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Robinson K, Parrish R, Adeyemo WL, Beaty TH, Butali A, Buxó CJ, Gowans LJ, Hecht JT, Moreno L, Murray JC, Shaw GM, Weinberg SM, Brand H, Marazita ML, Cutler DJ, Epstein MP, Yang J, Leslie EJ. Genome-wide study of gene-by-sex interactions identifies risks for cleft palate. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.05.01.24306701. [PMID: 38746184 PMCID: PMC11092717 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.01.24306701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Structural birth defects affect 3-4% of all live births and, depending on the type, tend to manifest in a sex-biased manner. Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are the most common craniofacial structural birth defects and are often divided into cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft palate only (CP). Previous studies have found sex-specific risks for CL/P, but these risks have yet to be evaluated in CP. CL/P is more common in males and CP is more frequently observed in females, so we hypothesized there would also be sex-specific differences for CP. Using a trio-based cohort, we performed sex-stratified genome-wide association studies (GWAS) based on proband sex followed by a genome-wide gene-by-sex (GxS) interaction testing. There were 13 loci significant for GxS interactions, with the top finding in LTBP1 (RR=3.37 [2.04 - 5.56], p=1.93x10 -6 ). LTBP1 plays a role in regulating TGF-B bioavailability, and knockdown in both mice and zebrafish lead to craniofacial anomalies. Further, there is evidence for differential expression of LTBP1 between males and females in both mice and humans. Therefore, we tested the association between the imputed genetically regulated gene expression of genes with significant GxS interactions and the CP phenotype. We found significant association for LTBP1 in cell cultured fibroblasts in female probands (p=0.0013) but not in males. Taken altogether, we show there are sex-specific risks for CP that are otherwise undetectable in a combined sex cohort, and LTBP1 is a candidate risk gene, particularly in females.
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Philipp K, Anja Q, Boris S, Johanna K, Susanne W, Adam S, Philipp MM, Henning S. Epidemiological and clinical evaluation of patients with a cleft in lower saxony Germany: a mono-center analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:5661-5670. [PMID: 37542681 PMCID: PMC10492882 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to provide epidemiological and clinical data on patients with orofacial clefts in Lower Saxony in Germany. MATERIALS AND METHODS The records of 404 patients with orofacial clefts treated surgically at the University Medical Center Goettingen from 2001 to 2019 were analyzed in this retrospective study. Prevalence of orofacial clefts in general, orofacial clefts as manifestation of a syndrome, sex distribution, and prevalence of different cleft types was evaluated and associated with the need for corrective surgery, family history, pregnancy complications, and comorbidities. RESULTS The prevalence of orofacial clefts for Goettingen in Lower Saxony was 1:890. 231 patients were male and 173 were female. CLP was most common (39.1%) followed by CP (34.7%), CL (14.4%), CLA (9.9%), and facial clefts (2%). The left side was more frequently affected and unilateral cleft forms occurred more often than bilateral ones. Almost 10% of the population displayed syndromic CL/P. 10.9% of all patients had a positive family history regarding CL/P, predominantly from the maternal side. Pregnancy abnormalities were found in 11.4%, most often in the form of preterm birth. Comorbidities, especially of the cardiovascular system, were found in 30.2% of the sample. 2.2% of patients treated according to the University Medical Center Goettingen protocol corrective surgery was performed in form of a velopharyngoplasty or residual hole closure. CONCLUSIONS The epidemiological and clinical profile of the study population resembled the expected distributions in Western populations. The large number of syndromic CL/P and associated comorbidities supports the need for specialized cleft centers and interdisciplinary cleft care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kauffmann Philipp
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, D-37099, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Quast Anja
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Schminke Boris
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, D-37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kolle Johanna
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, D-37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfer Susanne
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, D-37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stepniewski Adam
- Trauma Surgery, Orthopedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Schliephake Henning
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, D-37099, Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Dąbrowska J, Biedziak B, Bogdanowicz A, Mostowska A. Identification of Novel Risk Variants of Non-Syndromic Cleft Palate by Targeted Gene Panel Sequencing. J Clin Med 2023; 12:2051. [PMID: 36902838 PMCID: PMC10004578 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12052051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-syndromic cleft palate (ns-CP) has a genetically heterogeneous aetiology. Numerous studies have suggested a crucial role of rare coding variants in characterizing the unrevealed component of genetic variation in ns-CP called the "missing heritability". Therefore, this study aimed to detect low-frequency variants that are implicated in ns-CP aetiology in the Polish population. For this purpose, coding regions of 423 genes associated with orofacial cleft anomalies and/or involved with facial development were screened in 38 ns-CP patients using the next-generation sequencing technology. After multistage selection and prioritisation, eight novel and four known rare variants that may influence an individual's risk of ns-CP were identified. Among detected alternations, seven were located in novel candidate genes for ns-CP, including COL17A1 (c.2435-1G>A), DLG1 (c.1586G>C, p.Glu562Asp), NHS (c.568G>C, p.Val190Leu-de novo variant), NOTCH2 (c.1997A>G, p.Tyr666Cys), TBX18 (c.647A>T, p.His225Leu), VAX1 (c.400G>A, p.Ala134Thr) and WNT5B (c.716G>T, p.Arg239Leu). The remaining risk variants were identified within genes previously linked to ns-CP, confirming their contribution to this anomaly. This list included ARHGAP29 (c.1706G>A, p.Arg569Gln), FLNB (c.3605A>G, Tyr1202Cys), IRF6 (224A>G, p.Asp75Gly-de novo variant), LRP6 (c.481C>A, p.Pro161Thr) and TP63 (c.353A>T, p.Asn118Ile). In summary, this study provides further insights into the genetic components contributing to ns-CP aetiology and identifies novel susceptibility genes for this craniofacial anomaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Dąbrowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Swiecickiego Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Biedziak
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Anomalies, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bogdanowicz
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Anomalies, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Adrianna Mostowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Swiecickiego Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
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4
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Slavec L, Geršak K, Eberlinc A, Hovnik T, Lovrečić L, Mlinarič-Raščan I, Karas Kuželički N. A Comprehensive Genetic Analysis of Slovenian Families with Multiple Cases of Orofacial Clefts Reveals Novel Variants in the Genes IRF6, GRHL3, and TBX22. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054262. [PMID: 36901693 PMCID: PMC10002089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the aetiology of non-syndromic orofacial clefts (nsOFCs) is usually multifactorial, syndromic OFCs (syOFCs) are often caused by single mutations in known genes. Some syndromes, e.g., Van der Woude syndrome (VWS1; VWS2) and X-linked cleft palate with or without ankyloglossia (CPX), show only minor clinical signs in addition to OFC and are sometimes difficult to differentiate from nsOFCs. We recruited 34 Slovenian multi-case families with apparent nsOFCs (isolated OFCs or OFCs with minor additional facial signs). First, we examined IRF6, GRHL3, and TBX22 by Sanger or whole exome sequencing to identify VWS and CPX families. Next, we examined 72 additional nsOFC genes in the remaining families. Variant validation and co-segregation analysis were performed for each identified variant using Sanger sequencing, real-time quantitative PCR and microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization. We identified six disease-causing variants (three novel) in IRF6, GRHL3, and TBX22 in 21% of families with apparent nsOFCs, suggesting that our sequencing approach is useful for distinguishing syOFCs from nsOFCs. The novel variants, a frameshift variant in exon 7 of IRF6, a splice-altering variant in GRHL3, and a deletion of the coding exons of TBX22, indicate VWS1, VWS2, and CPX, respectively. We also identified five rare variants in nsOFC genes in families without VWS or CPX, but they could not be conclusively linked to nsOFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Slavec
- Research Unit, Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ksenija Geršak
- Research Unit, Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Eberlinc
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tinka Hovnik
- Clinical Institute for Special Laboratory Diagnostics, University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luca Lovrečić
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Clinical Institute of Genomic Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Mlinarič-Raščan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Karas Kuželički
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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5
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Lace B, Pajusalu S, Livcane D, Grinfelde I, Akota I, Mauliņa I, Barkāne B, Stavusis J, Inashkina I. Monogenic Versus Multifactorial Inheritance in the Development of Isolated Cleft Palate: A Whole Genome Sequencing Study. Front Genet 2022; 13:828534. [PMID: 35281813 PMCID: PMC8907258 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.828534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial morphogenesis is highly complex, as is the anatomical region involved. Errors during this process, resulting in orofacial clefts, occur in more than 400 genetic syndromes. Some cases of cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) are caused by mutations in single genes; however, complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors are considered to be responsible for the majority of non-syndromic CLP development. The aim of the current study was to identify genetic risk factors in patients with isolated cleft palate (CP) by whole genome sequencing. Patients with isolated CP (n = 30) recruited from the Riga Cleft Lip and Palate Centre, Institute of Stomatology, Riga, were analyzed by whole genome sequencing. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were discovered in genes associated with CP (TBX22, COL2A1, FBN1, PCGF2, and KMT2D) in five patients; hence, rare disease variants were identified in 17% of patients with non-syndromic isolated CP. Our results were relevant to routine genetic counselling practice and genetic testing recommendations. Based on our data, we propose that all newborns with orofacial clefts should be offered genetic testing, at least for a panel of known CLP genes. Only if the results are negative and there is no suggestive family history or additional clinical symptoms (which would support additional exome or genome-wide investigation), should multifactorial empiric recurrence risk prediction tools be applied for families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiba Lace
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
- *Correspondence: Baiba Lace, , orcid.org/0000-0001-5371-6756
| | - Sander Pajusalu
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Diana Livcane
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ieva Grinfelde
- Cleft, Lip and Palate Center, Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradins’University, Riga, Latvia
- Medical Genetics Clinic, Children’s Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ilze Akota
- Cleft, Lip and Palate Center, Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradins’University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ieva Mauliņa
- Cleft, Lip and Palate Center, Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradins’University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Biruta Barkāne
