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Longland AC, Barfoot C, Harris PA. Strip grazing: Changes in biomass, nutrient content and digestibility of temperate, midsummer pasture by strip-grazed or 'free'-grazing ponies, over 4 weeks. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 131:104957. [PMID: 37890600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The digestibility and nutritive values of pastures that were either freely or strip-grazed for 28 days were compared. Twelve ponies were individually grazed in adjacent, 10 m wide, rectangular paddocks. On day -1, each paddock length was adjusted to contain a 28-day supply of herbage DM at 1.5 % of pony BW/d. Ponies, (4/treatment) either accessed the entire 28-day supply from day 1 (TA), or gradually via strip-grazing treatments, SG1 and SG2. SG1 had a 'lead' fence spanning the paddock width that from day 3 was moved forward 1/26th of the paddock length daily, whereas SG2 had an additional 'back fence', that was advanced the same distance as the lead fence daily. Pasture nutrient contents and estimated nutrient digestibilities (eD) were determined weekly. From weeks 1-4, mean strip-grazed pasture contents (% DM) of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and crude protein declined from 15.7-10.2 and 9.4-8.7, respectively, whereas neutral- and acid-detergent fibre increased from 53.6-60.5 and 35.2-38.0, respectively. Corresponding values for TA pastures were 17.7-5.2, 8.9-8.7, 54.6-69.2 and 35.7-43.6. Concomitantly, calculated digestible energy (cDE) (MJ/kg DM) of strip-grazed and TA pastures declined from 9.7-8.9 and 9.6-7.8, respectively and eDMD of all treatments declined (P<0.05). By week 4, TA pasture WSC, cDE and eDMD were lower and fibre contents higher (P<0.05) than the strip-grazed pastures. TA animal cDE intakes in weeks 1 and 2 exceeded requirements by 42 % vs. 8 % by strip-grazed animals. Strip-grazing delivered a steadier nutrient supply than TA, potentially conferring health benefits to animals prone to metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette C Longland
- Equine and Livestock Nutrition Services (ELNS) , Pantfallen Fach, Tregaron, Ceredigion, Wales, SY256NG, United Kingdom.
| | - Clare Barfoot
- MARS Horse Care UK Ltd, Old Wolverton Road, Old Wolverton, Buckinghamshire, MK12 5PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia A Harris
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, UK
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Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction in Dairy Cows and Horses: Comparison to Human Metabolic Syndrome. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121406. [PMID: 34947937 PMCID: PMC8705694 DOI: 10.3390/life11121406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a serious health problem with frequent occurrence both in human and animal populations. It is estimated that it may affect over 85% of the human population and 70–80% of horses and cows by 2030. Fat cow syndrome (FCS) is a combination of metabolic, digestive, infectious, and reproductive disorders that affects obese periparturient dairy cows, and occurs most frequently in loose-housing systems, where periparturient and dry cows are fed and managed in one group disregarding the lactation stages. Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) was named after human metabolic syndrome (MetS) and has insulin dysregulation as a central and consistent feature. It is often associated with obesity, although EMS may occur in a lean phenotype as well. Other inconsistent features of EMS are cardiovascular changes and adipose dysregulation. Laminitis is the main clinical consequence of EMS. MetS holds a 30-years old lead in research and represents a clustering of risk factors that comprise abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia (impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes mellitus—T2DM), which are associated with doubled atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk, and a 5-fold increased risk for T2DM. The main aim of this review is to provide critical information for better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of obesity-related metabolic dysfunction in animals, especially in cows and horses, in comparison with MetS. Human medicine studies can offer suitable candidate mechanisms to fill the existing gap in the literature, which might be indispensable for owners to tackle FCS, EMS, and their consequences.
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Abstract
Equine obesity is common, reducing quality of life and requiring dietary energy restriction. Equine obesity is identified using subjective body condition scoring. Considerations are given for life stage and health status when managing obese equines. Every effort should be made to maximize feeding duration, and minimize time spent without feed while meeting all essential nutrient requirements. Limiting total daily dry matter intake to 2% of current bodyweight per day of a low caloric, forage-based diet may result in adequate body weight loss. Weight loss and weight management plans should be monitored for success and potential gastrointestinal, metabolic, and/or behavioral complications.
