p53 overexpression in Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumour is an uncommon event

An international working group consensus report for the prioritization of molecular biomarkers for Ewing sarcoma

The advent of dose intensified interval compressed therapy has improved event-free survival for patients with localized Ewing sarcoma (EwS) to 78% at 5 years. However, nearly a quarter of patients with localized tumors and 60–80% of patients with metastatic tumors suffer relapse and die of disease. In addition, those who survive are often left with debilitating late effects. Clinical features aside from stage have proven inadequate to meaningfully classify patients for risk-stratified therapy. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop approaches to risk stratify patients with EwS based on molecular features. Over the past decade, new technology has enabled the study of multiple molecular biomarkers in EwS. Preliminary evidence requiring validation supports copy number changes, and loss of function mutations in tumor suppressor genes as biomarkers of outcome in EwS. Initial studies of circulating tumor DNA demonstrated that diagnostic ctDNA burden and ctDNA clearance during induction are also associated with outcome. In addition, fusion partner should be a pre-requisite for enrollment on EwS clinical trials, and the fusion type and structure require further study to determine prognostic impact. These emerging biomarkers represent a new horizon in our understanding of disease risk and will enable future efforts to develop risk-adapted treatment.

Tumoral TP53 and/or CDKN2A alterations are not reliable prognostic biomarkers in patients with localized Ewing sarcoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group

BACKGROUND

A growing collection of retrospective studies have suggested that TP53 mutations and/or CDKN2A deletions have prognostic significance in Ewing sarcoma. We sought to evaluate these variables in patients with localized disease treated prospectively on a single Children's Oncology Group protocol.

PROCEDURE

Of the 568 patients enrolled on Children's Oncology Group protocol AEWS0031 (NCT00006734), 112 had tumor specimens of sufficient quality and quantity to allow for analysis of TP53 mutations status by DNA sequencing, and CDKN2A deletion by dual color fluorescent in situ hybridization.

RESULTS

Eight of 93 cases (8.6%) were found to have TP53 point mutations and 12 of 107 cases (11.2%) demonstrated homozygous CDKN2A deletion. Two cases were found to have an alteration in both genes. There was no significant difference in event-free survival of patients with TP53 mutations and/or CDKN2A deletions compared to patients with normal TP53/CDKN2A gene status, as demonstrated by log rank test (p = 0.58).

CONCLUSIONS

Although previous retrospective studies suggest their significance, TP53 mutation and/or CDKN2A deletion are not reliable prognostic biomarkers in localized Ewing sarcoma.

Soft tissue tumors associated with EWSR1 translocation

The Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 (EWSR1; also known as EWS) represents one of the most commonly involved genes in sarcoma translocations. In fact, it is involved in a broad variety of mesenchymal lesions which includes Ewing's sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumor, desmoplastic small round cell tumor,clear cell sarcoma, angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma, extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, and a subset of myxoid liposarcoma. The fusion products between EWSR1 and partners usually results in fusion of the N-terminal transcription-activating domain of EWSR1 and the C-terminal DNA-binding domain of the fusion partner, eventually generating novel transcription factors. EWSR1 rearrangement can be visualized by the means of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). As soft tissue sarcomas represent a diagnostically challenging group, FISH analysis is an extremely useful confirmatory diagnostic tool. However, as in most instances a split-apart approach is used, the results of molecular genetics must be evaluated in context with morphology.

Prognostic significance of p16 INK4a alteration for Ewing sarcoma: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Despite findings from individual studies regarding prognostic factors for Ewing sarcoma, no conclusive results have been produced, partly because of small sample sizes. The objective of the current study was to evaluate whether the presence of p16(INK4a) alteration is associated with a poorer prognosis in patients with Ewing sarcomas.

METHODS

A review was conducted of publications that assessed associations between p16(INK4a) status and 2-year survival among patients with Ewing sarcoma. The association between metastatic disease at initial diagnosis and 2-year survival was evaluated by synthesizing data in the form of risk ratios.

RESULTS

Of 11 studies that were identified in the initial search strategy, 6 studies, representing 188 patients, met the inclusion criteria and, consequently, were pooled for quantitative analyses. The estimated pooled risk ratio of p16(INK4a) aberration was 2.17 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.55-3.03; P < .001), whereas the estimated pooled risk ratio of metastasis at diagnosis among the 164 eligible patients was 2.60 (95% CI, 1.71-3.97; P < .001). There was no statistically significant difference in the pooled estimated risk ratios of p16(INK4a) aberration for a poor prognosis between patients with and without metastasis at diagnosis (1.86 and 2.21, respectively; P > .59).

