence of T-cells specific for the PAP target antigen was detectable in 6/10 (60%) individuals with nmCSPC, and 3/5 (60%) individuals with nmCRPC, many years after immunization. The detection of immune responses to the vaccine target years after immunization suggests durable immunity can be elicited in patients using a DNA vaccine encoding a tumor-associated antigen.Trial Registration: NCT00582140 and NCT00849121.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso P. Tonelli
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jens C. Eickhoff
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Laura E. Johnson
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Glenn Liu
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Douglas G. McNeel
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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14
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Wei J, Li W, Zhang P, Guo F, Liu M. Current trends in sensitizing immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer treatment. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:279. [PMID: 39725966 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 11/20/2024] [Indexed: 12/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have dramatically transformed the treatment landscape for various malignancies, achieving notable clinical outcomes across a wide range of indications. Despite these advances, resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) remains a critical clinical challenge, characterized by variable response rates and non-durable benefits. However, growing research into the complex intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of tumors has advanced our understanding of the mechanisms behind ICI resistance, potentially improving treatment outcomes. Additionally, robust predictive biomarkers are crucial for optimizing patient selection and maximizing the efficacy of ICBs. Recent studies have emphasized that multiple rational combination strategies can overcome immune checkpoint resistance and enhance susceptibility to ICIs. These findings not only deepen our understanding of tumor biology but also reveal the unique mechanisms of action of sensitizing agents, extending clinical benefits in cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we will explore the underlying biology of ICIs, discuss the significance of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and clinical predictive biomarkers, analyze the current mechanisms of resistance, and outline alternative combination strategies to enhance the effectiveness of ICIs, including personalized strategies for sensitizing tumors to ICIs.
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Grants
- ZYJC21043 the 1.3.5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
- ZYJC21043 the 1.3.5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
- ZYJC21043 the 1.3.5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
- ZYJC21043 the 1.3.5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
- ZYJC21043 the 1.3.5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
- 2023YFS0111 Social Development Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Province on Science and Technology
- 2023YFS0111 Social Development Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Province on Science and Technology
- 2023YFS0111 Social Development Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Province on Science and Technology
- 2023YFS0111 Social Development Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Province on Science and Technology
- 2023YFS0111 Social Development Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Province on Science and Technology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gastric Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Wenke Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gastric Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gastric Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Fukun Guo
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gastric Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China.
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15
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Gu Q, Qi A, Wang N, Zhou Z, Zhou X. Unlocking Immunity: Innovative prostate cancer vaccine strategies. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 142:113137. [PMID: 39276448 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prostate Cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men, especially in Western societies. The objective of this research is to address the unmet need for effective treatments in advanced or recurrent PCa, where current strategies fall short of offering a cure. The focus is on leveraging immunotherapy and cancer vaccines to target the tumor's unique immunological microenvironment. MAIN RESULTS Despite immunotherapy's success in other cancers, its effectiveness in PCa has been limited by the tumor's immunosuppressive characteristics. However, cancer vaccines that engage Tumor-Specific Antigens (TSA) and Tumor-Associated Antigens (TAA) have emerged as a promising approach. Preclinical and clinical investigations of Dendritic Cell (DC) vaccines, DNA vaccines, mRNA vaccines, peptide vaccines, and viral vectors have shown their potential to elicit anti-tumor immune responses. The exploration of combination therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors and the advent of novel adjuvants and oral microparticle vaccines present innovative strategies to improve efficacy and compliance. CONCLUSION The development of cancer vaccines for PCa holds significant potential. Future directions include optimizing vaccine design, refining combination therapy strategies, and creating patient-friendly administration methods. The integration of interdisciplinary knowledge and innovative clinical trial designs is essential for advancing personalized and precision immunotherapy for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Gu
