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Dawood HN, Al-Jumaili AH, Radhi AH, Ikram D, Al-Jabban A. Emerging pneumococcal serotypes in Iraq: scope for improved vaccine development. F1000Res 2023; 12:435. [PMID: 38283903 PMCID: PMC10811421 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.132781.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal disease is a global public health concern as it affects the young, aged and the immunocompromised. The development of pneumococcal vaccines and their incorporation in the immunization programs has helped to reduce the global burden of disease. However, serotype replacement and the emergence of non-vaccine serotypes as well as the persistence of a few vaccine serotypes underscores the need for development of new and effective vaccines against such pneumococcal serotypes. In the Middle East, places of religious mass gatherings are a hotspot for disease transmission in addition to the global risk factors. Therefore, the periodic surveillance of pneumococcal serotypes circulating in the region to determine the effectiveness of existing prevention strategies and develop improved vaccines is warranted. Currently, there is a lack of serotype prevalence data for Iraq due to inadequate surveillance in the region. Thus, this review aims to determine the pneumococcal serotypes circulating in Iraq which may help in the development and introduction of improved pneumococcal vaccines in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed H. Radhi
- F.i.c.m.s/ C.M, Center for disease control and prevention, Baghdad, Iraq
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2
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Alnimr A. Pneumococcal empyema: Resistance patterns, fitness cost and serotype distribution. Am J Med Sci 2022; 364:766-771. [PMID: 35902025 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pneumoniae is a recognized etiology of invasive infections including parapneumonic empyema, and its resistance to antibiotics is evolving worldwide, raising concerns of encountering untreatable strains. This study measured the serotype distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility and biological cost incurred by resistance of pneumococci from pleural samples. METHODS The serotype profiles, susceptibility results and growth rates were phenotypically determined for a panel of clinical strains of S. pneumoniae from cases of empyema between 2011 and 2019. RESULTS Of 24 empyema cases, the isolated strains belonged to seven serotypes in the following descending order; 19A, 11A/D, 19F, 3, 7F, 1/6B while two strains remained non-typable. Penicillin susceptibility was shown in <80% of the isolates, while parenteral cephalosporins (cefuroxime and ceftriaxone) demonstrated activity in 83.3 and 95.8% respectively. High resistance frequency was noted for macrolides and sulfonamides, but the strains were uniformly sensitive to respiratory fluroquinolones, vancomycin and linezolid. The macrolide-resistant strain exhibited a high growth rate, suggesting a possible beneficial effect. Phenotypes with mono-resistance to sulfonamides and clindamycin were equally fit as the susceptible counterpart strains. Resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents resulted in a high degree of fitness deficit, while other resistant phenotypes were less fit. CONCLUSIONS The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PCV13 serotypes still circulate in the community. The data indicate that resistance to certain antimicrobials incurs an apparent fitness cost in pneumococci which may limit the dissemination of such strains while low fitness cost, seen in case of resistance to macrolides, may contribute to the spread of resistant clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Alnimr
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, King Fahad University Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
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de Vasconcelos MGGC, Jarovsky D, Nunes GZ, Tridente DM, Grill JAT, Berezin EN. Molecular diagnostic of complicated pneumonia in the post-vaccine era. J Trop Pediatr 2022; 68:6760802. [PMID: 36228307 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmac086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiological diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is still a challenge. We compared the conventional culture method and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae in severe pediatric CAP. METHODS A retrospective hospital-based study was conducted. From 2012 to 2018, we have selected patients who had peripheral blood and/or pleural fluid collected for etiological investigation by RT-PCR. RESULTS We included 113 children (median age: 3 years; interquartile range 1-6 years). RT-PCR increased the detection rate of S. pneumoniae by 6.5 times using blood samples and eight times using pleural fluid samples. Patients subjected to RT-PCR showed more prolonged hospitalization (p = 0.006), fewer comorbidities (p = 0.03), presence of pleural effusion (p = 0.001), presence of young forms of leukocytes (p = 0.001) and radiograph with characteristics of pneumonia (p = 0.002). The presence of pleural effusion [odds ratio (OR) = 14.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6-133.9; p = 0.01] and young forms of leukocytes (OR = 8.9, 95% CI 0.9-84.4; p = 0.05) were risk factors for positive RT-PCR pneumococcal when multivariate analysis was performed. CONCLUSIONS RT-PCR is a reliable method for diagnosing severe CAP using sterile materials and a potentially applicable method in patients with clinical, radiological and non-specific laboratory characteristics of lower respiratory tract infection, especially in complicated cases with pleural effusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Jarovsky
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo 01221-010, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Eitan Naaman Berezin
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo 01221-010, Brazil
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4
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Ojuawo O, Ojuawo A, Aladesanmi A, Adio M, Iroh Tam PY. Childhood pneumonia diagnostics: a narrative review. Expert Rev Respir Med 2022; 16:775-785. [DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2022.2099842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olutobi Ojuawo
- Global Health Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ayotade Ojuawo
- General Practice Specialty, St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust (Lead Employer), United Kingdom
| | | | - Mosunmoluwa Adio
- Acute Medical Unit, North Cumbria Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Pui-Ying Iroh Tam
- Paediatrics and Child Health Research Group, Malawi – Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Ebruke BE, Deloria Knoll M, Haddix M, Zaman SMA, Prosperi C, Feikin DR, Hammitt LL, Levine OS, O’Brien KL, Murdoch DR, Brooks WA, Scott JAG, Kotloff KL, Madhi SA, Thea DM, Baillie VL, Chisti MJ, Dione M, Driscoll AJ, Fancourt N, Karron RA, Le TT, Mohamed S, Moore DP, Morpeth SC, Mwaba J, Mwansa J, Bin Shahid ASMS, Sow SO, Tapia MD, Antonio M, Howie SRC. The Etiology of Pneumonia From Analysis of Lung Aspirate and Pleural Fluid Samples: Findings From the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) Study. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e3788-e3796. [PMID: 32710751 PMCID: PMC8662778 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An improved understanding of childhood pneumonia etiology is required to inform prevention and treatment strategies. Lung aspiration is the gold standard specimen for pneumonia diagnostics. We report findings from analyses of lung and pleural aspirates collected in the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) study. METHODS The PERCH study enrolled children aged 1-59 months hospitalized with World Health Organization-defined severe or very severe pneumonia in 7 countries in Africa and Asia. Percutaneous transthoracic lung aspiration (LA) and pleural fluid (PF) aspiration was performed on a sample of pneumonia cases with radiological consolidation and/or PF in 4 countries. Venous blood and nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs were collected from all cases. Multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and routine microbiologic culture were applied to clinical specimens. RESULTS Of 44 LAs performed within 3 days of admission on 622 eligible cases, 13 (30%) had a pathogen identified by either culture (5/44) or by PCR (11/29). A pathogen was identified in 12/14 (86%) PF specimens tested by either culture (9/14) or PCR (9/11). Bacterial pathogens were identified more frequently than viruses. All but 1 of the cases with a virus identified were coinfected with bacterial pathogens. Streptococcus pneumoniae (9/44 [20%]) and Staphylococcus aureus (7/14 [50%]) were the predominant pathogens identified in LA and PF, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Bacterial pathogens predominated in this selected subgroup of PERCH participants drawn from those with radiological consolidation or PF, with S. pneumoniae and S. aureus the leading pathogens identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard E Ebruke
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia
- International Foundation Against Infectious Disease in Nigeria (IFAIN), Herbert Macaulay Way Central Business District, Abuja, Nigeria
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Maria Deloria Knoll
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Meredith Haddix
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Syed M A Zaman
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Prosperi
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel R Feikin
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Orin S Levine
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine L O’Brien
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David R Murdoch
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Microbiology Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - W Abdullah Brooks
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - J Anthony G Scott
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen L Kotloff
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Donald M Thea
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vicky L Baillie
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
- Dhaka Hospital, Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Michel Dione
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia
- International Livestock Research Institute, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Amanda J Driscoll
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas Fancourt
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia
| | - Ruth A Karron
- Department of International Health, Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tham T Le
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shebe Mohamed
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - David P Moore
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Susan C Morpeth
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Microbiology Laboratory, Middlemore Hospital, Counties Manukau District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John Mwaba
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
- Zambia Center for Applied Health Research and Development, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - James Mwansa
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Microbiology, Lusaka Apex Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Samba O Sow