- Cleft, Lip and Palate Center, Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradins’University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Janis Stavusis
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Inna Inashkina
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
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6
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Awotoye W, Comnick C, Pendleton C, Zeng E, Alade A, Mossey PA, Gowans LJJ, Eshete MA, Adeyemo WL, Naicker T, Adeleke C, Busch T, Li M, Petrin A, Olotu J, Hassan M, Pape J, Miller SE, Donkor P, Anand D, Lachke SA, Marazita ML, Adeyemo AA, Murray JC, Albokhari D, Sobreira N, Butali A. Genome-wide Gene-by-Sex Interaction Studies Identify Novel Nonsyndromic Orofacial Clefts Risk Locus. J Dent Res 2021; 101:465-472. [PMID: 34689653 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211046614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk loci identified through genome-wide association studies have explained about 25% of the phenotypic variations in nonsyndromic orofacial clefts (nsOFCs) on the liability scale. Despite the notable sex differences in the incidences of the different cleft types, investigation of loci for sex-specific effects has been understudied. To explore the sex-specific effects in genetic etiology of nsOFCs, we conducted a genome-wide gene × sex (GxSex) interaction study in a sub-Saharan African orofacial cleft cohort. The sample included 1,019 nonsyndromic orofacial cleft cases (814 cleft lip with or without cleft palate and 205 cleft palate only) and 2,159 controls recruited from 3 sites (Ethiopia, Ghana, and Nigeria). An additive logistic model was used to examine the joint effects of the genotype and GxSex interaction. Furthermore, we examined loci with suggestive significance (P < 1E-5) in the additive model for the effect of the GxSex interaction only. We identified a novel risk locus on chromosome 8p22 with genome-wide significant joint and GxSex interaction effects (rs2720555, p2df = 1.16E-08, pGxSex = 1.49E-09, odds ratio [OR] = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.34 to 0.57). For males, the risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate at this locus decreases with additional copies of the minor allele (p < 0.0001, OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.48 to 0.74), but the effect is reversed for females (p = 0.0004, OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.15 to 1.60). We replicated the female-specific effect of this locus in an independent cohort (p = 0.037, OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.65), but no significant effect was found for the males (p = 0.29, OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.65 to 1.14). This locus is in topologically associating domain with craniofacially expressed and enriched genes during embryonic development. Rare coding mutations of some of these genes were identified in nsOFC cohorts through whole exome sequencing analysis. Our study is additional proof that genome-wide GxSex interaction analysis provides an opportunity for novel findings of loci and genes that contribute to the risk of nsOFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Awotoye
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - C Comnick
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - C Pendleton
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - E Zeng
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - A Alade
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - P A Mossey
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - L J J Gowans
- Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital and Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - M A Eshete
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - W L Adeyemo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - T Naicker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - C Adeleke
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - T Busch
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - M Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - A Petrin
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J Olotu
- Department of Anatomy, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria
| | - M Hassan
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - J Pape
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - S E Miller
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - P Donkor
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - D Anand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - S A Lachke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - M L Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Departments of Oral Biology and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A A Adeyemo
- National Human Genomic Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - D Albokhari
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - N Sobreira
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Butali
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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7
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Nasreddine G, El Hajj J, Ghassibe-Sabbagh M. Orofacial clefts embryology, classification, epidemiology, and genetics. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 787:108373. [PMID: 34083042 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial clefts (OFCs) rank as the second most common congenital birth defect in the United States after Down syndrome and are the most common head and neck congenital malformations. They are classified as cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft palate only (CPO). OFCs have significant psychological and socio-economic impact on patients and their families and require a multidisciplinary approach for management and counseling. A complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors contributes to the incidence and clinical presentation of OFCs. In this comprehensive review, the embryology, classification, epidemiology and etiology of clefts are thoroughly discussed and a "state-of-the-art" snapshot of the recent advances in the genetics of OFCs is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghenwa Nasreddine
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Joelle El Hajj
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Michella Ghassibe-Sabbagh
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon.
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8
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Iwata J. Gene-Environment Interplay and MicroRNAs in Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate. ORAL SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL 2021; 18:3-13. [PMID: 36855534 PMCID: PMC9969970 DOI: 10.1002/osi2.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cleft lip (CL) with/without cleft palate (CP) (hereafter CL/P) is the second most common congenital birth defect, affecting 7.94 to 9.92 children per 10,000 live births worldwide, followed by Down syndrome. An increasing number of genes have been identified as affecting susceptibility and/or as causative genes for CL/P in mouse genetic and chemically-induced CL and CP studies, as well as in human genome-wide association studies and linkage analysis. While marked progress has been made in the identification of genetic and environmental risk factors for CL/P, the interplays between these factors are not yet fully understood. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge of CL and CP from genetically engineered mouse models and environmental factors that have been studied in mice. Understanding the regulatory mechanism(s) of craniofacial development may not only advance our understanding of craniofacial developmental biology, but could also provide approaches for the prevention of birth defects and for tissue engineering in craniofacial tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, 77054 USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, 77054 USA.,Pediatric Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, 77030 USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, 77030 USA
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9
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Abstract
Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are the most common congenital birth defects in humans and immediately recognized at birth. The etiology remains complex and poorly understood and seems to result from multiple genetic and environmental factors along with gene-environment interactions. It can be classified into syndromic (30%) and nonsyndromic (70%) clefts. Nonsyndromic OFCs include clefts without any additional physical or cognitive deficits. Recently, various genetic approaches, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS), candidate gene association studies, and linkage analysis, have identified multiple genes involved in the etiology of OFCs. This article provides an insight into the multiple genes involved in the etiology of OFCs. Identification of specific genetic causes of clefts helps in a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of OFC. In the near future, it helps to provide a more accurate diagnosis, genetic counseling, personalized medicine for better clinical care, and prevention of OFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamad Irfanulla Khan
- Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, The Oxford Dental College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashanth CS
- Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, DAPM R.V. Dental College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Narasimha Murthy Srinath
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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10
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Martinelli M, Palmieri A, Carinci F, Scapoli L. Non-syndromic Cleft Palate: An Overview on Human Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:592271. [PMID: 33195260 PMCID: PMC7606870 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.592271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial and mesenchymal cells involved in early embryonic facial development are guided by complex regulatory mechanisms. Any factor perturbing the growth, approach and fusion of the frontonasal and maxillary processes could result in orofacial clefts that represent the most common craniofacial malformations in humans. The rarest and, probably for this reason, the least studied form of cleft involves only the secondary palate, which is posterior to the incisive foramen. The etiology of cleft palate only is multifactorial and involves both genetic and environmental risk factors. The intention of this review is to give the reader an overview of the efforts made by researchers to shed light on the underlying causes of this birth defect. Most of the scientific papers suggesting potential environmental and genetic causes of non-syndromic cleft palate are summarized in this review, including genome-wide association and gene–environment interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Martinelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Palmieri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Carinci
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Scapoli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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11
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Hara T, Tanaka S, Kogo M. Ankyloglossia Superior Syndrome With Complex Craniofacial Anomalies: Case Report and Literature Review. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2020; 58:906-911. [PMID: 33043685 DOI: 10.1177/1055665620964028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankyloglossia superior syndrome is an extremely rare entity in which centrally located glossopalatine ankylosis is a principal feature. Some cases are accompanied by cleft palate, micrognathia, or tongue hypoplasia, and affected patients need careful nutritional and respiratory support. We describe a newborn girl in whom ankyloglossia superior syndrome comprised complex craniofacial malformations, including cleft palate, micrognathia, microglossia, and natal teeth as well as limb anomalies. Surgical treatment entailed release of synechiae, and glossopexy was performed successfully to prevent postsurgical airway complications and to ensure adequate nutrition by nipple feeding during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hara
- The 1st Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 314275Osaka University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Susumu Tanaka
- The 1st Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 314275Osaka University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Kogo
