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Afroz J, Jubyda FT, Sharmin S, Rana M, Dey AK, Farzana T, Sarkar MH. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C, and syphilis among aspirant migrant workers of Bangladesh. Afr Health Sci 2023; 23:161-168. [PMID: 38223570 PMCID: PMC10782326 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v23i2.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In Bangladesh, labour migration is a source of employment and workers' remittances are critical to poverty mitigation. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of hepatitis B, C, HIV, tuberculosis, syphilis, kidney and liver diseases along with presence of infections among aspirant migrant workers of Bangladesh. Method This study was carried out from September-December 2019. We analysed data collected on screening tests of specific diseases of aspirant workers. For each test, the prevalence was computed with 95% confidence interval. Association between categorical data was determined by the Chi-square test. Results A total of 2385 aspirants, 1988 (83.35%) males, aged between 18 and 65 years (29.76±6.578) were studied. Positive results for screening tests of HBsAg were 38 (1.6%,), anti-HCV were 2 (0.08%), TPHA were 25 (1.05%) and VDRL were 5 (0.21%) though no individual was positive for HIV and TB. Elevated level of SGOT (n=99, 4.2%), SGPT (n=322, 13.5%), RBS (n=57, 2.4%), bilirubin (n=46, 1.92%), creatinine (n=7, 0.3%) and ESR (n=19, 0.8%) were found in the workers. Conclusion Diagnosis of diseases of workers is obligatory before going abroad to safeguard the health of the workers and residents of destination country. Consequently, it will contribute to reducing the global burden of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinia Afroz
- Department of Microbiology, Primeasia University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fatema Tuz Jubyda
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Sanzida Sharmin
- Department of Microbiology, Primeasia University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Masud Rana
- Department of Microbiology, Primeasia University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Amit Kumar Dey
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Tasmia Farzana
- Department of Microbiology, Primeasia University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Murshed Hasan Sarkar
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, Bangladesh
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Huda MN, Ahmed MU, Uddin MB, Hasan MK, Uddin J, Dune TM. Prevalence and Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Behavioral Risk Factors of Self-Reported Symptoms of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) among Ever-Married Women: Evidence from Nationally Representative Surveys in Bangladesh. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031906. [PMID: 35162926 PMCID: PMC8835257 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STI) symptoms (e.g., abnormal genital discharge and genital sores/ulcers) are a major public health concern in Bangladesh because the symptoms can indicate an STI and cause sexual and reproductive health complications in women of reproductive age. To our knowledge, no study examined the prevalence and risk factors of STI symptoms using a nationally representative sample. This study investigates the prevalence of STI symptoms among ever-married women in Bangladesh and the associations of STI symptoms with various demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral risk factors using the most recent available data (2007, 2011, and 2014) of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (BDHS). The BDHS employs a two-stage stratified sampling technique. The analytic sample comprised 41,777 women of reproductive age (15-49 years). Outcome variables included STI symptoms: abnormal genital discharge and genital sores/ulcers. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to find the adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval to assess the associations of outcome measures with explanatory variables. The study found that the prevalence of abnormal genital discharge and genital sores/ulcers among ever-married women aged 15-49 years was 10% and 6%, respectively. Multivariable analysis revealed that for women aged 25-34 years, those who used contraceptives and married earlier had an increased likelihood of STI symptoms. Furthermore, women from the wealthiest wealth quintile and couple's joint decision-making were less likely to have STI symptoms. Findings have implications for interventions efforts aiming to improve women's sexual and reproductive health in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Nazmul Huda
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia;
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- School of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, Independent University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Moin Uddin Ahmed
- Translation Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia;
- Institute of Health Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Bakhtiar Uddin
- School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia;
- Department of Economics, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh 2220, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kamrul Hasan
- Bangladesh Institute of Social Research Trust, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh;