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Bamako, Mali
| | - Milagritos D Tapia
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Martin Antonio
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R C Howie
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Perret C, Le Corre N, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Emergent Pneumonia in Children. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:676296. [PMID: 34222146 PMCID: PMC8247473 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.676296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades there have been multiple pathogens, viruses and bacteria, which have emerged as causal agents of pneumonia affecting adults, albeit less frequently, to children. For the purposes of this article we have classified emerging pathogens as follows: True emerging, to pathogens identified for the very first time affecting human population (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, avian influenza, and hantavirus); Re-emerging, to known pathogens which circulation was controlled once, but they have reappeared (measles, tuberculosis, antimicrobial resistant bacteria such as CA-MRSA, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and new serotypes of post-vaccine pneumococcal); and finally, those that we have called old known with new presentations, including common pathogens that, in particular condition, have changed their form of presentation (rhinovirus, and non-SARS coronavirus). We will review for each of them their epidemiology, forms of presentation, therapy, and prognosis in children compared to the adult with the aim of being able to recognize them to establish appropriate therapy, prognostics, and effective control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Perret
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Le Corre
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jose A Castro-Rodriguez
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Cardiology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Alioke II, Anumenechi N, Edaigbini SA. Treatment Outcomes of Tuberculous and Non-tuberculous Empyema Thoracis. JOURNAL OF THE WEST AFRICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS 2020; 10:15-19. [PMID: 35531583 PMCID: PMC9067632 DOI: 10.4103/jwas.jwas_43_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Pulmonary tuberculosis remains prevalent in the developing parts of the world. Besides the consequent tuberculous pleurisy, which can be complicated by empyema thoracis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with significant lung parenchymal disease that poses an additional clinical challenge in achieving a successful outcome of management. This study compared the outcomes of management of tuberculous versus non-tuberculous empyema thoracis managed at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Zaria, Nigeria. Materials and Methods A prospective study of patients being managed for empyema thoracis at the ABUTH, Zaria, within a 22-month study period was conducted. Recruitment into the study included all consecutive patients managed for empyema thoracis in ABUTH, Zaria, after obtaining consent. The required data were collected using a structured proforma. These included data on aetiology, microbial isolates, and initial and total empyema volumes. Sociodemographic data (including age, gender, educational level, and occupation) were also noted. The patients were subsequently managed, and the outcomes of management were noted. These outcomes included the duration of drainage, the duration of hospital stay, complications, lung expansion following drainage, and the need for decortication. Data obtained from the study were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 software (IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. Version 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.; released 2011) and the statistical differences determined using the chi-square test and the student's t-test. Results Eighty-three patients were enrolled in the study, 20 (24.1%) of whom were females. Fourteen (16.9%) patients had tuberculous empyema thoracis, whereas 69 (83.1%) had non-tuberculous empyema thoracis. Patients with tuberculous empyema were significantly older than those with non-tuberculous disease (mean age 37.9 years [standard deviation {SD} = 20.6 years] vs. 26.8 years [SD = 18.2 years], P = 0.045). Compared to non-tuberculous empyema, tuberculous empyema thoracis was associated with lower percentage of mean lung expansion (60.9% [SD = 22.7%] vs. 78.4% [SD = 16.8%], P = 0.001), more than six-fold increased need for decortication (odds ratio = 6.58 [95% confidence interval = 1.84-23.52], P = 0.004), and longer period of hospital stay (36.4 days [SD = 3.8 days] vs. 23.6 days [SD = 16.2 days], P = 0.004). Conclusion Tuberculous empyema thoracis was associated with worse outcomes (in terms of percentage of lung expansion, need for decortication, and length of hospital stay) compared to non-tuberculous empyema thoracis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Ikechukwuka Alioke
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Sunday A. Edaigbini
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
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Griffith D, Boal M, Rogers T. Evolution of practice in the management of parapneumonic effusion and empyema in children. J Pediatr Surg 2018; 53:644-646. [PMID: 28781127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the evolution in management of children with parapneumonic effusion and empyema in a tertiary referral centre. METHOD We conducted a retrospective case note review of paediatric patients with parapneumonic effusion, pleural effusion and pleural empyema between December 2006 and December 2015. Digital database searches were performed to identify demographic data, referring hospital, radiological and microbiological investigations. Length of stay and morbidity were analysed. RESULTS One hundred fifteen patients had 159 interventions over the study period. Fifty-four children were successfully treated with intercostal drainage (ICD) and urokinase fibrinolysis alone. There were 19 primary video assisted thoracoscopic surgeries (VATS) and 12 VATS after initial intercostal drains. Thirty-three children required a thoracotomy, a reduction of 26% from the previous era (p=0.009). The median length of stay was 9days (range 2-54). CONCLUSION Parapneumonic effusion can be successfully treated with intercostal drainage and intrapleural fibrinolytics, but a proportion requires further surgical intervention. In our hospital, increased utilisation of fibrinolysis and VATS occurred with a corresponding decrease in the need for thoracotomy. Patients needing thoracotomy all had severe disease on ultrasound, but ultrasound did not reliably predict failure of fibrinolytic therapy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Griffith
- Department of Surgery, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS28BJ, UK.
| | - M Boal
- Department of Surgery, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS28BJ, UK
| | - T Rogers
- Department of Surgery, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS28BJ, UK
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Trends in Pediatric Complicated Pneumonia in an Ontario Local Health Integration Network. CHILDREN-BASEL 2018; 5:children5030036. [PMID: 29510484 PMCID: PMC5867495 DOI: 10.3390/children5030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Following the introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV7), while overall rates of invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumococcal pneumonia in children declined, rates of empyema increased. We examined changes in the incidence of hospitalization for pediatric complicated pneumonia (PCOMP) in Eastern Ontario, Canada, particularly since the introduction of the 13-valent vaccine (PCV13). A retrospective chart review was carried out evaluating previously healthy children admitted with PCOMP, which included empyema, parapneumonic effusion, necrotizing pneumonia, and lung abscess between 2002 and 2015. Three-hundred seventy-one children were included. Subjects had a median age of four years, and 188/370 (50.8%) required a chest tube. Admission rates changed markedly during this time period. The number of admissions per year rose most sharply between 2009 and 2012, corresponding to the period following introduction of PCV7 and then the occurrence of pandemic influenza A (H1N1). In children who likely received PCV13, the incidence of PCOMP returned to approximately pre-PCV7 levels. In contrast, rates of PCOMP in older children (who would not have received PCV13) remained elevated during the post-PCV13 time period. While rates of PCOMP, particularly in older children, remain elevated following the introduction of PCV13, this might be expected to resolve with more widespread vaccine coverage with PCV13 and herd immunity.
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Berg AS, Inchley CS, Fjaerli HO, Leegaard TM, Nakstad B. Microbial aetiology of paediatric pneumonia complicated with parapneumonic effusion in the era of pneumococcal vaccination. Infect Dis (Lond) 2016; 48:712-4. [DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2016.1192721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Are S. Berg
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Akershus Universitetssykehus HF, Lorenskog, Norway
| | - Christopher S. Inchley
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Akershus Universitetssykehus HF, Lorenskog, Norway
| | - Hans Olav Fjaerli
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Akershus Universitetssykehus HF, Lorenskog, Norway
| | - Truls M. Leegaard
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway
| | - Britt Nakstad
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Akershus Universitetssykehus HF, Lorenskog, Norway
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11
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Mahon C, Walker W, Drage A, Best E. Incidence, aetiology and outcome of pleural empyema and parapneumonic effusion from 1998 to 2012 in a population of New Zealand children. J Paediatr Child Health 2016; 52:662-8. [PMID: 27059295 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To document rising incidence rates of childhood empyema and parapneumonic effusion (PPE) in South Auckland, New Zealand between 1998 and 2012; to compare epidemiology, pathogens and outcomes of children with empyema and PPE; and to ascertain whether primary care antibiotic prescribing, delayed presentation, or bacterial epidemiology might account for the rising incident rates. METHODS Children aged 0 to14 years hospitalised with pleural empyema or PPE were retrospectively identified. Empyema was defined by ultrasound and pleural tap criteria. PPE was defined as the presence of pleural fluid on chest xray not fulfilling empyema criteria. Epidemiology, clinical features, microbiology and outcomes of empyema and PPE were compared and incidence rates analysed. RESULTS Of 184 cases identified, 104 met the criteria for empyema. Empyema incidence increased from 1 per 100 000 children aged 0 to 14 years in 1998 to 10 per 100 000 in 2012, with a peak incidence of 13 per 100 000 in 2009. Staphylococcus aureus was most frequently detected (n=38), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=31). Cases of S. aureus empyema increased 4 fold over the 15 years. Dominant S. pneumoniae serotypes were 1 and 14. Thirty-five percent of empyema and 53% of PPE cases received pre-hospital antibiotics. Children who received pre-hospital antibiotics were more than 40% less likely to require surgical intervention than those not pre-treated. CONCLUSIONS Childhood empyema incidence has increased markedly in South Auckland. Paediatric S. aureus empyema is becoming increasingly common in South Auckland. Pre-hospital antibiotic prescribing may mitigate the need for surgical intervention in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy Walker