- China Pharmaceutical University, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Anning Qi
- Medical Laboratory, Liuhe People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211500, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ne Wang
- Jiangning Hospital Tiandi New City Branch, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenxian Zhou
- Nanjing Second People's Hospital, 211103, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- China Pharmaceutical University, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China; Jiangning Outpatient Department of China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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16
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Berger S, Zeyn Y, Wagner E, Bros M. New insights for the development of efficient DNA vaccines. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e70053. [PMID: 39545748 PMCID: PMC11565620 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.70053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/29/2024] [Indexed: 11/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the great potential of DNA vaccines for a broad range of applications, ranging from prevention of infections, over treatment of autoimmune and allergic diseases to cancer immunotherapies, the implementation of such therapies for clinical treatment is far behind the expectations up to now. The main reason is the poor immunogenicity of DNA vaccines in humans. Consequently, the improvement of the performance of DNA vaccines in vivo is required. This mini-review provides an overview of the current state of DNA vaccines and the various strategies to enhance the immunogenic potential of DNA vaccines, including (i) the optimization of the DNA construct itself regarding size, nuclear transfer and transcriptional regulation; (ii) the use of appropriate adjuvants; and (iii) improved delivery, for example, by careful choice of the administration route, physical methods such as electroporation and nanomaterials that may allow cell type-specific targeting. Moreover, combining nanoformulated DNA vaccines with other immunotherapies and prime-boost strategies may help to enhance success of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Berger
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Center for NanoScienceLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität (LMU) MunichMunichGermany
| | - Yanira Zeyn
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) MainzMainzGermany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Center for NanoScienceLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität (LMU) MunichMunichGermany
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) MainzMainzGermany
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17
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Yang Y, Xue Y, Wang X, Wang L, Wang J, Zhang J, Liu Y, Liang Y, Wu X. Bioinformatics Analysis and Immunogenicity Assessment of the Novel Multi-Stage DNA Vaccine W541 Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e70074. [PMID: 39588938 PMCID: PMC11590035 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.70074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 10/23/2024] [Accepted: 11/06/2024] [Indexed: 11/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination is one of the effective measures to prevent latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) from developing into active tuberculosis (TB). Applying bioinformatics methods to pre-evaluate the biological characteristics and immunogenicity of vaccines can improve the efficiency of vaccine development. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the immunogenicity of TB vaccine W541 and to explore the application of bioinformatics technology in TB vaccine research. METHODS This study concatenated the immunodominant sequences of Ag85A, Ag85B, Rv3407, and Rv1733c to construct the W541 DNA vaccine. Then, bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the physicochemical properties, antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, and population coverage of the vaccine, to identify its epitopes, and to perform molecular docking with MHC alleles and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) of the host. Finally, the immunogenicity of the vaccine was evaluated in animal experiments. RESULTS The W541 vaccine protein is a soluble cytoplasmic protein with a half-life of 1.1 h in vivo and an instability index of 45.37. It has good antigenicity and wide population coverage without allergenicity and toxicity. It contains 138 HTL epitopes, 73 CTL epitopes, 8 linear and 14 discontinuous B cell epitopes, and has a strong affinity for TLR4. Immune simulations have shown that it can effectively stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Animal experiments confirmed that the W541 DNA vaccine could effectively activate Th1- and Th17-type immune responses, producing high levels of IFN-γ and IL-17A, but could not significantly increase antibody levels. CONCLUSION The W541 DNA vaccine can induce strong cellular immune responses. However, further optimization of the vaccine design is needed to make the expressed protein more stable in vivo. Bioinformatics analysis could reveal the physicochemical and immunological information of vaccines, which is critical for guiding vaccine design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yourong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, Senior Department of TuberculosisThe Eighth Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yong Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, Senior Department of TuberculosisThe Eighth Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoou Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, Senior Department of TuberculosisThe