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Li L, Gao Y, Yu B, Zhang J, Ma G, Jin X. Role of LncRNA H19 in tumor progression and treatment. Mol Cell Probes 2024; 75:101961. [PMID: 38579914 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2024.101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
As one of the earliest discovered lncRNA molecules, lncRNA H19 is usually expressed in large quantities during embryonic development and is involved in cell differentiation and tissue formation. In recent years, the role of lncRNA H19 in tumors has been gradually recognized. Increasing evidence suggests that its aberrant expression is closely related to cancer development. LncRNA H19 as an oncogene not only promotes the growth, proliferation, invasion and metastasis of many tumors, but also develops resistance to treatment, affecting patients' prognosis and survival. Therefore, in this review, we summarise the extensive research on the involvement of lncRNA H19 in tumor progression and discuss how lncRNA H19, as a key target gene, affects tumor sensitivity to radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy by participating in multiple cellular processes and regulating multiple signaling pathways, which provides a promising prospect for further research into the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjing Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuting Gao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Boyi Yu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Guorong Ma
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine (Gansu Provincial Hospital), Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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2
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Adu-Gyamfi EA, Cheeran EA, Salamah J, Enabulele DB, Tahir A, Lee BK. Long non-coding RNAs: a summary of their roles in placenta development and pathology†. Biol Reprod 2024; 110:431-449. [PMID: 38134961 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs are cellular transcripts that have ˃200 nucleotides in length and do not code for proteins. Due to their low expression levels, long non-coding RNAs were previously considered as mere transcriptional noise. However, current evidence indicates that they regulate a myriad of biological processes such as cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis. Hence, their expression patterns are crucial indicators of the physiological or pathological states of cells, tissues, and organs. The utilization of long non-coding RNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the clinical management of several diseases have been suggested. Gradually, long non-coding RNAs are gaining a substantial attention in the field of feto-maternal medicine. After embryo implantation, the interactions between the trophoblast cells from the embryo and the uterus of the mother facilitate placenta development and pregnancy progression. These processes are tightly regulated, and their impairments result in pregnancy pathologies such as miscarriage and preeclampsia. Accumulating evidence implicates long non-coding RNAs in these processes. Herein, we have summarized the roles of several long non-coding RNAs in human placenta development, have proposed some mechanisms by which they participate in physiological and pathological placentation, have revealed some knowledge deficits, and have recommended ideal experimental approaches that will facilitate the clarification of the mechanistic actions of each long non-coding RNA at the feto-maternal interface during healthy and pathological pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Appiah Adu-Gyamfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany - State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Elisha Ann Cheeran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany - State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Joudi Salamah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany - State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Divine Blessing Enabulele
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany - State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Ayesha Tahir
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany - State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Bum-Kyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany - State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
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3
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Adu-Gyamfi EA, Cheeran EA, Salamah J, Lee BK. Long noncoding RNA H19 in ovarian biology and placenta development. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3907. [PMID: 38269505 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
As the first long noncoding RNA to be discovered, H19 has gained substantial attention as a key regulator of several biological processes and its roles in female reproductive biology are gradually getting revealed. Herein, we have summarized the current evidence regarding H19 expression pattern and involvement in the developmental and pathological processes associated with the ovary and the placenta. The findings indicate that within the ovaries, H19 is expressed in the antral and cystic atretic follicles as well as in the corpora lutea but absent in the primordial, primary, and secondary follicles. Its normal expression promotes the maturation of antral follicles and prevents their premature selection for the ovulatory journey while its aberrant induction promotes polycystic ovary syndrome development and ovarian cancer metastasis. In the placenta, H19 is highly expressed in the cytotrophoblasts and extravillous trophoblasts but weakly expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast layer and potentially controls trophoblast cell fate decisions during placenta development. Abnormal expression of H19 is observed in the placental villi of pregnancies affected by pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction. Therefore, dysregulated H19 is a candidate biomarker and therapeutic target for the mitigation of ovarian and placenta-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Appiah Adu-Gyamfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany-State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, USA
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany-State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, USA
| | - Elisha Ann Cheeran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany-State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, USA
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany-State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, USA
| | - Joudi Salamah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany-State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, USA
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany-State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, USA
| | - Bum-Kyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany-State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, USA
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany-State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, USA
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Segal D, Dostie J. The Talented LncRNAs: Meshing into Transcriptional Regulatory Networks in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3433. [PMID: 37444543 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a group of diseases characterized by uncontrollable cell growth, cancer is highly multifaceted in how it overrides checkpoints controlling proliferation. Amongst the regulators of these checkpoints, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can have key roles in why natural biological processes go haywire. LncRNAs represent a large class of regulatory transcripts that can localize anywhere in cells. They were found to affect gene expression on many levels from transcription to mRNA translation and even protein stability. LncRNA participation in such control mechanisms can depend on cell context, with given transcripts sometimes acting as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Importantly, the tissue-specificity and low expression levels of lncRNAs make them attractive therapeutic targets or biomarkers. Here, we review the various cellular processes affected by lncRNAs and outline molecular strategies they use to control gene expression, particularly in cancer and in relation to transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Segal
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Josée Dostie
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
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Rolla M, Jawiarczyk-Przybyłowska A, Kolačkov K, Zembska A, Bolanowski M. Is H19 RNA a Useful Marker of Acromegaly and Its Complications? A Preliminary Study. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041211. [PMID: 37189829 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acromegaly is a rare endocrine disorder caused by somatotroph pituitary adenoma. Besides its typical symptoms, it contributes to the development of cardiovascular, metabolic, and bone comorbidities. H19 RNA is a long non-coding RNA and it is suspected to be involved in tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and metastasis. H19 RNA is a novel biomarker for the diagnosis and monitoring of neoplasms. Moreover, there might be an association between H19 and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. We enrolled 32 acromegaly patients and 25 controls. We investigated whether whole blood H19 RNA expression is associated with the diagnosis of acromegaly. Correlations between H19 and tumour dimension, invasiveness, and biochemical and hormonal parameters were evaluated. We analysed the coincidence of acromegaly comorbidities with H19 RNA expression. In the results, we did not observe a statistically significant difference in H19 RNA expression between acromegaly patients and the controls. There were no correlations between H19 and the adenoma size and infiltration and patients' biochemical and hormonal statuses. In the acromegaly group, hypertension, goitre, and cholelithiasis were observed more frequently. The diagnosis of acromegaly was a factor contributing to the occurrence of dyslipidaemia, goitre, and cholelithiasis. We found an association between H19 and cholelithiasis in acromegaly patients. To conclude, H19 RNA expression is not a relevant marker for diagnosis and monitoring of acromegaly patients. There is a higher risk of hypertension, goitre, and cholelithiasis related to acromegaly. Cholelithiasis is associated with a higher H19 RNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Rolla
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Kolačkov
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zembska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Bolanowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
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The multifaceted actions of the lncRNA H19 in cardiovascular biology and diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1157-1178. [PMID: 35946958 PMCID: PMC9366862 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death and debility worldwide. Various molecular mechanisms have been studied to better understand the development and progression of cardiovascular pathologies with hope to eradicate these diseases. With the advancement of the sequencing technology, it is revealed that the majority of our genome is non-coding. A growing body of literature demonstrates the critical role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as epigenetic regulators of gene expression. LncRNAs can regulate cellular biological processes through various distinct molecular mechanisms. The abundance of lncRNAs in the cardiovascular system indicates their significance in cardiovascular physiology and pathology. LncRNA H19, in particular, is a highly evolutionarily conserved lncRNA that is enriched in cardiac and vascular tissue, underlining its importance in maintaining homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. In this review, we discuss the versatile function of H19 in various types of cardiovascular diseases. We highlight the current literature on H19 in the cardiovascular system and demonstrate how dysregulation of H19 induces the development of cardiovascular pathophysiology.
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Najafi S, Khatami SH, Khorsand M, Jamali Z, Shabaninejad Z, Moazamfard M, Majidpoor J, Aghaei Zarch SM, Movahedpour A. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs); roles in tumorigenesis and potentials as biomarkers in cancer diagnosis. Exp Cell Res 2022; 418:113294. [PMID: 35870535 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
New research has indicated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in a broad range of biological processes, including the pathogenesis of many complex human diseases, including cancer. The detailed regulation mechanisms of many lncRNAs in cancer initiation and progression have yet to be discovered, even though a few of lncRNAs' functions in cancer have been characterized. In the present study, we summarize recent advances in the mechanisms and functions of lncRNAs in cancer. We focused on the roles of newly-identified lncRNAs as oncogenes and tumor suppressors, as well as the potential pathways these molecules could play. The paper also discusses their potential uses as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Najafi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyyed Hossein Khatami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Khorsand
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Jamali
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Shabaninejad
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Disease Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohsen Aghaei Zarch
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Blood-derived lncRNAs as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis: the Good, the Bad and the Beauty. NPJ Precis Oncol 2022; 6:40. [PMID: 35729321 PMCID: PMC9213432 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-022-00283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer ranks as one of the deadliest diseases worldwide. The high mortality rate associated with cancer is partially due to the lack of reliable early detection methods and/or inaccurate diagnostic tools such as certain protein biomarkers. Cell-free nucleic acids (cfNA) such as circulating long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been proposed as a new class of potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. The reported correlation between the presence of tumors and abnormal levels of lncRNAs in the blood of cancer patients has notably triggered a worldwide interest among clinicians and oncologists who have been actively investigating their potentials as reliable cancer biomarkers. In this report, we review the progress achieved (“the Good”) and challenges encountered (“the Bad”) in the development of circulating lncRNAs as potential biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis. We report and discuss the diagnostic performance of more than 50 different circulating lncRNAs and emphasize their numerous potential clinical applications (“the Beauty”) including therapeutic targets and agents, on top of diagnostic and prognostic capabilities. This review also summarizes the best methods of investigation and provides useful guidelines for clinicians and scientists who desire conducting their own clinical studies on circulating lncRNAs in cancer patients via RT-qPCR or Next Generation Sequencing (NGS).