- Kidz First Hospital, South Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alan Drage
- Kidz First Hospital, South Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Emma Best
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.,Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Starship Children's Health, Auckland, New Zealand
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Krenke K, Sadowy E, Podsiadły E, Hryniewicz W, Demkow U, Kulus M. Etiology of parapneumonic effusion and pleural empyema in children. The role of conventional and molecular microbiological tests. Respir Med 2016; 116:28-33. [PMID: 27296817 PMCID: PMC7126629 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background An increasing incidence of parapneumonic effusion and pleural empyema (PPE/PE) has been reported in recent studies. As only few data on etiology of PPE/PE in Central Europe have been reported, we undertook a study on the etiology of PPE/PE in children, using both standard culture and molecular techniques. Methods This prospective study was conducted between June 2011 and December 2013. Consecutive children with PPE/PE complicating community acquired pneumonia, who required diagnostic/therapeutic thoracentesis were included. Blood and pleural fluid samples for microbiological cultures were collected. Molecular methods were applied to identify Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and respiratory viruses in pleural fluid. Results The study group included 64 children, median age 4 (1–15). Seven of 64 (10.9%) blood cultures and 11 of 64 (17.2%) pleural fluid cultures revealed bacterial growth. The most common bacteria detected was S. pneumoniae (13 blood and pleural fluid samples from 11/64 (17.2%) children). DNA sequences of typical bacteria were found in 29/64 (45.3%) pleural fluid samples. S. pneumoniae was identified in 90% of these samples. The most common serotypes were: serotype 6B in 9/26 (36.6%), 19A in 6/26 (23%), serotype 3 in 3/26 (11.5%), 6A and 23F (both in 2/26 i.e. 7.7%) patients. Molecular methods identified atypical bacteria in 8/58 (13.8%) and respiratory viruses in 12/58 (20.7%) pleural fluid samples. Conclusions S. pneumoniae, in particular serotype 6B and 19A, is the most common etiologic agent of PPE/PE in Polish children. The use of PCR significantly improves pathogen identification in pleural fluid. Pleural empyema is challenging complication of childhood community acquired pneumonia. S. pneumoniae is the most common pathogen responsible for pleural empyema in children. Serotypes 6B and 19A were most commonly identified as causative pathogens. The use of PCR improves the efficacy of pathogen identification in pleural fluid. Molecular methods can help to detect atypical bacteria and viruses in pleural fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Krenke
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Sadowy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chelmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Edyta Podsiadły
- Public Pedriatric Teaching Hospital, Zwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Waleria Hryniewicz
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chelmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marek Kulus
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
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Corcoran JP, Wrightson JM, Belcher E, DeCamp MM, Feller-Kopman D, Rahman NM. Pleural infection: past, present, and future directions. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2016; 3:563-77. [PMID: 26170076 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Pleural space infections are increasing in incidence and continue to have high associated morbidity, mortality, and need for invasive treatments such as thoracic surgery. The mechanisms of progression from a non-infected, pneumonia-related effusion to a confirmed pleural infection have been well described in the scientific literature, but the route by which pathogenic organisms access the pleural space is poorly understood. Data suggests that not all pleural infections can be related to lung parenchymal infection. Studies examining the microbiological profile of pleural infection inform antibiotic choice and can help to delineate the source and pathogenesis of infection. The development of radiological methods and use of clinical indices to predict which patients with pleural infection will have a poor outcome, as well as inform patient selection for more invasive treatments, is particularly important. Randomised clinical trial and case series data have shown that the combination of an intrapleural tissue plasminogen activator and deoxyribonuclease therapy can potentially improve outcomes, but the use of this treatment as compared with surgical options has not been precisely defined, particularly in terms of when and in which patients it should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Corcoran
- Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; University of Oxford Respiratory Trials Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - John M Wrightson
- Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; University of Oxford Respiratory Trials Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth Belcher
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Malcolm M DeCamp
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Feller-Kopman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Najib M Rahman
- Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; University of Oxford Respiratory Trials Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Hendaus
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar Weill-Cornell Medical College, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
| | - Ibrahim A Janahi
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar Weill-Cornell Medical College, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
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15
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Bose K, Saha S, Mridha D, Das K, Mondal P, Das I. Analysis of Outcome of Intraplueral Streptokinase in Pediatric Empyema Thoracis even in Advanced Stages: A Prospective Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2015; 25:e3154. [PMID: 26495096 PMCID: PMC4610336 DOI: 10.5812/ijp.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Empyema thoracis in children causes significant morbidity. Standard treatment of Empyema thoracis includes tube drainage and antibiotics. But the tube drainage often fails. Intrapleural Streptokinase has been used in empyema thoracis with good success rate. Objectives: We evaluated the efficacy of intra-pleural Streptokinase in management of empyema thoracis even in advanced stages. Patients and Methods: A total of 28 patients with empyema thoracis requiring intercostal tube drainage aged zero to twelve years were included in the study who were admitted in Pediatric intensive care unit. 15,000 units/kg of Streptokinase was instilled into the pleural cavity. Response was assessed by clinical outcome, after unclamping and subsequent chest radiography and serial chest ultrasounds. Results: Streptokinase enhanced drainage in all patients with complete resolution of empyema thoracis in 26 patients. Two patients were referred for surgery. Only 7.2% required surgery. Streptokinase was equally effective if started before or after seven days. Conclusions: Intrapleural Streptokinase is the preferred treatment for treating pediatric empyema thoracis even in advanced stages and can avoid surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallol Bose
- Assistant Professor, Pediatrics Chittaranjan Seva Sadan Hospital, Kolkata, India
- Corresponding author: Kallol Bose, Assistant Professor, Pediatrics Chittaranjan Seva Sadan Hospital, Kolkata, India. Tel: +91-9836653608, E-mail:
| | - Sudip Saha
- Associate Professor, Pediatrics Chittaranjan Seva Sadan Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Dhrubojyoti Mridha
- Assistant Professor, Pediatrics Chittaranjan Seva Sadan Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Kallol Das
- RMO cum CT, Pediatrics Chittaranjan Seva Sadan Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Piyasi Mondal
- RMO cum CT, Pediatrics Chittaranjan Seva Sadan Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Ira Das
- RMO cum CT, Pediatrics Chittaranjan Seva Sadan Hospital, Kolkata, India
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Differential impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on bacteremic pneumonia versus other invasive pneumococcal disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015; 34:409-16. [PMID: 25764098 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteremic pneumonia (BP) accounts for ~35% of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in young children. Our aims were to compare age, seasonal and serotype distribution of BP versus non-BP IPD and to determine whether the impact of the sequential 7/13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7/PCV13) introduction on disease incidence differed between BP and non-BP IPD in children <5 years of age. METHODS A nationwide, prospective, population-based, active surveillance (July 2004-June 2013) was conducted. All IPD episodes were included. PCV7 was introduced to the Israeli National Immunization Plan in July 2009 and has been replaced by PCV13 since November 2010. RESULTS In all, 983 (36.8%) BP and 1687 (63.2%) non-BP IPD episodes were recorded. A higher proportion of BP than that of non-BP IPD episodes (42.0% vs. 20.7%; P < 0.001) occurred in children >24 months old. Seasonality differed between BP and non-BP IPD, with yearly earlier peaks of non-BP IPD. The proportion of the 5 additional PCV13 serotypes (1, 3, 5, 7F and 19A) was higher in children with BP versus non-BP IPD (39.6% vs. 23.6%; P < 0.01). Shortly after PCV7 introduction, non-BP IPD rate was significantly reduced but that of BP was not. However, PCV13 introduction resulted in rapid reduction of BP rate, with a further reduction of non-BP IPD. CONCLUSION The differences in age distribution, seasonality and serotype distribution between BP and non-BP IPD suggest that the pathogenesis of these 2 entities is not identical and resulted in different impact rate dynamics after PCV7 and PCV13 introduction.
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Abstract
Over recent years non-culture techniques such as specific viral and bacterial nucleic acid amplification, serology and antigen detection have considerably developed and been applied within research studies to clinical samples, significantly increasing pathogen detection in pneumonia. There are promising signs of improved diagnostic yields for pneumococcal pneumonia when using molecular techniques to detect pneumococcal gene sequences in blood or by combining serum biomarkers with rapid pneumococcal urinary antigen testing. Pathogens have traditionally been difficult to detect in pneumonia and treatment is usually successful with empiric antibiotics. However, directed antibiotic treatment has significant benefits in terms of antibiotic stewardship and these new technologies make this goal a possibility, though not yet a reality.