- The 1st Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 314275Osaka University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Reynolds K, Zhang S, Sun B, Garland MA, Ji Y, Zhou CJ. Genetics and signaling mechanisms of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1588-1634. [PMID: 32666711 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial development involves several complex tissue movements including several fusion processes to form the frontonasal and maxillary structures, including the upper lip and palate. Each of these movements are controlled by many different factors that are tightly regulated by several integral morphogenetic signaling pathways. Subject to both genetic and environmental influences, interruption at nearly any stage can disrupt lip, nasal, or palate fusion and result in a cleft. Here, we discuss many of the genetic risk factors that may contribute to the presentation of orofacial clefts in patients, and several of the key signaling pathways and underlying cellular mechanisms that control lip and palate formation, as identified primarily through investigating equivalent processes in animal models, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Michael A Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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13
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Sharma V, Hiller M. Losses of human disease-associated genes in placental mammals. NAR Genom Bioinform 2019; 2:lqz012. [PMID: 33575564 PMCID: PMC7671337 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We systematically investigate whether losses of human disease-associated genes occurred in other mammals during evolution. We first show that genes lost in any of 62 non-human mammals generally have a lower degree of pleiotropy, and are highly depleted in essential and disease-associated genes. Despite this under-representation, we discovered multiple genes implicated in human disease that are truly lost in non-human mammals. In most cases, traits resembling human disease symptoms are present but not deleterious in gene-loss species, exemplified by losses of genes causing human eye or teeth disorders in poor-vision or enamel-less mammals. We also found widespread losses of PCSK9 and CETP genes, where loss-of-function mutations in humans protect from atherosclerosis. Unexpectedly, we discovered losses of disease genes (TYMP, TBX22, ABCG5, ABCG8, MEFV, CTSE) where deleterious phenotypes do not manifest in the respective species. A remarkable example is the uric acid-degrading enzyme UOX, which we found to be inactivated in elephants and manatees. While UOX loss in hominoids led to high serum uric acid levels and a predisposition for gout, elephants and manatees exhibit low uric acid levels, suggesting alternative ways of metabolizing uric acid. Together, our results highlight numerous mammals that are 'natural knockouts' of human disease genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virag Sharma
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Hiller
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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14
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Li KE, Shu X, Gong H, Cheng L, Dong Z, Shu S. Position-dependent correlation between TBX22 exon 5 methylation and palatal shelf fusion in the development of cleft palate. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2019; 91:e20180945. [PMID: 31241704 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920180945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is essential for spatiotemporally-regulated gene expression in embryonic development. TBX22 (Chr X: 107667964-107688978) functioning as a transcriptional repressor affects DNA binding, sumoylation, and transcriptional repression associated with X-linked cleft palate. This study aimed to explore the relationship and potential mechanism between TBX22 exon 5 methylation and palatal shelf fusion induced by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). We performed DNA methylation profiling, using MethylRAD-seq, after high throughput sequencing of mouse embryos from control (n=9) and ATRA-treated (to induce cleft palate, n=9) C57BL/6J mice at embryonic gestation days(E) 13.5, 14.5 and 16.5. TBX22 exon 5 was hyper-methylated at the CpG site at E13.5 (P=0.025, log2FC=1.5) and E14.5 (P=0.011, log2FC:1.5) in ATRA-treated, whereas methylation TBX22 exon 5 at the CpG site was not significantly different at E16.5 (P=0.808, log2FC=-0.2) between control and ATRA-treated. MSP results showed a similar trend consistent with the MethylRAD-seq results. qPCR showed the change in TBX22 exon 5 expression level negatively correlated with its TBX22 exon 5 methylation level. These results indicate that changes in TBX22 exon 5 methylation might play an important regulatory role during palatal shelf fusion, and may enlighten the development of novel epigenetic biomarkers in the treatment of CP in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Li
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 69, Dongxia North Road, Jinping District, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Xuan Shu
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 69, Dongxia North Road, Jinping District, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Hui Gong
- The Department of Gynaecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 69, Dongxia North Road, Jinping District, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Liuhanghang Cheng
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 69, Dongxia North Road, Jinping District, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Zejun Dong
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 69, Dongxia North Road, Jinping District, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Shenyou Shu
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 69, Dongxia North Road, Jinping District, Shantou, 515041, China
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15
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Reynolds K, Kumari P, Sepulveda Rincon L, Gu R, Ji Y, Kumar S, Zhou CJ. Wnt signaling in orofacial clefts: crosstalk, pathogenesis and models. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/2/dmm037051. [PMID: 30760477 PMCID: PMC6398499 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.037051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse signaling cues and attendant proteins work together during organogenesis, including craniofacial development. Lip and palate formation starts as early as the fourth week of gestation in humans or embryonic day 9.5 in mice. Disruptions in these early events may cause serious consequences, such as orofacial clefts, mainly cleft lip and/or cleft palate. Morphogenetic Wnt signaling, along with other signaling pathways and transcription regulation mechanisms, plays crucial roles during embryonic development, yet the signaling mechanisms and interactions in lip and palate formation and fusion remain poorly understood. Various Wnt signaling and related genes have been associated with orofacial clefts. This Review discusses the role of Wnt signaling and its crosstalk with cell adhesion molecules, transcription factors, epigenetic regulators and other morphogenetic signaling pathways, including the Bmp, Fgf, Tgfβ, Shh and retinoic acid pathways, in orofacial clefts in humans and animal models, which may provide a better understanding of these disorders and could be applied towards prevention and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Priyanka Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Lessly Sepulveda Rincon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Ran Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA .,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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16
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Demeer B, Revencu N, Helaers R, Devauchelle B, François G, Bayet B, Vikkula M. Unmasking familial CPX by WES and identification of novel clinical signs. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:2661-2667. [PMID: 30462376 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the T-Box transcription factor gene TBX22 are found in X-linked Cleft Palate with or without Ankyloglossia syndrome (CPX syndrome). In addition to X-linked inheritance, ankyloglossia, present in the majority of CPX patients, is an important diagnostic marker, but it is frequently missed or unreported, as it is a "minor" feature. Other described anomalies include cleft lip, micro and/or hypodontia, and features of CHARGE syndrome. We conducted whole exome sequencing (WES) on 22 individuals from 17 "a priori" non-syndromic cleft lip and/or cleft palate (CL/P) families. We filtered the data for heterozygous pathogenic variants within a set of predefined candidate genes. Two canonical splice-site mutations were found in TBX22. Detailed re-phenotyping of the two probands and their families unravelled orofacial features previously not associated with the CPX phenotypic spectrum: choanal atresia, Pierre-Robin sequence, and overgrowths on the posterior edge of the hard palate, on each side of the palatal midline. This study emphasizes the importance of WES analysis in familial CLP cases, combined with deep (reverse) phenotyping in "a priori" non-syndromic clefts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Demeer
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, CLAD nord de France, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France.,EA CHIMERE, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Nicole Revencu
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raphael Helaers
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Devauchelle
- EA CHIMERE, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology, centre de compétence fentes et malformations faciales MAFACE, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Geneviève François
- Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Bayet
- Centre Labiopalatin, Division of Plastic Surgery, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Miikka Vikkula
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Carlson JC, Nidey NL, Butali A, Buxo CJ, Christensen K, Deleyiannis FWD, Hecht JT, Field LL, Moreno-Uribe LM, Orioli IM, Poletta FA, Padilla C, Vieira AR, Weinberg SM, Wehby GL, Feingold E, Murray JC, Marazita ML, Leslie EJ. Genome-wide interaction studies identify sex-specific risk alleles for nonsyndromic orofacial clefts. Genet Epidemiol 2018; 42:664-672. [PMID: 30277614 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is the most common craniofacial birth defect in humans and is notable for its apparent sexual dimorphism where approximately twice as many males are affected as females. The sources of this disparity are largely unknown, but interactions between genetic and sex effects are likely contributors. We examined gene-by-sex (G × S) interactions in a worldwide sample of 2,142 NSCL/P cases and 1,700 controls recruited from 13 countries. First, we performed genome-wide joint tests of the genetic (G) and G × S effects genome-wide using logistic regression assuming an additive genetic model and adjusting for 18 principal components of ancestry. We further interrogated loci with suggestive results from the joint test ( p < 1.00 × 10 -5 ) by examining the G × S effects from the same model. Out of the 133 loci with suggestive results ( p < 1.00 × 10 -5 ) for the joint test, we observed one genome-wide significant G × S effect in the 10q21 locus (rs72804706; p = 6.69 × 10 -9 ; OR = 2.62 CI [1.89, 3.62]) and 16 suggestive G × S effects. At the intergenic 10q21 locus, the risk of NSCL/P is estimated to increase with additional copies of the minor allele for females, but the opposite effect for males. Our observation that the impact of genetic variants on NSCL/P risk differs for males and females may further our understanding of the genetic architecture of NSCL/P and the sex differences underlying clefts and other birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna C Carlson
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nichole L Nidey
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Azeez Butali
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Carmen J Buxo
- Dental and Craniofacial Genomics Core, School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Kaare Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Frederic W-D Deleyiannis
- Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School and School of Dentistry, UT Health at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - L Leigh Field
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lina M Moreno-Uribe
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ieda M Orioli
- ECLAMC (Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations) at INAGEMP (National Institute of Population Medical Genetics), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Poletta
- ECLAMC (Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations) at INAGEMP (National Institute of Population Medical Genetics), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,CEMIC-CONICET: Center for Medical Education and Clinical Research "Norberto Quirno", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carmencita Padilla