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Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Cywińska A, Michlik-Połczyńska K, Czopowicz M, Strzelec K, Biazik A, Parzeniecka-Jaworska M, Crisman M, Witkowski L. Variations in haematological and biochemical parameters in healthy ponies. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:38. [PMID: 33468115 PMCID: PMC7814612 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breed specific reference ranges for selected blood parameters are recommended for proper interpretation of blood tests, but there are only few reports dealing with ponies. The purpose of this study was to investigate if blood parameters differ among ponies’ classes and to check if general normal values for equine species are applicable to ponies. Results All, except total protein concentration, biochemical parameter significantly (p < 0.05) differed among ponies’ classes. The most pronounced difference was noted in blood lactate concentrations, higher (p < 0.001) in the smallest ponies (class A). In all groups of ponies muscle enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase) and urea were high when compared to normal values for equine species, but triglycerides and creatinine were low. Blood lactate concentration was high in comparison with normal values for horses only in class A ponies’. Conclusions In healthy ponies, blood lactate concentration significantly differs between height classes. Normal values for equine species should not be directly applied to interpret the lactate, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase values in ponies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Witkowska-Piłaszewicz
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska str. 159c, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Cywińska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska str. 159c, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland. .,Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Michlik-Połczyńska
- Department of Internal Diseases and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Strzelec
- Department of Horse Breeding and Use, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Biazik
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Marta Parzeniecka-Jaworska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska str. 159c, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mark Crisman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Science, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Lucjan Witkowski
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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Longland AC, Barfoot C, Harris PA. Strip-grazing: Reduces pony dry matter intakes and changes in bodyweight and morphometrics. Equine Vet J 2020; 54:159-166. [PMID: 33369770 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity can negatively impact upon equine welfare and bodyweight (BW) of pastured equines is often difficult to manage. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of three restricted grazing regimens on changes in pony BW and morphometric measurements. STUDY DESIGN Randomised study. METHODS Twelve mature ponies were individually grazed in 10m wide, rectangular, electric fenced paddocks. The dry matter (DM) herbage yield of each paddock was determined, and paddock length adjusted on Day 1 to provide 1.5% of individual pony BW as herbage DM daily, for 28 days. There were four ponies per treatment. Treatments were: total paddock area (TA) and strip grazing treatments, SG1 and SG2. SG1 had a 'lead' fence spanning the paddock width being moved a set distance along the paddock length daily to provide 1.5% of pony BW as fresh pasture DM (as determined on Day -1). SG2 also had a 'back fence' 7-12m behind the 'lead' fence which was moved the same distance as the lead fence daily. Calculated dry matter intakes, changes in cresty neck score (CNS), body condition score (BCS) and percentage changes in BW, heart girth (HG), belly girth (BG) and rump width (RW) were compared between treatments. RESULTS Mean (±SD) calculated pasture DM intakes (as % BW/d) by TA ponies were 2.33 ± 0.50, being significantly higher (P < 0.05) than 1.82 ± 0.43 (SG1) and 1.59 ± 0.42 (SG2). Mean percentage BW changes were higher (P < 0.05) for TA ponies at 4.82 ± 1.36 vs. 1.16 ± 0.39 (SG1) and 1.54 ± 1.35 (SG2). SG1 and SG2 pony BW changes were not significantly different. TA, but not SG1 or SG2 animals showed significant (P < 0.05) increases in BCS1/9 (+0.94 ± 0.32), CNS1/5 (+0.5 ± 0), RW (+2.11 ± 3.6) and BG (+4.15 ± 2.29). SG1 and SG2 ponies showed significant (P < 0.05) decreases in HG (-0.05 ± 2.12) and BG (-5.53 ± 4.89) respectively. MAIN LIMITATIONS Small sample size. CONCLUSIONS Strip grazing limited pony bodyweight gains and upward changes in morphometric parameters.
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Strongylus vulgaris: Infection rate and molecular characterization from naturally infected donkeys at Sadat City, Egypt. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 22:100478. [PMID: 33308729 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Strongylus vulgaris has high pathogenicity to equines. It causes aneurysm and thrombosis in the arteries particularly an anterior mesenteric artery, that is fatal to equines. In this study, we aimed to diagnose microscopically the natural infection of donkeys with Strongylus vulgaris from Sadat City, Minoufiya Governorate, Egypt. Fecal egg culture was used after the diagnosis of strongyle eggs to identify the species. Hematological and biochemical parameters were assessed. Adult worms were collected after post mortem examination of the infected animal. The sequence of ITS-2 was used to confirm the species of the parasite. The infection rate was 15.85% using the microscopical examination. The larval culture confirmed the infection with strongyle eggs as Strongylus vulgaris larvae. The sequence of ITS-2 was highly identical (about 95%) to sequences from Germany, China, and Turkey and occurred in the same genetic clade with the sequence from Germany. In conclusion, the study presented the diagnosis, the changes in the hematological and biochemical parameters in the infected animals, and the genetic characterization of Strongylus vulgaris from Sadat City, Minoufiya Governorate Egypt for the first time.
