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Seyyedsalehi MS, Collatuzzo G, Teglia F, Boffetta P. Occupational exposure to diesel exhaust and head and neck cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Cancer Prev 2024:00008469-990000000-00133. [PMID: 38502528 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) and other fossil fuels in the workplace can cause several health effects including cancer. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies examining the association between occupational DE exposure and the risk of head and neck cancer (HNC), including cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. We included cohort studies mentioned in the Monograph of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2014, on DE. Forest plots of relative risk (RR) were constructed for HNC overall and its anatomical subtypes. A random-effects model was used to address heterogeneity between studies. Fifteen articles were included after removing duplicates and irrelevant reports. The summary RR for DE exposure was 1.08 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-1.17, P heterogeneity = <0.001] for HNC overall, 0.98 (95% CI = 0.87-1.11) for oral cavity, 1.05 (95% CI = 0.77-1.43) for pharyngeal, 1.15 (95% CI = 0.96-1.38) for oral cavity and pharyngeal combined, and 1.13 (95% CI = 1.03-1.24) for laryngeal cancer. There were elevated RRs for incidence studies of HNC (RR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.05-1.22, P = 0.001), European studies (RR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.05-1.23, P = 0.001), and female studies (RR = 1.77; 95% CI = 1.31-2.39, P = 0.003). Our study suggested an association between occupational DE exposure and the risk of HNC, particularly laryngeal cancer. Although residual confounding cannot be ruled out, our results support the importance of controlling occupational DE exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Sadat Seyyedsalehi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Giulia Collatuzzo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Teglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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Shah D, DeStefano V, Collatuzzo G, Teglia F, Boffetta P. Occupational-related exposure to diesel exhaust and risk of leukemia: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2024; 97:165-177. [PMID: 38142415 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-023-02034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diesel exhaust (DE) is an established lung carcinogen. The association with leukemia is not well established. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies to determine the association between occupational DE exposure and risk of leukemia. METHODS A systematic literature review was performed to identify all cohort studies on occupational exposure to DE and associated risk of leukemia. STROBE guidelines and PECOS criteria were followed. Meta-analyses with fixed effects (and random-effects model in cases of high heterogeneity) were performed to calculate summary relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), including subgroup analyses by outcome (mortality or incidence), sex, geographic region, industry type, and study quality. Study quality was assessed using the the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist for cohort studies. RESULTS Of the 30 studies retained, 20 (8 from North America, 12 from Europe) reported a total of 33 estimates of the risk of leukemia. Overall, the relative risk (RR) of leukemia was 1.01 (95% CI = 0.97-1.05, I2 = 21.2%, n = 33); corresponding results for leukemia incidence and mortality were RR = 1.02 (95% CI = 0.98-1.06, I2 = 27.9%, n = 19) and RR = 0.91 (95% CI = 0.81-1.02, I2 = 0.0%, n = 15), respectively. The main results were confirmed in analyses by sex and geographic area. A statistically significant association was detected for miners (RR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.15-2.15, I2 = 77.0%, n = 2) but not for other occupational groups. Publication bias was not detected (p = 0.7). CONCLUSION Our results did not indicate an association between occupational DE exposure and leukemia, with the possible exception of miners. Residual confounding cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshi Shah
- Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Vincent DeStefano
- Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Giulia Collatuzzo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Teglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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Sassano M, Collatuzzo G, Teglia F, Boffetta P. Occupational exposure to diesel exhausts and liver and pancreatic cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol 2024; 39:241-255. [PMID: 38289519 PMCID: PMC10995068 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-024-01099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diesel exhaust (DE) is human carcinogen with sufficient evidence only for lung cancer. Systematic evidence on other cancer types is scarce, thus we aimed to systematically review current literature on the association between occupational DE exposure and risk of liver and pancreatic cancers. METHODS We performed a systematic literature review to identify cohort studies on occupational DE exposure and risk of cancers other than lung. We computed pooled relative risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for liver and pancreatic cancers using DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model. RESULTS Fifteen studies reporting results on pancreatic cancer and fourteen on liver cancer were included. We found a weakly increased risk of pancreatic cancer in workers exposed to DE (RR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.14), mainly driven by results on incidence (RR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.22). As for liver cancer, results were suggestive of a positive association (RR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.19), although a significant estimate was present in studies published before 2000 (RR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.82). We found no compelling evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest an association between occupational DE exposure and liver and pancreatic cancer. Further studies with detailed exposure assessment, environmental monitoring data, and appropriate control for confounders are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Sassano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Collatuzzo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Teglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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Taj T, Chen J, Rodopoulou S, Strak M, de Hoogh K, Poulsen AH, Andersen ZJ, Bellander T, Brandt J, Zitt E, Fecht D, Forastiere F, Gulliver J, Hertel O, Hoffmann B, Hvidtfeldt UA, Jørgensen JT, Katsouyanni K, Ketzel M, Lager A, Leander K, Liu S, Ljungman P, Severi G, Besson C, Magnusson PKE, Nagel G, Pershagen G, Peters A, Rizzuto D, Samoli E, Sørensen M, Stafoggia M, Tjønneland A, Weinmayr G, Wolf K, Brunekreef B, Hoek G, Raaschou-Nielsen O. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of leukemia and lymphoma in a pooled European cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123097. [PMID: 38065336 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia and lymphoma are the two most common forms of hematologic malignancy, and their etiology is largely unknown. Pathophysiological mechanisms suggest a possible association with air pollution, but little empirical evidence is available. We aimed to investigate the association between long-term residential exposure to outdoor air pollution and risk of leukemia and lymphoma. We pooled data from four cohorts from three European countries as part of the "Effects of Low-level Air Pollution: a Study in Europe" (ELAPSE) collaboration. We used Europe-wide land use regression models to assess annual mean concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC) and ozone (O3) at residences. We also estimated concentrations of PM2.5 elemental components: copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn); sulfur (S); nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), silicon (Si) and potassium (K). We applied Cox proportional hazards models to investigate the associations. Among the study population of 247,436 individuals, 760 leukemia and 1122 lymphoma cases were diagnosed during 4,656,140 person-years of follow-up. The results showed a leukemia hazard ratio (HR) of 1.13 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.01-1.26) per 10 μg/m3 NO2, which was robust in two-pollutant models and consistent across the four cohorts and according to smoking status. Sex-specific analyses suggested that this association was confined to the male population. Further, the results showed increased lymphoma HRs for PM2.5 (HR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.02-1.34) and potassium content of PM2.5, which were consistent in two-pollutant models and according to sex. Our results suggest that air pollution at the residence may be associated with adult leukemia and lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Taj
- Danish Cancer Institute, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Sophia Rodopoulou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Maciej Strak
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Zorana J Andersen
- Section of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Tom Bellander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jørgen Brandt
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Emanuel Zitt
- Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine (aks), Bregenz, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine 3, LKH Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria.
| | - Daniela Fecht
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Francesco Forastiere
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service, ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy; Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
| | - John Gulliver
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability & School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
| | - Ole Hertel
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Barbara Hoffmann
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | | | - Jeanette T Jørgensen
- Section of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Klea Katsouyanni
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthias Ketzel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
| | - Anton Lager
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Karin Leander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Shuo Liu
- Section of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Petter Ljungman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gianluca Severi
- University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" Team, CESP UMR1018, 94805, Villejuif, France; Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications "G. Parenti" (DISIA), University of Florence, Italy.
| | - Caroline Besson
- University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" Team, CESP UMR1018, 94805, Villejuif, France.
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gabriele Nagel
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Göran Pershagen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Debora Rizzuto
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Evangelia Samoli
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Mette Sørensen
- Danish Cancer Institute, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Natural Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Massimo Stafoggia
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service, ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy.
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Institute, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Gudrun Weinmayr
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Wolf
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Bert Brunekreef
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- Danish Cancer Institute, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Remy VFM, Guseva Canu I. Healthy Bus Drivers, Sustainable Public Transport: A Three-Time Repeated Cross-Sectional Study in Switzerland. Int J Public Health 2023; 68:1605925. [PMID: 37416803 PMCID: PMC10319994 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2023.1605925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To study the change in the prevalence of bus drivers' health outcomes between 2010 and 2022 and their relationship with working conditions. Method: Unionized bus drivers completed a self-administered questionnaire in 2010, 2018, and 2022 on 13 health outcomes, sick leaves, and accidents and working conditions and their change during SARS-CoV-2 crisis. For outcomes which prevalence increased since 2010, we performed logistic regression models adjusted for covariates. Results: The study sample included 772 participants in 2010, 393 in 2018, and 916 in 2022. The most prevalent health problem (≥50%) was shoulder or neck muscle pain. The most tedious working conditions were working days over 10 h. Shoulder or neck pain, sleep disorders, sick leaves, and accidents increased since 2010 and were associated with working conditions, and co-morbidity. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic had additional negative consequences. Conclusion: Most bus drivers' working and health conditions worsened in the last 12 years. Given the study design, the results deserve a cautious interpretation and generalization. Cohort studies should confirm these results and inform interventions targeting the most tedious and harmful working conditions.