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.,The Philippine Genome Center, University of the Philippines System, Manilla, Philippines
| | - Alexandre R Vieira
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - George L Wehby
- Department of Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth J Leslie
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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18
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Tran DL, Imura H, Mori A, Suzuki S, Niimi T, Ono M, Sakuma C, Nakahara S, Nguyen TTH, Pham PT, Hoang V, Tran VTT, Nguyen MD, Natsume N. Association of MEOX2 polymorphism with nonsyndromic cleft palate only in a Vietnamese population. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2018; 58:124-129. [PMID: 29030958 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the association between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs227493 in the MEOX2 gene and nonsyndromic cleft palate only, this research was conducted as a case-control study by comparing a nonsyndromic cleft palate only group with an independent, healthy, and unaffected control group who were both examined by specialists. Based on clinical examination and medical records, we analyzed a total of 570 DNA samples, including 277 cases and 293 controls, which were extracted from dry blood spot samples collected from both the Odonto and Maxillofacial Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City and Nguyen Dinh Chieu Hospital in Ben Tre province, respectively. The standard procedures of genotyping the specific SNP (rs2237493) for MEOX2 were performed on a StepOne Realtime PCR system with TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays. Significant statistical differences were observed in allelic frequencies (allele T and allele G) between the non-syndromic cleft palate only and control groups in female subjects, with an allelic odds ratio of 1.455 (95% confidence interval: 1.026-2.064) and P < 0.05. These study findings suggest that nonsyndromic isolated cleft palate might be influenced by variation of MEOX2, especially SNP rs2237493 in Vietnamese females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy L Tran
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Nguyen Dinh Chieu General Hopsital, Ben Tre, Vietnam
| | - Hideto Imura
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Speech, Hearing, and Language, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mori
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Speech, Hearing, and Language, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Speech, Hearing, and Language, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Niimi
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Speech, Hearing, and Language, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Maya Ono
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Speech, Hearing, and Language, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chisato Sakuma
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Speech, Hearing, and Language, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakahara
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tham T H Nguyen
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Nguyen Dinh Chieu General Hopsital, Ben Tre, Vietnam
| | - Phuong T Pham
- Nguyen Dinh Chieu General Hopsital, Ben Tre, Vietnam
| | - Viet Hoang
- Nguyen Dinh Chieu General Hopsital, Ben Tre, Vietnam
| | - Van T T Tran
- Odonto and Maxillofacial Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Minh D Nguyen
- Odonto and Maxillofacial Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Nagato Natsume
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Speech, Hearing, and Language, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
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19
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20
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Dai J, Xu C, Wang G, Liang Y, Wan T, Zhang Y, Xu X, Yu L, Che Z, Han Q, Wu D, Yang Y. Novel TBX22 mutations in Chinese nonsyndromic cleft lip/palate families. J Genet 2018; 97:411-417. [PMID: 29932061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
TBX22 is a gene which contribute to cleft lip/palate, and many mutation sites of TBX22 have been reported. However, the exact role of TBX22 mutation in Chinese nonsyndromic cleft lip/palate (NSCL/P) family was not clearly explored. In this study, we tried to investigate the profiles and effects of TBX22 mutation in Chinese NSCL/P family. Members of two Chinese NSCL/P families and 200 normal controls were enrolled in this study. Further, DNA sequence and bioinformatic analysis for TBX22 were performed. The results showed that a novel and essential splicing site mutation, IVS6-1G>C , was detected in a family with cleft palate. The bioinformatic analysis results showed that this mutation would lead to abnormal transcription or translation, followed by a loss of function of TBX22. In addition, a hemizygous missense mutation, c.874G>A (p.D292N), was first reported in another Chinese family, which may exhibit aggravated effects on the phenotypes of CL/P. Taking these findings together, this study provides a profile of TBX22 mutation in Chinese NSCL/P families, and further confirmed the important role of TBX22 in familial cases with X-linked cleft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewen Dai
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Liu H, Busch T, Eliason S, Anand D, Bullard S, Gowans LJJ, Nidey N, Petrin A, Augustine-Akpan EA, Saadi I, Dunnwald M, Lachke SA, Zhu Y, Adeyemo A, Amendt B, Roscioli T, Cornell R, Murray J, Butali A. Exome sequencing provides additional evidence for the involvement of ARHGAP29 in Mendelian orofacial clefting and extends the phenotypic spectrum to isolated cleft palate. Birth Defects Res 2018; 109:27-37. [PMID: 28029220 PMCID: PMC5388577 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in genomics methodologies, in particular the availability of next-generation sequencing approaches have made it possible to identify risk loci throughout the genome, in particular the exome. In the current study, we present findings from an exome study conducted in five affected individuals of a multiplex family with cleft palate only. METHODS The GEnome MINIng (GEMINI) pipeline was used to functionally annotate the single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertions and deletions. Filtering methods were applied to identify variants that are clinically relevant and present in affected individuals at minor allele frequencies (≤1%) in the 1000 Genomes Project single nucleotide polymorphism database, Exome Aggregation Consortium, and Exome Variant Server databases. The bioinformatics tool Systems Tool for Craniofacial Expression-Based Gene Discovery was used to prioritize cleft candidates in our list of variants, and Sanger sequencing was used to validate the presence of identified variants in affected and unaffected relatives. RESULTS Our analyses approach narrowed the candidates down to the novel missense variant in ARHGAP29 (GenBank: NM_004815.3, NP_004806.3;c.1654T>C [p.Ser552Pro]. A functional assay in zebrafish embryos showed that the encoded protein lacks the activity possessed by its wild-type counterpart, and migration assays revealed that keratinocytes transfected with wild-type ARHGAP29 migrated faster than counterparts transfected with the p.Ser552Pro ARHGAP29 variant or empty vector (control). CONCLUSION These findings reveal ARHGAP29 to be a regulatory protein essential for proper development of the face, identifies an amino acid that is key for this, and provides a potential new diagnostic tool.Birth Defects Research 109:27-37, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Iowa City, U.S.A
| | - Tamara Busch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, U.S.A
| | - Steven Eliason
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Iowa City, U.S.A
| | - Deepti Anand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Steven Bullard
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, U.S.A
| | - Lord J J Gowans
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, U.S.A
| | - Nichole Nidey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, U.S.A
| | - Aline Petrin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, U.S.A
| | | | - Irfan Saadi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, KS, USA
| | | | - Salil A Lachke
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, U.S.A.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Ying Zhu
- Newcastle GOLD Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW, Australia
| | - Adebowale Adeyemo
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Brad Amendt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Iowa City, U.S.A.,Dows Research Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, U.S.A
| | - Tony Roscioli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,The Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert Cornell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Iowa City, U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, U.S.A
| | - Azeez Butali
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, U.S.A.,Dows Research Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, U.S.A
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22
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Basha M, Demeer B, Revencu N, Helaers R, Theys S, Bou Saba S, Boute O, Devauchelle B, Francois G, Bayet B, Vikkula M. Whole exome sequencing identifies mutations in 10% of patients with familial non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate in genes mutated in well-known syndromes. J Med Genet 2018; 55:449-458. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-105110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundOral clefts, that is, clefts of the lip and/or cleft palate (CL/P), are the most common craniofacial birth defects with an approximate incidence of ~1/700. To date, physicians stratify patients with oral clefts into either syndromic CL/P (syCL/P) or non-syndromic CL/P (nsCL/P) depending on whether the CL/P is associated with another anomaly or not. In general, patients with syCL/P follow Mendelian inheritance, while those with nsCL/P have a complex aetiology and, as such, do not adhere to Mendelian inheritance. Genome-wide association studies have identified approximately 30 risk loci for nsCL/P, which could explain a small fraction of heritability.MethodsTo identify variants causing nsCL/P, we conducted whole exome sequencing on 84 individuals with nsCL/P, drawn from multiplex families (n=46).ResultsWe identified rare damaging variants in four genes known to be mutated in syCL/P: TP63 (one family), TBX1 (one family), LRP6 (one family) and GRHL3 (two families), and clinical reassessment confirmed the isolated nature of their CL/P.ConclusionThese data demonstrate that patients with CL/P without cardinal signs of a syndrome may still carry a mutation in a gene linked to syCL/P. Rare coding and non-coding variants in syCL/P genes could in part explain the controversial question of ‘missing heritability’ for nsCL/P. Therefore, gene panels designed for diagnostic testing of syCL/P should be used for patients with nsCL/P, especially when there is at least third-degree family history. This would allow a more precise management, follow-up and genetic counselling. Moreover, stratified cohorts would allow hunting for genetic modifiers.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Craniofacial clefts are extremely rare congenital malformations that have adverse functional, psychosocial, and aesthetic effects on patients' life. Although the exact incidence is unclear, it is estimated between 1.4 and 4.9 per 100,000 live births. Prevalence of the rare craniofacial clefts is imprecise due to the paucity of literature as well as their etiologies. METHODS All the patients with rare craniofacial clefts during 10 years in a plastic surgery tertiary referral hospital were included, and Tessier craniofacial clefting classification was used for classifying the clefts. RESULTS Of 964 patients with craniofacial clefts, 80 (8.29%) patients were identified with rare craniofacial clefts. There were 39 (48.7%) males and 41 (51.3%) females. Family history was determined positive in 30 (37.5%) patients. Tessier number 0 (58.7%) was the most common cleft in the authors' study. Tessier numbers 8, 13, and 30 were the rarest clefts. There was no patient with Clefts numbers 5, 6, or 9. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was observed in 1 (1.3%) of the women and 3 of the women had used drugs, 1 of them used the dexamethasone tablets and 2 of them could not remember name of the used drug. CONCLUSIONS Tessier number 0 was the most common cleft and Tessier numbers 8, 13, and 30 were the rarest types. The precise etiology of rare craniofacial clefts remained undetermined in this study. Women should be educated about the risk factors and subsequent ways of preventing from these risk factors.