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Samudh N, Shrilall C, Arbuthnot P, Bloom K, Ely A. Diversity of Dysregulated Long Non-Coding RNAs in HBV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:834650. [PMID: 35154157 PMCID: PMC8831247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.834650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to pose a major threat to public health as approximately 292 million people worldwide are currently living with the chronic form of the disease, for which treatment is non-curative. Chronic HBV infections often progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which is one of the world’s leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Although the process of hepatocarcinogenesis is multifaceted and has yet to be fully elucidated, several studies have implicated numerous long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as contributors to the development of HCC. These host-derived lncRNAs, which are often dysregulated as a consequence of viral infection, have been shown to function as signals, decoys, guides, or scaffolds, to modulate gene expression at epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional and even post-translational levels. These lncRNAs mainly function to promote HBV replication and oncogene expression or downregulate tumor suppressors. Very few lncRNAs are known to suppress tumorigenesis and these are often downregulated in HCC. In this review, we describe the mechanisms by which lncRNA dysregulation in HBV-related HCC promotes tumorigenesis and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Samudh
- Wits/South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Creanne Shrilall
- Wits/South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Patrick Arbuthnot
- Wits/South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kristie Bloom
- Wits/South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abdullah Ely
- Wits/South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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The long noncoding RNA H19 regulates tumor plasticity in neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7349. [PMID: 34934057 PMCID: PMC8692330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) prostate cancer (NEPC) is a lethal subtype of castration-resistant prostate cancer (PCa) arising either de novo or from transdifferentiated prostate adenocarcinoma following androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Extensive computational analysis has identified a high degree of association between the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) H19 and NEPC, with the longest isoform highly expressed in NEPC. H19 regulates PCa lineage plasticity by driving a bidirectional cell identity of NE phenotype (H19 overexpression) or luminal phenotype (H19 knockdown). It contributes to treatment resistance, with the knockdown of H19 re-sensitizing PCa to ADT. It is also essential for the proliferation and invasion of NEPC. H19 levels are negatively regulated by androgen signaling via androgen receptor (AR). When androgen is absent SOX2 levels increase, driving H19 transcription and facilitating transdifferentiation. H19 facilitates the PRC2 complex in regulating methylation changes at H3K27me3/H3K4me3 histone sites of AR-driven and NEPC-related genes. Additionally, this lncRNA induces alterations in genome-wide DNA methylation on CpG sites, further regulating genes associated with the NEPC phenotype. Our clinical data identify H19 as a candidate diagnostic marker and predictive marker of NEPC with elevated H19 levels associated with an increased probability of biochemical recurrence and metastatic disease in patients receiving ADT. Here we report H19 as an early upstream regulator of cell fate, plasticity, and treatment resistance in NEPC that can reverse/transform cells to a treatable form of PCa once therapeutically deactivated. Elevated expression of long noncoding RNA H19 is seen in clinical samples of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (PCa). Here the authors show H19 promotes plasticity from luminal to neuroendocrine by epigenetic reprogramming.
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Zhou X, Cao H, Wang M, Zou J, Wu W. Moderate-intensity treadmill running relieves motion-induced post-traumatic osteoarthritis mice by up-regulating the expression of lncRNA H19. Biomed Eng Online 2021; 20:111. [PMID: 34794451 PMCID: PMC8600697 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-021-00949-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to explore whether moderate-intensity exercise can alleviate motion-induced post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) and the expression change of lncRNA H19 during this progression. METHODS Twenty-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five groups: model control group (MC group, n = 6), treadmill model group (M group, n = 6), rehabilitation control group (RC group, n = 6), treadmill model + rehabilitation training group (M + R group, n = 6) and treadmill model + convalescent group (M + C group, n = 6). Paraffin sections were used to observe the pathological changes in the mouse knee joint in each group. A micro-CT was used to scan the knee joint to obtain the morphological indexes of the tibial plateau bone. Real-time PCR was used to detect the mRNA levels of inflammatory factors, synthetic and catabolic factors in cartilage. RESULTS After high-intensity exercise for 4 weeks, the inflammation and catabolism of the mouse knee cartilage were enhanced, and the anabolism was weakened. Further study showed that these results were partially reversed after 4-week moderate-intensity training. The results of hematoxylin-eosin staining confirmed this finding. Meanwhile, high-intensity exercise reduced the expression of lncRNA H19 in cartilage, while the expression of lncRNA H19 increased after 4 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise. CONCLUSION High-intensity treadmill running can cause injury to the knee cartilage in C57BL/6 mice which leads to PTOA and a decrease of lncRNA H19 expression in cartilage. Moderate-intensity exercise can relieve PTOA and partially reverse lncRNA H19 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchang Zhou
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Cao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zou
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Lee EY, Song JM, Kim HJ, Park HR. Hypomethylation of lncRNA H19 as a potential prognostic biomarker for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 129:105214. [PMID: 34333230 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dysregulated DNA methylation is common in cancers and is considered one of the most important triggers in cancer development and progression. The expression and promoter methylation status of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) H19 play a key role in several cancers, but its role is unclear in oral cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of lncRNA H19 as a prognostic biomarker for oral cancer. DESIGNS The transcript levels and the methylation status of lncRNA H19 in OSCC cell lines and OSCC patient tissues were investigated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Methylation ratio (%) were calculated from the intensity of the MSP in the gel image and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of OSCC patient survival was performed for patients grouped according to the lncRNA H19 promoter methylation ratio. RESULTS lncRNA H19 was highly expressed and its promoter region was hypomethylated in OSSC cell lines as compared to normal control. Almost all OSCC patients tissues (63 out of 65, 97 %) showed hypomethylation of lncRNA H19 compared to normal oral mucosa tissues. There was a significant correlation between methylation ratio and tumor histopathologic grade. OSCC patients with hypomethylation of lncRNA H19 had a significantly lower 5-year survival rate. CONCLUSIONS Hypomethylation of lncRNA H19 may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker for oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Lee
- Department of Oral Pathology, and BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea; Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Min Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea; Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hae Ryoun Park
- Department of Oral Pathology, and BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea; Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea; Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Bikle DD. Vitamin D regulation of and by long non coding RNAs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 532:111317. [PMID: 34015414 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Two percent or less of the genome is used to transcribe mRNAs encoding proteins. Nearly all the remainder is utilized in transcribing non coding RNAs, the bulk of which are RNAs at least 200 base in length, long non coding RNAs (lncRNA). Their number is estimated to be about 28,000, but only a small fraction of lncRNAs are well characterized. That said lncRNAs have been found to regulate a very diverse array of biochemical and genomic functions. One of the transcription factors found to be regulated by and to regulate lncRNA is the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Like lncRNAs VDR is involved in the regulation of numerous biochemical and genomic processes, so it is not surprising that there would be a number of interactions between lncRNAs and VDR in their diverse functions. However, the study of these interactions is in its infancy. To date most attention has been paid to their interactions in cancer. Our own studies have focused on non melanoma skin cancers, keratinocyte carcinomas to be precise. Deletion of VDR from keratinocytes predisposes them to malignant transformation. Among a number of potential mechanisms we found that VDR deletion from these cells alters the lncRNA profile to a more oncogenic configuration, increasing the expression of well known oncogenic lncRNAs and decreasing the expression of well known tumor suppressor lncRNAs. Subsequent studies in other cancers have found similar associations between VDR and oncogenic lncRNAs with evidence of tumor specificity. To date these studies primarily reveal associations rather than causality, but causal links should be expected as research in this field continues to develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- University of California, San Francisco, 1700, Owens St, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA; San Francisco VA Medical Center, 1700, Owens St, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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14
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Li W, Hua R, Wang M, Zhang D, Zhu J, Zhang S, Yang Y, Cheng J, Zhou H, Zhang J, He J. H19 gene polymorphisms and Wilms tumor risk in Chinese children: a four-center case-control study. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1584. [PMID: 33403826 PMCID: PMC8077085 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wilms tumor is the most common pediatric renal cancer. However, genetic bases behind Wilms tumor remain largely unknown. H19 is a critical maternally imprinted gene. Previous studies indicated that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the H19 can modify the risk of several human malignancies. Epigenetic errors at the H19 locus lead to biallelic silencing in Wilms tumors. Genetic variations in the H19 may be related to Wilms tumor susceptibility. METHODS We conducted a four-center study to investigate whether H19 SNP was a predisposing factor to Wilms tumor. Three polymorphisms in the H19 (rs2839698 G > A, rs3024270 C > G, rs217727 G > A) were genotyped in 355 cases and 1070 cancer-free controls, using Taqman method. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the strength of the associations. RESULTS We found that all of these three polymorphisms were significantly associated with Wilms tumor risk alterations. The rs2839698 G > A polymorphism (AG vs. GG: adjusted OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.57-0.96, p = 0.024; AA vs. GG: adjusted OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.05-2.22, p = 0.027), the rs3024270 C > G polymorphism (CG vs. CC: adjusted OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.46-0.81, p = 0.0007; and the rs217727 polymorphism (AG vs. GG: adjusted OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.58-0.99, p = 0.035). The Carriers of 1, 2, and 1-2 risk genotypes were inclined to develop Wilms tumor compared with those without risk genotype (adjusted OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.02-1.80, p = 0.037; adjusted OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.27-2.67, p = 0.001; adjusted OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.17-1.92, p = 0.002, respectively). The stratified analysis further revealed that rs2839698 AA, rs217727 AA, and 1-2 risk genotypes could strongly increase Wilms tumor risk among children above 18 months of age, males, and with clinical stage I+II disease. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that genetic variations in the H19 may confer Wilms tumor risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Li