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Vilardi V, Boffetta P. Diesel exhaust exposure and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer Prev 2022; 31:467-472. [PMID: 34750336 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed at carrying out a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies on the association between occupational and non-occupational exposures to diesel exhaust and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. METHODS We conducted a systematic search of the literature and identified 16 cohort studies and 7 case-control studies that analyzed non-Hodgkin lymphoma alone or combined with Hodgkin lymphoma or multiple myeloma, from which we extracted 29 independent risk estimates. We performed random-effects meta-analyses for ever-exposure to diesel exhaust, overall and after stratification for outcome and study design. RESULTS The meta-relative risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma was 0.97 (95% confidence interval, 0.93-1.01; P -heterogeneity = 0.43). The meta-relative risk of results of cohort studies was 0.97 (95% confidence interval, 0.94-1.01) that of case-control studies was 1.00 (95% confidence interval, 0.84-1.17). Similar results were obtained when the meta-analysis was restricted to studies that analyzed only non-Hodgkin lymphoma. There was no indication of publication bias. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis provided no overall evidence of an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in subjects exposed to diesel exhausted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Vilardi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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Paustenbach D, Brew D, Ligas S, Heywood J. A critical review of the 2020 EPA risk assessment for chrysotile and its many shortcomings. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:509-539. [PMID: 34651555 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1968337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
From 2018 to 2020, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) performed a risk evaluation of chrysotile asbestos to evaluate the hazards of asbestos-containing products (e.g. encapsulated products), including brakes and gaskets, allegedly currently sold in the United States. During the public review period, the EPA received more than 100 letters commenting on the proposed risk evaluation. The Science Advisory Committee on Chemicals (SACC), which peer reviewed the document, asked approximately 100 questions of the EPA that they expected to be addressed prior to publication of the final version of the risk assessment on 30 December 2020. After careful analysis, the authors of this manuscript found many significant scientific shortcomings in both the EPA's draft and final versions of the chrysotile risk evaluation. First, the EPA provided insufficient evidence regarding the current number of chrysotile-containing brakes and gaskets being sold in the United States, which influences the need for regulatory oversight. Second, the Agency did not give adequate consideration to the more than 200 air samples detailed in the published literature of auto mechanics who changed brakes in the 1970-1989 era. Third, the Agency did not consider more than 15 epidemiology studies indicating that exposures to encapsulated chrysotile asbestos in brakes and gaskets, which were generally in commerce from approximately 1950-1985, did not increase the incidence of any asbestos-related disease. Fourth, the concern about chrysotile asbestos being a mesothelioma hazard was based on populations in two facilities where mixed exposure to chrysotile and commercial amphibole asbestos (amosite and crocidolite) occurred. All 8 cases of pleural cancer and mesothelioma in the examined populations arose in facilities where amphiboles were present. It was therefore inappropriate to rely on these cohorts to predict the health risks of exposure to short fiber chrysotile, especially of those fibers filled with phenolic resins. Fifth, the suggested inhalation unit risk (IUR) for chrysotile asbestos was far too high since it was not markedly different than for amosite, despite the fact that the amphiboles are a far more potent carcinogen. Sixth, the approach to low dose modeling was not the most appropriate one in several respects, but, without question, it should have accounted for the background rate of mesothelioma in the general population. Just one month after this assessment was published, the National Academies of Science notified the EPA that the Agency's systematic review process was flawed. The result of the EPA's chrysotile asbestos risk evaluation is that society can expect dozens of years of scientifically unwarranted litigation. Due to an aging population and because some fraction of the population is naturally predisposed to mesothelioma given the presence of various genetic mutations in DNA repair mechanisms (e.g. BAP1 and others), the vast majority of mesotheliomas in the post-2035 era are expected to be spontaneous and unrelated in any way to exposure to asbestos. Due to the EPA's analysis, it is our belief that those who handled brakes and gaskets in the post-1985 era may now believe that those exposures were the cause of their mesothelioma, when a risk assessment based on the scientific weight of evidence would indicate otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Brew
- Paustenbach and Associates, Jackson, WY, USA