| | - Jalal Uddin
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1V7, Canada;
| | - Tinashe Moira Dune
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- Translation Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia;
- Diabetes, Metabolism and Obesity Translational Research Unit, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-4620-3655
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Coelho EC, Souza SB, Costa CCS, Costa LM, Pinheiro LML, Machado LFA, Silva-Oliveira GC, Martins LC, Frade PCR, Oliveira-Filho AB. Treponema pallidum in female sex workers from the Brazilian Marajó Archipelago: prevalence, risk factors, drug-resistant mutations and coinfections. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:792-800. [PMID: 33210137 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female sex workers (FSWs) are an especially vulnerable group for syphilis and other sexually transmitted infection (STIs). This study determined the prevalence of syphilis in FSWs and factors associated with this disease in the Marajó Archipelago (northern Brazil), as well as the frequency of point mutations (A2058G and A2059G) in the 23S rRNA gene of Treponema pallidum and coinfections with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV). METHODS FSWs were diagnosed using a rapid qualitative test and the isolates were evaluated for the presence of point mutations by real-time PCR. Blood samples with T. pallidum were tested for the presence of HBV, HCV and HDV by ELISA and confirmed by real-time PCR. The factors associated with syphilis were identified using Poisson regression models. RESULTS Overall, 41.1% FSWs tested positive for syphilis and 23.5% were infected with strains having A2058G/A2059G point mutations. HBV (23.0%) and HCV (8.1%) were detected among FSWs with syphilis. Six factors were associated with syphilis: low levels of education, reduced income, drug use, unprotected sex, a lengthy career in prostitution and a lack of regular medical check-ups. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate an urgent need for implementation of effective strategies to diagnose, prevent and treat syphilis, as well as other STIs, in this Brazilian region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelen C Coelho
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antônio Maria Zaccaria, Bragança PA, Brazil
| | - Samara B Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguagens e Saberes na Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança PA, Brazil
| | - Camila Carla S Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil
| | - Luana M Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil
| | - Luiz Marcelo L Pinheiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas, Campus do Marajó, Universidade Federal do Pará, Soure PA, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando A Machado
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil
| | - Gláucia C Silva-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança PA, Brazil
| | - Luísa Caricio Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil.,Laboratório de Patologia Clínica de Doenças Tropicais, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil
| | - Paula Cristina R Frade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil
| | - Aldemir B Oliveira-Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguagens e Saberes na Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança PA, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil.,Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança PA, Brazil
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Lee AC, Mullany LC, Quaiyum M, Mitra DK, Labrique A, Christian P, Ahmed P, Uddin J, Rafiqullah I, DasGupta S, Rahman M, Koumans EH, Ahmed S, Saha SK, Baqui AH. Effect of population-based antenatal screening and treatment of genitourinary tract infections on birth outcomes in Sylhet, Bangladesh (MIST): a cluster-randomised clinical trial. Lancet Glob Health 2019; 7:e148-e159. [PMID: 30554751 PMCID: PMC6293967 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One-third of preterm births are attributed to pregnancy infections. We implemented a community-based intervention to screen and treat maternal genitourinary tract infections, with the aim of reducing the incidence of preterm birth. METHODS We did an unblinded cluster-randomised controlled trial in two subdistricts of Sylhet, Bangladesh. Clusters were defined as the contiguous area served by a single community health worker, and each cluster comprised several contiguous villages, contained roughly 4000 people, and had about 120 births per year. Eligible participants within clusters were all ever-married women and girls of reproductive age (ie, aged 15-49 years) who became pregnant during the study period. Clusters were randomly assigned (1:1) to the intervention or control groups via a restricted randomisation procedure. In both groups, community health workers made home visits to identify pregnant women and girls and provide antenatal and postnatal care. Between 13 and 19 weeks' gestation, participants in the intervention group received home-based screening for abnormal vaginal flora and urinary tract infections. A random 10% of the control group also received the intervention to examine the similarity of infection prevalence between groups. If present, abnormal vaginal flora (ie, Nugent score ≥4 was treated with oral clindamycin (300 mg twice daily for 5 days) and urinary tract infections with cefixime (400 mg once daily for 3 days) or oral nitrofurantoin (100 mg twice daily for 7 days). Both infections were retreated if persistent. The primary outcome was the incidence of preterm livebirths before 37 weeks' gestation among all livebirths. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01572532. The trial is closed to new participants, with follow-up completed. FINDINGS Between Jan 2, 2012, and July 28, 2015, 9712 pregnancies were enrolled (4840 in the intervention group, 4391 in the control group, and 481 in the control subsample). 3818 livebirths in the intervention group and 3557 livebirths in the control group were included in the primary analysis. In the intervention group, the prevalence of abnormal vaginal flora was 16·3% (95% CI 15·1-17·6) and that of urinary tract infection was 8·6% (7·7-9·5). The effective coverage of successful treatment in the intervention group was 58% in participants with abnormal vaginal flora (ie, abnormal vaginal flora resolved in 361 [58%] of the 622 participants who initially tested positive), and 71% in those with urinary tract infections (ie, resolution in 224 [71%] of the 317 participants who initially tested positive). Overall, the incidence of preterm livebirths before 37 weeks' gestation did not differ significantly between the intervention and control groups (21·8% vs 20·6%; relative risk 1·07 [95% CI 0·91-1·24]). INTERPRETATION A population-based antenatal screening and treatment programme for genitourinary tract infections did not reduce the incidence of preterm birth in Bangladesh. FUNDING Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and Saving Lives at Birth Grand Challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cc Lee
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luke C Mullany
- International Center for Maternal and Newborn Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mohammad Quaiyum
- International Center for Diarrheal Diseases-Bangladesh, Center for Reproductive Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Alain Labrique
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Parul Christian
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Parvez Ahmed
- International Center for Diarrheal Diseases-Bangladesh, Center for Reproductive Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jamal Uddin
- Independent University, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Iftekhar Rafiqullah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Sushil DasGupta
- International Center for Diarrheal Diseases-Bangladesh, Center for Reproductive Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmoodur Rahman
- International Center for Diarrheal Diseases-Bangladesh, Center for Reproductive Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Samir K Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah H Baqui
- International Center for Maternal and Newborn Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Uz-Zaman MH, Rahman A, Yasmin M. Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Bangladesh: Prevalence among General Population, Risk Groups and Genotype Distribution. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9110541. [PMID: 30413090 PMCID: PMC6265756 DOI: 10.3390/genes9110541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a considerable body of published research on hepatitis B in Bangladesh, researchers continue to lament the lack of reliable information about hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection epidemiology. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive survey of the literature with particular focus on a number of epidemiological questions, as well as a commentary on the trends of hepatitis B research as it has taken place in Bangladesh. The key themes to emerge from this review are: first, beyond noting a declining trend, it is difficult to provide conclusive estimates about HBV prevalence in the general population of Bangladesh. The majority of the studies, even the ones conducted on apparently healthy populations, fail to be adequately representative for the reasons explored in the article. Secondly, HBV infection in Bangladesh is sharply stratified across sociodemographic lines, which speaks to the role of awareness and risk exposure in HBV prevalence. Third, more research on occult infection rates is required to estimate the extent of risk posed by the current blood donation screening program, which relies exclusively on hepatitis B surface antigen as a biomarker. The same considerations apply for the comparative importance of vertical versus horizontal transmission and prevalence among particular risk groups like healthcare workers with high occupational exposure. Finally, while recent studies do allow us, albeit with some ambiguity, to draw conclusions about distribution of HBV genotypes in Bangladesh, there needs to be an added emphasis on molecular epidemiology. It is hoped that the present review, the first of its kind in Bangladesh, will serve as an up-to-date summary of the course HBV epidemiology research in Bangladesh has taken thus far, as well as crucial gaps to address going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Hassan Uz-Zaman
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Ayesha Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Jagannath University, 9-10 Chittaranjan Ave, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh.