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Rui‐Xi Hua
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryGuangzhou Institute of PediatricsGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect DiseaseGuangzhou Women and Children's Medical CenterGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Mi Wang
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryGuangzhou Institute of PediatricsGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect DiseaseGuangzhou Women and Children's Medical CenterGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Da Zhang
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jinhong Zhu
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryGuangzhou Institute of PediatricsGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect DiseaseGuangzhou Women and Children's Medical CenterGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryBiobankHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinChina
| | - Songyang Zhang
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jiwen Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgerythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Haixia Zhou
- Department of HematologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jing He
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryGuangzhou Institute of PediatricsGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect DiseaseGuangzhou Women and Children's Medical CenterGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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15
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Zhou W, Wang X, Fang B. A variant of H19 transcript regulates EMT and oral cancer progression. Oral Dis 2020; 28:116-124. [PMID: 33270342 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wu Zhou
- School of Medicine Jiaxing University Jiaxing China
| | - Xi‐zhou Wang
- Vocational & Technical CollegeLishui University Lishui China
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16
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New insights into long non-coding RNAs in non-small cell lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110775. [PMID: 33152934 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a malignant tumor that seriously threatens human life and health. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85 % of all lung cancer cases, and its global 5-year survival rate is only approximately 5%. Thus, the identification of new prognostic biomarkers has become one of the most urgent challenges in NSCLC research. Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) are a kind of noncoding RNA whose length exceeds 200 nucleotides (nt). LncRNAs are transcribed by RNA pol II and can be subjected to posttranscriptional modifications such as blocking, polyadenylation and splicing; moreover, their expression profiles are more specific than those of mRNAs. Emerging evidence confirms that lncRNAs are associated with the occurrence and development of NSCLC and play an important role in NSCLC drug resistance. The purpose of this review was to describe the roles of lncRNAs in the development, diagnosis and prognosis of NSCLC and to explore new evidence of lncRNAs in the treatment of NSCLC drug resistance. This review provides a new perspective of lncRNAs in the treatment of NSCLC.
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Alipoor B, Parvar SN, Sabati Z, Ghaedi H, Ghasemi H. An updated review of the H19 lncRNA in human cancer: molecular mechanism and diagnostic and therapeutic importance. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:6357-6374. [PMID: 32743775 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has reported that H19 long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression level is deregulated in human cancer. It has been also demonstrated that de-regulated levels of H19 could affect cancer biology by various mechanisms including microRNA (miRNA) production (like miR-675), miRNA sponging and epigenetic modifications. Furthermore, lncRNA could act as a potential diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers and also a candidate therapeutic approach for different human cancers. In this narrative review, we shed light on the molecular mechanism of H19 in cancer development and pathogenesis. Moreover, we discussed the expression pattern and diagnostic and therapeutic importance of H19 as a potential biomarker in a range of human malignancies from breast to osteosarcoma cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Alipoor
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Nasrin Parvar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Zolfaghar Sabati
- Student Research Committee, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Hamid Ghaedi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Ghasemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.
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18
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Esmaeili M, Taheri M. H19 lncRNA: Roles in tumorigenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 123:109774. [PMID: 31855739 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
H19 is a long non-coding RNA [lncRNA] which was firstly described as an oncofetal transcript. The imprinted gene is normally expressed from the maternal allele. However, this pattern of imprinting is dysregulated in several cancers leading to aberrant up-regulation of H19 in malignant tissues. Several studies have utilized this aberrant expression pattern to find specific biomarkers for detection of cancer in tumoral tissues or peripheral blood. Moreover, single nucleotide polymorphisms within H19 have been associated with risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, bladder cancer, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. Taken together, H19 is regarded as a biomarker for cancer and a putative therapeutic target in these human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadhosein Esmaeili
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Yang PJ, Hsieh MJ, Hung TW, Wang SS, Chen SC, Lee MC, Yang SF, Chou YE. Effects of Long Noncoding RNA H19 Polymorphisms on Urothelial Cell Carcinoma Development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1322. [PMID: 31013794 PMCID: PMC6518101 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16081322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) is one of the major malignancies of the genitourinary tract, and it is induced by carcinogenic epidemiological risk factors. H19 is one of the most crucial long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and is involved in various types of bladder cancer. In this study, we examined H19 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to investigate UCC susceptibility and clinicopathological characteristics. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, we analyzed five SNPs of H19 in 431 UCC patients and 431 controls without cancer. The results showed that patients with UCC carrying the H19 rs217727 CT + TT and rs2107425 CT + TT genetic variants had a high risk of developing muscle invasive tumors (pT2-T4) (p = 0.030; p = 0.025, respectively). With a median follow up of 39 months, CT+TT polymorphisms of rs2107425 were associated with worse disease-specific survival (adjusted hard ratio (AHR) = 2.043, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.029-4.059) in UCC patients aged older than 65 years. In conclusion, our results indicate that patients with UCC carrying the H19 rs217727 CT + TT and rs2107425 CT + TT genetic variants have a high risk of developing muscle invasive tumors. Thus, H19 polymorphisms may be applied as a marker or therapeutic target in UCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Jen Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Ju Hsieh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
- Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Tung-Wei Hung
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Shian-Shiang Wang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
| | - Shiuan-Chih Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Chih Lee
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
- Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung 403, Taiwan.
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Erh Chou
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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Li L, Guo G, Zhang H, Zhou B, Bai L, Chen H, Zhao Y, Yan Y. Association between H19 SNP rs217727 and lung cancer risk in a Chinese population: a case control study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 19:136. [PMID: 30071841 PMCID: PMC6090654 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0573-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background H19 was the first long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) to be confirmed. Recently, studies have suggested that H19 may participate in lung cancer (LC) development and progression. This study assessed whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in H19 are associated with the risk of LC in a Chinese population. Methods A case-control study was performed, and H19 SNP rs217727 was analyzed in 555 lung cancer patients from two hospitals and 618 healthy controls to test the association between this SNP and the susceptibility to LC. Results The A/A homozygous genotype of rs217727 was significantly associated with an increased LC risk (odds ratio (OR) = 1.661, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.155 to 2.388, P = 0.006). Significant associations remained after stratification by smoking status (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the A/A genotype had a higher risk of LC than those of G/G in the squamous cell carcinoma (OR = 2.022, P = 0.004) and adenocarcinoma (OR = 1.606, P = 0.045) subgroups. Conclusions The rs217727 SNP in lncRNA H19 was significantly associated with susceptibility to LC, particularly in squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, and identified the homozygous A/A genotype as a risk factor for LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Li
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.4 Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110032, People's Republic of China
| | - Genyan Guo
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.4 Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110032, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, No.83 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Baosen Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - He Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.4 Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxia Zhao
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.4 Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, No.83 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, People's Republic of China.