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Eshete MA, Liu H, Li M, Adeyemo WL, Gowans LJJ, Mossey PA, Busch T, Deressa W, Donkor P, Olaitan PB, Aregbesola BS, Braimah RO, Oseni GO, Oginni F, Audu R, Onwuamah C, James O, Augustine-Akpan E, Rahman LA, Ogunlewe MO, Arthur FKN, Bello SA, Agbenorku P, Twumasi P, Abate F, Hailu T, Demissie Y, Hailu A, Plange-Rhule G, Obiri-Yeboah S, Dunnwald MM, Gravem PE, Marazita ML, Adeyemo AA, Murray JC, Cornell RA, Butali A. Loss-of-Function GRHL3 Variants Detected in African Patients with Isolated Cleft Palate. J Dent Res 2017; 97:41-48. [PMID: 28886269 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517729819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the progress that has been made toward understanding the genetic etiology of cleft lip with or without cleft palate, relatively little is known about the genetic etiology for cleft palate only (CPO). A common coding variant of grainyhead like transcription factor 3 ( GRHL3) was recently shown to be associated with risk for CPO in Europeans. Mutations in this gene were also reported in families with Van der Woude syndrome. To identify rare mutations in GRHL3 that might explain the missing heritability for CPO, we sequenced GRHL3 in cases of CPO from Africa. We recruited participants from Ghana, Ethiopia, and Nigeria. This cohort included case-parent trios, cases and other family members, as well as controls. We sequenced exons of this gene in DNA from a total of 134 nonsyndromic cases. When possible, we sequenced them in parents to identify de novo mutations. Five novel mutations were identified: 2 missense (c.497C>A; p.Pro166His and c.1229A>G; p.Asp410Gly), 1 splice site (c.1282A>C p.Ser428Arg), 1 frameshift (c.470delC; p.Gly158Alafster55), and 1 nonsense (c.1677C>A; p.Tyr559Ter). These mutations were absent from 270 sequenced controls and from all public exome and whole genome databases, including the 1000 Genomes database (which includes data from Africa). However, 4 of the 5 mutations were present in unaffected mothers, indicating that their penetrance is incomplete. Interestingly, 1 mutation damaged a predicted sumoylation site, and another disrupted a predicted CK1 phosphorylation site. Overexpression assays in zebrafish and reporter assays in vitro indicated that 4 variants were functionally null or hypomorphic, while 1 was dominant negative. This study provides evidence that, as in Caucasian populations, mutations in GRHL3 contribute to the risk of nonsyndromic CPO in the African population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Eshete
- 1 School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,2 Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,3 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - H Liu
- 4 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,5 State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - M Li
- 6 Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - W L Adeyemo
- 7 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - L J J Gowans
- 8 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - P A Mossey
- 9 Department of Orthodontics, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - T Busch
- 6 Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - W Deressa
- 1 School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - P Donkor
- 8 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - P B Olaitan
- 10 Department of Plastic Surgery, Ladoke Akintola University of Science and Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - B S Aregbesola
- 11 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria
| | - R O Braimah
- 12 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - G O Oseni
- 10 Department of Plastic Surgery, Ladoke Akintola University of Science and Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - F Oginni
- 11 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria
| | - R Audu
- 13 Department of Virology, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - C Onwuamah
- 13 Department of Virology, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - O James
- 7 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - E Augustine-Akpan
- 6 Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - L A Rahman
- 14 Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - M O Ogunlewe
- 7 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - F K N Arthur
- 8 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - S A Bello
- 15 State House Clinic, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - P Agbenorku
- 8 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - P Twumasi
- 8 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - F Abate
- 2 Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - T Hailu
- 2 Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Y Demissie
- 2 Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,3 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - A Hailu
- 2 Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,3 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - G Plange-Rhule
- 8 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - S Obiri-Yeboah
- 8 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - M M Dunnwald
- 4 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - P E Gravem
- 16 Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - M L Marazita
- 17 Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A A Adeyemo
- 18 National Human Genomic Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J C Murray
- 19 Department of Pediatrics University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - R A Cornell
- 4 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - A Butali
- 6 Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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25
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Pauws E, Stanier P. Sumoylation in Craniofacial Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 963:323-335. [PMID: 28197921 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50044-7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial development requires a complex series of coordinated and finely tuned events to take place, during a relatively short time frame. These events are set in motion by switching on and off transcriptional cascades that involve the use of numerous signalling pathways and a multitude of factors that act at the site of gene transcription. It is now well known that amidst the subtlety of this process lies the intricate world of protein modification, and the posttranslational addition of the small ubiquitin -like modifier, SUMO, is an example that has been implicated in this process. Many proteins that are required for formation of various structures in the embryonic head and face adapt specific functions with SUMO modification. Interestingly, the main clinical phenotype reported for a disruption of the SUMO1 locus is the common birth defect cleft lip and palate. In this chapter therefore, we discuss the role of SUMO1 in craniofacial development, with emphasis on orofacial clefts. We suggest that these defects can be a sensitive indication of down regulated SUMO modification at a critical stage during embryogenesis. As well as specific mutations affecting the ability of particular proteins to be sumoylated, non-genetic events may have the effect of down-regulating the SUMO pathway to give the same result. Enzymes regulating the SUMO pathway may become important therapeutic targets in the preventative and treatment therapies for craniofacial defects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Pauws
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Philip Stanier
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
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26
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Abstract
T-box genes are important development regulators in vertebrates with specific patterns of expression and precise roles during embryogenesis. They encode transcription factors that regulate gene transcription, often in the early stages of development. The hallmark of this family of proteins is the presence of a conserved DNA binding motif, the "T-domain." Mutations in T-box genes can cause developmental disorders in humans, mostly due to functional deficiency of the relevant proteins. Recent studies have also highlighted the role of some T-box genes in cancer and in cardiomyopathy, extending their role in human disease. In this review, we focus on ten T-box genes with a special emphasis on their roles in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Ghosh
- School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - J D Brook
- School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - A Wilsdon
- School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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27
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Tooth agenesis and orofacial clefting: genetic brothers in arms? Hum Genet 2016; 135:1299-1327. [PMID: 27699475 PMCID: PMC5065589 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tooth agenesis and orofacial clefts represent the most common developmental anomalies and their co-occurrence is often reported in patients as well in animal models. The aim of the present systematic review is to thoroughly investigate the current literature (PubMed, EMBASE) to identify the genes and genomic loci contributing to syndromic or non-syndromic co-occurrence of tooth agenesis and orofacial clefts, to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying their dual involvement in the development of teeth and facial primordia. Altogether, 84 articles including phenotype and genotype description provided 9 genomic loci and 26 gene candidates underlying the co-occurrence of the two congenital defects: MSX1, PAX9, IRF6, TP63, KMT2D, KDM6A, SATB2, TBX22, TGFα, TGFβ3, TGFβR1, TGFβR2, FGF8, FGFR1, KISS1R, WNT3, WNT5A, CDH1, CHD7, AXIN2, TWIST1, BCOR, OFD1, PTCH1, PITX2, and PVRL1. The molecular pathways, cellular functions, tissue-specific expression and disease association were investigated using publicly accessible databases (EntrezGene, UniProt, OMIM). The Gene Ontology terms of the biological processes mediated by the candidate genes were used to cluster them using the GOTermMapper (Lewis-Sigler Institute, Princeton University), speculating on six super-clusters: (a) anatomical development, (b) cell division, growth and motility, (c) cell metabolism and catabolism, (d) cell transport, (e) cell structure organization and (f) organ/system-specific processes. This review aims to increase the knowledge on the mechanisms underlying the co-occurrence of tooth agenesis and orofacial clefts, to pave the way for improving targeted (prenatal) molecular diagnosis and finally to reflect on therapeutic or ultimately preventive strategies for these disabling conditions in the future.
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28
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Burg ML, Chai Y, Yao CA, Magee W, Figueiredo JC. Epidemiology, Etiology, and Treatment of Isolated Cleft Palate. Front Physiol 2016; 7:67. [PMID: 26973535 PMCID: PMC4771933 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolated cleft palate (CPO) is the rarest form of oral clefting. The incidence of CPO varies substantially by geography from 1.3 to 25.3 per 10,000 live births, with the highest rates in British Columbia, Canada and the lowest rates in Nigeria, Africa. Stratified by ethnicity/race, the highest rates of CPO are observed in non-Hispanic Whites and the lowest in Africans; nevertheless, rates of CPO are consistently higher in females compared to males. Approximately fifty percent of cases born with cleft palate occur as part of a known genetic syndrome or with another malformation (e.g., congenital heart defects) and the other half occur as solitary defects, referred to often as non-syndromic clefts. The etiology of CPO is multifactorial involving genetic and environmental risk factors. Several animal models have yielded insight into the molecular pathways responsible for proper closure of the palate, including the BMP, TGF-β, and SHH signaling pathways. In terms of environmental exposures, only maternal tobacco smoke has been found to be strongly associated with CPO. Some studies have suggested that maternal glucocorticoid exposure may also be important. Clearly, there is a need for larger epidemiologic studies to further investigate both genetic and environmental risk factors and gene-environment interactions. In terms of treatment, there is a need for long-term comprehensive care including surgical, dental and speech pathology. Overall, five main themes emerge as critical in advancing research: (1) monitoring of the occurrence of CPO (capacity building); (2) detailed phenotyping of the severity (biology); (3) understanding of the genetic and environmental risk factors (primary prevention); (4) access to early detection and multidisciplinary treatment (clinical services); and (5) understanding predictors of recurrence and possible interventions among families with a child with CPO (secondary prevention).