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Long-term residential exposure to air pollution and Hodgkin lymphoma risk among adults in Denmark: a population-based case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 2021; 32:935-942. [PMID: 34050843 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-021-01446-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The etiology of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is obscure. Research on air pollution and risk of HL provides inconsistent results. We aimed to investigate the association between long-term residential exposure to air pollution and risk of adult Hodgkin lymphoma in Denmark. METHODS We performed a nationwide register-based case-control study, including all (n = 2,681) Hodgkin lymphoma cases registered in the nationwide Danish Cancer Registry between 1989 and 2014. We randomly selected 8,853 age- and sex-matched controls from the entire Danish population using the Civil Registration System, and identified 20-year residential address history for all cases and controls. We modeled outdoor air pollution concentrations at all these addresses using the high-resolution multiscale air pollution model system DEHM/UBM/AirGIS. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios adjusted for individual and neighborhood level sociodemographic variables. RESULTS There was no association between 1, 5, 10, and 20 years' time-weighted average exposure to fine particles (PM2.5), O3, SO2, NO2, or the PM2.5 constituents OC, NH4, NO3, and SO4 and risk of Hodgkin lymphoma. CONCLUSION Residential exposure to ambient air pollution does not seem to increase the risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Şengören Dikiş Ö, Yildiz T, Us Dulger S, Yuksel Kacan C, Haberal MA, Cetin T. Does occupational air pollution threaten the lung health of indoor workers more than those of bus drivers?: a cross-sectional study. Aging Male 2020; 23:934-940. [PMID: 31282830 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2019.1635579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate the lung health between professional bus drivers and white collar workers in metropolis municipality from Turkey. MATERIAL AND METHODS Out of 126 bus drivers and 1100 office employees, data were analyzed from 243 indoor employees and 57 bus drivers. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC, forced expiratory flow (FEF) 25-75% were measured, some data were collected with a questionnaire (work and environmental anamnesis, symptoms, smoking). RESULTS The mean (±SD) values for FVC, FVC percent predicted value, FEV1, FEV1 percent predicted value, FEV1/FVC were 4.33 ± 0.99L, 96.5 ± 18.2%, 3.31 ± 0.87L, 84.5 ± 18.2%, 76.30 ± 9.23%, respectively. Sixty-six participants (22%) had FEV1/FVC proportions of less than 70%. After weighing for the propensity scores, there was a significant difference between bus drivers and indoor workers concerning FEV1/FVC grouping; while 65 (26.1%) indoor workers had FEV1/FVC proportions less than 70%, there were only two (3.9%) bus drivers (Chi-Square = 12.009, p = .001). The mean spirometry values were significantly different between the two groups in favor of the bus drivers (p < .05). Night cough was much more seen in the indoor workers (Chi-Square test = 9.019, p = .003). CONCLUSION We conclude that there are no health risks associated with bus driving in a metropolitan city, concerning lung functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Şengören Dikiş
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Health Sciences University, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Tekin Yildiz
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Health Sciences University, Sureyyapasa Pulmonary Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyhan Us Dulger
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Health Sciences University, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Cevriye Yuksel Kacan
- Public Health Nursing Department, Uludag University Health Sciences Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Miktat Arif Haberal
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Health Sciences University, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Tolga Cetin
- Department of Family Medicine, Health Sciences University, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
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Air Pollution and Estimated Health Costs Related to Road Transportations of Goods in Italy: A First Healthcare Burden Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162876. [PMID: 31408946 PMCID: PMC6719032 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: The Italian Society of Environmental Medicine has performed a preliminary assessment of the health impact attributable to road freight traffic in Italy. Methods: We estimated fine particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) generated by road transportation of goods in Italy considering the number of trucks, the emission factors and the average annual distance covered in the year 2016. Simulations on data concerning Years of Life Lost (YLL) attributable to PM2.5 (593,700) and nitrogen oxides NO2 (200,700) provided by the European Environmental Agency (EEA) were used as a proxy of healthcare burden. We set three different healthcare burden scenarios, varying from 1/5 to 1/10 of the proportion of the overall particulate matter attributable to road freight traffic in Italy (about 7% on a total of 2262 tons/year). Results: Road freight traffic in Italy produced about 189 tons of PM10, 147 tons of PM2.5 and 4125 tons of NOx in year 2016, resulting in annual healthcare costs varying from 400 million up to 1.2 billion EUR per year. Conclusion: Road freight traffic has a relevant impact on air pollution and healthcare costs, especially if considered over a 10-year period. Any solution able to significantly reduce the road transportation of goods could decrease avoidable mortality due to air pollution and related costs.