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Yoshimura H, Matsuda Y, Yamamoto M, Michishita M, Takahashi K, Sasaki N, Ishikawa N, Aida J, Takubo K, Arai T, Ishiwata T. Reduced expression of the H19 long non-coding RNA inhibits pancreatic cancer metastasis. J Transl Med 2018; 98:814-824. [PMID: 29581580 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
H19 is an oncofetal RNA expressed in the developing embryo as well as in bladder, breast, gastric, pancreatic, hepatocellular, and prostate cancers. Recent studies have shown that H19 enhances cancer invasion and metastasis; however, its roles in cancer remain controversial. In the current study, H19 exhibited the second largest increase (82.4-fold) and represented the only non-protein coding gene among 11 genes identified that were elevated over 10-fold in lung-metastasis-derived pancreatic cancer cells compared with their parental cells using a mouse metastatic model. Subsequently, we further clarified the roles of H19 in pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis using in vitro and in vivo techniques. In situ hybridization showed that H19 was detected in 23 of 139 invasive ductal carcinomas (17%), and that H19 expression positively correlated with higher histological grades (P < 0.0001). Overexpression of H19 in PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells induced higher motilities, whereas H19 inhibition using shRNA and siRNA showed opposite results; however, cell growth rates were not impacted. Intravenous injection of H19 shRNA vector-transfected PANC-1 cells yielded marked inhibition of metastasis in the liver and lungs of immunodeficient mice. These findings suggest that H19 has important roles in pancreatic cancer metastasis, and that inhibition of H19 represents a novel candidate for pancreatic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Yoshimura
- Division of Physiological Pathology, Department of Applied Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuda
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Masami Yamamoto
- Division of Physiological Pathology, Department of Applied Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Masaki Michishita
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Kimimasa Takahashi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Norihiko Sasaki
- Research Team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Naoshi Ishikawa
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Junko Aida
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kaiyo Takubo
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Tomio Arai
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ishiwata
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
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Hong Y, He H, Sui W, Zhang J, Zhang S, Yang D. Long non-coding RNA H1 promotes cell proliferation and invasion by acting as a ceRNA of miR‑138 and releasing EZH2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:901-912. [PMID: 29344674 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play pivotal roles in various types of human cancer, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the potential mechanisms of action of lncRNAs in OSCC remain to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to further explore the potential mechanisms of action of lncRNAs in OSCC. We first analyzed Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets to investigate aberrantly expressed lncRNAs which may be involved in the development of OSCC. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR (RT‑qPCR) was performed to analyze the expression levels of lncRNA H19. In addition, the correlation between H19 expression and the clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with OSCC was statistically analyzed. The effects of H19 expression on OSCC cells were examined by using overexpression and RNA interference approaches in vitro and in vivo. To examine the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanisms, bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay were performed. In addition, the correlation between H19 and microRNA (miR)‑138 was detected. H19 was found to be upregulated in OSCC tissues and its high expression level was associated with the TNM stage and nodal invasion, and also correlated with a shorter overall survival of patients with OSCC. The knockdown of H19 significantly inhibited OSCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and induced apoptosis in vitro; it also suppressed subcutaneous tumor growth in vivo. In addition, H19 was found to regulate the expression of oncogene enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) by competing with miR‑138; the inhibition of miR‑138 attenuated the inhibitory effects of H19 knockdown on OSCC cells. On the whole, our findings suggest that H19 functions as an oncogene by inhibiting miR‑138 and facilitating EZH2 expression in OSCC. Thus, lncRNA H1 may represent a potential therapeutic target for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglong Hong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, P.R. China
| | - Haitao He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Wen Sui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, P.R. China
| | - Jingge Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, P.R. China
| | - Shenfu Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Dajiang Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, P.R. China
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Pope C, Piekos SC, Chen L, Mishra S, Zhong XB. The role of H19, a long non-coding RNA, in mouse liver postnatal maturation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187557. [PMID: 29099871 PMCID: PMC5669494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
H19 RNA is highly expressed at early postnatal ages and precipitously decreases at a specific time corresponding with increases in expression of genes important for mature liver function, such as drug metabolizing enzymes. H19’s role in the regulation of liver maturation is currently unknown. Using an H19 knockout mouse model to determine the role of H19 in liver development, we quantified gene expression for insulin growth factor signaling, Wnt signaling, key cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes known to change as the liver develops, and fetal and adult plasma protein produced in liver. In mice lacking H19 expression, liver weights were significantly increased immediately after birth and significant increases were found in the number of actively proliferating cells. Increases in cell proliferation may be due to increases in β-catenin protein affecting Wnt signaling, increases in insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) expression, and/or increases in insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) expression at the protein level. Loss of targeted inhibition of IGF1R by microRNA 675 (miR-675) may be the cause of IGF1R increases, as miR-675 expression is also abrogated with loss of H19 expression in our model. P450 expression patterns were largely unchanged. No change in the production of plasma proteins was found, indicating H19 may not be important for liver maturation despite its role in controlling cell proliferation during liver growth. H19 may be important for normal liver development, and understanding how the liver matures will assist in predicting drug efficacy and toxicity in pediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Pope
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Stephanie C. Piekos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Liming Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Shashank Mishra
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Xiao-bo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
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Gielchinsky I, Gilon M, Abu-Lail R, Matouk I, Hochberg A, Gofrit ON, Ben-Dov IZ. H19 non-coding RNA in urine cells detects urothelial carcinoma: a pilot study. Biomarkers 2017; 22:661-666. [PMID: 28067543 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2016.1276625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is common and highly recurrent. Diagnosis and follow-up involve invasive cystoscopies. OBJECTIVE To evaluate H19 RNA in urine cells as diagnostic tool for UC. MATERIALS AND METHODS RT-PCR analysis of urine samples from healthy volunteers and UC patients. RESULTS H19 RNA was unequivocally detected in the urine of 90.5% of patients and 25.9% of controls. H19 copies were three orders of magnitude higher in patients. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.933. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study shows that urinary cell H19 is a highly sensitive test for UC and pending verification could transform patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Gielchinsky
- a Department of Urology , Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Centre , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Michal Gilon
- b Department of Biological Chemistry , Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Rasha Abu-Lail
- b Department of Biological Chemistry , Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Imad Matouk
- b Department of Biological Chemistry , Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Avraham Hochberg
- b Department of Biological Chemistry , Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Ofer N Gofrit
- a Department of Urology , Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Centre , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Iddo Z Ben-Dov
- c Nephrology and Hypertension Services , Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Centre , Jerusalem , Israel
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Pope C, Mishra S, Russell J, Zhou Q, Zhong XB. Targeting H19, an Imprinted Long Non-Coding RNA, in Hepatic Functions and Liver Diseases. Diseases 2017; 5:E11. [PMID: 28933364 PMCID: PMC5456333 DOI: 10.3390/diseases5010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
H19 is a long non-coding RNA regulated by genomic imprinting through methylation at the locus between H19 and IGF2. H19 is important in normal liver development, controlling proliferation and impacting genes involved in an important network controlling fetal development. H19 also plays a major role in disease progression, particularly in hepatocellular carcinoma. H19 participates in the epigenetic regulation of many processes impacting diseases, such as activating the miR-200 pathway by histone acetylation to inhibit the epithelial-mesenchymal transition to suppress tumor metastasis. Furthermore, H19's normal regulation is disturbed in diseases, such as hepatocellular carcinoma. In this disease, aberrant epigenetic maintenance results in biallelic expression of IGF2, leading to uncontrolled cellular proliferation. This review aims to further research utilizing H19 for drug discovery and the treatment of liver diseases by focusing on both the epigenetic regulation of H19 and how H19 regulates normal liver functions and diseases, particularly by epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Pope
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Shashank Mishra
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, 75 N Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Joshua Russell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Qingqing Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Nikpayam E, Tasharrofi B, Sarrafzadeh S, Ghafouri-Fard S. The Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Ovarian Cancer. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2017. [PMID: 27664137 PMCID: PMC5141251 DOI: 10.6091/.21.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most fatal tumor of female's reproductive system, and several genetics and environmental factors are involved in its development. Various studies have already identified some suitable biomarkers to facilitate the early detection, the prognosis evaluation, and the assessment of treatment response. However, the aim of this review is to investigate the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in tumorigenesis process of ovarian cancer and their potential applications as ovarian cancer biomarkers. We performed an online literature search of the MEDLINE/PubMed databases using the keywords, including ovarian cancer, lncRNA, and biomarker. We found that several lncRNAs have been shown to be deregulated in ovarian cancer and the specific mechanism of their enrollment in ovarian cancer has been defined for a few of them. In addition, expression profiling has revealed an association between lncRNAs and patients' survival, metastasis potential, as well as treatment response. Expression profiling and methylation analysis of lncRNAs in ovarian cancer may lead to the identification of novel biomarkers that can help in the classification of patients based on prognosis and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Nikpayam