| | - Mahmuda Yasmin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
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Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Seromarkers and Associated Risk Factors in Young Healthy Individuals in Bangladesh: Implications for Preventive Strategies. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.14245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Yaya S, Bishwajit G, Danhoundo G, Seydou I. Extent of Knowledge about HIV and Its Determinants among Men in Bangladesh. Front Public Health 2016; 4:246. [PMID: 27857939 PMCID: PMC5093132 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bangladesh is currently a low human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalent country. However, the risk factors are widespread and the number of at-risk population is also rising, which warrants special policy attention. The risks of transmission were shown to be correlated with the level of HIV knowledge of individuals. In this study, we aimed to explore the level and influencing factors of HIV knowledge among adult men in Bangladesh. Methodology Data for the present study were collected from the sixth round of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Participants were 3305 men between 15 and 54 years of age regardless of HIV status. The primary outcome variable was the HIV knowledge score, which was calculated by responses to questions regarding general concepts and the mode of transmission of HIV. Association between the HIV knowledge score and the explanatory variables were analyzed by binary logistic regression methods. Result The mean HIV knowledge score was 7.2 (SD 1.3). Results indicate that being an urban resident [p < 0.001; odds ratios (OR) = 0.56, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 0.48–0.64], having secondary/higher educational level (p < 0.001 OR = 0.56, 95%CI = 0.48–0.64), reading newspaper [p = 0.006; OR = 0.76, 95%CI = 0.62–0.92], and communication with community health workers (CHWs) (p = 0.05; OR = 0.77, 95%CI = 0.60–10.00) were significantly associated with a high (equal or above mean value) HIV knowledge level. Conclusion The level of HIV knowledge among Bangladeshi men is low. Leveraging HIV awareness programs targeting adult men to prevent future expansion of the epidemic should be a high priority. Revitalization and restructuring of the education sector and strengthening CHW’s engagement to improve knowledge about HIV transmission among men could generate beneficial returns for HIV prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni Yaya
- Faculty of Social Sciences, School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Ghose Bishwajit
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | | | - Idé Seydou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
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Jesmin SS, Cready CM. Can a woman refuse sex if her husband has a sexually transmitted infection? Attitudes toward safer-sex negotiation among married women in Bangladesh. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2014; 16:666-82. [PMID: 24735199 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2014.901561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In developing countries, HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancy take an enormous toll on women's reproductive health, yet preventive programmes are lacking as married women's risks are frequently underestimated. We examined predictors of married Bangladeshi women's attitudes towards safer-sex negotiation using data on 15,178 currently married women aged 15-49 from the 2011 Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey. Approximately 92% of women believed that a wife's refusal to have sex with her husband is justified if he has an STI. Multilevel logistic regression analysis revealed that the likelihood of a woman holding this belief increased with her autonomy, as measured by the ability to go to a health centre/hospital without another adult, participation in household decision making and rejection of wife beating (p < 0.001). Other significant predictors were knowledge/awareness of STIs (p < 0.05), living in Dhaka division (p < 0.001) and younger age (p < 0.01). Our findings suggest that sexual health education programmes may be more effective if they include strategies to address social norms and cultural practices that limit women's autonomy in society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda S Jesmin
- a Department of Sociology and Psychology , University of North Texas at Dallas , Dallas , USA
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Abstract
Mobility is a key determinant of HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) transmission dynamics in Asia and Africa. Scant data exist regarding its dynamic impacts on HIV/STI risk in Central America and Mexico. Our objective was to critically review the epidemiology and social and structural context of HIV/STI risk among mobile populations in Central America and Mexico. Eligible articles were published in English or Spanish between January 1, 2000 and August 31, 2010; conducted in Central America or Mexico; specified the mobile population included; and described primary research. 2045 records were screened, 275 articles reviewed, and 22 studies included. Mobility is associated with increased HIV risk behaviors, though it also may increase preventive behaviors. Among mobile groups in Central America and Mexico, social isolation, the socio-economic impacts of displacement, gender inequalities, and stigma/discrimination shape HIV risk. Epidemiologic research and multi-level interventions that target and engage vulnerable groups in transit stations are recommended.