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Real-time polymerase chain reaction for microbiological diagnosis of parapneumonic effusions in Canadian children. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 25:151-4. [PMID: 25285111 PMCID: PMC4173977 DOI: 10.1155/2014/757963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia with parapneumonic effusion/empyema is not uncommon in children and can cause serious illness; there -fore, the timely optimization of antimicrobial therapy is essential in this situation. The aim of this study was to determine whether using real-time polymerase chain reaction of pleural fluids to identify the causative organism improves the process of microbiological diagnosis in the context of community-acquired pneumonia with parapneumonic effusion/empyema. This technique was compared with traditional culture methods for microbiological diagnosis. BACKGROUND: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) complicated by parapneumonic effusion/empyema is an infectious syndrome commonly encountered by physicians caring for children in Canada. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incremental benefit of novel molecular testing for the microbiological diagnosis of pediatric CAP complicated by parapneumonic effusion/empyema in Canada. METHODS: A convenience sample of pleural fluid from 56 children who had been admitted to hospital in Ontario with CAP complicated by parapneumonic effusion between 2009 and 2011 was examined. Multiple uniplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing was performed on these pleural fluids and compared with traditional culture-based testing of blood and pleural fluid samples. RESULTS: Molecular methods detected a pathogen in 82% of cases, whereas traditional cultures of blood and pleural fluids detected a pathogen in only 25%. The majority of parapneumonic effusions were associated with pneumococcal infection; Streptococcus pneumoniae was detected in 62% of the samples using molecular methods but in only 14% of samples using culture-based methods. Streptococcus pyogenes, detected in 16% of samples using PCR, was the second most common pathogen found. No patients were found to have empyema caused by Staphylococcus aureus. DISCUSSION: The results showed that multiple uniplex real-time PCR performed substantially better than traditional culture methods for microbiological diagnosis of CAP complicated by effusion/ empyema. S pneumoniae and S pyogenes were found to be responsible for the majority of infections. The approach detected pathogens in a similar proportion of pleural fluid samples as previously reported nested PCR assays; furthermore, the real-time closed-well approach also minimized the risk of nonspecificity due to cross-contamination relative to nested PCR. CONCLUSIONS: Real-time PCR for the detection of bacterial DNA in pleural fluids has the potential to better define the microbiological cause of pediatric CAP. This approach could help clinicians provide targeted antimicrobial therapy.
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Deceuninck G, Quach C, Panagopoulos M, Thibeault R, Côté-Boileau T, Tapiéro B, Coïc L, De Wals P, Ovetchkine P. Pediatric Pleural Empyema in the Province of Quebec: Analysis of a 10-Fold Increase Between 1990 and 2007. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2014; 3:119-26. [PMID: 26625364 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/pit075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the frequency of pneumonia has decreased over time, an increase in pleural empyema has been observed in different settings worldwide. This study assessed the epidemiology of community-acquired pediatric pleural empyema in the province of Quebec through validation of cases found in a hospitalization discharge database. METHODS We used the national administrative database of hospitalization to identify children (6 months-14 years) hospitalized for pleural empyema or pleural effusion with drainage from January 1990 until December 2007 and reviewed their medical charts. Patients with pleural effusion secondary to chest trauma, thoracic surgery, malignancies, cardiac failure, or metabolic disorders were excluded. RESULTS Predictive positive value (PPV) of empyema code in any position among discharge diagnostics in the administrative database was 86.5% (95% confidence interval: 81.9%-90.3%). After chart revision, 292 met the inclusion criteria. Age-adjusted incidence of pleural empyema in the pediatric population increased from 0.23 in 1990 to 4.01/100,000 person-years in 2007. A bacterial pathogen was identified in 46.5%; Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) (42%) and S pyogenes (30%) were most frequent. There was no obvious change in the PPV and proportions of children with chronic disease or asthma and in identified pathogens over time, but an increase in pre-admission respiratory symptoms duration (from 3.8 days to 5.7) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use (from 0% to 19%) was observed. CONCLUSIONS From 1990 to 2007, we observed a 10-fold increase in the incidence of pediatric hospitalizations associated with pleural empyema. This increase preceded the introduction of a pneumococcal conjugated vaccine program in Quebec. Sp remained the major pathogen identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Quach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology, The Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University, and
| | - Markos Panagopoulos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, CHU-Sainte-Justine and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roseline Thibeault
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Quebec and Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Bruce Tapiéro
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, CHU-Sainte-Justine and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Léna Coïc
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, CHU-Sainte-Justine and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe De Wals
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Ovetchkine
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, CHU-Sainte-Justine and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Prasad R, Kumari C, Das BK, Nath G. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting 16S rDNA for bacterial identification in empyema. Paediatr Int Child Health 2014; 34:125-7. [PMID: 24621236 DOI: 10.1179/2046905513y.0000000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Empyema in children causes significant morbidity and mortality. However, identification of organisms is a major concern. OBJECTIVE To detect bacterial pathogens in pus specimens of children with empyema by 16S rDNA nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and correlate it with culture and sensitivity. METHOD Sixty-six children admitted to the paediatric ward with a diagnosis of empyema were enrolled prospectively. Aspirated pus was subjected to cytochemical examination, culture and sensitivity, and nested PCR targeting 16S rDNA using a universal eubacterial primer. RESULTS Mean (SD) age was 5·8 (1·8) years (range 1-13). Analysis of aspirated pus demonstrated total leucocyte count >1000×10(6)/L, elevated protein (≧20 g/L) and decreased glucose (≤2·2 mmol/L) in 80·3%, 98·5% and 100%, respectively. Gram-positive cocci were detected in 29 (43·9%) and Gram-negative bacilli in two patients. Nested PCR for the presence of bacterial pathogens was positive in 50·0%, compared with 36·3% for culture. CONCLUSION 16S rDNA PCR improves rates of detection of bacteria in pleural fluid, and can detect bacterial species in a single assay as well as identifying unusual and unexpected causal agents.
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Thoracic empyema in children: Clinical presentation, microbiology analysis and therapeutic options. J Infect Chemother 2014; 20:262-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to highlight recent changes concerning the incidence of empyema. In this article we have focused on community-acquired empyema RECENT FINDINGS The incidence of empyema seems to have been increasing both in children and adults worldwide in the past decades, mainly in healthy young adults and in older patients. The bacteriology of pleural infection is changing as well. In children, the most common microorganism that causes empyema continues to be Streptococcus pneumoniae. Interestingly, the widespread use of the seven valent conjugate vaccine has produced a replacement phenomenon with the emergence of some pneumococcal serotypes such as serotypes 1, 3 and 19A, which have a higher propensity to cause empyema. Moreover increases in the incidence of empyema due to Staphylococcus aureus have also been observed. In adults, increases in the rate of empyema due to Streptococcus milleri group and S. aureus have been reported. SUMMARY Continued surveillance in the epidemiology of empyema is needed. Progress in new strategies of prevention, such as a new generation of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines and protein-based vaccines, could become an important step in the control of this important complication.
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Fletcher MA, Schmitt HJ, Syrochkina M, Sylvester G. Pneumococcal empyema and complicated pneumonias: global trends in incidence, prevalence, and serotype epidemiology. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:879-910. [PMID: 24563274 PMCID: PMC4110404 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review evaluates the serotype epidemiology of complicated pneumococcal pneumonia (CPP) during the period 1990–2012. PubMed and EMBASE were searched using the terms “empyema”, “complicated pneumonia”, “pleural infection”, “necrotizing pneumonia”, “pleural effusion”, “parapneumonic effusion”, “pneumatocele”, or “lung abscess”; “pneumococcal” or “Streptococcus pneumoniae”; and “serotype” for studies on the epidemiology of complicated pneumonias published from January 1, 1990 to October 1, 2013. Studies with data on incidence and serotypes were included; reviews, case reports, and conference abstracts were excluded. Of 152 papers, 84 fitted the inclusion criteria. A few pneumococcal serotypes were predominant causes of CPP, particularly serotypes 1, 19A, 3, 14, and 7F. CPP was a more common manifestation of pneumococcal disease among older (>2 years old) than younger children. The data support increases in both reported incidence rates and proportions of CPP in children and adults during the period 1990–2012; specific increases varied by geographic region. The proportions of serotype 3 and, particularly in Asia, serotype 19A CPP have increased, whereas most studies show declines in serotype 14. Serotype 1 has been a predominant cause of CPP since 1990, while antibiotic resistance was infrequent among serotype 1 isolates. The reported incidence and proportions of CPP among pneumonia cases steadily increased from 1990 to 2012. Several factors might account for these increases, including enhanced disease detection due to a higher index of suspicion, more sophisticated diagnostic assays, and changes in the prevalence of serotypes with capacity to invade the pleural space that were not targeted by the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7).
