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Yan L, Wu W, Wang Z, Li C, Lu X, Duan H, Zhou J, Wang X, Wan P, Song Y, Tang J, Han Y. Comparative study of the effects of recombinant human epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor on corneal epithelial wound healing and neovascularization in vivo and in vitro. Ophthalmic Res 2012; 49:150-60. [PMID: 23258255 DOI: 10.1159/000343775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on corneal wound healing and neovascularization (CNV). METHODS The positive effects of 10 ng/ml rhEGF and bFGF on the proliferation of corneal epithelial cells (SD-HCEC1s), rabbit keratocyte cells (RKCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as well as the effects on the migration capacity on HUVECs were observed. An animal central corneal wound and CNV model was established in rabbits. One eye of each group was chosen randomly for topical administration of rhEGF, bFGF or normal saline, and variability in the area of corneal epithelial wound healing and CNV was observed. RESULTS The optimal concentration of rhEGF and bFGF for the proliferation of corneal epithelial cells was 10 ng/ml. The promotive effect of 10 ng/ml rhEGF on the proliferation of RKCs and HUVECs was less than that of 10 ng/ml bFGF. In the animal experiment, the healing rate of the corneal epithelium in the rhEGF group was better than in the other groups on day 1. On day 3, the healing rates of the 3 groups were nearly equal. The CNV area in the rhEGF group was less than that of the bFGF group. CONCLUSIONS rhEGF and bFGF both had promotive effects on corneal epithelial wound healing, but rhEGF had a weaker promotive effect on CNV than bFGF. With long-term application of growth factor drugs, rhEGF is suggested for lessening the growth of CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limeng Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
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2
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Abstract
The rapid acceptance of immunohistology as an invaluable adjunct to morphologic diagnosis has been possible because of the development of new and more sensitive antibodies and detection systems that allow its application to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPT). More importantly, antigen-retrieval techniques have resulted in some degree of consistency allowing immunohistology to be used reliably as a diagnostic tool. The advent of prognostic and predictive biomarkers, and the desire for individualized therapy has resulted in mounting pressure to employ the immunohistological assay in a quantitative manner. While it was not a major issue when the technique was employed in a qualitative manner, the numerous variables in the preanalytical and analytical phases of the test procedure that influence the immunoexpression of proteins in FFPT become critical to standardization. Tissue fixation is pivotal to antigen preservation but exposure to fixative prior to accessioning by the laboratory is not controlled. Antigen retrieval, crucial in the analytical phase, continues to be employed in an empirical manner with the actual mechanism of action remaining elusive. There is great variation in reagents, methodology, and duration of tissue processing and immunostaining procedure, and the detection systems employed are not standardized between laboratories. While many of these variables are offset by the application of antigen retrieval, which enables the detection of a wide range of antigens in FFPT, the method itself is not standardized. This myriad of variables makes it inappropriate to provide meaningful comparisons of results obtained in different laboratories and even in the same laboratory, as in current practice, each specimen experiences different preanalytical variables. Furthermore, variables in interpretation exist and cutoff thresholds for positivity differ. Failure to recognize false-positive and false-negative stains leads to further errors of quantitative measurement. Many of the problems relating to the technology and interpretation of immunostaining originate from failure to recognize that this procedure is different from other histological stains and involves many more steps that cannot be monitored until the end result is attained. While several remedial measures can be suggested to address some of these problems, accurate and reproducible quantitative assessment of immunostains presently remains elusive as important variables that impact on antigen preservation in the paraffin-embedded biopsy -cannot be standardized.