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Sahajian F, Bailly F, Vanhems P, Fantino B, Vannier-Nitenberg C, Fabry J, Trepo C. A randomized trial of viral hepatitis prevention among underprivileged people in the Lyon area of France. J Public Health (Oxf) 2010; 33:182-92. [DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdq071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Patel AL, Sachdev D, Nagpal P, Chaudhry U, Sonkar SC, Mendiratta SL, Saluja D. Prevalence of Chlamydia infection among women visiting a gynaecology outpatient department: evaluation of an in-house PCR assay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2010; 9:24. [PMID: 20822551 PMCID: PMC2944303 DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-9-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Screening women for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in developing countries is highly desirable because of asymptomatic infection. The existing diagnostic methods in developing countries are not effective and their sensitivity fall below 45.0% which leads to further spread of infection. There is an urgent need for improved and cost effective diagnostic tests that will reduce the burden of sexually transmitted infections in the developing world. Methods Prevalence of C. trachomatis infection among women visiting gynaecology department of Hindu Rao hospital in Delhi, India was determined using Roche Amplicor Multi Well Plate kit (MWP) as well as using in-house PCR assay. We used 593 endocervical swabs for clinical evaluation of the in-house developed assay against Direct Fluorescence Assay (DFA; Group I n = 274) and Roche Amplicor MWP kit (Group II, n = 319 samples) and determined the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) of the in-house developed assay. Results We detected 23.0% positive cases and there was a higher representation of women aged 18-33 in this group. An in-house PCR assay was developed and evaluated by targeting unique sequence within the gyrA gene of C. trachomatis. Specificity of the reaction was confirmed by using genomic DNA of human and other STI related microorganisms as template. Assay is highly sensitive and can detect as low as 10 fg of C. trachomatis DNA. The resolved sensitivity of in-house PCR was 94.5% compared with 88.0% of DFA assay. The high specificity (98.4%) and sensitivity (97.1%) of the in-house assay against Roche kit and availability of test results within 3 hours allowed for immediate treatment and reduced the risk of potential onward transmission. Conclusions The in-house PCR method is cost effective (~ 20.0% of Roche assay) and hence could be a better alternative for routine diagnosis of genital infection by C. trachomatis to facilitate improved screening and treatment management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achchhe L Patel
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
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Ashraf H, Alam NH, Rothermundt C, Brooks A, Bardhan P, Hossain L, Salam MA, Hassan MS, Beglinger C, Gyr N. Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B and C virus infections in an impoverished urban community in Dhaka, Bangladesh. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10:208. [PMID: 20630111 PMCID: PMC2918606 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viral hepatitis is a serious global public health problem affecting billions of people globally, and both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are rapidly spreading in the developing countries including Bangladesh due to the lack of health education, poverty, illiteracy and lack of hepatitis B vaccination. Also there is lack of information on their prevalence among the general population. So, a population-based serological survey was conducted in Dhaka to determine the prevalence and risk factors of HBV and HCV infections. Methods Healthy individuals were selected for demographic and behavioural characteristics by stratified cluster sampling and blood tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HBV core antigen (anti-HBc), and anti-HCV antibodies (anti-HCV). Results From June 2005-November 2006, 1997 participants were screened for HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HCV, 738 (37%) were males with mean (SD) age of 24 (14) years. HBV-seropositivity was documented in 582 (29%) participants: 14 (0.7%) were positive for HBsAg, 452 (22.6%) for anti-HBc and 116 (5.8%) for both HBsAg and anti-HBc. Four (0.2%) participants were positive for anti-HCV, and another five (0.3%) for both anti-HBc and anti-HCV. Ninety-six/246 (39%) family members residing at same households with HBsAg positive participants were also HBV-seropositive [74 (30.1%) for anti-HBc and 22 (8.9%) for both HBsAg and anti-HBc], which was significantly higher among family members (39%) than that of study participants (29%) (OR 1.56; p < 0.001). In bivariate analysis, HBV-seropositivity was significantly associated with married status (OR 2.27; p < 0.001), history of jaundice (OR 1.35; p = 0.009), surgical operations (OR 1.26; p = 0.04), needle-stick injuries (OR 2.09; p = 0.002), visiting unregistered