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Gehlen H, Twickel S, Stöckle S, Weber C, Bartmann CP. Diagnostic orientation values for ACTH and other parameters for clinically healthy donkeys and mules (insulin, triglycerides, glucose, fructosamines, and ɣ-GT). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:679-689. [PMID: 31900994 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction is the most prevalent endocrine disease in horses. Although donkeys and mules may also be affected, only a few data have been published. Reference values for diagnostic parameters, such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), are especially scarce or even lacking. Therefore, in the present study, available data from the literature have been verified and completed to facilitate a reliable diagnosis. Clinical inspections and haematological and biochemical examinations were carried out four times in a three-month interval (February to November) in 44 donkeys and 31 mules. Data from clinically healthy animals were used as an orientation. Plasma ACTH concentrations showed seasonal changes in both animal groups. However, it was generally higher in donkeys than mules. Although blood glucose (EDTA plasma) showed no difference between groups, serum insulin concentrations were consistently higher in donkeys. Serum fructosamine levels were slightly higher in mules, whereas, in some cases, serum triglyceride levels were considerably higher in donkeys. Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase showed a striking peak in mules in August, whereas the remaining gamma-glutamyltransferase values were lower compared to donkeys. By comparing donkeys and mules, the present work reveals differences in various blood parameters which should be considered for diagnoses and future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Gehlen
- Equine Clinic, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Twickel
- Equine Clinic, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Equine Praxis Dr. Rieland, Warburg, Germany
| | - Sabita Stöckle
- Equine Clinic, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Claus P Bartmann
- Pack Animal Company of the German Armed Forces 230, Bad Reichenhall, Germany
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Rendle D, McGregor Argo C, Bowen M, Carslake H, German A, Harris P, Knowles E, Menzies-Gow N, Morgan R. Equine obesity: current perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.12968/ukve.2018.2.s2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Rendle
- David is a director at Rainbow Equine Hospital, North Yorkshire, and splits his time between leading the internal medicine and critical care services and running the referral laboratory
| | - Caroline McGregor Argo
- Caroline graduated from the University of Aberdeen with Honours in Zoology and received the Kilgour Scholarship to fund PhD studies at the Rowett Research Institute
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Hematological and Blood Biochemical Characteristics of Newborn Heavy Draft Foals After Dystocia. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Bamford NJ, Rosales CM, Williamson AJ, Steel CM, Tennent-Brown BS. Severe hypophosphataemia associated with the management of hyperlipaemia in a miniature pony. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. J. Bamford
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - C. M. Rosales
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - A. J. Williamson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - C. M. Steel
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - B. S. Tennent-Brown
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
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Initial outcomes of a harmonized approach to collect welfare data in sport and leisure horses. Animal 2016; 11:254-260. [PMID: 27406177 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116001452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A truthful snapshot of horse welfare conditions is a prerequisite for predicting the impact of any actions intended to improve the quality of life of horses. This can be achieved when welfare information, gathered by different assessors in diverse geographical areas, is valid, comparable and collected in a harmonized way. This paper aims to present the first outcomes of the Animal Welfare Indicators (AWIN) approach: the results of on-farm assessment and a reliable and harmonized data collection system. A total of 355 sport and leisure horses, stabled in 40 facilities in Italy and in Germany, were evaluated by three trained assessors using the AWIN welfare assessment protocol for horses. The AWINHorse app was used to collect, store and send data to a common server. Identified welfare issues were obesity, unsatisfactory box dimensions, long periods of confinement and lack of social interaction. The digitalized data collection was feasible in an on-farm environment, and our results suggest that this approach could prove useful in identifying the most relevant welfare issues of horses in Europe or worldwide.