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3
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Reversible mitotic and metabolic inhibition following the encapsulation of fibroblasts in alginate hydrogels. Biomaterials 2009; 30:6435-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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4
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Leong ASY. Quantitation in Immunohistology: Fact or Fiction?: A Discussion of Variables That Influence Results. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2004; 12:1-7. [PMID: 15163011 DOI: 10.1097/00129039-200403000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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5
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Abstract
The integration of immunostaining as an often-essential component of morphologic assessment makes it necessary that pathologists are familiar with the many technical and interpretive pitfalls that may arise because of the wide variety of factors that can significantly influence the ability to demonstrate relevant antigens in paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Pre-analytical variables that affect immunostaining include fixation, type of fixative, duration, temperature, and pH of fixation, variables in tissue processing, antigen loss resulting from delays in fixation, tissue necrosis, and levels of antigen expression. Analytical factors relate to the complex and sometimes capricious immunolabeling procedure that has as variables the specificity and sensitivity of the antibody clone, reagent dilution, detection system, and chromogen, and importantly, the method of antigen retrieval, which has its own set of variables such as time, temperature, method of heat generation, retrieval solution pH and molarity, and the synergistic action of proteolytic digestion. To obtain the highest diagnostic yield from immunostaining the correct questions must be asked and the pathologist must have familiarity with the characteristics of the antibody, its cross reactivity, if any, and localization of antigen in the cell to understand thresholds and cut-off levels and to recognize false-positive staining. Proper utilization of immunostaining requires that it is employed as a morphology-based technique and not interpreted in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S-Y Leong
- Hunter Area Pathology Service and Discipline of Anatomical Pathology, University of Newcastle, Australia.
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6
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Leong AS, Sormunen RT, Vinyuvat S, Hamdani RW, Suthipintawong C. Biologic markers in ductal carcinoma in situ and concurrent infiltrating carcinoma. A comparison of eight contemporary grading systems. Am J Clin Pathol 2001; 115:709-18. [PMID: 11345835 DOI: 10.1309/wbu9-22qn-c3na-2q12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The relevance of 8 contemporary classification and grading systems for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast was examined in 100 tumors by comparing DCIS grade with grade of the concurrent infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC). Besides tumor size and nodal status, the immunohistochemical parameters in both lesions were compared, including estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, c-erbB-2 protein, E-cadherin, vimentin, Ki-67 (MIB1), and p27. Nuclear grading of DCIS alone or in combination with architectural pattern and necrosis showed the best correlation with grade of the invasive component. There also was a positive correlation between every biologic marker expressed in DCIS and in the concurrent IDC, supporting a clonal relationship. Biologic markers varied between the different grades of DCIS. DCIS is heterogeneous, and the progression of DCIS to IDC may be from low-grade DCIS to low-grade IDC and high-grade DCIS to high-grade IDC. This concept is different from the conventional model held for intraepithelial neoplasia in the cervix, vulva, vagina, and skin, in which there is increasing severity of in situ atypia (dysplasia) before the development of stromal invasion.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Breast Neoplasms/chemistry
- Breast Neoplasms/classification
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma in Situ/chemistry
- Carcinoma in Situ/classification
- Carcinoma in Situ/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/classification
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Cell Nucleus/pathology
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Humans
- Ki-67 Antigen/analysis
- Microfilament Proteins/analysis
- Models, Biological
- Muscle Proteins
- Necrosis
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neoplasm Staging
- Receptor, ErbB-2/analysis
- Receptors, Estrogen/analysis
- Receptors, Progesterone/analysis
- Retrospective Studies
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Leong
- Hunter Area Pathology Services and the Discipline of Anatomical Pathology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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7