health-care providers (OR 1.40; p = 0.008), receiving treatment for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) (OR 1.79; p = 0.001), animal bites (OR 1.73; p < 0.001); ear-nose-body piercing in females (OR 4.97; p < 0.001); circumcision (OR 3.21; p < 0.001), and visiting community barber for shaving in males (OR 3.77; p < 0.001). In logistic regression analysis, married status (OR 1.32; p = 0.04), surgical operations (OR 1.39; p = 0.02), animal bites (OR 1.43; p = 0.02), visiting unregistered health-care providers (OR 1.40; p = 0.01); and ear-nose-body piercing in females (OR 4.97; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with HBV-seropositivity. Conclusions The results indicate intermediate level of endemicity of HBV infection in Dhaka community, with much higher prevalence among family members of HBsAg positive individuals but low prevalence of HCV infections, clearly indicating need for universal hepatitis B vaccination. The use of disposable needles for ear-nose-body piercing need to be promoted through public awareness programmes as a preventive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Ashraf
- ICDDR,B (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Phase 1 dose-ranging safety trial of Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05 for the prevention of bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Dis 2009; 36:564-9. [PMID: 19543144 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0b013e3181a74924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial vaginosis is a very common vaginal infection. The lack of endogenous lactobacilli and overgrowth of pathogens facilitate numerous gynecological complications. METHODS A phase I dose-ranging safety trial tested the safety, tolerability, and acceptability of Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05 (LACTIN-V) administered by vaginal applicator. Twelve healthy volunteers were enrolled in 3 blocks of 4 (5 x 10, 1 x 10, and 2 x 10 cfu/dose). Each block was randomized in a 3:1 ratio of active product to placebo. Participants used study product for 5 consecutive days, returned for follow-up on days 7 and 14, and had phone interviews on days 2 and 35. RESULTS All 12 participants took 5 doses and completed study follow-up.Overall, 45 adverse events (AEs) occurred, of which 31 (69%) were genitourinary (GU) AEs. GU AEs appeared evenly distributed between the 3 treatment blocks and between LACTIN-V and placebo arms. The most common GU AEs were vaginal discharge in 5 subjects (42%), abdominal pain in 4 subjects (33%), metrorrhagia in 4 subjects (33%), vulvovaginitis in 4 subjects (33%), vaginal candidiasis in 3 subjects (25%), and vaginal odor in 3 subjects (25%). Forty-one (91%) AEs were mild (grade 1) in severity. All 4 moderate AEs (grade 2) were unrelated to product use. No grade 3 or 4 AEs or serious adverse events (SAE) occurred. Laboratory parameters and colposcopy findings were within normal limits or clinically insignificant. The product was well-tolerated and accepted. CONCLUSION All 3 dose levels of LACTIN-V appeared to be safe and acceptable in healthy volunteers.
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Valway S, Jenison S, Keller N, Vega-Hernandez J, Hubbard McCree D. Risk assessment and screening for sexually transmitted infections, HIV, and hepatitis virus among long-distance truck drivers in New Mexico, 2004-2006. Am J Public Health 2009; 99:2063-8. [PMID: 19762674 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2008.145383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined sexually transmitted infection (STI), HIV, and hepatitis virus prevalence and risk behaviors among truck drivers. METHODS We asked participants about their risk behaviors, and we screened them for STIs, HIV, and hepatitis infections. We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with outcomes. RESULTS Of the 652 enrolled participants, 21% reported sex with sex workers or casual partners in the prior year. Driving solo (odds ratio [OR] = 15.04; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.92, 117.53; P = .01), history of injection drug use (IDU; OR = 2.69; 95% CI = 1.19, 6.12; P = .02), and history of an STI (OR = 2.47; 95% CI = 1.19, 5.09; P = .01) were independently associated with high-risk sexual behaviors. Fourteen percent of participants reported drug use in the previous year, and 11% reported having ever injected drugs. Participants tested positive as follows: 54 for HCV antibodies (8.5%), 66 for hepatitis B anticore (anti-HBc) antibodies (10.4%), 8 for chlamydia (1.3%), 1 for gonorrhea (0.2%), 1 for syphilis (0.2%), and 1 for HIV (0.2%). History of injecting drugs (OR = 26.91; 95% CI = 11.61, 62.39; P < .01) and history of anti-HBc antibodies (OR = 7.89; 95% CI = 3.16, 19.68; P < .01) were associated with HCV infection. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a need for hepatitis C screening and STI risk-reduction interventions in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Valway
- Public Health Division, New Mexico Department of Health, Infectious Diseases Bureau, 1190 South Saint Francis Drive, Santa Fe, NM 87502, USA.