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnoosh Tasharrofi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Sarrafzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Nikpayam E, Tasharrofi B, Sarrafzadeh S, Ghafouri-Fard S. The Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Ovarian Cancer. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 21:3-15. [PMID: 27132108 PMCID: PMC5141250 DOI: 10.6091/.21.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are important candidates for MSC-based cellular therapy. Current paradigm states that MSCs support local progenitor cells in damaged tissue through paracrine signaling. Therefore, the study of paracrine effects and secretome of MSCs could lead to the appreciation of mechanisms and molecules associated with the therapeutic effects of these cells. This study analyzed anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effects of MSC secretomes derived from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and bone marrow cells after hypoxia and normoxia preconditioning. Methods: ESCs differentiated into MSCs and characterized by flow cytometry as well as by differentiation into adipocytes and osteoblasts. The experimental groups were consisted of individual groups of ESC-MSCs and BM-MSCs (bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells), which were preconditioned with either hypoxia or normoxia for 24, 48 and 72 h. After collecting the cell-free medium from each treatment, secretomes were concentrated by centrifugal filters. Using a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) assay and ELISA, IL-10 concentration in PBMCs was evaluated after their incubation with different secretomes from preconditioned and non-preconditioned MSCs. Results: A significant difference was observed between ESC-MSC normoxia and ESC-MSC hypoxia in IL-10 concentration, and normoxia secretomes increased IL-10 secretion from PBMCs. Moreover, the strongest IL-10 secretion from PBMCs could be detected after the stimulation by ESC-MSC conditioned secretomes, but not BM-MSC conditioned medium. Conclusions: Human hypoxia preconditioned ESC-MSC secretome indicated stronger immune-modulatory effects compared to BM-MSC conditioned medium. It could be suggested that induced MSCs confer less immune-modulatory effects but produce more inflammatory molecules such as tumor necrosis factor α, which needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Nikpayam
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnoosh Tasharrofi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Sarrafzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Jiang P, Wang P, Sun X, Yuan Z, Zhan R, Ma X, Li W. Knockdown of long noncoding RNA H19 sensitizes human glioma cells to temozolomide therapy. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:3501-9. [PMID: 27366087 PMCID: PMC4913544 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s96278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is commonly used in glioma chemotherapy. However, a great clinical challenge for TMZ is chemoresistance. H19 transcripts are recognized as long noncoding RNAs, which potentially interact with chromatin-modifying complexes to regulate gene expression via epigenetic changes. Our data based on glioma patients showed that the expression of H19 was significantly upregulated in TMZ-resistant tumors compared with the TMZ-sensitive tumors. To determine the function of H19 in glioma, cell lines U87 and U251 were exposed to TMZ to establish TMZ-resistant clones U87(TMZ) and U251(TMZ). In U87(TMZ) and U251(TMZ), the expression level of H19 transcripts was increased compared to wild-type or nonresistant clones, as determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Concomitant treatment with small interfering RNA specifically targeting H19 and TMZ in resistant glioma clones resulted in decreased IC50 values for TMZ, and increased apoptotic rates than control small interfering RNA-treated cells. This was also evident by the increased PARP cleavage in resistant cells exposed to TMZ + si-H19. Furthermore, the reduced expression of H19 altered major drug resistance genes, such as MDR, MRP, and ABCG2, both at the mRNA and protein levels. Taken together, these findings suggest that H19 plays an important role in the development of TMZ resistance, and may represent a novel therapeutic target for TMZ-resistant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Jiang
- Medical Department, Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- Neurosurgery Department, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Sun
- Neurosurgery Department, Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongshun Yuan
- Neurosurgery Department, Yinan People's Hospital, Linyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rucai Zhan
- Neurosurgery Department, No 3 Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Ma
- Neurosurgery Department, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Li
- Neurosurgery Department, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Taucher V, Mangge H, Haybaeck J. Non-coding RNAs in pancreatic cancer: challenges and opportunities for clinical application. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2016; 39:295-318. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-016-0275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Basak P, Chatterjee S, Weger S, Bruce MC, Murphy LC, Raouf A. Estrogen regulates luminal progenitor cell differentiation through H19 gene expression. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:505-17. [PMID: 25944846 PMCID: PMC4498491 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of estrogen signaling in breast cancer development has been extensively studied, the mechanisms that regulate the indispensable role of estrogen in normal mammary gland development have not been well studied. Because of the unavailability of culture system to maintain estrogen-receptor-positive (ERα(+)) cells in vitro, the molecular mechanisms that regulate estrogen/ERα signaling in the normal human breast are unknown. In the present study, we examined the effects of estrogen signaling on ERα(+) human luminal progenitors using a modified matrigel assay and found that estrogen signaling increased the expansion potential of these progenitors. Furthermore, we found that blocking ERα attenuated luminal progenitor expansion and decreased the luminal colony-forming potential of these progenitors. Additionally, blocking ERα decreased H19 expression in the luminal progenitors and led to the development of smaller luminal colonies. We further showed that knocking down the H19 gene in the luminal progenitors significantly decreased the colony-forming potential of the luminal progenitors, and this phenotype could not be rescued by the addition of estrogen. Lastly, we explored the clinical relevance of the estrogen-H19 signaling axis in breast tumors and found that ERα(+) tumors exhibited a higher expression of H19 as compared with ERα(-) tumors and that H19 expression showed a positive correlation with ERα expression in those tumors. Taken together, the present results indicate that the estrogen-ERα-H19 signaling axis plays a role in regulating the proliferation and differentiation potentials of the normal luminal progenitors and that this signaling network may also be important in the development of ER(+) breast cancer tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Basak
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Manitoba, 471 Apotex Centre 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9Department of Biochemistry and Medical GeneticsUniversity of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0W2 Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Manitoba, 471 Apotex Centre 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9Department of Biochemistry and Medical GeneticsUniversity of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0W2
| | - Sumanta Chatterjee
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Manitoba, 471 Apotex Centre 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9Department of Biochemistry and Medical GeneticsUniversity of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0W2 Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Manitoba, 471 Apotex Centre 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9Department of Biochemistry and Medical GeneticsUniversity of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0W2
| | - Steven Weger
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Manitoba, 471 Apotex Centre 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9Department of Biochemistry and Medical GeneticsUniversity of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0W2
| | - M Christine Bruce
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Manitoba, 471 Apotex Centre 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9Department of Biochemistry and Medical GeneticsUniversity of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0W2 Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Manitoba, 471 Apotex Centre 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9Department of Biochemistry and Medical GeneticsUniversity of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0W2
| | - Leigh C Murphy
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Manitoba, 471 Apotex Centre 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9Department of Biochemistry and Medical GeneticsUniversity of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0W2 Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Manitoba, 471 Apotex Centre 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9Department of Biochemistry and Medical GeneticsUniversity of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0W2
| | - Afshin Raouf
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Manitoba, 471 Apotex Centre 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9Department of Biochemistry and Medical GeneticsUniversity of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0W2 Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Manitoba, 471 Apotex Centre 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9Department of Biochemistry and Medical GeneticsUniversity of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0W2
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Bonakdar E, Edriss MA, Bakhtari A, Jafarpour F, Asgari V, Hosseini SM, Boroujeni NS, Hajian M, Rahmani HR, Nasr-Esfahani MH. A physiological, rather than a superovulated, post-implantation environment can attenuate the compromising effect of assisted reproductive techniques on gene expression in developing mice embryos. Mol Reprod Dev 2015; 82:191-206. [PMID: 25728573 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) may perturb the pre-/peri-conception microenvironments, which subsequently threaten the health of offspring. This study aimed to investigate the effects of superovulation, vitrification, in vitro culture, and embryo transfer on the expression of epigenetic modulators, imprinted genes, and pluripotency markers in expanded blastocysts and Day-9.5 (D9.5) concepti. Results revealed that 53.4% (8/15) and 86.7% (13/15) of genes in the fetus and placenta, respectively, have similar patterns of transcription in all D9.5 concepti, despite the perturbed mRNA expression observed at the blastocyst stage for each embryo-production technique. These observations indicate a counterbalancing of the abnormal expression pattern analyzed at the blastocyst stage during post-implantation development, particularly when the uterus of a naturally synchronized foster mother is employed. Superovulation resulted in the most abnormal expression patterns compared to other treatment groups, although these same blastocysts were able to develop in a synchronized uterus. Thus, superovulation creates a hormonal environment that negatively affected gene expression and impairs fetal growth more adversely during post-implantation development than other ART protocols, such as in vitro culture, vitrification, or embryo transfer-although each did contribute negatively to the implantation and development process. Together, these results may have implications for treating infertility in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bonakdar
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
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Wang X, Lan X, Radunz AE, Khatib H. Maternal nutrition during pregnancy is associated with differential expression of imprinted genes and DNA methyltranfereases in muscle of beef cattle offspring1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:35-40. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- X. Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi province, 712100, China
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - X. Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi province, 712100, China
| | - A. E. Radunz
- University of Wisconsin – River Falls, River Falls 54022
| | - H. Khatib
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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Jiang YJ, Bikle DD. LncRNA profiling reveals new mechanism for VDR protection against skin cancer formation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt A:87-90. [PMID: 24342142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence strongly suggests a protective role of vitamin D signaling against chemical and UVR-induced skin cancer formation. However, the mechanism remains largely unknown. Recently, the emerging role of long, non-coding RNA (lncRNA) as a hallmark of cancer has become better appreciated. LncRNAs are mRNA-like transcripts ranging in length from 200 bases to 100kb lacking significant open reading frames, which are involved in a broad spectrum of tumorigenic/metastatic processes. In this study we profiled 90 well-annotated mouse lncRNAs from cultured mouse keratinocytes after deleting the vitamin D receptor (VDR) (∼90%) vs. control cells using an lncRNA array analysis. We found that several well-known oncogenes, including H19, HOTTIP and Nespas, are significantly increased (6.3-1.8-fold), whereas tumor suppressors (Kcnq1ot1, lincRNA-p21) are decreased (up to 50-70%) in VDR deleted keratinocytes. A similar pattern of lncRNA profiling is observed in the epidermis of K14 driven, tamoxifen-regulated epidermal-specific VDR null vs. wild-type control mice. Additionally there is an increase in the expression levels of other oncogenes (mHOTAIR, Malat1 and SRA) and a decrease of other tumor suppressors (Foxn2-as, Gtl2-as, H19-as). The increased expression levels of HOTTIP and H19 were further confirmed by real-time PCR analysis with individually designed primer sets. The major finding of this study is a novel mechanism for protection by VDR against skin cancer formation by maintaining the balance of oncogenic to tumor suppressing lncRNAs. In keratinocytes lacking VDR this balance is disturbed with increased expression of oncogenes and decreased expression of tumor suppressors, a mechanism that predisposes the VDR deficient mice to skin cancer formation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Vitamin D Workshop".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan J Jiang
- Endocrine Research Unit (111N), Department of Medicine, VAMC/UCSF, NCIRE, United States.