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Lorenzato M, Abboud P, Lechki C, Browarnyj F, O'Donohue MF, Ploton D, Adnet JJ. Proliferation assessment in breast cancer: a double-staining technique for AgNOR quantification in MIB-1 positive cells especially adapted for image cytometry. Micron 2000; 31:151-9. [PMID: 10588061 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-4328(99)00072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There are two ways of measuring the cell proliferation. The first one consists of quantifying the number of cycling cells with the help of antibodies directed against cells either in G1, S, G2 or M phase. The second way is to assess the cell cycle duration by the quantification of AgNOR proteins. Measuring both the features on the same slide represents an attractive way to tackle the proliferating activity of a cell culture or a tumor. Here, we propose a MIB-1 and AgNOR double staining method especially adapted to image cytometry measurement using MIB-1 antibody coupled to FITC in order to avoid the thresholding problems encountered with such a multilabeling technique. We have applied this new method on a series of 39 breast cancer cases, with at least 4 years follow-up, in order to determine the prognosis significance of this measurement. MIB-1 alone is not linked to prognosis, while the global mean AgNOR area is significantly linked to prognosis in terms of development of visceral metastasis or death. However, the global mean AgNOR area is insufficient to determine the time limit of appearance of metastasis or relapse. Our results clearly demonstrate that a high mean AgNOR area within a cell population having a high MIB-1 index can discern tumors with a high metastatic potential. By multiplying AgNOR area by the percentage of MIB-1 positive cells we calculate the proliferative activity, P, which brings very important information concerning the time limit of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lorenzato
- Laboratoire Pol Bouin, CHU Maison Blanche, Reims, France
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8
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Rudolph P, Tronnier M, Menzel R, Möller M, Parwaresch R. Enhanced expression of Ki-67, topoisomerase IIalpha, PCNA, p53 and p21WAF1/Cip1 reflecting proliferation and repair activity in UV-irradiated melanocytic nevi. Hum Pathol 1998; 29:1480-7. [PMID: 9865836 DOI: 10.1016/s0046-8177(98)90019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the expression of cell cycle-associated proteins, melanocytic nevi from healthy volunteers were partially covered, irradiated with a defined UV dose, and excised 1 week thereafter. The irradiated and the protected parts were examined separately by conventional microscopy and immunohistochemistry using the antibodies Ki-S11 (Ki-67), Ki-S7 (topoisomerase IIalpha), PC10 (proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA]), DO-7 (p53), 6B6 (p21WAF1/Cip1), and the melanocytic marker HMB-45. DNA nick-end labeling was used as a marker of apoptosis. Irradiation resulted in morphological changes and increased HMB-45 reactivity. Proliferation, as assessed by Ki-67 and topoisomerase IIalpha expression, was also clearly enhanced in the UV-exposed areas. This was confirmed by the appearance of occasional mitotic figures. PCNA expression levels markedly exceeded those of the proliferation markers and did not correlate with the latter in most cases. p21 immunolabeling indices were also consistently augmented after UV exposure; hence it is likely that growth-inhibitory mechanisms partly compensate for the proliferative impulse, and the disproportional rise in PCNA expression probably reflects DNA repair activity. Enhanced p53 immunostaining in four cases suggests that the induction of p21 after irradiation may be p53 mediated, whereas no concomitant apoptotic events were observed. We conclude that UV light can stimulate the proliferative activity of melanocytes in melanocytic nevi, but that simultaneously cell cycle inhibitors are activated to permit DNA repair.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Apoptosis/radiation effects
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Division/radiation effects
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21
- Cyclins/metabolism
- DNA Repair
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/metabolism
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Humans
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Keratinocytes/pathology
- Keratinocytes/radiation effects
- Ki-67 Antigen/metabolism
- Melanocytes/radiation effects
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/pathology
- Nevus, Pigmented/genetics
- Nevus, Pigmented/metabolism
- Nevus, Pigmented/pathology
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Ultraviolet Rays
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rudolph
- Department of Pathology and the Lymph Node Registry, German Society of Pathology, at the University of Kiel
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9
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Rudolph P, Peters J, Lorenz D, Schmidt D, Parwaresch R. Correlation between mitotic and Ki-67 labeling indices in paraffin-embedded carcinoma specimens. Hum Pathol 1998; 29:1216-22. [PMID: 9824098 DOI: 10.1016/s0046-8177(98)90248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The mitotic index (MI) and the Ki-67 labeling index (LI) are both understood to measure cellular proliferation, but their relationship is poorly defined. We determined the mitotic index in hematoxylin and eosin-stained paraffin sections of 189 consecutive carcinomas and performed immunohistochemistry on sections from the corresponding blocks using the Ki-67-specific monoclonal antibody Ki-S5. The distributions of MI and LI in the entire series were clearly different, the former fitting a Poisson function in contrast to a broad-tailed unspecific distribution of the latter. Both indices were closely correlated in mammary carcinomas and non-small cell lung cancers, and to a slightly lesser extent in colorectal adenocarcinomas. No significant association was found in small cell lung cancers. In squamous cell carcinomas, the two parameters were inversely correlated. A good agreement between MI and LI values was observed in well-differentiated and moderately well-differentiated cancers regardless of their histological type, whereas in poorly differentiated carcinomas the correlation was not significant. We conclude that MI and LI measure different proliferation characteristics. Their relationship appears to depend on the tumor type and the degree of differentiation. Rather than artifacts due to processing or evaluation techniques, specific differences in cell cycle kinetics are likely to account for these discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rudolph