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Fletcher
- Pfizer, Inc., 23-25, avenue du Dr Lannelongue, 75668, Paris Cedex 14, France,
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Song JY, Eun BW, Nahm MH. Diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia: current pitfalls and the way forward. Infect Chemother 2013; 45:351-66. [PMID: 24475349 PMCID: PMC3902818 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2013.45.4.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia. However, it can also asymptomatically colonize the upper respiratory tract. Because of the need to distinguish between S. pneumoniae that is simply colonizing the upper respiratory tract and S. pneumoniae that is causing pneumonia, accurate diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia is a challenging issue that still needs to be solved. Sputum Gram stains and culture are the first diagnostic step for identifying pneumococcal pneumonia and provide information on antibiotic susceptibility. However, these conventional methods are relatively slow and insensitive and show limited specificity. In the past decade, new diagnostic tools have been developed, particularly antigen (teichoic acid and capsular polysaccharides) and nucleic acid (ply, lytA, and Spn9802) detection assays. Use of the pneumococcal antigen detection methods along with biomarkers (C-reactive protein and procalcitonin) may enhance the specificity of diagnosis for pneumococcal pneumonia. This article provides an overview of current methods of diagnosing pneumococcal pneumonia and discusses new and future test methods that may provide the way forward for improving its diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Young Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Wook Eun
- Department of Pediatrics, Eulji General Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon H Nahm
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA. ; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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BUDUSAN ANCA, PARAIAN IOAN, ZAMORA DOINA. Surgical management of complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion in children. CLUJUL MEDICAL (1957) 2013; 86:266-9. [PMID: 26527959 PMCID: PMC4462503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We analyzed and examined the effect of different management strategies on short term outcomes for pediatric patients with parapneumonic pleural effusions. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 16 cases of children admitted and treated in our department of pediatric surgery for empyema or pleural effusions for a period of 30 months. RESULTS When chest drains are used alone, patients can make a complete recovery, even with the cost of longer hospital stay. Furthermore, some patients often require extensive surgical treatment as open thoracotomy with decortication due to failure to respond to chest-tube drainage. CONCLUSIONS Because of the relatively small number of patients with parapneumonic effusions and because of lack of modern possibilities that require expensive equipment, like VATS or fybrinolitic therapy, our study results are limited and need to be reviewed in time. Even so, results on short outcome are good, with low morbidity and mortality, but with higher costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- ANCA BUDUSAN
- Children’s Hospital Cluj-Napoca, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - IOAN PARAIAN
- Children’s Hospital Cluj-Napoca, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - DOINA ZAMORA
- Children’s Hospital Cluj-Napoca, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes that cause parapneumonic empyema in Turkey. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:972-6. [PMID: 23637041 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00765-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common etiological cause of complicated pneumonia, including empyema. In this study, we investigated the serotypes of S. pneumoniae that cause empyema in children. One hundred fifty-six children who were diagnosed with pneumonia complicated with empyema in 13 hospitals in seven geographic regions of Turkey between 2010 and 2012 were included in this study. Pleural fluid samples were collected by thoracentesis and tested for 14 serotypes/serogroups using a Bio-Plex multiplex antigen detection assay. The serotypes of S. pneumoniae were specified in 33 of 156 samples. The mean age ± the standard deviation of the 33 patients was 6.17 ± 3.54 years (range, 0.6 to 15 years). All of the children were unvaccinated according to the vaccination reports. Eighteen of the children were male, and 15 were female. The serotypes of the non-7-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (non-PCV-7), serotype 1, serotype 5, and serotype 3, were detected in eight (14.5%), seven (12.7%), and five (9.1%) of the samples, respectively. Serotypes 1 and 5 were codetected in two samples. The remaining non-PCV-7 serotypes were 8 (n = 3), 18 (n = 1), 19A (n = 1), and 7F/A (n = 1). PCV-7 serotypes 6B, 9V, 14, 19F, and 23F were detected in nine (16.3%) of the samples. The potential serotype coverages of PCV-7, PCV-10, and PCV-13 were 16.3%, 45.4%, and 60%, respectively. Pediatric parapneumonic empyema continues to be an important health problem despite the introduction of conjugated pneumococcal vaccines. Active surveillance studies are needed to monitor the change in S. pneumoniae serotypes that cause empyema in order to have a better selection of pneumococcal vaccines.
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Bartley J, Garrett J, Grant CC, Camargo CA. Could vitamin d have a potential anti-inflammatory and anti-infective role in bronchiectasis? Curr Infect Dis Rep 2013; 15:148-57. [PMID: 23371406 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-013-0321-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bronchiectasis is a chronic infective and inflammatory respiratory disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality. Patients with non-cystic-fibrosis bronchiectasis are frequently vitamin D deficient, and vitamin D levels correlate with disease severity. Infection-specific actions of vitamin D include the enhancement of innate immunity and the moderation of inflammation caused by the adaptive immune response. Potentially, vitamin D could influence the processes that lead to bronchiectasis and the frequency and severity of acute exacerbations. Randomized trials of vitamin D supplementation have shown effects that are likely to be protective against the development of bronchiectasis. Several issues need to be clarified before the development of clinical trials to investigate the role of vitamin D in bronchiectasis. These include an optimal vitamin D supplementation dose and appropriate and sensitive outcome measures that include assessment of exacerbation frequency and severity, lung function, and health-related quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Bartley
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, 10 Owens Road, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand,
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Kumar A, Sethi GR, Mantan M, Aggarwal SK, Garg A. Empyema thoracis in children: a short term outcome study. Indian Pediatr 2013; 50:879-82. [PMID: 23798633 DOI: 10.1007/s13312-013-0232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study prospectively evaluates clinical course of pyogenic empyema thoracis in 25 children (2 mo to 12 y) treated with injectable antibiotics and chest tube drainage, and followed for 6 weeks. The median (range) age at presentation was 3 y (4 mo to 11 y). The pleural fluid culture was positive in 24% of patients. Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly isolated organism. The median (range) duration of injectable antibiotics was 14(14-52) d; median duration of total antibiotics (injectable and oral) was 4 weeks. The median (range) duration of chest tube insertion and hospital stay was 8(5-45) and 14(14-56) days, respectively. All patients were discharged without any surgical intervention besides chest tube drainage. At discharge, pleural thickening was present in 84% and crowding of ribs was seen in 60% of the subjects on radiological examination. All these patients were asymptomatic at discharge. Chest deformity was present in 20% of the patients at 6-weeks follow up. Antibiotics and chest tube drainage is an effective method of treating pyogenic empyema thoracis in children in resource-poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Departments of Pediatrics, *Pediatric surgery, and #Radiodiagnosis, Maulana Azad Medical College and associated Hospitals, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India. Correspondence to: Dr GR Sethi, Director Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi 110 002, India.
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Song JY, Nahm MH, Moseley MA. Clinical implications of pneumococcal serotypes: invasive disease potential, clinical presentations, and antibiotic resistance. J Korean Med Sci 2013; 28:4-15. [PMID: 23341706 PMCID: PMC3546102 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2013.28.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae can asymptomatically colonize the nasopharynx and cause a diverse range of illnesses. This clinical spectrum from colonization to invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) appears to depend on the pneumococcal capsular serotype rather than the genetic background. According to a literature review, serotypes 1, 4, 5, 7F, 8, 12F, 14, 18C, and 19A are more likely to cause IPD. Although serotypes 1 and 19A are the predominant causes of invasive pneumococcal pneumonia, serotype 14 remains one of the most common etiologic agents of non-bacteremic pneumonia in adults, even after 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) introduction. Serotypes 1, 3, and 19A pneumococci are likely to cause empyema and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Serotype 1 pneumococcal meningitis is prevalent in the African meningitis belt, with a high fatality rate. In contrast to the capsule type, genotype is more closely associated with antibiotic resistance. CC320/271 strains expressing serotype 19A are multidrug-resistant (MDR) and prevalent worldwide in the era of PCV7. Several clones of MDR serotype 6C pneumococci emerged, and a MDR 6D clone (ST282) has been identified in Korea. Since the pneumococcal epidemiology of capsule types varies geographically and temporally, a nationwide serosurveillance system is vital to establishing appropriate vaccination strategies for each country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Young Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Strachan RE, Snelling TL, Jaffé A. Increased paediatric hospitalizations for empyema in Australia after introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Bull World Health Organ 2012; 91:167-73. [PMID: 23476089 DOI: 10.2471/blt.12.109231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine rates of paediatric hospitalization for empyema and pneumonia in Australia before and after the introduction of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). METHODS Rates of paediatric hospitalization for empyema and pneumonia (bacterial, viral and all types) were calculated following the codes of the International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision (ICD-10) as a principal diagnosis. The expected number of hospitalizations after the PCV7 was introduced was estimated on the basis of the observed number of hospitalizations before the introduction of the PCV7. Incidence rate differences (IRDs) and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated. Hospitalization incidence in each study period was expressed as the number of hospitalizations per million (10(6)) person-years. The population of children aged 0-19 years in Australia from 1998 to 2004 and from 2005 to 2010, as reported by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, was used to calculate the number of person-years in each period. FINDINGS In the 5 years following the introduction of the PCV7, hospitalizations for pneumonia were fewer than expected (15 304 fewer; 95% confidence interval, CI: 14 646-15 960; IRD: -552 per 10(6) person-years; 95% CI: -576 to -529 per 10(6) person-years; IRR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.77-0.78). Hospitalizations for empyema, on the other hand, were more than expected (83 more; 95% CI: 37-128; IRD: 3 per 10(6) person-years; 95% CI: 1-5 per 10(6) person-years; IRR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.14-1.59). Reductions in hospitalizations were observed for all ICD-10 pneumonia codes across all age groups. The increase in empyema hospitalizations was only significant among children aged 1 to 4 years. CONCLUSION The introduction of the PCV7 in Australia was associated with a substantial decrease in hospitalizations for childhood pneumonia and a small increase in hospitalizations for empyema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne E Strachan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street, Randwick, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia.