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Rao VG, Anvikar A, Savargaonkar D, Bhat J. Sexually transmitted infections in tribal populations of central India. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 28:1391-3. [PMID: 19657683 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-009-0783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in 17 tribal villages of the Kundam block of the Jabalpur district of India. Individuals with sexually transmitted disease (STD) syndromes were enumerated and the specimens were collected for the laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Trichomoniasis, gonorrhoea, bacterial vaginosis and syphilis sero-reactivity were diagnosed by standard microbiological techniques. Chlamydia infection was detected by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A definite laboratory diagnosis of STIs could be established in 36.5% individuals. The most common STI in females was trichomoniasis, while in males, gonorrhoea was the most common. The highest proportion of individuals with STIs (39.2%) was in the age group 30-39 years. There is a need to focus on the primary prevention of STIs in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Rao
- Regional Medical Research Centre for Tribals, Indian Council of Medical Research, Nagpur Road, P.O. Garha, Jabalpur, 482 003, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Nessa K, Alam A, Chawdhury FAH, Huq M, Nahar S, Salauddin G, Khursheed S, Rahman S, Gurley E, Breiman RF, Rahman M. Field Evaluation of Simple Rapid Tests in the Diagnosis of Syphilis. Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19:316-20. [DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2007.007280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect the sensitivity and specificity of rapid syphilis diagnostic tests (immunochromatographic strip [ICS] test and rapid test device [RTD]) performed by low-skilled paramedics in field clinics and by highly-skilled technologists in laboratories and compare them with the gold standard (rapid plasma reagin [RPR] and Treponema pallidum haemagglutination [TPHA]) tests for diagnosis of syphilis. A cross-sectional study was conducted among female sex workers (FSWs) in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from August 2004 to July 2005. Blood specimens were tested for syphilis using (i) ICS, (ii) RTD, (iii) RPR tests performed by low-skilled paramedics; and (i) ICS, (ii) RTD, (iii) RPR and (iv) TPHA tests by highly-skilled technologists. The sensitivity and specificity of the ICS and RTD test performed by low- and highly-skilled personnel were compared with the gold standard. A total of 684 FSWs were enrolled and the prevalence of syphilis among FSWs was 20.8% as determined by the gold standard. There was no significant difference in the performance of ICS test done by paramedics in the field when compared with the gold standard performed by highly-skilled technologists in the laboratory (sensitivity, 94.45%; specificity, 92.6%). The ICS test could fulfil the need for a non-invasive, rapid screening test for syphilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairun Nessa
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000
| | - Anadil Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000
| | | | - Mohsina Huq
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000
| | - Shamsun Nahar
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Gazi Salauddin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000
| | - Shayema Khursheed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000
| | - Saifur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000
| | - Emily Gurley
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000
| | - Robert F Breiman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000
| | - Motiur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000
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Alam N, Rahman M, Gausia K, Yunus MD, Islam N, Chaudhury P, Monira S, Funkhouser E, Vermund SH, Killewo J. Sexually transmitted infections and risk factors among truck stand workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34:99-103. [PMID: 16837827 PMCID: PMC2730758 DOI: 10.1097/01.olq.0000225325.23340.a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of selected sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and their risk factors among workers in and near a truck stand in Dhaka, Bangladesh. STUDY DESIGN A random sample of 696 men and 206 women were recruited into a cross-sectional study using a census that enumerated transport agents, motor mechanics, laborers, and vendors in Tejgaon truck stand. RESULTS The prevalence rates of syphilis (rapid plasma reagin and Treponema pallidum hemagglutination), gonorrhea (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]), and chlamydial infections (PCR) among men were 4.1%, 7.7%, and 2.3%, respectively, and among women were 2.9%, 8.3%, and 5.2%. Multivariable analysis revealed that having >or=2 sex partners in the last month, never using a condom with sex workers, and ever injecting narcotics were significant predictors of STI among men. Being never married, working as a laborer, older age, and living within the truck stand were significant predictors of practicing high-risk behaviors among men, but none predicted infection with STIs. CONCLUSIONS Both behavioral and STI data suggest that truck stand workers should be included in the STI/HIV intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmul Alam
- ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research, Bangladesh.