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine L Burg
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caroline A Yao
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children's Hospital Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William Magee
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children's Hospital Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jane C Figueiredo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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29
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Two promoter polymorphisms in TBX22 are associated with the risk of NSCLP in Indian women. Clin Dysmorphol 2015; 24:140-3. [DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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30
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Danescu A, Mattson M, Dool C, Diewert VM, Richman JM. Analysis of human soft palate morphogenesis supports regional regulation of palatal fusion. J Anat 2015; 227:474-86. [PMID: 26299693 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
It is essential to complete palate closure at the correct time during fetal development, otherwise a serious malformation, cleft palate, will ensue. The steps in palate formation in humans take place between the 7th and 12th week and consist of outgrowth of palatal shelves from the paired maxillary prominences, reorientation of the shelves from vertical to horizontal, apposition of the medial surfaces, formation of a bilayered seam, degradation of the seam and bridging of mesenchyme. However, in the soft palate, the mechanism of closure is unclear. In previous studies it is possible to find support for both fusion and the alternative mechanism of merging. Here we densely sample the late embryonic-early fetal period between 54 and 74 days post-conception to determine the timing and mechanism of soft palate closure. We found the epithelial seam extends throughout the soft palates of 57-day specimens. Cytokeratin antibody staining detected the medial edge epithelium and distinguished clearly that cells in the midline retained their epithelial character. Compared with the hard palate, the epithelium is more rapidly degraded in the soft palate and only persists in the most posterior regions at 64 days. Our results are consistent with the soft palate following a developmentally more rapid program of fusion than the hard palate. Importantly, the two regions of the palate appear to be independently regulated and have their own internal clocks regulating the timing of seam removal. Considering data from human genetic and mouse studies, distinct anterior-posterior signaling mechanisms are likely to be at play in the human fetal palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Danescu
- Faculty of Dentistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Melanie Mattson
- Faculty of Dentistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Carly Dool
- Faculty of Dentistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Virginia M Diewert
- Faculty of Dentistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joy M Richman
- Faculty of Dentistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Breckpot J, Anderlid BM, Alanay Y, Blyth M, Brahimi A, Duban-Bedu B, Gozé O, Firth H, Yakicier MC, Hens G, Rayyan M, Legius E, Vermeesch JR, Devriendt K. Chromosome 22q12.1 microdeletions: confirmation of the MN1 gene as a candidate gene for cleft palate. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 24:51-8. [PMID: 25944382 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on seven novel patients with a submicroscopic 22q12 deletion. The common phenotype constitutes a contiguous gene deletion syndrome on chromosome 22q12.1q12.2, featuring NF2-related schwannoma of the vestibular nerve, corpus callosum agenesis and palatal defects. Combining our results with the literature, eight patients are recorded with palatal defects in association with haploinsufficiency of 22q12.1, including the MN1 gene. These observations, together with the mouse expression data and the finding of craniofacial malformations including cleft palate in a Mn1-knockout mouse model, suggest that this gene is a candidate gene for cleft palate in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Breckpot
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven and Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Britt-Marie Anderlid
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yasemin Alanay
- Pediatric Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Moira Blyth
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Afane Brahimi
- Centre de Génétique Chromosomique, Hôpital St-Vincent-de-Paul, GHICL, Lille, France
| | - Bénédicte Duban-Bedu
- Centre de Génétique Chromosomique, Hôpital St-Vincent-de-Paul, GHICL, Lille, France
| | - Odile Gozé
- Service Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier de Valenciennes, Valenciennes, France
| | - Helen Firth
- Department of Clinical Genetics, East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Greet Hens
- ENT Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maissa Rayyan
- Neonatology Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Legius
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven and Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Robert Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven and Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven and Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Fu X, Cheng Y, Yuan J, Huang C, Cheng H, Zhou R. Loss-of-function mutation in the X-linked TBX22 promoter disrupts an ETS-1 binding site and leads to cleft palate. Hum Genet 2014; 134:147-58. [PMID: 25373698 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cleft palate only (CPO) is a common congenital defect with complex etiology in humans. The molecular etiology of the CPO remains unknown. Here, we report a loss-of-function mutation in X-linked TBX22 gene (T-box 22) in a six-generation family of the CPO with obvious phenotypes of both cleft palate and hyper-nasal speech. We identify a functional -73G>A mutation in the promoter of TBX22, which is located at the core-binding site of transcription factor ETS-1 (v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the sequence around the -73G>A mutation site is specific in primates. The mutation was detected in all five affected male members cosegregating with the affected phenotype and heterozygote occurred only in some unaffected females of the family, suggesting an X-linked transmission of the mutation in the family. The -73G>A variant is a novel single nucleotide mutation. Cell co-transfections indicated that ETS-1 could activate the TBX22 promoter. Moreover, EMSA and ChIP assays demonstrated that the allele A disrupts the binding site of ETS-1, thus markedly decreases the activity of the TBX22 promoter, which is likely to lead to the birth defect of the CPO without ankyloglossia. These results suggest that a loss-of-function mutation in the X-linked TBX22 promoter may cause the cleft palate through disruption of TBX22-ETS-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiazhou Fu
- Department of Genetics and Center for Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
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Genetics of cleft lip and/or cleft palate: Association with other common anomalies. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:381-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Pelikan RC, Iwata J, Suzuki A, Chai Y, Hacia JG. Identification of candidate downstream targets of TGFβ signaling during palate development by genome-wide transcript profiling. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:796-807. [PMID: 23060211 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Nonsyndromic orofacial clefts are common birth defects whose etiology is influenced by complex genetic and environmental factors and gene-environment interactions. Although these risk factors are not yet fully elucidated, it is known that alterations in transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) signaling can cause craniofacial abnormalities, including cleft palate, in mammals. To elucidate the downstream targets of TGFβ signaling in palatogenesis, we analyzed the gene expression profiles of Tgfbr2(fl/fl) ;Wnt1-Cre mouse embryos with cleft palate and other craniofacial deformities resulting from the targeted inactivation of the Tgfbr2 gene in their cranial neural crest (CNC) cells. Relative to controls, palatal tissues obtained from Tgfbr2(fl/fl) ;Wnt1-Cre mouse embryos at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) of gestation have a robust gene expression signature reflective of known defects in CNC-derived mesenchymal cell proliferation. Groups of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in diverse cellular processes and components associated with orofacial clefting, including the extracellular matrix, cholesterol metabolism, ciliogenesis, and multiple signaling pathways. A subset of the DEGs are known or suspected to be associated with an increased risk of orofacial clefting in humans and/or genetically engineered mice. Based on bioinformatics analyses, we highlight the functional relationships among differentially expressed transcriptional regulators of palatogenesis as well as transcriptional factors not previously associated with this process. We suggest that gene expression profiling studies of mice with TGFβ signaling defects provide a valuable approach for identifying candidate mechanisms by which this pathway controls cell fate during palatogenesis and its role in the etiology of human craniofacial abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Pelikan
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joseph G Hacia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Patel PJ, Beaty TH, Ruczinski I, Murray JC, Marazita ML, Munger RG, Hetmanski JB, Wu T, Murray T, Rose M, Redett RJ, Jin SC, Lie RT, Wu-Chou YH, Wang H, Ye X, Yeow V, Chong S, Jee SH, Shi B, Scott AF. X-linked markers in the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene associated with oral clefts. Eur J Oral Sci 2013; 121:63-8. [PMID: 23489894 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
As part of an international consortium, case-parent trios were collected for a genome-wide association study of isolated, non-syndromic oral clefts, including cleft lip (CL), cleft palate (CP), and cleft lip and palate (CLP). Non-syndromic oral clefts have a complex and heterogeneous etiology. Risk is influenced by genes and environmental factors, and differs markedly by gender. Family-based association tests (FBAT) were used on 14,486 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the X chromosome, stratified by type of cleft and racial group. Significant results, even after multiple-comparisons correction, were obtained for the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene, the largest single gene in the human genome, among CL/P (i.e., both CL and CLP combined) trios. When stratified into groups of European and Asian ancestry, stronger signals were obtained for Asian subjects. Although conventional sliding-window haplotype analysis showed no increase in significance, selected combinations of the 25 most significant SNPs in the DMD gene identified four SNPs together that attained genome-wide significance among Asian CL/P trios, raising the possibility of interaction between distant SNPs within the DMD gene.