| | - Daniel D Bikle
- Endocrine Research Unit (111N), Department of Medicine, VAMC/UCSF, NCIRE, United States
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Medrzycki M, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Cao K, Pan C, Lailler N, McDonald JF, Bouhassira EE, Fan Y. Histone h1.3 suppresses h19 noncoding RNA expression and cell growth of ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6463-73. [PMID: 25205099 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a deadly gynecologic malignancy for which novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets are imperative for improving survival. Previous studies have suggested the expression pattern of linker histone variants as potential biomarkers for ovarian cancer. To investigate the role of histone H1 in ovarian cancer cells, we characterize individual H1 variants and overexpress one of the major somatic H1 variants, H1.3, in the OVCAR-3 epithelial ovarian cancer cell line. We find that overexpression of H1.3 decreases the growth rate and colony formation of OVCAR-3 cells. We identify histone H1.3 as a specific repressor for the noncoding oncogene H19. Overexpression of H1.3 suppresses H19 expression, and knockdown of H1.3 increases its expression in multiple ovarian epithelial cancer cell lines. Furthermore, we demonstrate that histone H1.3 overexpression leads to increased occupancy of H1.3 at the H19 regulator region encompassing the imprinting control region (ICR), concomitant with increased DNA methylation and reduced occupancy of the insulator protein CTCF at the ICR. Finally, we demonstrate that H1.3 overexpression and H19 knockdown synergistically decrease the growth rate of ovarian cancer cells. Our findings suggest that H1.3 dramatically inhibits H19 expression, which contributes to the suppression of epithelial ovarian carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Medrzycki
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yunzhe Zhang
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Kaixiang Cao
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chenyi Pan
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - John F McDonald
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eric E Bouhassira
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Yuhong Fan
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Vitiello M, Tuccoli A, Poliseno L. Long non-coding RNAs in cancer: implications for personalized therapy. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2014; 38:17-28. [PMID: 25113790 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-014-0180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs, pseudogenes and circRNAs) have recently come into light as powerful players in cancer pathogenesis and it is becoming increasingly clear that they have the potential of greatly contributing to the spread and success of personalized cancer medicine. In this concise review, we briefly introduce these three classes of long non-coding RNAs. We then discuss their applications as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Finally, we describe their appeal as targets and as drugs, while pointing out the limitations that still lie ahead of their definitive entry into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Vitiello
- Oncogenomics Unit, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto Toscano Tumori c/o IFC-CNR, via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Elizalde M, Urtasun R, Azkona M, Latasa MU, Goñi S, García-Irigoyen O, Uriarte I, Segura V, Collantes M, Di Scala M, Lujambio A, Prieto J, Ávila MA, Berasain C. Splicing regulator SLU7 is essential for maintaining liver homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2909-20. [PMID: 24865429 DOI: 10.1172/jci74382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A precise equilibrium between cellular differentiation and proliferation is fundamental for tissue homeostasis. Maintaining this balance is particularly important for the liver, a highly differentiated organ with systemic metabolic functions that is endowed with unparalleled regenerative potential. Carcinogenesis in the liver develops as the result of hepatocellular de-differentiation and uncontrolled proliferation. Here, we identified SLU7, which encodes a pre-mRNA splicing regulator that is inhibited in hepatocarcinoma, as a pivotal gene for hepatocellular homeostasis. SLU7 knockdown in human liver cells and mouse liver resulted in profound changes in pre-mRNA splicing and gene expression, leading to impaired glucose and lipid metabolism, refractoriness to key metabolic hormones, and reversion to a fetal-like gene expression pattern. Additionally, loss of SLU7 also increased hepatocellular proliferation and induced a switch to a tumor-like glycolytic phenotype. Slu7 governed the splicing and/or expression of multiple genes essential for hepatocellular differentiation, including serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3 (Srsf3) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (Hnf4α), and was critical for cAMP-regulated gene transcription. Together, out data indicate that SLU7 is central regulator of hepatocyte identity and quiescence.
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38
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Alaiyan B, Ilyayev N, Stojadinovic A, Izadjoo M, Roistacher M, Pavlov V, Tzivin V, Halle D, Pan H, Trink B, Gure AO, Nissan A. Differential expression of colon cancer associated transcript1 (CCAT1) along the colonic adenoma-carcinoma sequence. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:196. [PMID: 23594791 PMCID: PMC3639026 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transition from normal epithelium to adenoma and, to invasive carcinoma in the human colon is associated with acquired molecular events taking 5-10 years for malignant transformation. We discovered CCAT1, a non-coding RNA over-expressed in colon cancer (CC), but not in normal tissues, thereby making it a potential disease-specific biomarker. We aimed to define and validate CCAT1 as a CC-specific biomarker, and to study CCAT1 expression across the adenoma-carcinoma sequence of CC tumorigenesis. METHODS Tissue samples were obtained from patients undergoing resection for colonic adenoma(s) or carcinoma. Normal colonic tissue (n = 10), adenomatous polyps (n = 18), primary tumor tissue (n = 22), normal mucosa adjacent to primary tumor (n = 16), and lymph node(s) (n = 20), liver (n = 8), and peritoneal metastases (n = 19) were studied. RNA was extracted from all tissue samples, and CCAT1 expression was analyzed using quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR) with confirmatory in-situ hybridization (ISH). RESULTS Borderline expression of CCAT1 was identified in normal tissue obtained from patients with benign conditions [mean Relative Quantity (RQ) = 5.9]. Significant relative CCAT1 up-regulation was observed in adenomatous polyps (RQ = 178.6 ± 157.0; p = 0.0012); primary tumor tissue (RQ = 64.9 ± 56.9; p = 0.0048); normal mucosa adjacent to primary tumor (RQ = 17.7 ± 21.5; p = 0.09); lymph node, liver and peritoneal metastases (RQ = 11,414.5 ± 12,672.9; 119.2 ± 138.9; 816.3 ± 2,736.1; p = 0.0001, respectively). qRT-PCR results were confirmed by ISH, demonstrating significant correlation between CCAT1 up-regulation measured using these two methods. CONCLUSION CCAT1 is up-regulated across the colon adenoma-carcinoma sequence. This up-regulation is evident in pre-malignant conditions and through all disease stages, including advanced metastatic disease suggesting a role in both tumorigenesis and the metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Alaiyan
- The Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, POB 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Nadia Ilyayev
- The Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, POB 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Alexander Stojadinovic
- Diagnostics and Translational Research Center Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Gaithersburg, MD, 20879, USA
- The Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Walter Reed National Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mina Izadjoo
- Diagnostics and Translational Research Center Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Gaithersburg, MD, 20879, USA
| | - Marina Roistacher
- The Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, POB 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Vera Pavlov
- The Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, POB 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Victoria Tzivin
- The Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, POB 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - David Halle
- The Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, POB 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Honguang Pan
- Diagnostics and Translational Research Center Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Gaithersburg, MD, 20879, USA
| | - Barry Trink
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Ali O Gure
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aviram Nissan
- The Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, POB 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
- Department of Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Lan X, Cretney EC, Kropp J, Khateeb K, Berg MA, Peñagaricano F, Magness R, Radunz AE, Khatib H. Maternal Diet during Pregnancy Induces Gene Expression and DNA Methylation Changes in Fetal Tissues in Sheep. Front Genet 2013; 4:49. [PMID: 23577020 PMCID: PMC3617393 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in rats and mice have established that maternal nutrition induces epigenetic modifications, sometimes permanently, that alter gene expression in the fetus, which in turn leads to phenotypic changes. However, limited data is available on the influence of maternal diet on epigenetic modifications and gene expression in sheep. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the impact of different maternal dietary energy sources on the expression of imprinted genes in fetuses in sheep. Ewes were naturally bred to a single sire and from days 67 ± 3 of gestation until necropsy (days 130 ± 1), they were fed one of three diets of alfalfa haylage (HY; fiber), corn (CN; starch), or dried corn distiller’s grains (DG; fiber plus protein plus fat). A total of 26 fetuses were removed from the dams and longissimus dorsi, semitendinosus, perirenal adipose depot, and subcutaneous adipose depot tissues were collected for expression and DNA methylation analyses. Expression analysis of nine imprinted genes and three DNA methyltransferase (DNMTs) genes showed significant effects of the different maternal diets on the expression of these genes. The methylation levels of CpG islands of both IGF2R and H19 were higher in HY and DG than CN fetuses in both males and females. This result is consistent with the low amino acid content of the CN diet, a source of methyl group donors, compared to HY and DG diets. Thus, results of this study provide evidence of association between maternal nutrition during pregnancy and transcriptomic and epigenomic alterations of imprinted genes and DNMTs in the fetal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyong Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University Yangling, China ; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