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Telles JN, Richard N, Gillet Y, Hartwig S, Pouzol S, Dollet S, Messaoudi M, Paredes E, Ploton C, Lina G, Vernet G, Floret D, Javouhey E, Paranhos-Baccalà G. Viral and bacterial pathogens identification in children hospitalised for severe pneumonia and parapneumonic empyema. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2012; 1:11-19. [PMID: 31463179 PMCID: PMC6707413 DOI: 10.15172/pneu.2012.1/228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is caused by respiratory bacteria and/or viruses. Little is known if co-infections are an aggravating factor in hospitalised children with severe pneumonia. We studied the impact of respiratory pathogens on the severity of pneumonia. Between 2007 and 2009, 52 children hospitalised with a well-documented diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), with or without parapneumonic empyema (PPE), were enrolled in the study. The patients were classified into 2 groups: CAP + PPE (n = 28) and CAP (n = 24). The identification of respiratory viruses and bacteria in nasopharyngeal aspirates and pleural effusion samples were performed using conventional bacterial techniques and molecular assays. Using real-time multiplex PCR and antigen detection, Streptococcus pneumoniae was the main agent identified in 76% of the cases by molecular tests and BinaxNOW® in pleural fluid. A total of 8% of pleural fluid samples remained undiagnosed. In nasopharyngeal aspirates, rhinovirus, parainfluenza viruses, human metapneumovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus were detected in both CAP and CAP + PPE populations; however, the percentage of viral co-detection was significantly higher in nasopharyngeal aspirates from CAP + PPE patients (35%) compared with CAP patients (5%). In conclusion, viral co-detection was observed mainly in patients with more severe pneumonia. Molecular biology assays improved the pathogens detection in pneumonia and confirmed the S. pneumoniae detection by BinaxNOW® in pleural effusion samples. Interestingly, the main S. pneumoniae serotypes found in PPE are not the ones targeted by the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Noel Telles
- 14Emerging Pathogens Laboratory, Fondation Mérieux, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Richard
- 24Service de Réanimation Pédiatrique Médico-Chirurgicale, HFME, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron, France
| | - Yves Gillet
- 24Service de Réanimation Pédiatrique Médico-Chirurgicale, HFME, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron, France
| | - Susanne Hartwig
- 14Emerging Pathogens Laboratory, Fondation Mérieux, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Pouzol
- 14Emerging Pathogens Laboratory, Fondation Mérieux, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Lyon, France
| | - Sandra Dollet
- 14Emerging Pathogens Laboratory, Fondation Mérieux, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Lyon, France
| | - Melina Messaoudi
- 14Emerging Pathogens Laboratory, Fondation Mérieux, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Lyon, France
| | - Elodie Paredes
- 14Emerging Pathogens Laboratory, Fondation Mérieux, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Lyon, France
| | - Christine Ploton
- Service de Bactériologie, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron, France
| | - Gerard Lina
- Service de Bactériologie, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron, France
| | - Guy Vernet
- 14Emerging Pathogens Laboratory, Fondation Mérieux, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Lyon, France
| | - Daniel Floret
- Service de Bactériologie, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron, France
| | - Etienne Javouhey
- Service de Bactériologie, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron, France
| | - Gláucia Paranhos-Baccalà
- 14Emerging Pathogens Laboratory, Fondation Mérieux, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Lyon, France
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Weil-Olivier C, van der Linden M, de Schutter I, Dagan R, Mantovani L. Prevention of pneumococcal diseases in the post-seven valent vaccine era: a European perspective. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:207. [PMID: 22954038 PMCID: PMC3462147 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of invasive pneumococcal disease in young children decreased dramatically following introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). The epidemiology of S. pneumoniae now reflects infections caused by serotypes not included in PCV7. Recently introduced higher valency pneumococcal vaccines target the residual burden of invasive and non-invasive infections, including those caused by serotypes not included in PCV7. This review is based on presentations made at the European Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases in June 2011. DISCUSSION Surveillance data show increased circulation of the non-PCV7 vaccine serotypes 1, 3, 6A, 6C, 7 F and 19A in countries with routine vaccination. Preliminary evidence suggests that broadened serotype coverage offered by higher valency vaccines may be having an effect on invasive disease caused by some of those serotypes, including 19A, 7 F and 6C. Aetiology of community acquired pneumonia remains a difficult clinical diagnosis. However, recent reports indicate that pneumococcal vaccination has reduced hospitalisations of children for vaccine serotype pneumonia. Variations in serotype circulation and occurrence of complicated and non-complicated pneumonia caused by non-PCV7 serotypes highlight the potential of higher valency vaccines to decrease the remaining burden. PCVs reduce nasopharyngeal carriage and acute otitis media (AOM) caused by vaccine serotypes. Recent investigations of the interaction between S. pneumoniae and non-typeable H. influenzae suggest that considerable reduction in severe, complicated AOM infections may be achieved by prevention of early pneumococcal carriage and AOM infections. Extension of the vaccine serotype spectrum beyond PCV7 may provide additional benefit in preventing the evolution of AOM. The direct and indirect costs associated with pneumococcal disease are high, thus herd protection and infections caused by non-vaccine serotypes both have strong effects on the cost effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination. Recent evaluations highlight the public health significance of indirect benefits, prevention of pneumonia and AOM and coverage of non-PCV7 serotypes by higher valency vaccines. SUMMARY Routine vaccination has greatly reduced the burden of pneumococcal diseases in children. The pneumococcal serotypes present in the 7-valent vaccine have greatly diminished among disease isolates. The prevalence of some non-vaccine serotypes (e.g. 1, 7 F and 19A) has increased. Pneumococcal vaccines with broadened serotype coverage are likely to continue decreasing the burden of invasive disease, and community acquired pneumonia in children. Further reductions in pneumococcal carriage and increased prevention of early AOM infections may prevent the evolution of severe, complicated AOM. Evaluation of the public health benefits of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines should include consideration of non-invasive pneumococcal infections, indirect effects of vaccination and broadened serotype coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark van der Linden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, National Reference Center for Streptococci, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Iris de Schutter
- Department. of Pediatric Pneumology, Cystic Fibrosis Clinic and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ron Dagan
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Lorenzo Mantovani
- CIRFF/Center of Pharmacoeconomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Selva L, Ciruela P, Blanchette K, del Amo E, Pallares R, Orihuela CJ, Muñoz-Almagro C. Prevalence and clonal distribution of pcpA, psrP and Pilus-1 among pediatric isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41587. [PMID: 22848535 PMCID: PMC3404996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of vaccine-preventable deaths globally. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution and clonal type variability of three potential vaccine antigens: Pneumococcal serine-rich repeat protein (PsrP), Pilus-1, and Pneumococcal choline binding protein A (PcpA) among pneumococcal isolates from children with invasive pneumococcal disease and healthy nasopharyngeal carriers. We studied by Real-Time PCR a total of 458 invasive pneumococcal isolates and 89 nasopharyngeal pneumococcal isolates among children (total = 547 strains) collected in Barcelona, Spain, from January 2004 to July 2010. pcpA, psrP and pilus-1 were detected in 92.8%, 51.7% and 14.4% of invasive isolates and in 92.1%, 48.3% and 18% of carrier isolates, respectively. Within individual serotypes the prevalence of psrP and pilus-1 was highly dependent on the clonal type. pcpA was highly prevalent in all strains with the exception of those belonging to serotype 3 (33.3% in serotype 3 isolates vs. 95.1% in other serotypes; P<.001). psrP was significantly more frequent in those serotypes that are less apt to be detected in carriage than in disease; 58.7% vs. 39.1% P<.001. Antibiotic resistance was associated with the presence of pilus-1 and showed a negative correlation with psrP. These results indicate that PcpA, and subsequently Psrp and Pilus-1 together might be good candidates to be used in a next-generation of multivalent pneumococcal protein vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Selva
- Molecular Microbiology Department, University Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Ciruela
- General Directorate of Public Health, Government of Catalonia, Spain
| | - Krystle Blanchette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eva del Amo
- Molecular Microbiology Department, University Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roman Pallares
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Idibell, Ciberes, Hospital Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, L’Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos J. Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carmen Muñoz-Almagro
- Molecular Microbiology Department, University Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Esposito S, Marchese A, Tozzi AE, Rossi GA, Da Dalt L, Bona G, Pelucchi C, Schito GC, Principi N. Bacteremic pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia in children less than 5 years of age in Italy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012; 31:705-10. [PMID: 22426300 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31825384ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to determine the proportion of bacteremic pneumococcal cases in a group of pediatric subjects with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), the importance of the different serotypes and the impact of the currently available pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs). METHODS The study involved children who were ≤5 years with radiographically confirmed CAP admitted to hospital in Italy between September 2008 and March 2011. A diagnosis of laboratory-confirmed bacteremic pneumococcal CAP was made in the presence of a culture and/or real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae. RESULTS A total of 510 children were included in the study. Pneumococcal CAP was diagnosed in 73 cases (14.3%): S. pneumoniae was identified by means of positive real-time PCR in 67 cases (91.8%), a positive blood culture in 1 (1.4%) and both in 5 (6.8%). Complicated pneumonia was observed significantly more often in the pneumococcal-positive cases (P=0.02) and empyema was the main complication (P=0.007). Serotype 19A was most frequently encountered (17 cases; 25.8%), followed by serotypes 14 (10 cases, 15.1%), 4 (5 cases, 7.6%) and 3 (4 cases, 6.1%). The theoretical coverage offered by the available PCVs was calculated to be 31% for PCV7, 37% for PCV10 and 71% for PCV13. CONCLUSIONS In Italy, bacteremic pneumococcal CAP accounts for a significant number of CAP cases in children who were ≤5 years, with serotypes 19A and 14 being the most frequent. This suggests that PCV13 is the best means of preventing pneumococcal CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Esposito
- Department of Maternal and Pediatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Hospitalized children with pneumonia in Uruguay: Pre and post introduction of 7 and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccines into the National Immunization Program. Vaccine 2012; 30:4934-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rapid detection of Streptococcus pyogenes in pleural fluid samples from pediatric patients with empyema. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:2786-7. [PMID: 22622442 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00603-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 120 pleural fluid specimens from 113 pediatric patients were tested using two rapid antigen detection assays for Streptococcus pyogenes. Results were compared to culture, Gram stain, and PCR results. Each rapid antigen assay detected 9 out of 10 (90%) PCR-positive samples, with 100% specificity. These antigen detection assays are useful to provide microbiological diagnosis of empyema caused by S. pyogenes.