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Tolosa JE, Chaithongwongwatthana S, Daly S, Maw WW, Gaitán H, Lumbiganon P, Festin M, Chipato T, Sauvarin J, Goldenberg RL, Andrews WW, Whitney CG. The International Infections in Pregnancy (IIP) study: variations in the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and distribution of morphotypes in vaginal smears among pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195:1198-204. [PMID: 17074543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Revised: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and the distribution of associated morphotypes among asymptomatic pregnant women in different countries. STUDY DESIGN In 8 institutions participating in the Global Network for Perinatal and Reproductive Health (www.gnprh.org) from July 1999 to September 2001, 1466 women were enrolled. Vaginal smears were Gram stained and scored with Nugent's method at a reference laboratory. The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and bacterial morphotype distributions were compared. RESULTS Overall, 12.3% of women had bacterial vaginosis according to Nugent's criteria. Zimbabwe had the highest prevalence (24.4%) when compared with all other sites, except Myanmar (P < .05). Among bacterial vaginosis cases, 98.9% of vaginal smears had more than 30 Gardnerella/Bacteroides morphotypes present per oil immersion field. Individual centers showed significant differences in the number of Mobiluncus and lactobacillus morphotypes (P < .01). CONCLUSION The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and distribution of bacterial morphotypes in vaginal smears among asymptomatic pregnant women vary significantly in populations from different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Tolosa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University for The Global Network for Perinatal and Reproductive Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Oliveira MDDS, Martins RMB, Matos MA, Ferreira RC, Dias MA, Carneiro MAS, Junqueira ALN, Teles SA. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection and high rate of response to hepatitis B virus Butang®vaccine in adolescents from low income families in Central Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006; 101:251-6. [PMID: 16862317 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762006000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate the seroepidemiology and response to Butang vaccine in adolescents from low income families in Central Brazil, blood samples of 664 adolescents were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc), and hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) markers, and multiple logistical regression analysis was carried out to determine variables associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection markers. further, three 20 microg Butang vaccine doses were offered to all susceptible individuals (n = 304). Among those who accepted them (n = 182), the seroresponse was evaluated in 170 individuals by quantitative anti-HBs. an overall hbv prevalence of 5.9% was found: four adolescents were HBsAg positive, 24 were anti-HBc, anti-HBs-reactive, and 11 were anti-HBc only. The analyse of risk factors showed that age 16-19 years, place of birth outside Goiás, school B and body piercing were statistically associated with HBV infection markers (p < 0.05). All 170 adolescents responded to Butang, and a geometric mean titer (gmt) of 4344 mUI/ml was obtained. these results reinforce the importance of hepatitis b vaccine in adolescents despite of the hbv regional endemicity, and suggest that three doses of 20 microg of the Butang should guarantee protective anti-hbs levels to individuals at a critical time for hepatitis b acquiring such as latter adolescence and adulthood.
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