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Paustenbach D. Re: Comments on Egilman's response to Hessel regarding the health hazards of brake dust and his reflections on corporate behavior. Am J Ind Med 2019; 62:616-624. [PMID: 31187508 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Health Risks Associated with Occupational Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution in Commercial Drivers: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15092039. [PMID: 30231523 PMCID: PMC6163743 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15092039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution is a major global health problem and commercial drivers are particularly exposed to it. As no systematic assessment of the health risks associated with occupational exposure to ambient air pollution in this population had yet been carried out, we conducted a systematic review using a protocol-driven strategy. Papers published from inception to April 20, 2018 in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, African journals online, the Cochrane library, ISRCTN WHO ICTRP, and the Web of Science and Scopus databases were screened for inclusion by two independent reviewers. Original articles with at least an available abstract in English or French were included. The initial search retrieved 1454 published articles of which 20 articles were included. Three studies reported a significant difference in white blood cells (106/L) among commercial motorcyclists compared to rural inhabitants (5.041 ± 1.209 vs. 5.900 ± 1.213, p = 0.001), an increased risk of lung cancer (RR = 1.6, 95%CI 1.5–1.8) in bus drivers and an increased standardized mortality ratio (SMR) in bus drivers from Hodgkin’s lymphoma (SMR 2.17, 95%CI 1.19–3.87) compared to white-collar workers. Other studies also found that drivers had more oxidative DNA damage and chromosome breaks. Four papers failed to demonstrate that the drivers were more exposed to air pollution than the controls. Three other studies also reported no significant difference in lung function parameters and respiratory symptoms. The genetic polymorphisms of detoxifying enzymes were also not homogeneously distributed compared to the controls. There is some evidence that occupational exposure to ambient air pollution among commercial drivers is associated with adverse health outcomes, but the existing literature is limited, with few studies on small sample size, methodological weaknesses, and contradictory findings—thus, further research is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Egilman
- Warren Alpert Medical School; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island
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15
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Colao A, Muscogiuri G, Piscitelli P. Environment and Health: Not Only Cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E724. [PMID: 27447654 PMCID: PMC4962265 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13070724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Hippocratic tradition emphasized environmental causes of diseases and the need for harmony between the individual and the natural environment as the right philosophy to maintain a good health status. Public awareness and scientific attention concerning environmental pollution is usually focused on the consequent increased risk of developing cancer. Air pollution has been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) to cause cardiovascular and respiratroy diseases, as well as lung cancer, after acute/chronic exposure to fine particulates (PM2.5 and PM10) even at concentrations which are 50% lower than those accepted as legal limits in many developed countries. An increase of 10 µg/m³ of PM2.5 produces a +4%-6% of overall mortality, a +10% of cardiovascular disease prevalence (arithmyas, acute myocardial infarctions, and heart failure) and a +22% of lung cancer prevalence. In addition to these chronic effects, acute hospitalizations are also affected, especially among susceptible populations such as children and diabetic patients. Water and soil contamination also have an additional detrimental effect on people's health. Other issues concerning environment contamination and human health include male/female fertility, metabolic and thyroid conditions, but also professional exposures resulting in occupational diseases. Moreover, in the perspective of "gender medicine", different acute or chronic effects of environmental pollution should be specifically assessed both in men and in women. This special issue on "Environmental Diseases" is aimed at providing a global overview about different threats to human health possibily originating from environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Colao
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II School of Medicine, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Southern Italy Hospital Institute (IOS), Medicina Futura Research, Naples 80143, Italy.
| | - Prisco Piscitelli
- Southern Italy Hospital Institute (IOS), Medicina Futura Research, Naples 80143, Italy.