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Strachan RE, Cornelius A, Gilbert GL, Gulliver T, Martin A, McDonald T, Nixon G, Roseby R, Ranganathan S, Selvadurai H, Smith G, Soto-Martinez M, Suresh S, Teoh L, Thapa K, Wainwright CE, Jaffé A. Pleural fluid nucleic acid testing enhances pneumococcal surveillance in children. Respirology 2012; 17:114-9. [PMID: 21848709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE National surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) includes serotyping Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) isolates from sterile site cultures. PCR is more sensitive and can identify more SP serotypes (STs) in culture-negative samples. The aim of this study was to determine whether enhanced surveillance of childhood empyema, using PCR, provides additional serotype information compared with conventional surveillance. METHODS Pleural fluid (PF) from children with empyema were cultured and tested by PCR to identify SP, targeting the autolysin gene (lytA). Multiplex PCR-based reverse line blot assay was used to identify SP STs. Corresponding IPD surveillance and serotype data were obtained from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). RESULTS Eighty-nine children with empyema, aged ≤16 years, were recruited between April 2008 and March 2009, inclusive. SP was isolated from 5/84 (5.9%) PF cultures and by PCR in 43/79 (54.4%) PF samples. Serotypes were unidentifiable in 15 samples. The frequency of six serotypes (or serotype pairs) identified in 28 samples, including one with two serotypes, were: ST1, n = 4/29 (13.8%); ST3, n = 9/29 (31.0%); ST19A, n = 12/29 (41.4%); ST7F/7A, n = 1/29 (3.4%); ST9V/9A, n = 1/29 (3.4%); ST22F/22A, n = 2/29 (6.9%). Over the same period, 361 IPD patients, aged 16 years or less, were notified to NNDSS. Among 331 serotypeable NNDSS isolates (71.5% from blood), the frequencies of ST1 and 3 were significantly lower than in PF samples: ST1, n = 8/331 (2.4%; P < 0.05); ST3, n = 13/331 (3.9%; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The use of PCR to identify and serotype SP in culture-negative specimens provides additive information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne E Strachan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia
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The changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease at a tertiary children's hospital through the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era: a case for continuous surveillance. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012; 31:228-34. [PMID: 22330164 PMCID: PMC3299810 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31823dcc72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2000, a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was licensed for use among US children. Many sites have since reported changes in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). We recognized an opportunity to describe the changes in epidemiology, clinical syndromes, and serotype distribution during a 14-year period including 4 years before vaccine introduction and spanning the entire PCV7 era. METHODS Cases were defined as children <18 years of age who were cared for at Primary Children's Medical Center for culture-confirmed IPD. We defined the prevaccine period as the time frame spanning from 1997 to 2000 and the postvaccine period from 2001 to 2010. Demographics, clinical data, and outcomes were collected through electronic query and chart review. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotyping was performed using the capsular swelling method. RESULTS The median age of children with IPD increased from 19 months during the prevaccine period to 27 months during postvaccine period (P = 0.02), with a larger proportion of IPD among children older than 5 years. The proportion of IPD associated with pneumonia increased substantially from 29% to 50% (P < 0.001). This increase was primarily attributable to an increase in complicated pneumonia (17% to 33%, P < 0.001). Nonvaccine serotypes 7F, 19A, 22F, and 3 emerged as the dominant serotypes in the postvaccine period. In children with IPD who were younger than 5 years, for whom vaccine is recommended, 67% of the cases were caused by serotypes in 13-valent PCV during 2005 to 2010. CONCLUSIONS After PCV7 was introduced, significant changes in IPD were noted. One-third of IPD occurred in children older than 5 years, who were outside the age-group for which PCV is recommended. Continued surveillance is warranted to identify further evolution of the epidemiology, clinical syndromes, and serotype distribution of S. pneumoniae after 13-valent PCV licensure.
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Ritchie ND, Mitchell TJ, Evans TJ. What is different about serotype 1 pneumococci? Future Microbiol 2012; 7:33-46. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae is among the most commonly isolated serotype in invasive pneumococcal disease but is rarely found causing asymptomatic nasopharyngeal colonization. Compared to infection by other serotypes, infection caused by serotype 1 is more likely to be identified in young patients without comorbidities but is generally associated with a lower mortality. Empyema and extrapulmonary manifestations are common. Outbreaks of serotype 1 disease have been reported in closed communities and epidemics are particularly common in sub-Saharan Africa. The serotype 1 capsular polysaccharide is a zwitterionic structure that enables it to function as a T-cell dependent antigen under some circumstances, in contrast to other pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides that are T-cell independent antigens. There are also differences in the key virulence factor pneumolysin in some serotype 1 isolates. The clinical significance of these differences remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Ritchie
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Tim J Mitchell
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
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Martín AA, Moreno-Pérez D, Miguélez SA, Gianzo JAC, García MLG, Murua JK, León MIM, Almagro CM, Santaella IO, Pérez GP. [Aetiology and diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia and its complicated forms]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2011; 76:162.e1-18. [PMID: 22119725 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is a common childhood disease, involving several paediatric subspecialties in its diagnosis and treatment. This has prompted the Spanish Society of Paediatric Pulmonology (SENP) and the Spanish Society of Paediatric Infectious Diseases (SEIP) to prepare a consensus document on the diagnosis of CAP, assessing the practical aspects by means of evidence-based medicine. It discusses the aetiology and epidemiology, with the current changes and the validity of certain laboratory tests, such as acute phase reactants, microbiological and imaging techniques, guiding the paediatricians in the real value of these tests.