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13
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Arfuso F, Giudice E, Di Pietro S, Quartuccio M, Giannetto C, Piccione G. The Dynamics of Serum Lipid and Lipoprotein Profiles in Growing Foals. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Aoki T, Kimura Y, Oya A, Chiba A, Ishii M, Nambo Y. Hematological and biochemical features of postpartum fever in the heavy draft mare. J Equine Sci 2016; 27:13-6. [PMID: 27073331 PMCID: PMC4828247 DOI: 10.1294/jes.27.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy draft mares potentially have a higher risk of suffering from postpartum fever (PF) than light breed
mares. The purpose of this study was to compare hematological and biochemical features between clinically
healthy mares (n=40) and PF-affected mares (n=16). Mares were classified as having PF when their rectal
temperature rose to >38.5°C within 96 hr of foaling. The numbers of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and
neutrophils and the serum magnesium level were significantly lower in PF-affected mares. The serum SAA and
NEFA levels were significantly higher in PF-affected mares. Strong inflammation responses, fat mobilization
associated with negative energy balance and possibly endotoxin participate in hematological and biochemical
features of PF in heavy draft mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Aoki
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yuki Kimura
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Anna Oya
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Akiko Chiba
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Ishii
- Ishii Veterinary Support Services Inc., Hokkaido 080-0011, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nambo
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Dunkel B, Wilford SA, Parkinson NJ, Ward C, Smith P, Grahame L, Brazil T, Schott HC. Severe hypertriglyceridaemia in horses and ponies with endocrine disorders. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:118-22. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Dunkel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; North Mymms UK
| | - S. A. Wilford
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; North Mymms UK
| | | | - C. Ward
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; University of Minnesota; USA
| | - P. Smith
- College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; USA
- Riviera Equine Internal Medicine & Consulting; Santa Ynez California USA
| | - L. Grahame
- Lisa Grahame Veterinary Surgeon; Letty Green UK
| | - T. Brazil
- Equine Medicine on the Move; Moreton-in-Marsh Gloucestershire UK
| | - H. C. Schott
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Michigan State University; USA
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Dunkel B, Kapff JE, Naylor RJ, Boston R. Blood lactate concentrations in ponies and miniature horses with gastrointestinal disease. Equine Vet J 2013; 45:666-70. [PMID: 23451985 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Clinical impression suggested that pony and miniature breeds (collectively referred to as ponies) presenting to a referral hospital for investigation of gastrointestinal disease had higher blood lactate concentrations on admission than large breed horses. OBJECTIVES The study tested the hypothesis that ponies with gastrointestinal disease had higher blood lactate concentrations on admission than large breed horses with similar disease severity. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. METHODS Medical records from September 2006 to July 2011 were reviewed for ponies with a primary presenting complaint of gastrointestinal disease. Two larger breed horses with gastrointestinal disease were selected as controls for each case. Data collected included case details, historical and clinicopathological findings, diagnosis and outcome. RESULTS Information was collected on 50 ponies and 100 horses. Ponies had higher mean ± s.d. respiratory rates (27 ± 13 vs. 21 ± 13 beats/min; P = 0.01) and rectal temperatures (37.9 ± 0.6 vs. 37.4 ± 0.6°C; P = 0.006) and a longer median duration of clinical signs prior to presentation (10 h [1-72 h] vs. 6 h [1-120]; P<0.001). Median blood lactate concentrations on admission were higher in ponies than in horses (2.8 mmol/l [0.7-18.0] vs. 1.6 mmol/l [0.4-8.1]; P = 0.001). All other parameters relating to colic severity were not significantly different between groups, although more horses underwent exploratory laparotomy (19/50 ponies and 55/100 horses; P = 0.05). Median blood lactate concentrations in ponies with large intestinal disease, nonstrangulating lesions, undergoing medical treatment and surviving ponies were significantly higher than in horses in the same category. In contrast to horses, no differences in blood lactate concentrations exist between ponies with medical vs. surgical treatment, strangulating and nonstrangulating lesions and surviving and nonsurviving ponies. CONCLUSION AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Ponies might present with higher blood lactate concentrations than horses and might falsely be suspected of having a surgical lesion or a poorer prognosis if veterinarians are not aware of breed differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dunkel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, UK
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Ranjithkumar M, Malik TA, Saxena A, Dan A, Sakthivel PC, Dey S. Hyperlipidaemia in trypanosomiasis of naturally infected horses: possible cachexia-anorexia syndrome? Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:417-21. [PMID: 22836485 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi commonly produces wasting disease with signs of emaciation and cachexia mainly at the end stage. The present study was conducted to explore the possible hyperlipaemia or hyperlipidaemia and its association with cachexia-anorexia in equine trypanosomiasis. Out of the fifteen confirmed animals, none of the plasma sample was opaque. There was a significant increase in plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen and a highly significant increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. A mild increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and very low-density lipoprotein levels were observed, while the relative percentage of HDL and LDL was altered with high significance. A moderate increase in triglyceride and highly significant increase in LDL might be the reasons for retention of appetite and lipolysis. Possible protein breakdown and presence of lipolysis might be the reasons for cachexia in equine trypanosomiasis.