Eighth Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Lan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, Senior Department of TuberculosisThe Eighth Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Jie Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, Senior Department of TuberculosisThe Eighth Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Junxian Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, Senior Department of TuberculosisThe Eighth Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yinping Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, Senior Department of TuberculosisThe Eighth Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yan Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, Senior Department of TuberculosisThe Eighth Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, Senior Department of TuberculosisThe Eighth Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
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18
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Malacopol AT, Holst PJ. Cancer Vaccines: Recent Insights and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:11256. [PMID: 39457036 PMCID: PMC11508577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms252011256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2024] [Revised: 10/13/2024] [Accepted: 10/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The field of cancer immunotherapy has seen incredible advancements in the past decades. mRNA-based cancer vaccines generating de novo T cell responses, particularly against tumor-specific antigens (TSAs), have demonstrated promising clinical outcomes and overcome diverse challenges. Despite the high potential of neoantigens to provide personalized immunotherapies through their tumor specificity and immunogenicity, challenges related to the scarcity of immunogenic neoepitopes have prompted continuous research towards finding new tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and broader therapeutic frameworks, which may now learn from the genuine successes obtained with neoantigens. As an example, human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) have emerged as potential alternatives to tumor neoantigens due to their high tumoral expression and ability to elicit both T cell reactivity and B cell responses associated with the efficacy of existing immunotherapies. This review aims to assess the status and limitations of TSA-directed mRNA cancer vaccines and the lessons that can be derived from these and checkpoint inhibitor studies to guide TAA vaccine development. We expect that shared B cell, CD4 and CD8 T cell antigen presentation will be key to stimulate continuous T cell expansion and efficacy for tumors that do not contain pre-existing tertiary lymphoid structures. When these structures are present in highly mutated tumors, the current checkpoint-based immunotherapies show efficacy even in immune privileged sites, and vaccines may hold the key to broaden efficacy to more tumor types and stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aretia-Teodora Malacopol
- HERVOLUTION Therapeutics, Copenhagen Bio Science (COBIS), 215 Nordre Fasanvej, DK2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Peter Johannes Holst
- HERVOLUTION Therapeutics, Copenhagen Bio Science (COBIS), 215 Nordre Fasanvej, DK2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Novysedlak R, Guney M, Al Khouri M, Bartolini R, Koumbas Foley L, Benesova I, Ozaniak A, Novak V, Vesely S, Pacas P, Buchler T, Ozaniak Strizova Z. The Immune Microenvironment in Prostate Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. Oncology 2024:1-25. [PMID: 39380471 DOI: 10.1159/000541881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 10/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is a malignancy with significant immunosuppressive properties and limited immune activation. This immunosuppression is linked to reduced cytotoxic T cell activity, impaired antigen presentation, and elevated levels of immunosuppressive cytokines and immune checkpoint molecules. Studies demonstrate that cytotoxic CD8+ T cell infiltration correlates with improved survival, while increased regulatory T cells (Tregs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are associated with worse outcomes and therapeutic resistance. Th1 cells are beneficial, whereas Th17 cells, producing interleukin-17 (IL-17), contribute to tumor progression. Tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) and immune checkpoint molecules, such as PD-1/PD-L1 and T cell immunoglobulin-3 (TIM-3) are also linked to advanced stages of PCa. Chemotherapy holds promise in converting the "cold" tumor microenvironment (TME) to a "hot" one by depleting immunosuppressive cells and enhancing tumor immunogenicity. SUMMARY This comprehensive review examines the immune microenvironment in PCa, focusing on the intricate interactions between immune and tumor cells in the TME. It highlights how TAMs, Tregs, cytotoxic T cells, and other immune cell types contribute to tumor progression or suppression and how PCa's low immunogenicity complicates immunotherapy. KEY MESSAGES The infiltration of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and Th1 cells correlates with better outcomes, while elevated T regs and TAMs promote tumor growth, metastasis, and resistance. TANs and natural killer (NK) cells exhibit dual roles, with higher NK cell levels linked to better prognoses. Immune checkpoint molecules like PD-1, PD-L1, and TIM-3 are associated with advanced disease. Chemotherapy can improve tumor immunogenicity by depleting T regs and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, offering therapeutic promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Novysedlak
- Third Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Miray Guney
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Majd Al Khouri