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Ma L, Shi B, Zheng Q. Targeted mutations of genes reveal important roles in palatal development in mice. Ann Plast Surg 2013; 74:263-8. [PMID: 23851369 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0b013e318295dcb8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The process of palatal development is regulated by growth factors, extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, and cell adhesion molecules, of which disturbance may result in cleft palate. Knockout mice are important animal models for studying the role of genes during palatal development. Therefore, in this review, we will describe genes knockout in mice to reveal the biological mechanisms of these genes in the formation of the cleft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- From the *Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China Stomatological Hospital, Sichuan University; †State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Xu W, Han W, Lu Y, Yao W, Li Z, Fang K, Liu Q, Li J. Microarray analysis of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms of transforming growth factor alpha in patients with nonsyndromic cleft of north china. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2013; 51:486-92. [PMID: 23742131 DOI: 10.1597/12-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between the TGFA:c.3851T > C (rs11466285) and TGFA:c.3822G > A (rs3771523) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or cleft palate (CL/P) with microarray in north China. DESIGN AND SETTING Test association by both case-control and case-parent analysis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Two SNPs of 150 controls, 166 cases, and 271 of their parents were genotyped using microarray based on the allele-specific primer extension, and chi-square statistics and family-based association test analyses were performed. RESULTS Both sequencing and microarray analysis produced identical results. We found significant evidence of overtransmission of the C allele of c.3851T > C and the A allele of c.3822G > A in case-parent trios for CL/P but not for cleft palate only (CP). Significant differences for both genotypic and allelic distributions between cases and controls were found at c.3822G > A and c.3851T > C for CL/P but not for CP. The TGFA [C; G] and [T; A] haplotypes showed significant overtransmission. CONCLUSIONS These results support that two SNPs are associated with nonsyndromic CL/P but not for CP in northern Chinese populations. It was demonstrated that this microarray is suitable to test SNPs associated with nonsyndromic CL/P.
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Pauws E, Peskett E, Boissin C, Hoshino A, Mengrelis K, Carta E, Abruzzo MA, Lees M, Moore GE, Erickson RP, Stanier P. X-linked CHARGE-like Abruzzo-Erickson syndrome and classic cleft palate with ankyloglossia result fromTBX22splicing mutations. Clin Genet 2013; 83:352-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2012.01930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Pauws
- UCL Institute of Child Health; 30 Guilford Street; London; UK
| | - E Peskett
- UCL Institute of Child Health; 30 Guilford Street; London; UK
| | - C Boissin
- UCL Institute of Child Health; 30 Guilford Street; London; UK
| | - A Hoshino
- UCL Institute of Child Health; 30 Guilford Street; London; UK
| | - K Mengrelis
- UCL Institute of Child Health; 30 Guilford Street; London; UK
| | - E Carta
- UCL Institute of Child Health; 30 Guilford Street; London; UK
| | - MA Abruzzo
- Department of Biology; California State University; Chico; CA; USA
| | | | - GE Moore
- UCL Institute of Child Health; 30 Guilford Street; London; UK
| | - RP Erickson
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Arizona Health Science Center; Tucson; AZ; USA
| | - P Stanier
- UCL Institute of Child Health; 30 Guilford Street; London; UK
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Nouri N, Karimi P, Mansoor S, Memarzadeh M, Ganji H, Sedghi M. An insight into genetics of non-syndromic cleft palate. Adv Biomed Res 2013; 2:6. [PMID: 23930251 PMCID: PMC3732890 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.107969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Our proband is a 29-year-old man, who is affected with soft cleft palate and hypernasality. A study of about six generations of this family pedigree shows that cleft palate has repeatedly occurred in males, with probably a X-linked recessive pattern of inheritance. Interestingly, the sister of the proband is affected with hypernasality and she has an affected son. This is the first report of X-linked inheritance pattern of cleft palate in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayereh Nouri
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Alzahra University Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Pediatric Inherited Disease Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Padideh Karimi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Salehi Mansoor
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Memarzadeh
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Emam Hossein Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Ganji
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Alzahra University Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Sedghi
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Alzahra University Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Pediatric Inherited Disease Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Smith TM, Lozanoff S, Iyyanar PP, Nazarali AJ. Molecular signaling along the anterior-posterior axis of early palate development. Front Physiol 2013; 3:488. [PMID: 23316168 PMCID: PMC3539680 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate is a common congenital birth defect in humans. In mammals, the palatal tissue can be distinguished into anterior bony hard palate and posterior muscular soft palate that have specialized functions in occlusion, speech or swallowing. Regulation of palate development appears to be the result of distinct signaling and genetic networks in the anterior and posterior regions of the palate. Development and maintenance of expression of these region-specific genes is crucial for normal palate development. Numerous transcription factors and signaling pathways are now recognized as either anterior- (e.g., Msx1, Bmp4, Bmp2, Shh, Spry2, Fgf10, Fgf7, and Shox2) or posterior-specific (e.g., Meox2, Tbx22, and Barx1). Localized expression and function clearly highlight the importance of regional patterning and differentiation within the palate at the molecular level. Here, we review how these molecular pathways and networks regulate the anterior-posterior patterning and development of secondary palate. We hypothesize that the anterior palate acts as a signaling center in setting up development of the secondary palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Smith
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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A study on the genetic inheritance of ankyloglossia based on pedigree analysis. Arch Plast Surg 2012; 39:329-32. [PMID: 22872835 PMCID: PMC3408277 DOI: 10.5999/aps.2012.39.4.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ankyloglossia or tongue-tie is a congenital anomaly characterized by an abnormally short lingual frenum. Its prevalence in the newborn population is approximately 4%. Its mode of inheritance has been studied in some articles, but no conclusion has been established. Also, no relevant report has been published in Korea. This study was conducted to elucidate the genetic inheritance of ankyloglossia via pedigree analysis. Methods In this study, 149 patients with no other congenital anomaly who underwent frenuloplasty between March 2001 and March 2010 were studied. Pedigrees were made via pre- or post-operative history taking, and patients with uncertain histories were excluded. In the patient group that showed a hereditary nature, the male-to-female ratio, inheritance rate, and pattern of inheritance were investigated. Results One hundred (67.11%) of the patients were male and 49 (32.89%) were female (male-female ratio=2.04:1). Ninety-one (61.07%) patients reported no other relative with ankyloglossia, and 58 (38.93%) patients had a relative with this disease. The inheritance rate was 20.69% in the 58 cases with a hereditary nature. In the group with no family history of ankyloglossia, the male-female ratio was 3.79:1, which significantly differed from that of the group with a family history of ankyloglossia. X-chromosome mediated inheritance and variation in the gene expression was revealed in the pedigree drawn for the groups with hereditary ankyloglossia. Conclusions Ankyloglossia has a significant hereditary nature. Our data suggest X-linked inheritance. This study with 149 patients, the first in Korea, showed X-linked inheritance in patients with a sole anomaly.