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van Galen G, Votion DM. Management of cases suffering from atypical myopathy: Interpretations of descriptive, epidemiological and pathophysiological findings. Part 1: First aid, cardiovascular, nutritional and digestive care. EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2012.00439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Packer MJ, German AJ, Hunter L, Trayhurn P, Proudman CJ. Adipose tissue-derived adiponectin expression is significantly associated with increased post operative mortality in horses undergoing emergency abdominal surgery. Equine Vet J 2012:26-33. [PMID: 21790751 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Adipose tissue is an important source of inflammatory cytokines (adipokines) and adiposity has been identified as having a significant effect on human morbidity and mortality. Obesity is also an emerging welfare problem in the UK horse population, but the role that it plays in secondary diseases is unclear. OBJECTIVES To examine the expression of inflammation-related adipokine genes in retroperitoneal adipose tissue of horses undergoing emergency abdominal surgery and to explore associations with adiposity and post operative survival. METHODS Retroperitoneal adipose tissue samples were obtained from 76 horses undergoing emergency abdominal surgery. Real-time PCR was used to measure gene expression for leptin, adiponectin, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inhibitory factor, serum amyloid A, haptoglobin and interleukin-1. Multivariate patterns of adipokine expression were explored with principal component analysis (PCA), whilst univariable associations with post operative survival were tested in a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS Leptin gene expression was higher in overweight and obese horses than in lean animals. Expression of mRNA encoding adiponectin mRNA in visceral adipose tissue was positively associated with increased post operative mortality (hazard ratio 1.31, 95% CI 1.05-1.65). However, PCA did not demonstrate multivariable patterns of adipokine gene expression from visceral adipose tissue associated with body mass index or with survival. CONCLUSIONS In horses presented with acute intestinal disease, increased adiponectin gene expression from retroperitoneal adipose tissue is associated with an increased risk of mortality. Obesity assessed by BMI had no association with increased post operative mortality in horses with primary gastrointestinal disease. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Further study is warranted on the expression and effects of adipokines, particularly adiponectin, and correlation with postoperative outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Packer
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK.
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Williams A, Peachey LE, Christley RM. Assessment of a point-of-care test for measurement of blood triglyceride levels for rapid detection of equid hypertriglyceridaemia. EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Burden F, Du Toit N, Hazell-Smith E, Trawford A. Hyperlipemia in a Population of Aged Donkeys: Description, Prevalence, and Potential Risk Factors. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:1420-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F.A. Burden
- Donkey Sanctuary; Sidmouth, Devon; EX10 0NU; UK
| | - N. Du Toit
- Donkey Sanctuary; Sidmouth, Devon; EX10 0NU; UK
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23
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Kędzierski W, Kusy R, Kowalik S. Plasma leptin level in hyperlipidemic mares and their newborn foals. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 46:275-80. [PMID: 20565697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between plasma leptin and lipid levels in breeding mares and their newborn foals. The study was conducted on 17 Polish cold-blood mares and their newborn foals. The mares were divided into two groups, according to the course of delivery. These groups were seven mares which had a normal delivery and 10 mares which had required veterinary intervention during their delivery. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of both the mares and their foals. The blood samples were taken within 30 min after delivery, as well as on four successive mornings directly afterwards. In obtained plasma samples, the leptin, triacylglycerols (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were measured. The leptin and TG levels in the plasma sampled on the day of delivery and the two following days were significantly higher in mares which received veterinary intervention during the delivery, when compared to the results obtained from the plasma of mares which had normal delivery. The results obtained from foals did not show any statistical differences. In conclusion, the conducted tests have shown that post-parturient hyperlipidemia and hyperleptinemia in mares did not influence the lipid status and plasma leptin level in newborn foals.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kędzierski
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
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24
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Medina-Torres CE, Mason SL, Floyd RV, Harris PA, Mobasheri A. Hypoxia and a hypoxia mimetic up-regulate matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 in equine laminar keratinocytes. Vet J 2011; 190:e54-e59. [PMID: 21459025 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if hypoxia and the hypoxia mimetic cobalt chloride regulate the activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 in cultures of equine hoof keratinocytes. These effects were assessed in primary cultures of laminar keratinocytes using gelatin zymography. Incubation of keratinocytes with cobalt chloride significantly increased the levels of active MMP-2 compared to untreated controls. Hypoxia significantly increased the expression of active MMP-2 and -9 in keratinocyte cultures. This up-regulation was observed after 6h and peaked at 24h. The study findings provide novel evidence of a potential link between hypoxia within the hoof and up-regulation of MMPs which may in turn result in damage to the lamellar basement membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Medina-Torres
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK
| | - Sarah L Mason
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK
| | - Rachel V Floyd
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Pat A Harris
- Equine Studies Group, WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- School of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK.