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of p16(INK4a) alteration was a statistically significant predictor of prognosis for patients with Ewing sarcoma. Along with other prognostic factors, such as metastasis, the p16(INK4a) alteration may be a potential candidate for improving the risk-stratifying strategy for patients with these tumors.

Ewing Sarcomas Withp53Mutation orp16/p14ARFHomozygous Deletion: A Highly Lethal Subset Associated With Poor Chemoresponse

Purpose

EWS-FLI1 fusion type, p53 mutation, and homozygous deletion of p16/p14ARF have each been shown to be prognostically significant in Ewing sarcoma (ES). We provide the first combined prognostic analysis of these three molecular parameters in ES.

Patients and Methods

We studied 60 patients with ES (stage: localized in 54, metastatic in six). All cases were confirmed to contain the EWS-FLI1 (29 type 1, 12 type 2, 14 other types) or EWS-ERG fusions (five cases). Homozygous deletion of p16/p14ARF, and p53 mutations were determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization and Affymetrix (Santa Clara, CA) p53 GeneChip microarray hybridization, respectively.

Results

Eight cases (13.3%) contained point mutations of p53, and eight cases (13.3%) showed p16/p14ARF deletion, including one case with both alterations. Among 32 cases with data on histologic chemoresponse, all 10 with alterations in p53 or p16/p14ARF showed a poor chemoresponse (P = .03). Variables predicting poorer overall survival included p53 mutation alone (P < .001), either p53 or p16/p14ARF alteration (P < .001), and stage (P < .01). In multivariate analysis, alterations of p53 and/or p16/p14ARF as a single variable, was the most adverse prognostic factor (P < .001), followed by stage (P = .04). In a multivariate analysis with alterations of p53 and p16/p14ARF as separate variables, both were significant (P < .001 and P = .03, respectively). Six cases with p16/p14ARF deletion were also studied for co-deletion of the contiguous methylthioadenosine phosphorylase gene, and this was detected in four cases.

Conclusion

Alterations in p53 or p16/p14ARF are found in a fourth of ES cases and define a subset with highly aggressive behavior and poor chemoresponse.

Expression of p53 gene product and cell proliferation marker Ki-67 in Ewing's sarcoma: correlation with clinical outcome

Overexpression of tumor suppressor gene p53, cell proliferation nuclear antigen Ki-67, and proto-oncogene HER-2/neu are associated with poor prognosis in some tumors. We studied p53, Ki-67, and HER-2/neu immunohistochemical expression in archival biopsies of 37 patients with Ewing's sarcoma (ES). Patients with ES were treated at four Israeli hospitals between 1982 and 2000. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections were stained by immunohistochemistry for p53, Ki-67, and HER-2/neu. More than 300 cells were counted on each slide, and the percentage of positively stained nuclei was computed. p53 overexpression was defined as nuclear staining of >2.3% of cells, Ki-67 overexpression as nuclear staining of >8.3% malignant cells. HER-2/neu staining was scored semiquantitatively on a scale of 0 to 4+. Twenty-two of 37 patients are alive and well, with mean follow-up time of 38 months. There was overexpression of p53 in 16 patients (43%) and of Ki-67 in 21 patients (57%). The correlation between p53 and Ki-67 overexpressions was 0.61. We found no overexpression of HER-2/neu. Median relapse-free survival (RFS) was statistically significantly shorter for patients with p53 overexpression (25 months) than for patients with negative staining (>92 months). The prognostic value of p53 overexpression was also significant after adjusting for tumor location and age. Median RFS was shorter for patients with positive Ki-67 staining (40 months) than for patients with negative staining (80 months) but did not reach statistical significance. Our study suggests that p53 is a predictor of RFS in patients with ES. More patients must be studied to assess the validity of this observation.