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Vennin C, Dahmani F, Spruyt N, Adriaenssens E. Role of long non-coding RNA in cells: Example of the <i>H</i>19/<i>IGF</i>2 locus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.45a004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Amit D, Gofrit ON, Matouk I, Birman T, Hochberg A. Use of preclinical models to assess the therapeutic potential of new drug candidates for bladder cancer. Semin Oncol 2012; 39:534-42. [PMID: 23040250 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to demonstrate a successful use of preclinical models of bladder cancer to confirm the therapeutic potential of new promising drug candidates. The bladder has long been thought to be an ideal target for investigating therapies. When developing a new antineoplastic pharmaceutical agent, the bladder should be considered for use as an experimental model demonstrating initial proof of concept that if successful can be later assessed in further cancer indications. Non-muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma can be removed by transurethral resection but these cancers tend to recur in most patients. Conventional treatments decrease the recurrence rate but are associated with side effects and frequent failures. Thus, there is an obvious need for the development of highly effective targeted therapies with limited side effects. Accordingly, a double-promoter vector was developed, expressing diphtheria toxin A (DTA) under control of two different regulatory promoter sequences, H19 and IGF2. This vector was then used to transfect and to eradicate tumor cells in bladder cancer models, effectively destroying tumor cells without affecting normal cells. Our studies demonstrate the potential efficacy of the therapeutic vector and should be a solid base for future clinical studies. These models illuminate the path for future investigations of new drug candidates for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Amit
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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42
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Amit D, Hochberg A. Development of targeted therapy for a broad spectrum of cancers (pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, glioblastoma and HCC) mediated by a double promoter plasmid expressing diphtheria toxin under the control of H19 and IGF2-P4 regulatory sequences. Int J Clin Exp Med 2012; 5:296-305. [PMID: 22993648 PMCID: PMC3443897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human IGF2-P4 and H19 promoters are highly active in a variety of human cancers, while existing at a nearly undetectable level in the surrounding normal tissue. Single promoter vectors expressing diphtheria toxin A-fragment (DTA) under the control regulation of IGF2-P4 or H19 regulatory sequences (IGF2-P4-DTA and H19-DTA) were previously successfully used in cell lines, animal models and recently in human patients with superficial cell carcinoma of the bladder, pancreatic cancer and ovarian cancer (treated with H19-DTA). However this targeted medicine approach may be limited, as not all cancer patients express high levels of H19 and it requires prerequisite diagnostic test for H19. Hence, a double promoter DTA-expressing vector was created, carrying on a single construct two separate genes expressing the diphtheria toxin A-fragment (DTA), from two different regulatory sequences, selected from the cancer-specific promoters H19 and IGF2-P4. METHODS H19 and IGF2-P4 gene expression was tested in cell lines of a broad spectrum of different carcinomas (bladder, pancreas, ovary, glioblastoma and HCC), by RT-PCR. The therapeutic potential of the double promoter toxin vector H19-DTA-(IGF2)-P4-DTA was tested in the different cancer cell lines. RESULTS The double promoter vector exhibited superior inhibition activity compared to the single promoter expression vectors, in the different cancer cell lines furthermore, the double promoter vector H19-DTA-P4-DTA exhibited augmented-than-additive anti-cancer activity relative to single promoter expression vectors carrying either DTA sequence alone, when tested in a broad spectrum of tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that administration of H19-DTA-P4-DTA has the potential to reach tumor cells, deliver its intracellular toxin without targeting normal tissues, and thus may help reduce tumor burden, improve the quality of life of the patient; and prolong their life span. As H19 and IGF2 were expressed in a broad spectrum of different cancers, therefore we propose a double promoter expression approach for treating a variety of tumors expressing H19, IGF2, or both. According to this approach patients may be treated with a single double promoter expression toxin vector which is under the control of the IGF2 and H19 regulatory sequences, differentially expressed in those cancers. As majority of the tumor cells express H19, IGF2, or both, therefore the use of prerequisite diagnostic test will be unnecessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Amit
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Biological Chemistry Jerusalem, Israel, 91904.
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Sorin V, Ohana P, Gallula J, Birman T, Matouk I, Hubert A, Gilon M, Hochberg A, Czerniak A. H19-promoter-targeted therapy combined with gemcitabine in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:351750. [PMID: 22701803 PMCID: PMC3371723 DOI: 10.5402/2012/351750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the eighth cancer leading cause of cancer-related death in the world and has a 5-year survival rate of 1–4% only. Gemcitabine is a first line agent for advanced pancreatic therapy; however, its efficacy is limited by its poor intracellular metabolism and chemoresistance. Studies have been conducted in an effort to improve gemcitabine treatment results by adding other chemotherapeutic agents, but none of them showed any significant advantage over gemcitabine monotherapy. We found that 85% of human pancreatic tumors analyzed by in situ hybridization analyses showed moderated to strong expression of the H19 gene. We designed a preclinical study combining gemcitabine treatment and a DNA-based therapy for pancreatic cancer using a non viral vector BC-819 (also known as DTA-H19), expressing the diphtheria toxin A chain under the control of the H19 gene regulatory sequences. The experiments conducted either in an orthotopic and heterotopic pancreatic carcinoma animal model showed better antitumor activity following the sequential administration of the vector BC-819 and gemcitabine as compared to the effect of each of them alone. The results presented in the current study indicate that treatment with BC-819 in combination with gemcitabine might be a viable new therapeutic option for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Sorin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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44
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Tran VG, Court F, Duputié A, Antoine E, Aptel N, Milligan L, Carbonell F, Lelay-Taha MN, Piette J, Weber M, Montarras D, Pinset C, Dandolo L, Forné T, Cathala G. H19 antisense RNA can up-regulate Igf2 transcription by activation of a novel promoter in mouse myoblasts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37923. [PMID: 22662250 PMCID: PMC3360672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently shown that a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), that we named the 91H RNA (i.e. antisense H19 transcript), is overexpressed in human breast tumours and contributes in trans to the expression of the Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (IGF2) gene on the paternal chromosome. Our preliminary experiments suggested that an H19 antisense transcript having a similar function may also be conserved in the mouse. In the present work, we further characterise the mouse 91H RNA and, using a genetic complementation approach in H19 KO myoblast cells, we show that ectopic expression of the mouse 91H RNA can up-regulate Igf2 expression in trans despite almost complete unmethylation of the Imprinting-Control Region (ICR). We then demonstrate that this activation occurs at the transcriptional level by activation of a previously unknown Igf2 promoter which displays, in mouse tissues, a preferential mesodermic expression (Pm promoter). Finally, our experiments indicate that a large excess of the H19 transcript can counteract 91H-mediated Igf2 activation. Our work contributes, in conjunction with other recent findings, to open new horizons to our understanding of Igf2 gene regulation and functions of the 91H/H19 RNAs in normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Giang Tran
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Court
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Duputié
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Antoine
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Aptel
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Milligan
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Françoise Carbonell
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Lelay-Taha
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Piette
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Michaël Weber
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Montarras
- Molecular Genetics of Development Unit, Department of Development Biology, URA CNRS 2578, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Luisa Dandolo
- Genetics and Development Department, INSERM U567, CNRS UMR 8104, University Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Forné
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (TF); (GC)
| | - Guy Cathala
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (TF); (GC)
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Abstract
The discovery of large numbers of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been driven by genome-wide transcriptional analyses. Compared to small ncRNAs, lncRNAs have been shown to harbor biological activities, but the functions of the great majority of lncRNAs are not known. There is growing evidence that lncRNAs can regulate gene expression at epigenetic, transcription, and post-transcription levels and widely take part in various physiological and pathological processes, such as participating in cell development, immunity, oncogenesis, clinical disease processes, etc. Here, the current research efforts on the function of lncRNA in recent years were summarized.