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Raaschou-Nielsen O, Ketzel M, Harbo Poulsen A, Sørensen M. Traffic-related air pollution and risk for leukaemia of an adult population. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1111-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Environmental Science; Aarhus University; Roskilde Denmark
| | - Matthias Ketzel
- Department of Environmental Science; Aarhus University; Roskilde Denmark
| | | | - Mette Sørensen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center; Copenhagen Denmark
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Marino E, Caruso M, Campagna D, Polosa R. Impact of air quality on lung health: myth or reality? Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2015; 6:286-98. [PMID: 26336597 DOI: 10.1177/2040622315587256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory system is a primary target of the harmful effects of key air pollutants of health concern. Several air pollutants have been implicated including particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It is well known that episodes of exposure to high concentrations of outdoor air pollutants can cause acute respiratory exacerbations. However, there is now increasing evidence suggesting that significant exposure to outdoor air pollutants may be also associated with development of lung cancer and with incident cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and respiratory allergies. Here we provide a critical appraisal of the impact of air pollution on respiratory diseases and discuss strategies for preventing excessive exposure to harmful air pollutants. However, the evidence that significant exposure to air pollutants is causing COPD, lung cancer or respiratory allergies is not conclusive and therefore regulators must be aware that execution of clean air policies may not be that cost-effective and may lead to unintended consequences. Addressing the lung health effects of air pollution must be considered work in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Marino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, and UOC di Medicina Interna e Immunologia Clinica, Università di Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Caruso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, and UOC di Medicina Interna e Immunologia Clinica, Università di Catania, Italy
| | - Davide Campagna
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, and UOC di Medicina Interna e Immunologia Clinica, Università di Catania, Italy
| | - Riccardo Polosa
- UOC di Medicina Interna e Immunologia Clinica, Policlinico Universitario, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95100, Catania, Italy
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Garabrant DH, Alexander DD, Miller PE, Fryzek JP, Boffetta P, Teta MJ, Hessel PA, Craven VA, Kelsh MA, Goodman M. Mesothelioma among Motor Vehicle Mechanics: An Updated Review and Meta-analysis. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2015; 60:8-26. [PMID: 26318158 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We published a meta-analysis of the association between work as a motor vehicle mechanic and mesothelioma in 2004. Since then, several relevant studies on this topic have been published. Thus, to update the state-of-the-science on this issue, we conducted a new systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS A comprehensive PubMed literature search through May 2014 was conducted to identify studies that reported relative risk estimates for mesothelioma among motor vehicle mechanics (in general), and those who were engaged in brake repair (specifically). Studies were scored and classified based on study characteristics. Random-effects meta-analyses generated summary relative risk estimates (SRREs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity of results was examined by calculating Q-test P-values (P-H) and I (2) estimates. Sub-group and sensitivity analyses were conducted for relevant study characteristics and quality measures. RESULTS Ten case-control studies, one cohort study, and five proportionate mortality ratio (PMR)/standardized mortality odds ratio (SMOR) studies were identified and included in the quantitative assessment. Most meta-analysis models produced SRREs below 1.0, and no statistically significant increases in mesothelioma were observed. The SRRE for all studies was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.61-1.05) with significant heterogeneity (P-H <0.001, I (2) = 62.90). A similar SRRE was observed among the five Tier 1 studies with the highest quality ratings (SRRE = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.46-1.25), with no heterogeneity among studies (P-H = 0.912, I (2) = 0.00). Meta-analysis of the Tier 2 (n = 5) and Tier 3 (n = 6) studies resulted in SRREs of 1.09 (95% CI: 0.76-1.58) and 0.73 (95% CI: 0.49-1.08), respectively. Restricting the analysis to Tiers 1 and 2 combined resulted in an SRRE of 0.92 (95% CI: 0.72-1.29). The SRRE specific to brake work (n = 4) was 0.64 (95% CI: 0.38-1.09). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis of the epidemiologic studies provides evidence that motor vehicle mechanics, including workers who were engaged in brake repair, are not at an increased risk of mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Garabrant
- EpidStat Institute, 2100 Commonwealth Blvd, Suite 203, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Dominik D Alexander
- EpidStat Institute, 2100 Commonwealth Blvd, Suite 203, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Paula E Miller
- EpidStat Institute, 2100 Commonwealth Blvd, Suite 203, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jon P Fryzek
- EpidStat Institute, 2100 Commonwealth Blvd, Suite 203, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1133, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - M J Teta
- Department of Health Sciences, Exponent, Inc., 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10170, USA
| | - Patrick A Hessel
- EpiLung Consulting, #25, 26204 Township Road 512, Spruce Grove, Alberta, Canada T7Y 1C5
| | - Valerie A Craven
- Exponent, Inc., 500 12th Street, Suite 220, Oakland, CA 94607, USA
| | - Michael A Kelsh
- Amgen, Inc One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Michael Goodman
- Emory University School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Chen G, Wan X, Yang G, Zou X. Traffic-related air pollution and lung cancer: A meta-analysis. Thorac Cancer 2015; 6:307-18. [PMID: 26273377 PMCID: PMC4448375 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between traffic-related air pollution and lung cancer in order to provide evidence for control of traffic-related air pollution. Methods Several databases were searched for relevant studies up to December 2013. The quality of articles obtained was evaluated by the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist. Statistical analysis, including pooling effective sizes and confidential intervals, was performed. Results A total of 1106 records were obtained through the database and 36 studies were included in our analysis. Among the studies included, 14 evaluated the association between ambient exposure to traffic-related air pollution and lung cancer and 22 studies involved occupational exposure to air pollution among professional drivers. Twenty-two studies were marked A level regarding quality, 13 were B level, and one was C level. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (meta-odds ratio [OR]: 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99–1.13), nitrogen oxide (meta-OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01–1.07), sulfur dioxide (meta-OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.02–1.05), and fine particulate matter (meta-OR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.00–1.22) were positively associated with a risk of lung cancer. Occupational exposure to air pollution among professional drivers significantly increased the incidence (meta-OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.19–1.36) and mortality of lung cancer (meta-OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04–1.26). Conclusion Exposure to traffic-related air pollution significantly increased the risk of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongbo Chen