Association of EWS-FLI1 type 1 fusion with lower proliferative rate in Ewing's sarcoma

The Ewing's sarcoma (ES) family of tumors, including peripheral neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), is defined genetically by specific chromosomal translocations resulting in fusion of the EWS gene with a member of the ETS family of transcription factors, either FLI1 (90-95%) or ERG (5-10%). A second level of molecular genetic heterogeneity stems from the variation in the location of the translocation breakpoints, resulting in the inclusion of different combinations of exons from EWS and FLI1 (or ERG) in the fusion products. The most common type of EWS-FLI1 fusion transcript, type 1, is associated with a favorable prognosis and appears to encode a functionally weaker transactivator, compared to other fusion types. We sought to determine whether the observed covariation of structure, function, and clinical course correlates with tumor cell kinetic parameters such as proliferative rate and apoptosis, and with expression of the receptor for insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1R). In a group of 86 ES/PNET with defined EWS-ETS fusions (45 EWS-FLI1 type 1, 27 EWS-FLI1 non-type 1, 14 EWS-ERG), we assessed proliferation rate by immunostaining for Ki-67 using MIB1 antibody (n = 85), apoptosis by TUNEL assay (n = 66), and IGF-1R expression by immunostaining with antibody 1H7 (n = 78). Ki-67 proliferative index was lower in tumors with EWS-FLI1 type 1 than those with non-type 1 EWS-FLI1, whether analyzed as a continuous (P = 0.049) or categorical (P = 0.047) variable. Logistic regression analysis suggests that this association was secondary to the association of type 1 EWS-FLI1 and lower IGF-1R expression (P = 0.04). Comparing EWS-FLI1 to EWS-ERG cases, Ki-67 proliferative index was higher in the latter (P = 0.01, Mann-Whitney test; P = 0.02, Fisher's exact test), but there was no significant difference in IGF-1R. TUNEL results showed no significant differences between groups. Our results suggest that clinical and functional differences between alternative forms of EWS-FLI1 are paralleled by differences in proliferative rate, possibly mediated by differential regulation of the IGF-1R pathway.

Overexpression of p53 protein in primary Ewing's sarcoma of bone: relationship to tumour stage, response and prognosis

Biopsy tissues of 52 patients with Ewing's sarcoma of bone treated between 1983 and 1993 were examined immuno-histochemically to determine the significance of p53 protein in diagnosis and prognosis of Ewing's sarcoma. Mean age at diagnosis was 17 years (range 6-36) and minimum follow-up was 30 months. The tumours were located in the extremities and central bones in 35 and 17 patients respectively. Metastases were present in seven patients at diagnosis. Treatment consisted of chemotherapy, surgery and/or radiotherapy in all the patients. Overexpression of p53 protein was demonstrated in seven patients (14%). There was no relationship between expression of p53 and site of tumours. Patients who overexpressed p53 protein appeared to have more advanced diseases at diagnosis and poorer response to chemotherapy than those without p53 overexpression. The 5-year relapse-free survival and overall survival in patients without metastases at the time of diagnosis were 66% and 71%, respectively, in p53 protein-negative patients compared with 20% relapse-free and overall survival in those with p53 protein overexpression (P= 0.01). The poorer prognosis in p53 protein-positive patients was independent of site, local treatment or necrosis of the tumours (P < 0.05). Over-expression of p53 protein is an independent poor prognostic factor in Ewing's sarcoma of bone.

p53 and ras mutations in Ewing's sarcoma

The role of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes in the development of Ewing's sarcoma has not yet been fully clarified. In this study, we analyzed the frequency of p53 tumor suppressor gene mutation in exons 4-8 by PCR-SSCP and direct sequencing, and the expression of p53-protein in Ewing's sarcoma (ES) by using immunohistochemistry. The overexpression of MDM2, which acts as a functional inactivator of p53, was studied by immunohistochemistry. In addition, a screening for point mutations in the hot spot regions codon 12 and 13 of exon 1 and codon 61 of exon 2 of ras-genes (H-ras, N-ras, K-ras) was performed. In one case, a p53 gene mutation could be confirmed in codon 238 of exon 7 (1/24). Overexpression of MDM2 was found in five cases; in ras-genes, no mutations were detected. Compared with other highly malignant mesenchymal pediatric tumors such as osteosarcomas, mutations of p53 and ras in Ewing's sarcomas are an extraordinarily rare event. However, their frequency is comparable to that of PNET, suggesting that the low incidence of these mutations in ES and PNET could be group-specific for tumors of neuroectodermal genesis.