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Robin Bartolini
- Lausanne Center for Immuno-oncology Toxicities (LCIT), Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lily Koumbas Foley
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Iva Benesova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Andrej Ozaniak
- Third Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vojtech Novak
- Department of Urology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Stepan Vesely
- Department of Urology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Pacas
- Department of Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomas Buchler
- Department of Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Ozaniak Strizova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
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20
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Muralidhar A, Gamat-Huber M, Vakkalanka S, McNeel DG. Sequence of androgen receptor-targeted vaccination with androgen deprivation therapy affects anti-prostate tumor efficacy. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008848. [PMID: 38772685 PMCID: PMC11110578 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2024-008848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the primary treatment for recurrent and metastatic prostate cancer. In addition to direct antitumor effects, ADT has immunomodulatory effects such as promoting T-cell infiltration and enhancing antigen processing/presentation. Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that ADT also leads to increased expression of the androgen receptor (AR) and increased recognition of prostate tumor cells by AR-specific CD8+T cells. We have also demonstrated that ADT combined with a DNA vaccine encoding the AR significantly slowed tumor growth and improved the survival of prostate tumor-bearing mice. The current study aimed to investigate the impact of the timing and sequencing of ADT with vaccination on the tumor immune microenvironment in murine prostate cancer models to further increase the antitumor efficacy of vaccines. METHODS Male FVB mice implanted with Myc-CaP tumor cells, or male C57BL/6 mice implanted with TRAMP-C1 prostate tumor cells, were treated with a DNA vaccine encoding AR (pTVG-AR) and ADT. The sequence of administration was evaluated for its effect on tumor growth, and tumor-infiltrating immune populations were characterized. RESULTS Vaccination prior to ADT (pTVG-AR → ADT) significantly enhanced antitumor responses and survival. This was associated with increased tumor infiltration by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, including AR-specific CD8+T cells. Depletion of CD8+T cells prior to ADT significantly worsened overall survival. Following ADT treatment, however, Gr1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) increased, and this was associated with fewer infiltrating T cells and reduced tumor growth. Inhibiting Gr1+MDSCs recruitment, either by using a CXCR2 antagonist or by cycling androgen deprivation with testosterone replacement, improved antitumor responses and overall survival. CONCLUSION Vaccination prior to ADT significantly improved antitumor responses, mediated in part by increased infiltration of CD8+T cells following ADT. Targeting MDSC recruitment following ADT further enhanced antitumor responses. These findings suggest logical directions for future clinical trials to improve the efficacy of prostate cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Muralidhar
- Cancer Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Melissa Gamat-Huber
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sita Vakkalanka
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Douglas G McNeel
- Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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21
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Einstein DJ, Aragon-Ching JB, Karzai F, Madan RA. Biochemically recurrent prostate cancer in the era of EMBARK and PSMA PET imaging: everything has changed, except the patients. Curr Opin Oncol 2024; 36:164-168. [PMID: 38573205 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000001030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Patients with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer (BCR) after unsuccessful curative therapies frequently have an indolent and asymptomatic disease course for years. There are no prospective data showing that treating BCR improves overall survival despite new imaging strategies and emerging therapeutic data. Managing BCR requires a unique perspective in oncology that balances toxicities and disease kinetics. RECENT FINDINGS Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) imaging is now widely available and can define subclinical disease in patients with BCR who otherwise have negative CT and bone scans, but limited data exists showing that treating PSMA-positive disease has long term impact. A phase 3 trial demonstrated that the androgen receptor pathway inhibitor enzalutamide either alone or with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) was superior in delaying metastasis, relative to ADT alone. Survival benefits from this study remain unknown. SUMMARY BCR is a heterogeneous population where overtreatment may present greater risk to patients than a disease course that is often indolent. Management of BCR should be individualized based on disease kinetics. Given the unique biology of BCR, future therapeutic research should emphasize an approach that alters disease trajectory without accompanying side effects and should explore options beyond ADT-based strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fatima Karzai
- Genitorurinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ravi A Madan
- Genitorurinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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