- National Office of Cancer Prevention and Control, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing, China
| | - Xia Wan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Beijing, China
| | - Gonghuan Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Beijing, China
| | - Xiaonong Zou
- National Office of Cancer Prevention and Control, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing, China
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20
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Guo L, Byun HM, Zhong J, Motta V, Barupal J, Zheng Y, Dou C, Zhang F, McCracken JP, Diaz A, Marco SG, Colicino S, Schwartz J, Wang S, Hou L, Baccarelli AA. Effects of short-term exposure to inhalable particulate matter on DNA methylation of tandem repeats. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2014; 55:322-35. [PMID: 24436168 PMCID: PMC4426495 DOI: 10.1002/em.21838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that particulate matter (PM) increases lung cancer risk by triggering systemic inflammation, and leukocyte DNA hypomethylation. However, previous investigations focused on repeated element sequences from LINE-1 and Alu families. Tandem repeats, which display a greater propensity to mutate, and are often hypomethylated in cancer patients, have never been investigated in individuals exposed to PM. We measured methylation of three tandem repeats (SATα, NBL2, and D4Z4) by polymerase chain reaction-pyrosequencing on blood samples from truck drivers and office workers (60 per group) in Beijing, China. We used lightweight monitors to measure personal PM2.5 (PM with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm) and elemental carbon (a tracer of PM from vehicular traffic). Ambient PM10 data were obtained from air quality measuring stations. Overall, an interquartile increase in personal PM2.5 and ambient PM10 levels was associated with a significant covariate-adjusted decrease in SATα methylation (-1.35% 5-methyl cytosine [5mC], P = 0.01; and -1.33%5mC; P = 0.01, respectively). Effects from personal PM2.5 and ambient PM10 on SATα methylation were stronger in truck drivers (-2.34%5mC, P = 0.02; -1.44%5mC, P = 0.06) than office workers (-0.95%5mC, P = 0.26; -1.25%5mC, P = 0.12, respectively). Ambient PM10 was negatively correlated with NBL2 methylation in truck drivers (-1.38%5mC, P = 0.03) but not in office workers (1.04%5mC, P = 0.13). Our result suggests that PM exposure is associated with hypomethylation of selected tandem repeats. Measuring tandem-repeat hypomethylation in easy-to-obtain blood specimens might identify individuals with biological effects and potential cancer risk from PM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiong Guo
- Laboratory of Environmental Epigenetics, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Correspondence to: Liqiong Guo, Nankai University, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300071, Tel. +86(186)-9804-6908,
| | - Hyang-Min Byun
- Laboratory of Environmental Epigenetics, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jia Zhong
- Laboratory of Environmental Epigenetics, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Valeria Motta
- Laboratory of Environmental Epigenetics, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico IRCCS Foundation, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jitendra Barupal
- Laboratory of Environmental Epigenetics, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yinan Zheng
- Driskill Graduate Program (DGP) in Life Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chang Dou
- Department of Safety Engineering, China Institute of Industrial Health, Beijing, China
| | - Feiruo Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - John P. McCracken
- Laboratory of Environmental Epigenetics, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anaité Diaz
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Sanchez-Guerra Marco
- Laboratory of Environmental Epigenetics, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Silvia Colicino
- Center for Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico IRCCS Foundation, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Laboratory of Environmental Epigenetics, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrea A. Baccarelli
- Laboratory of Environmental Epigenetics, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Electricians’ chrysotile asbestos exposure from electrical products and risks of mesothelioma and lung cancer. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 68:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lack of association between occupational exposure to diesel exhaust and risk of pancreatic cancer: a systematic evaluation of available data. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2013; 87:455-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-013-0892-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gamble JF, Nicolich MJ, Boffetta P. Lung cancer and diesel exhaust: an updated critical review of the occupational epidemiology literature. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:549-98. [PMID: 22656672 PMCID: PMC3441149 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.690725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A recent review concluded that the evidence from epidemiology studies was indeterminate and that additional studies were required to support the diesel exhaust-lung cancer hypothesis. This updated review includes seven recent studies. Two population-based studies concluded that significant exposure-response (E-R) trends between cumulative diesel exhaust and lung cancer were unlikely to be entirely explained by bias or confounding. Those studies have quality data on life-style risk factors, but do not allow definitive conclusions because of inconsistent E-R trends, qualitative exposure estimates and exposure misclassification (insufficient latency based on job title), and selection bias from low participation rates. Non-definitive results are consistent with the larger body of population studies. An NCI/NIOSH cohort mortality and nested case-control study of non-metal miners have some surrogate-based quantitative diesel exposure estimates (including highest exposure measured as respirable elemental carbon (REC) in the workplace) and smoking histories. The authors concluded that diesel exhaust may cause lung cancer. Nonetheless, the results are non-definitive because the conclusions are based on E-R patterns where high exposures were deleted to achieve significant results, where a posteriori adjustments were made to augment results, and where inappropriate adjustments were made for the "negative confounding" effects of smoking even though current smoking was not associated with diesel exposure and therefore could not be a confounder. Three cohort studies of bus drivers and truck drivers are in effect air pollution studies without estimates of diesel exhaust exposure and so are not sufficient for assessing the lung cancer-diesel exhaust hypothesis. Results from all occupational cohort studies with quantitative estimates of exposure have limitations, including weak and inconsistent E-R associations that could be explained by bias, confounding or chance, exposure misclassification, and often inadequate latency. In sum, the weight of evidence is considered inadequate to confirm the diesel-lung cancer hypothesis.