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Muñoz A, Riber C, Trigo P, Castejón F. Hematology and Clinical Pathology Data in Chronically Starved Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Conwell R. Hyperlipaemia in a pregnant mare with suspected masseter myodegeneration. Vet Rec 2010; 166:116-7. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Conwell
- EquiMed Referrals; 75 York Road Tadcaster North Yorkshire LS24 8AR
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Dacre KJP, Pirie RS, Scudamore C, Prince DR. Hyperlipaemia and pancreatitis in a pony with Cushing's disease. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2003.tb00238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dunkel B, McKenzie HC. Severe hypertriglyceridaemia in clinically ill horses: diagnosis, treatment and outcome. Equine Vet J 2010; 35:590-5. [PMID: 14515960 DOI: 10.2746/042516403775467270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Sporadic measurement of serum triglycerides in depressed and inappetant clinically ill horses revealed severe hypertriglyceridaemia without visible evidence of lipaemia on several occasions, leading to the inclusion of serum triglyceride concentrations in the routine serum biochemistry evaluation of our hospital. Since then, more cases have been identified and treated for hypertriglyceridaemia, raising questions about the prevalence, predisposing factors and significance of these findings. HYPOTHESES 1) Severe hypertriglyceridaemia without visible opacity of the serum occurs more commonly in clinically ill and inappetant horses than previously described and 2) appropriate treatment using i.v. dextrose and/or partial parenteral nutrition would decrease serum triglycerides to normal limits and might result in improved appetite and attitude of the patient. METHODS The laboratory computer database from 2000 and 2001 was searched for increased serum triglycerides (> 5.65 mmol/l) in any horse breed, ponies and miniature breeds excluded. Data analysed included subject details, diagnosis, clinical and laboratory parameters, treatment, response to treatment and outcome. RESULTS Severe hypertriglyceridaemia was identified in 13 horses, with serum triglyceride concentrations 6.17-18.29 mmol/l, while none showed visible lipaemia. All horses had clinical and laboratory findings consistent with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and all but one had an increased serum creatinine concentration. Treatment with i.v. dextrose and/or partial parenteral nutrition resulted in decrease of the serum triglycerides to normal limits. CONCLUSIONS Severe hypertriglyceridaemia occurs in inappetant and clinically ill horses without evidence of serum opacity more commonly than previously described. The presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome might predispose horses to hypertriglyceridaemia, while the increased creatinine concentration might be a predisposing factor or result of the condition. Horses identified in our study readily responded to treatment and appetite and attitude improved coincident with decrease of the serum triglycerides to normal limits. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Hypertriglyceridaemia could perpetuate inappetance and depression in clinically ill horses and potentially predispose to fatty infiltration of the liver and other organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dunkel
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, PO Box 1938, Leesburg, Virginia 20177, USA
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31
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Wyse CA, McNie KA, Tannahil VJ, Love S, Murray JK. Prevalence of obesity in riding horses in Scotland. Vet Rec 2008; 162:590-1. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.18.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Wyse
- Division of Companion Animal Science; Institute of Comparative Medicine; University of Glasgow; Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH
| | - K. A. McNie
- Division of Companion Animal Science; Institute of Comparative Medicine; University of Glasgow; Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH
| | - V. J. Tannahil
- Division of Companion Animal Science; Institute of Comparative Medicine; University of Glasgow; Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH
| | - S. Love
- Division of Companion Animal Science; Institute of Comparative Medicine; University of Glasgow; Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH
| | - J. K. Murray
- Division of Companion Animal Studies; Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford Bristol BS40 5DU