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Jiang RS, Zhao X, Liu R. Non-syndromic cleft palate: analysis of TBX22 exon 5 gene mutation. Arch Med Sci 2012; 8:406-10. [PMID: 22851992 PMCID: PMC3400901 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2012.28812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the mutation of T-box transcription factor TBX22 exon 5 in children with non-syndromic cleft palate. Four mutations in TBX22 exon 5 in X-linked cleft palate with ankyloglossia (CPX) patients had been identified in the previous studies. The study used the syndromic cleft palate susceptibility gene as a candidate gene for more common non-syndromic cleft palate. MATERIAL AND METHODS A family-based study with parents and their children composing parent-child trios was performed in this research. Twenty children with non-syndromic cleft palate and 38 healthy parents were enrolled. TBX22 exon 5 was examined by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and DNA sequencing. The peaks of the sequence diagrams were analyzed using chromas221 and the results of sequencing were proofread using dnastar6.13. The index of the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) was calculated through McNemar testing. RESULTS We have not found the presence of any mutation of TBX22 exon 5 reported in syndromic cleft palate patients in references. The index of TDT was 0.56 and showed no statistically significant difference (p<0.05). No TBX22 exon 5 mutation was found in the 20 children. CONCLUSIONS Mutation of TBX22 exon 5 is not associated with non-syndromic cleft palate in the population of Jiangzhe areas in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Song Jiang
- Children's Hostipal of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Jugessur A, Skare Ø, Lie RT, Wilcox AJ, Christensen K, Christiansen L, Nguyen TT, Murray JC, Gjessing HK. X-linked genes and risk of orofacial clefts: evidence from two population-based studies in Scandinavia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39240. [PMID: 22723972 PMCID: PMC3378529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orofacial clefts are common birth defects of complex etiology, with an excess of males among babies with cleft lip and palate, and an excess of females among those with cleft palate only. Although genes on the X chromosome have been implicated in clefting, there has been no association analysis of X-linked markers. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We added new functionalities in the HAPLIN statistical software to enable association analysis of X-linked markers and an exploration of various causal scenarios relevant to orofacial clefts. Genotypes for 48 SNPs in 18 candidate genes on the X chromosome were analyzed in two population-based samples from Scandinavia (562 Norwegian and 235 Danish case-parent triads). For haplotype analysis, we used a sliding-window approach and assessed isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate (iCL/P) separately from isolated cleft palate only (iCPO). We tested three statistical models in HAPLIN, allowing for: i) the same relative risk in males and females, ii) sex-specific relative risks, and iii) X-inactivation in females. We found weak but consistent associations with the oral-facial-digital syndrome 1 (OFD1) gene (formerly known as CXORF5) in the Danish iCL/P samples across all models, but not in the Norwegian iCL/P samples. In sex-specific analyses, the association with OFD1 was in male cases only. No analyses showed associations with iCPO in either the Norwegian or the Danish sample. CONCLUSIONS The association of OFD1 with iCL/P is plausible given the biological relevance of this gene. However, the lack of replication in the Norwegian samples highlights the need to verify these preliminary findings in other large datasets. More generally, the novel analytic methods presented here are widely applicable to investigations of the role of X-linked genes in complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astanand Jugessur
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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Davidson TB, Sanchez-Lara PA, Randolph LM, Krieger MD, Wu SQ, Panigrahy A, Shimada H, Erdreich-Epstein A. Microdeletion del(22)(q12.2) encompassing the facial development-associated gene, MN1 (meningioma 1) in a child with Pierre-Robin sequence (including cleft palate) and neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2): a case report and review of the literature. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 13:19. [PMID: 22436304 PMCID: PMC3359208 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-13-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pierre-Robin sequence (PRS) is defined by micro- and/or retrognathia, glossoptosis and cleft soft palate, either caused by deformational defect or part of a malformation syndrome. Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is an autosomal dominant syndrome caused by mutations in the NF2 gene on chromosome 22q12.2. NF2 is characterized by bilateral vestibular schwannomas, spinal cord schwannomas, meningiomas and ependymomas, and juvenile cataracts. To date, NF2 and PRS have not been described together in the same patient. CASE PRESENTATION We report a female with PRS (micrognathia, cleft palate), microcephaly, ocular hypertelorism, mental retardation and bilateral hearing loss, who at age 15 was also diagnosed with severe NF2 (bilateral cerebellopontine schwannomas and multiple extramedullary/intradural spine tumors). This is the first published report of an individual with both diagnosed PRS and NF2. High resolution karyotype revealed 46, XX, del(22)(q12.1q12.3), FISH confirmed a deletion encompassing NF2, and chromosomal microarray identified a 3,693 kb deletion encompassing multiple genes including NF2 and MN1 (meningioma 1).Five additional patients with craniofacial dysmorphism and deletion in chromosome 22-adjacent-to or containing NF2 were identified in PubMed and the DECIPHER clinical chromosomal database. Their shared chromosomal deletion encompassed MN1, PITPNB and TTC28. MN1, initially cloned from a patient with meningioma, is an oncogene in murine hematopoiesis and participates as a fusion gene (TEL/MN1) in human myeloid leukemias. Interestingly, Mn1-haploinsufficient mice have abnormal skull development and secondary cleft palate. Additionally, Mn1 regulates maturation and function of calvarial osteoblasts and is an upstream regulator of Tbx22, a gene associated with murine and human cleft palate. This suggests that deletion of MN1 in the six patients we describe may be causally linked to their cleft palates and/or craniofacial abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Thus, our report describes a NF2-adjacent chromosome 22q12.2 deletion syndrome and is the first to report association of MN1 deletion with abnormal craniofacial development and/or cleft palate in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom B Davidson
- Department of Pediatrics and the Saban Research Institute at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90027-6062, USA
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Funato N, Nakamura M, Richardson JA, Srivastava D, Yanagisawa H. Tbx1 regulates oral epithelial adhesion and palatal development. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:2524-37. [PMID: 22371266 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate, the most frequent congenital craniofacial birth defect, is a multifactorial condition induced by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. In addition to complete cleft palate, a large number of human cases involve soft palate cleft and submucosal cleft palate. However, the etiology of these forms of cleft palate has not been well understood. T-box transcriptional factor (Tbx) family of transcriptional factors has distinct roles in a wide range of embryonic differentiation or response pathways. Here, we show that genetic disruption of Tbx1, a major candidate gene for the human congenital disorder 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (Velo-cardio-facial/DiGeorge syndrome), led to abnormal epithelial adhesion between the palate and mandible in mouse, resulting in various forms of cleft palate similar to human conditions. We found that hyperproliferative epithelium failed to undergo complete differentiation in Tbx1-null mice (Tbx1(-/-)). Inactivation of Tbx1 specifically in the keratinocyte lineage (Tbx1(KCKO)) resulted in an incomplete cleft palate confined to the anterior region of the palate. Interestingly, Tbx1 overexpression resulted in decreased cell growth and promoted cell-cycle arrest in MCF7 epithelial cells. These findings suggest that Tbx1 regulates the balance between proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes and is essential for palatal fusion and oral mucosal differentiation. The impaired adhesion separation of the oral epithelium together with compromised palatal mesenchymal growth is an underlying cause for various forms of cleft palate phenotypes in Tbx1(-/-) mice. Our present study reveals new pathogenesis of incomplete and submucous cleft palate during mammalian palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Funato
- Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To resolve if TBX22 mutations cause isolated tongue-tie in the Finnish population. DESIGN Mutation analysis of the coding region of the TBX22 gene in 50 Finnish isolated tongue-tie patients and 61 control samples. RESULTS One putative sequence variation was identified from two male patients, but whether this represents a polymorphism or causative mutation remains unknown. CONCLUSIONS Mutations in the coding region of the TBX22 gene are not a major cause of ankyloglossia in the Finnish population and do not explain the sex difference or inheritance of tongue-tie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Klockars
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, PL 220, FIN-00029 HUS, Finland.
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48
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Abstract
Nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate is a complex genetic disorder with variable phenotype, largely attributed to the interactions of the environment and multiple genes, each potentially having certain effects. Numerous genes have been reported in studies demonstrating associations and/or linkage of the cleft lip and palate phenotypes to alleles of microsatellite markers and single nucleotide polymorphisms within specific genes that regulate transcription factors, growth factors, cell signalling and detoxification metabolisms. Although the studies reporting these observations are compelling, most of them lack statistical power. This review compiles the evidence that supports linkage and associations to the various genetic loci and candidate genes. Whereas significant progress has been made in the field of cleft lip and palate genetics in the past decade, the role of the genes and genetic variations within the numerous candidate genes that have been found to associate with the expression of the orofacial cleft phenotype remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Murthy
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sri Ramachandra Medical College, Chennai, India
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Mossey P, Little J. Addressing the challenges of cleft lip and palate research in India. Indian J Plast Surg 2011; 42 Suppl:S9-S18. [PMID: 19884687 PMCID: PMC2825065 DOI: 10.4103/0970-0358.57182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Indian sub-continent remains one of the most populous areas of the world with an estimated population of 1.1 billion in India alone. This yields an estimated 24.5 million births per year and the birth prevalence of clefts is somewhere between 27,000 and 33,000 clefts per year. Inequalities exist, both in access to and quality of cleft care with distinct differences in urban versus rural access and over the years the accumulation of unrepaired clefts of the lip and palate make this a significant health care problem in India. In recent years the situation has been significantly improved through the intervention of Non Governmental Organisations such as SmileTrain and Transforming Faces Worldwide participating in primary surgical repair programmes. The cause of clefts is multi factorial with both genetic and environmental input and intensive research efforts have yielded significant advances in recent years facilitated by molecular technologies in the genetic field. India has tremendous potential to contribute by virtue of improving research expertise and a population that has genetic, cultural and socio-economic diversity. In 2008, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has recognised that non-communicable diseases, including birth defects cause significant infant mortality and childhood morbidity and have included cleft lip and palate in their Global Burden of Disease (GBD) initiative. This will fuel the interest of India in birth defects registration and international efforts aimed at improving quality of care and ultimately prevention of non-syndromic clefts of the lip and palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mossey
- Unit of Orthodontics, Dundee University Dental School, 1 Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HR, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Putnová I, Odehnalová S, Horák V, Stehlík L, Míšek I, Lozanoff S, Buchtová M. Comparative morphology of normal and cleft minipigs demonstrates dual origin of incisors. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:1624-34. [PMID: 21752351 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The incisors of the mammalian dental arch develop from tissues arising from separated facial prominences. These primordial craniofacial structures undergo complex morphogenetic processes as they merge and fuse in a time and space dependent fashion. However, local contributions of precursor facial prominences to the incisors that develop subsequently remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to characterize the development of all three deciduous upper rostral teeth in the pig (Sus scrofa f. domestica) for the identification of the likely facial prominence contributions to the incisors based on normal and pathological developmental relationships. DESIGN Embryonic minipigs were collected between gestational days 20-36 (E20-36), processed for histological analysis and subjected to computerized 3D modelling. The location and morphology of the incisors (i) in these specimens were characterized and compared between developmental stages. A second set of neonatal minipigs displaying cleft lip and/or cleft palate defects were also obtained and incisor locations and eruption patterns were morphologically examined. RESULTS Palate formation begins during the third week of gestation (E20) in the minipig with ossification of the premaxilla initiating soon afterwards (E24). The third incisor (i3) develops caudally to the contact seam formed by the fusion of the primary and secondary palates in normal embryos. All cleft animals displayed normal i3 and canine, on other hand, development of i1 and i2 was often disrupted similar to human. CONCLUSIONS Our observations suggest a dual embryonic origin of the incisors in minipigs with the first and second incisors originating from the frontonasal prominence whilst the third incisor forms from tissues derived from the maxillary prominence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Putnová
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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