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Ford ES, Caspersen CJ. Sedentary behaviour and cardiovascular disease: a review of prospective studies. Int J Epidemiol 2012; 41:1338-53. [PMID: 22634869 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dys078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current estimates from objective accelerometer data suggest that American adults are sedentary for ∼7.7 h/day. Historically, sedentary behaviour was conceptualized as one end of the physical activity spectrum but is increasingly being viewed as a behaviour distinct from physical activity. METHODS Prospective studies examining the associations between screen time (watching television, watching videos and using a computer) and sitting time and fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) were identified. These prospective studies relied on self-reported sedentary behaviour. RESULTS The majority of prospective studies of screen time and sitting time has shown that greater sedentary time is associated with an increased risk of fatal and non-fatal CVD. Compared with the lowest levels of sedentary time, risk estimates ranged up to 1.68 for the highest level of sitting time and 2.25 for the highest level of screen time after adjustment for a series of covariates, including measures of physical activity. For six studies of screen time and CVD, the summary hazard ratio per 2-h increase was 1.17 (95% CI: 1.13-1.20). For two studies of sitting time, the summary hazard ratio per 2-h increase was 1.05 (95% CI: 1.01-1.09). CONCLUSIONS Future prospective studies using more objective measures of sedentary behaviour might prove helpful in quantifying better the risk between sedentary behaviour and CVD morbidity and mortality. This budding science may better shape future guideline development as well as clinical and public health interventions to reduce the amount of sedentary behaviour in modern societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl S Ford
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Manuela C, Francesco T, Tiziana C, Assunta C, Lara S, Nadia N, Giorgia A, Barbara S, Maria F, Carlotta C, Valeria DG, Pia SM, Gianfranco T, Angela S. Environmental and biological monitoring of benzene in traffic policemen, police drivers and rural outdoor male workers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:1542-50. [PMID: 22555192 DOI: 10.1039/c2em30120b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate exposure to benzene in urban and rural areas, an investigation into personal exposure to benzene in traffic policemen, police drivers and rural (roadmen) male outdoor workers was carried out. Personal samples and data acquired using fixed monitoring stations located in different areas of the city were used to measure personal exposure to benzene in 62 non-smoker traffic policemen, 22 police drivers and 57 roadmen. Blood benzene, urinary trans-trans muconic acid (t,t-MA) and S-phenyl-mercapturic acid (S-PMA) were measured at the end of work shift in 62 non-smoker traffic policemen, 22 police drivers and 57 roadmen and 34 smoker traffic policemen, 21 police drivers and 53 roadmen. Exposure to benzene was similar among non-smoker traffic policemen and police drivers and higher among non-smoker urban workers compared to rural workers. Blood benzene, t,t-MA and S-PMA were similar among non-smoker traffic policemen and police drivers; blood benzene and t,t-MA were significantly higher in non-smoker urban workers compared to rural workers. Significant increases in t,t-MA were found in smokers vs. non-smokers. In non-smoker urban workers airborne benzene and blood benzene, and t,t-MA and S-PMA were significantly correlated. This study gives an evaluation of the exposure to benzene in an urban area, comparing people working in the street or in cars, to people working in a rural area. Benzene is a certain carcinogen for humans. The results we showed should lead to more in-depth studies about the effects on health of these categories of workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciarrocca Manuela
- University of Rome Sapienza, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, Unit of Occupational Medicine, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
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