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Oikawa S, McGuirk S, Nishibe K, Higuchi T, Kurosawa T, Watanuki M, Satoh H. Changes of blood biochemical values in ponies recovering from hyperlipemia in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:353-9. [PMID: 16679726 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipemia in horses is a disorder of lipid metabolism peculiar to ponies. This study reports changes of blood biochemical values from the acute to the postconvalescent phases in 3 Shetland ponies with hyperlipemia in Japan. Diseased ponies (all 7 to 9 years old, in late pregnancy, and obese) were fed in the same farm. The periods of their hospitalizations ranged from 30 to 45 days. Twelve well-conditioned ponies (3 to 13 years old) around parturition were used to establish baseline values for blood test results. Main clinical findings in the affected ponies were depression, dysphagia, anorexia, ventral edema and milky-appearing plasma. Hypertriglyceridemia (40- to 70-fold rise of controls) was found in the acute phase of the disease in the affected ponies, and was derived from increased very-low density lipoproteins. Aspartate transaminase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinin concentrations were increased in acute ponies compared to controls, suggesting impairment of liver and kidney functions. However, these values gradually recovered until the end of postconvalescent phase. Hyperinsulinemia was observed in the acute phase of the hyperlipemia of all affected ponies. And an exaggerated insulin response to intravenous glucose was observed in the 2 ponies given intravenous glucose tolerance tests. These findings suggest decreased insulin sensitivity in hyperlipemic ponies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Oikawa
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Hughes
- University Veterinary Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales 2570
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Carrington EF, Desautels M, Naylor JM. β-Adrenergic stimulated lipolysis in pony adipocytes is exclusively via a β2-subtype and is not affected by lactation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2003; 136:311-20. [PMID: 14511750 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(03)00157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Catecholamines are important lipolytic agents in horses and ponies but the nature of the adrenergic receptor subtype distribution in their adipocytes is uncertain. A first objective was to identify the beta-adrenergic receptor subtype(s) present in adipocytes from horses and ponies. A second objective was to evaluate if the lipolytic responsiveness of isolated adipocytes to beta-adrenergic agonists is altered during lactation, a condition known to affect markedly maternal fat metabolism. Isoproterenol and salbutamol elicited strong lipolytic responses in adipocytes isolated from horse and pony subcutaneous adipose tissue. There were weak lipolytic responses to norepinephrine, dobutamine and BRL37344. The weak lipolytic response to NE compared to isoproterenol or salbutamol suggests an antilipolytic action from alpha2-adrenergic receptors. The relative order of potency for the beta-adrenergic agonists was isoproterenol>/=salbutamol>>dobutamine=BRL37344. There was expression of beta2-adrenergic receptor mRNA in pony and horse adipose tissues, as estimated by relative RT-PCR, but no expression of mRNAs for beta1- or beta3-adrenergic receptors. Early lactation did not alter the lipolytic responses to beta-adrenergic agonists, nor the expression of beta2-adrenergic receptor mRNA. Thus, these results indicate a dominant if not exclusive presence of beta2-adrenergic receptors in pony and horse adipocytes that is not affected by lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Carrington
- University of Saskatchewan, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, 52 Campus Drive, 107 Wiggins Road, S7N5B4, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Hughes
- University of Veterinary Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Tarrant
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Hospital, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria
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Gunn-Moore DA, Watson TD, Dodkin SJ, Blaxter AC, Crispin SM, Gruffydd-Jones TJ. Transient hyperlipidaemia and anaemia in kittens. Vet Rec 1997; 140:355-9. [PMID: 9133718 DOI: 10.1136/vr.140.14.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Severe fasting hypertriglyceridaemia (5 to 126 mmol/litre) and anaemia (packed cell volume < 11 per cent) was observed in 12 litters of kittens around the time of weaning; the entire litter was usually affected, with significant mortality. Lipid analysis revealed marked increases in chylomicrons and moderate increases in very low density lipoproteins. Supportive measures for the treatment of anaemia and weaning on to a low fat diet resulted in rapid resolution of the clinical signs, anaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia. On recovery, plasma was collected from kittens from five of the affected litters, plus a number of closely related cats and unrelated cats living in the same environment. The lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity was mildly but significantly lower in the previously affected kittens, their parents and unaffected siblings, than in the unrelated cats. The cats had normal apolipoprotein C-II function, normal heparin binding activity and no evidence of a circulating inhibitor to LPL. They did not have the LPL gene mutation reported previously in LPL-deficient cats from New Zealand.