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Lee JH, Kim SH, Lee J, Choi EH, Lee HJ. Diagnosis of pneumococcal empyema using immunochromatographic test on pleural fluid and serotype distribution in Korean children. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 72:119-24. [PMID: 22079140 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the diagnostic value of immunochromatographic test (ICT) on pleural fluid in diagnosing pneumococcal empyema in children and to determine pneumococcal serotypes, 62 exudative parapneumonic effusions from Korean children were tested with culture, ICT for S. pneumoniae, pneumococcal autolysin polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and subsequent sequencing. Of the 62 patients, culture was positive in 3 patients only (4.8%). Pneumococci were identified in 13 samples (21.0%) by sequencing-confirmed PCR and ICT, respectively. When pneumococcal empyema was defined by either positive culture or sequence confirmation, the sensitivity of ICT was 76.9% (10/13) and the specificity of ICT was 93.9%. Eight of 10 patients with positive ICT and culture-negative results had a history of prior antibiotics use, whereas none of the culture-proven cases had. Serotypes of PCR-positive samples were determined by multiplex PCR assays. Multiplex PCR detected serotypes 19A (6), 1 (1), 14 (1), 34 (1), and untypable (4). ICT on pleural fluid is a relatively sensitive and highly specific method for diagnosis of pneumococcal empyema, especially in children given prior antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Ho Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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Bradley JS, Byington CL, Shah SS, Alverson B, Carter ER, Harrison C, Kaplan SL, Mace SE, McCracken GH, Moore MR, St Peter SD, Stockwell JA, Swanson JT. The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53:e25-76. [PMID: 21880587 PMCID: PMC7107838 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 972] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidenced-based guidelines for management of infants and children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) were prepared by an expert panel comprising clinicians and investigators representing community pediatrics, public health, and the pediatric specialties of critical care, emergency medicine, hospital medicine, infectious diseases, pulmonology, and surgery. These guidelines are intended for use by primary care and subspecialty providers responsible for the management of otherwise healthy infants and children with CAP in both outpatient and inpatient settings. Site-of-care management, diagnosis, antimicrobial and adjunctive surgical therapy, and prevention are discussed. Areas that warrant future investigations are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Bradley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine and Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
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Strachan RE, Cornelius A, Gilbert GL, Gulliver T, Martin A, McDonald T, Nixon GM, Roseby R, Ranganathan S, Selvadurai H, Smith G, Soto-Martinez M, Suresh S, Teoh L, Thapa K, Wainwright CE, Jaffe A. Bacterial causes of empyema in children, Australia, 2007-2009. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:1839-45. [PMID: 22000353 PMCID: PMC3310657 DOI: 10.3201/eid1710.101825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in the incidence of empyema worldwide could be related to invasive pneumococcal disease caused by emergent nonvaccine replacement serotypes. To determine bacterial pathogens and pneumococcal serotypes that cause empyema in children in Australia, we conducted a 2-year study of 174 children with empyema. Blood and pleural fluid samples were cultured, and pleural fluid was tested by PCR. Thirty-two (21.0%) of 152 blood and 53 (33.1%) of 160 pleural fluid cultures were positive for bacteria; Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common organism identified. PCR identified S. pneumoniae in 74 (51.7%) and other bacteria in 19 (13.1%) of 145 pleural fluid specimens. Of 53 samples in which S. pneumoniae serotypes were identified, 2 (3.8%) had vaccine-related and 51 (96.2%) had nonvaccine serotypes; 19A (n = 20; 36.4%), 3 (n = 18; 32.7%), and 1 (n = 8; 14.5%) were the most common. High proportions of nonvaccine serotypes suggest the need to broaden vaccine coverage.
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Obando I, Camacho-Lovillo MS, Porras A, Gandía-González MA, Molinos A, Vazquez-Barba I, Morillo-Gutierrez B, Neth OW, Tarrago D. Sustained high prevalence of pneumococcal serotype 1 in paediatric parapneumonic empyema in southern Spain from 2005 to 2009. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 18:763-8. [PMID: 21910779 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiology and microbiological characteristics of paediatric parapneumonic empyema (PPE) before the introduction of the new generation of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines (10-valent and 13-valent) are described. All patients <14 years old admitted to a tertiary paediatric hospital with a diagnosis of PPE were prospectively enrolled from January 2005 to December 2009. Pneumococcal serotyping of culture-negative pleural fluid samples was performed using a multiplex real-time PCR assay. Overall, 219 patients had PPE. Incidence rates for PPE remained stable during the study period with a not significant increase in 2009 compared with 2005 (p 0.13), and were temporally associated with higher circulation of pandemic influenza A H1N1 during the last quarter in our population (p 0.001). Pneumococci were detected in 72% of culture-positive and 79% of culture-negative samples. Serotypes were determined in 104 PPE cases. Serotype 1 was the most prevalent serotype identified (42%) followed by serotypes 7F (20%), 3 (16%), 19A (8%) and 5 (7%). Serotype distribution remained similar during all time periods. Pneumococcal serotype 1 remained the most common cause of PPE during the 5-year study. The new generation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines offers potential serotype coverage of 73% (10-valent) and 99% (13-valent) in the population studied suffering from PPE. Continuous epidemiological and molecular studies are paramount to monitor the impact of pneumococcal vaccines on the epidemiology of PPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Obando
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain.
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Abstract
The incidence of pleural infection continues to rise worldwide. Identifying the causative organism(s) is important to guide antimicrobial therapy. The bacteriology of pleural infection is complex and has changed over time. Recent data suggest that the bacterial causes of empyema are significantly different between adult and paediatric patients, between community-acquired and nosocomial empyemas and can vary among geographical regions of the world. Since the introduction of pneumococcal vaccines, a change has been observed in the distribution of the serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in empyema. These observations have implications on therapy and vaccine strategies. Clinicians need to be aware of the local bacteriology of empyema in order to guide antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Lisboa
- Critical Care Department and Infection Control Committee, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul and Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Santa Rita, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Muñoz-Almagro C, Ciruela P, Esteva C, Marco F, Navarro M, Bartolome R, Sauca G, Gallés C, Morta M, Ballester F, Raga X, Selva L. Serotypes and clones causing invasive pneumococcal disease before the use of new conjugate vaccines in Catalonia, Spain. J Infect 2011; 63:151-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Burgos J, Lujan M, Falco V, Sanchez A, Puig M, Borrego A, Fontanals D, Planes AM, Pahissa A, Rello J. The Spectrum of Pneumococcal Empyema in Adults in the Early 21st Century. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53:254-61. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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McKee AJ, Ives A, Balfour-Lynn IM. Increased incidence of bronchopulmonary fistulas complicating pediatric pneumonia. Pediatr Pulmonol 2011; 46:717-21. [PMID: 21626711 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequency of complicated pneumococcal disease, including necrotizing pneumonia, has increased over the last decade. During 2008-2009, we noted an increase in the number of children whose empyema was complicated by the development of a bronchopleural fistula and air leak. We studied these children to see if there was an associated cause. METHODS This was a retrospective case note and database review of children admitted to our tertiary unit with a parapneumonic effusion or empyema from 2002 to 2007, compared with 2008 to 2009. For the latter period, we also compared the outcomes of those with a bronchopleural fistula to those without. RESULTS During the 8-year period, 310 children were admitted. In the first 6 years, the frequency of air leaks was 1% (2/258) rising to 33% (16/49) in the last 2 years (P<0.0001). Three children were excluded as their fistulas were possibly iatrogenic. This was associated with a significant increase in median hospital stay (7 vs. 10 days, P<0.0001) and surgical intervention rate (2% vs. 14%, P=0.001). In the latter 2 years, S. pneumoniae serotype 3 was identified in 10/16 (91%) of those with a bronchopleural fistula compared to 1/33 (3%) of those without. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of bronchopleural fistulas increased markedly in the 2 years 2008-2009. Although these cases were associated with pneumococcal serotype 3 infection, which was not covered by the heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine Prevenar® in use at that time, we do not know whether the increased incidence of fistulas was due to a change in serotype 3 prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J McKee
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London, UK
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Laboratory-based, 2-year surveillance of pediatric parapneumonic pneumococcal empyema following heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine universal vaccination in Madrid. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011; 30:471-4. [PMID: 21266938 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31820a418a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In October 2006, the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was included in the Madrid vaccination calendar, warranting serotype (St) surveillances in pneumococcal pediatric parapneumonic empyema (PPE). METHODS A prospective 2-year (May 2007-April 2009) laboratory-confirmed PPE surveillance was performed in 22 hospitals. All isolates (for serotyping) and culture-negative pleural fluids were sent to the reference laboratory for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. RESULTS We identified 138 PPEs. Pneumococcal etiology was confirmed in 100 cases: 38 by culture, 62 by PCR. Mean age was 44.64 ± 26.64 months; 51.0% were male. Similar pneumococcal PPE distribution was found by age: 21% to 28% in <24, ≥24-<36, ≥36-<60, and ≥60 months. PPE-associated Sts were St 1 (38%), St 5 (15%), St 19A (11%), St 7F (9%), St 3 (8%), and others (19%). St 1 was the most common in >36 months, with similar rates to St 19A in <24 months (≈30%). In ≥24-≤36 months, St 3 (21.7%), St 1 and St 5 (17.4% each) were the most frequent. No differences in demographic data, vaccination status, length of hospitalization, and outcome were found between culture-negative (PCR positive) and culture-positive PPE patients, with significantly higher percentages of St 1 and St 5 in culture-positive PPEs. Total rates of St 1 (38%), St 5 (15%), and St 7F (9%) would have been over-represented considering only positive-culture PPEs (n = 38), by increasing to 52.6% (St 1), 23.7% (St 5), and 10.5% (St 7F). The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine would cover 84.0% of Sts causing PPEs. CONCLUSIONS PCR is essential for determining the specific etiology of PPE.
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