- Department of General Pathology, University of Kiel, Germany
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10
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Aranda FI, Laforga JB. Cellular proliferation in breast ductal infiltrating carcinoma. Correlation with clinical and histopathological variables. Pathol Res Pract 1998; 193:683-8. [PMID: 9505260 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(97)80027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate four methods to study cellular proliferation (mitotic count, mitotic index, PCNA and MIB1) in a series of breast ductal invasive cancer NOS, and the possible correlations between these different methods and other pathological variables, we studied 110 ductal invasive carcinomas NOS specimens. Mitoses per 1000 tumor cells and per 10 HPF, and immunostaining for PCNA and MIB1 were evaluated. Other accepted prognostic factors such as tumor size, histologic grade, estrogen and progesterone receptors measured by immunostaining and axillary status were obtained. Correlation between the four methods to evaluate cellular proliferation and these other variables was performed. Mitotic count, mitotic index, PCNA and MIB1 showed a good rate of correlation (r = 0.71-0.53, p < 0.05), with the exception of MIB1-mitotic index which was weak (r = 0.38, p < 0.05). A strong association between cellular proliferation, with independence of the method applied, and histologic grade, ER and PR was obtained. No association was observed with tumor size and lymph node involvement. In conclusion, there was a strong correlation between the four methods to evaluate cellular proliferation. Mitotic count (per 10 HPF) and MIB1 show a better correlation with other morphological variables. None of the evaluated methods are associated with the tumor size and axillary status, suggesting that mitotic count is the most accurate method to analyse cellular proliferation in routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- F I Aranda
- Department of Pathology, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Spain
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11
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Rudolph P, Kellner U, Chassevent A, Collin F, Bonichon F, Parwaresch R, Coindre JM. Prognostic relevance of a novel proliferation marker, Ki-S11, for soft-tissue sarcoma. A multivariate study. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1997; 150:1997-2007. [PMID: 9176393 PMCID: PMC1858330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In 132 soft-tissue sarcomas and 52 benign soft-tissue tumors, cellular proliferation was examined by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies Ki-S11 (Ki-67 antigen) and Ki-S1 (topoisomerase II alpha) and by flow cytometric analysis of the S-phase fraction (SPF). Malignant tumors were graded histologically according to the Fédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer (FNCLCC) system. Patient age, sex, tumor location, histological type, and DNA ploidy were considered as additional prognostic variables. Consistent immunoreactivity was seen in approximately 95% of the cases, and determination of SPF was possible in approximately 60% Ki-S11 and Ki-S1 immunolabeling indices correlated in a linear manner. All proliferation parameters yielded significant differences between benign and malignant tumors. Ki-S11 and Ki-S1 immunoreactive scores also co-varied significantly with SPF, mitotic count, and histopathological grade. In univariate analysis, immunohistochemical proliferation indices, histopathological grade, mitotic count, and SPF were predictive of overall survival and the development of metastases. In multivariate analysis, immunolabeling scores of proliferation markers, grade, and SPF emerged as independent predictors of global survival and systemic progression. We conclude that the immunohistochemical assessment of proliferation, being more readily performable and more easily assessable than the equally relevant S phase fraction, may add appreciable information to the current prognostic models for soft-tissue sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rudolph
- Department of Pathology, University of Kiel, Germany
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12
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Benini E, Rao S, Daidone MG, Pilotti S, Silvestrini R. Immunoreactivity to MIB‐1 in breast cancer: methodological assessment and comparison with other proliferation indices. Cell Prolif 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1997.tb00927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. Benini
- Oncologia Sperimentale C, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - S. Rao
- Anatomia Patologica, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - M. Grazia Daidone
- Oncologia Sperimentale C, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - S. Pilotti
- Anatomia Patologica, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - R. Silvestrini
- Oncologia Sperimentale C, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
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