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Abstract
In horses with hepatic necrosis, lipidosis, neoplasia and cirrhosis, progression of the disease was studied by serial measurements of total serum bile acid concentrations and of plasma glutamate dehydrogenase (GD) and gamma glutamyl transferase (gamma GT) and by liver biopsy. Plasma ammonia concentrations were significantly elevated compared to clinically normal horses, but such changes were not always accompanied by a decline in plasma urea concentration. A fall in plasma glucose concentration carried a guarded prognosis. These were all invaluable aids in early diagnosis and throughout the disease course. The study suggests that other factors, such as hypokalaemia, alkalosis, short chain volatile fatty acids, false and true neurotransmitters, may be important in the pathogenesis of hepatic coma in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J West
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Liverpool Veterinary Field Station, Neston, South Wirral, UK
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Stockham SL. Interpretation of equine serum biochemical profile results. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1995; 11:391-414. [PMID: 8925417 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S L Stockham
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, USA
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Abstract
The medical records from 9 consecutive miniature horses (n = 5) and miniature donkeys (n = 4) with hyperlipemia (serum triglyceride concentration > 500 mg/dL) were reviewed. In all cases, hyperlipemia was a secondary complication of a primary systemic disease including septicemia, colitis, parasitism, esophageal obstruction, gastric impaction and rupture, fecalith, and pituitary adenoma. Therapy consisted of specific treatment for the primary disease, supportive care, and nutritional support. The mean time for resolution of hyperlipemia in cases requiring nutritional support (n = 6) was 7 days, and the duration of nutritional support in surviving patients was 11.7 days. Seven of 9 patients survived. The primary disease resulted in death in 2 patients. Enteral feeding with commercially prepared low residue diets and treatment of the primary disease was successful in reversing hyperlipemia in 5 of 6 surviving patients that required nutritional support. Parenteral administration of a glucose-based (non-lipid) solution was successful in resolving hyperlipemia in 1 patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Moore
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus
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Watson TD, Packard CJ, Shepherd J. Plasma lipid transport in the horse (Equus caballus). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 106:27-34. [PMID: 8403851 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(93)90003-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
1. Equine plasma contains lipoproteins corresponding to very low density (VLDL), low density (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL). 2. HDL accounts for approximately 60% of plasma lipoprotein mass and consists of a single population of particles. 3. LDL is heterogeneous comprising three discrete subfractions. 4. Two proteins are found in the region of apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 in VLDL and LDL and a third similar to apoB-48 is in VLDL. 5. Lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase is active in plasma and hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase are evident in post-heparin plasma. 6. There is no significant cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Watson
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, U.K
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Watson TD, Burns L, Love S, Packard CJ, Shepherd J. Plasma lipids, lipoproteins and post-heparin lipases in ponies with hyperlipaemia. Equine Vet J 1992; 24:341-6. [PMID: 1396507 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02852.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic origins of equine hyperlipaemia were investigated by analysing the concentration and composition of plasma lipoproteins in 18 ponies with the condition. The mean concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) were increased by 4-, 52- and 19-fold, respectively, compared with a control group of 18 healthy ponies. These increases were due to the appearance of a buoyant VLDL fraction (VLDL1) not present in healthy ponies. The mean diameter of VLDL1 particles was 44% greater than control VLDL, and the particles were enriched in triglyceride and free cholesterol and depleted of cholesteryl esters, phospholipid and protein. The apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 content of VLDL1 was reduced and the ratio of apoB-100 to apoB-48 particles was 1:1, compared with 2:1 in control VLDL. The VLDL1 was also enriched in apoE, but had normal complements of apoC-II and apoC-III. The conventional VLDL (called VLDL2), LDL and HDL fractions were moderately enriched with triglyceride, and HDL contained increased amounts of apoE, apoC-II and apoC-III. The activities of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase, the enzymes responsible for the catabolism of VLDL and their remnants, were increased by 2- and 3-fold, respectively, in response to the increased concentrations of their substrates. The composition of VLDL1 suggested that the liver was maximising the secretion of triglyceride by producing larger number of VLDL particles that accommodated a greater mass of triglyceride by having apoB-48 rather than apoB-100 as their structural protein. Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were elevated in 17 of the 18 ponies, suggesting that increased FFA flux might be the stimulus for hepatic triglyceride synthesis and VLDL secretion. We conclude that overproduction, rather than defective catabolism, of VLDL was the cause of the hyperlipidaemia and that lipid lowering agents which reduce VLDL synthesis, by decreasing adipose lipolysis and FFA flux, are candidates for the management of hyperlipaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Watson
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
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