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Phase 1/2a, dose-escalation, safety, pharmacokinetic and preliminary efficacy study of intratumoral administration of BC-819 in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:374-81. [PMID: 22498722 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BC-819 is a DNA plasmid that was developed to target the expression of diphtheria-toxin gene under the control of H19 regulatory sequences. BC-819 has the potential to treat pancreatic cancer that overexpresses the H19 gene. The objectives were to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and preliminary efficacy of BC-819 administered intratumorally in subjects with unresectable, locally advanced, non-metastatic pancreatic cancer. Nine patients with unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma were enrolled in an open-label, dose-escalation trial. Subjects were entered into one out of two cohorts with escalating doses of BC-819. Each cohort received 2 weeks of twice weekly intratumoral injection of BC-819 under computerized tomography (CT) (n = 3) or endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) (n = 6) guidance. Patients were assessed by CT or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT during week 4 for tumor response. The maximum tolerated dose of BC-819 was not reached in this study at the highest dose. Asymptomatic elevation of lipase, which was considered as an adverse event with dose-limiting toxicity, occurred in only one subject in the high-dose group and was resolved spontaneously. The tumors did not increase in size 4 weeks after initiating treatment. Two weeks after completing the treatment, the two subjects who went on to receive subsequent chemotherapy or chemoradiation therapy, pancreatic tumors were downstaged and considered surgically resectable. Remarkably, three of the six subjects in cohort no. 2 evaluated at month 3 had a partial response. BC-819 can be safely administered intratumorally via EUS- or CT-guided injection at a dose of at least 8 mg per injection weekly twice. BC-819 given locally in combination with systemic chemotherapy may provide an additional therapeutic benefit for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Nissan A, Stojadinovic A, Mitrani-Rosenbaum S, Halle D, Grinbaum R, Roistacher M, Bochem A, Dayanc BE, Ritter G, Gomceli I, Bostanci EB, Akoglu M, Chen YT, Old LJ, Gure AO. Colon cancer associated transcript-1: a novel RNA expressed in malignant and pre-malignant human tissues. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:1598-606. [PMID: 21547902 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) is currently based on fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) and colonoscopy, both which can significantly reduce CRC-related mortality. However, FOBT has low-sensitivity and specificity, whereas colonoscopy is labor- and cost-intensive. Therefore, the discovery of novel biomarkers that can be used for improved CRC screening, diagnosis, staging and as targets for novel therapies is of utmost importance. To identify novel CRC biomarkers we utilized representational difference analysis (RDA) and characterized a colon cancer associated transcript (CCAT1), demonstrating consistently strong expression in adenocarcinoma of the colon, while being largely undetectable in normal human tissues (p < 000.1). CCAT1 levels in CRC are on average 235-fold higher than those found in normal mucosa. Importantly, CCAT1 is strongly expressed in tissues representing the early phase of tumorigenesis: in adenomatous polyps and in tumor-proximal colonic epithelium, as well as in later stages of the disease (liver metastasis, for example). In CRC-associated lymph nodes, CCAT1 overexpression is detectable in all H&E positive, and 40.0% of H&E and immunohistochemistry negative lymph nodes, suggesting very high sensitivity. CCAT1 is also overexpressed in 40.0% of peripheral blood samples of patients with CRC but not in healthy controls. CCAT1 is therefore a highly specific and readily detectable marker for CRC and tumor-associated tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviram Nissan
- The Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Zumkeller W. The role of insulin-like growth factor system in soft tissue sarcomas: from physiopathology to targeted therapeutic approaches. Sarcoma 2011; 2:69-76. [PMID: 18521237 PMCID: PMC2395388 DOI: 10.1080/13577149878028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose/Results. Although surgical, chemo- and radiotherapeutic treatment regimens in patients with soft tissue sarcomas have constantly been refined over the past two decades, the survival rate for these patients is rather low. Discussion. There is a great need to investigate the mechanisms for oncogenesis and to identify the factors involved in malignant transformation in sarcomas. Among these factors, IGFs are thought to play a pivotal role as progression factors in various types of sarcomas. The dysregulation of the IGF-II synthesis, e.g. by loss of imprinting which occurs in most
types of sarcomas, is a permissive effect through the suppression of cell death. In addition, cells that overexpress the type I IGF receptors are more susceptible to transformation by oncogenes. As TP53 suppresses the activity of IGF-II P3 and P4, as well as the type I IGF receptor promoter, mutations of TP53 in sarcomas may alternatively lead to the activation of these factors. Finally, the phenomenon of non-islet cell tumour hypoglycaemia that occurs in patients with sarcomas, and which is related to the secretion of IGF-II prohormones, is discussed. Future therapeutic strategies may be based upon the application of antibodies or antisense oligonucleotides directed against the type I IGF receptors, with the common goal of inducing apoptosis in sarcoma cells. Ultimately, these and other therapeutic approaches may lead to a better outcome in patients suffering from sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zumkeller
- Department of Hematology/Oncology Children's University Hospital Heidelberg Germany
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Tybl E, Shi FD, Kessler SM, Tierling S, Walter J, Bohle RM, Wieland S, Zhang J, Tan EM, Kiemer AK. Overexpression of the IGF2-mRNA binding protein p62 in transgenic mice induces a steatotic phenotype. J Hepatol 2011; 54:994-1001. [PMID: 21145819 PMCID: PMC3079004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The insulin-like growth-factor 2 (IGF2) mRNA binding protein p62 is highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma tissue. Still, its potential role in liver disease is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated pathophysiological implications of p62 overexpression in mice. METHODS We generated mice overexpressing p62 under a LAP-promotor. mRNA expression levels and stability were examined by real-time RT-PCR. Allele-specific expression of Igf2 and H19 was assessed after crossing mice with SD7 animals. The Igf2 downstream mediators pAKT and PTEN were determined by Western blot. RESULTS Hepatic p62 overexpression neither induced inflammatory processes nor liver damage. However, 2.5week old transgenic animals displayed a steatotic phenotype and improved glucose tolerance. p62 overexpression induced the expression of the imprinted genes Igf2 and H19 and their transcriptional regulator Aire (autoimmune regulator). Neither monoallelic expression nor mRNA stability of Igf2 and H19 was affected. Investigating Igf2 downstream signalling pathways showed increased AKT activation and attenuated PTEN expression. CONCLUSIONS The induction of a steatotic phenotype implies that p62 plays a role in hepatic pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Tybl
- Saarland University, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph´ s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, USA
| | - Sonja M. Kessler
- Saarland University, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sascha Tierling
- Saarland University, Institute of Genetics/Epigenetics, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jörn Walter
- Saarland University, Institute of Genetics/Epigenetics, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rainer M. Bohle
- Department of Pathology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Stefan Wieland
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Jianying Zhang
- University of Texas El Paso, Department of Biology, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Eng M. Tan
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Alexandra K. Kiemer
- Saarland University, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarbrücken, Germany,To whom correspondence should be addressed, Alexandra K. Kiemer, Ph.D., Saarland University, P.O. box 15 11 50, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany, phone: +49-681-302 57301, fax: +49-681-302 57302,
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Amit D, Hochberg A. Development of targeted therapy for bladder cancer mediated by a double promoter plasmid expressing diphtheria toxin under the control of H19 and IGF2-P4 regulatory sequences. J Transl Med 2010; 8:134. [PMID: 21162716 PMCID: PMC3016259 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human IGF2-P4 and H19 promoters are highly active in a variety of human cancers (including bladder cancer), while existing at a nearly undetectable level in the surrounding normal tissue.Single promoter vectors expressing diphtheria toxin A-fragment (DTA) under the control regulation of IGF2-P4 or H19 regulatory sequences (IGF2-P4-DTA and H19-DTA) were previously successfully used in cell lines, animal models and recently in human patients with superficial cell carcinoma of the bladder (treated with H19-DTA). However this targeted medicine approach could be limited, as not all cancer patients express high levels of H19. Hence, a double promoter DTA-expressing vector was created, carrying on a single construct two separate genes expressing the diphtheria toxin A-fragment (DTA), from two different regulatory sequences, selected from the cancer-specific promoters H19 and IGF2-P4. METHODS H19 and IGF2-P4 gene expression was tested in samples of Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder by in-situ hybridization (ISH) and by quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR). The therapeutic potential of the double promoter toxin vector H19-DTA-IGF2-P4-DTA was tested in TCC cell lines and in heterotopic and orthotopic animal models of bladder cancer. RESULTS Nearly 100% of TCC patients highly expressed IGF2-P4 and H19, as determined by ISH and by qRT-PCR. The double promoter vector exhibited superior tumor growth inhibition activity compared to the single promoter expression vectors, in cell lines and in heterotopic and orthotopic bladder tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that bladder tumors may be successfully treated by intravesical instillation of the double promoter vector H19-DTA-P4-DTA.Overall, the double promoter vector exhibited enhanced anti-cancer activity relative to single promoter expression vectors carrying either gene alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Amit
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Biological Chemistry, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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