1
|
de Macedo GC, Barreto WTG, de Oliveira CE, Santos FM, Porfírio GEDO, Xavier SCDC, Alves FM, da Silva AR, de Andrade GB, Rucco AC, de Assis WO, Jansen AM, Roque ALR, Herrera HM. Leishmania infantum infecting the carnivore Nasua nasua from urban forest fragments in an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazilian Midwest. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1050339. [PMID: 36710973 PMCID: PMC9880478 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1050339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of Leishmania infantum in South American coatis inhabiting two forest fragments in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Midwest region of Brazil, an endemic area of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Material and methods A total of 110 South American coatis were sampled in the conservation unit "Parque Estadual do Prosa" (PEP) and in the residential area "Vila da Base Aérea" (VBA) from March 2018 to April 2019. As a longitudinal study that include up to six recaptures of the same individual, a total of 190 capture events were obtained. Blood, bone marrow and skin samples were obtained for parasitological (axenic culture), serological (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay - ELISA and Dual-path Platform immunoassay - DPP® CVL) and molecular diagnostic assays (targeting kDNA for Leishmania spp. and L. infantum; and HSP70 followed by sequence analysis). Results Seropositivity for L. infantum was found in 33 individuals, six in PEP and 27 in VBA. Furthermore, L. infantum was detected by molecular analysis in 16 individuals, seven from PEP and nine from VBA. We also isolated L. infantum from bone marrow of one individual and detected a single positive skin sample in molecular assay from other individual, both from VBA. Discussion An overall infection rate of 36.4% (40/110) was observed, significantly higher in the VBA (49.1%) than in the PEP (21.6%), probably because VBA presents: (i) a large number of resident dogs and chickens that would be attracting sandflies; (ii) a denser population of this wild mammal species; and (iii) physical barriers and a lack of functional connectivity in the surroundings, preventing these animals to disperse out. We conclude that South American coati populations living in urban forest fragments of Campo Grande are affected by the epidemiological scenario of VL, known to involve dogs, vectors and humans. We highlight the importance of investigate the parasitism by L. infantum in this and other potential L. infantum reservoirs that inhabit urbanized regions endemic to VL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Carvalho de Macedo
- Post-Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Wanessa Teixeira Gomes Barreto
- Post-Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Carina Elisei de Oliveira
- Post-Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Filipe Martins Santos
- Post-Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernanda Moreira Alves
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Parasite Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Gisele Braziliano de Andrade
- Post-Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Andreza Castro Rucco
- Post-Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - William Oliveira de Assis
- Post-Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heitor Miraglia Herrera
- Post-Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences and Agricultural Sustainability, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Characterization of Leishmania species from Central-West Region of Brazil. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1839-1845. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5871-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
3
|
de Castro Ferreira E, Pereira AAS, Silveira M, Margonari C, Marcon GEB, de Oliveira França A, Castro LS, Bordignon MO, Fischer E, Tomas WM, Dorval MEC, Gontijo CMF. Leishmania (V.) braziliensis infecting bats from Pantanal wetland, Brazil: First records for Platyrrhinus lineatus and Artibeus planirostris. Acta Trop 2017; 172:217-222. [PMID: 28502644 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the New World genus Leishmania parasites are etiological agents of neglected zoonoses known as leishmaniasis. Its epidemiology is very complex due to the participation of several species of sand fly vectors and mammalian hosts, and man is an accidental host. Control is very difficult because of the different epidemiological patterns of transmission observed. Studies about Leishmania spp. infection in bats are so scarce, which represents a large gap in knowledge about the role of these animals in the transmission cycle of these pathogens, especially when considering that Chiroptera is one of the most abundant and diverse orders among mammals. Leishmaniasis in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil are remarkably frequent, probably due to the abundance of its regional mastofauna. The recent record of L. braziliensis in bats from this state indicates the need to clarify the role of these mammals in the transmission cycle. In this study we evaluated the presence of Leishmania parasites in the skin of different species of bats, using PCR directed to Leishmania spp. kDNA for screening followed by PCR/RFLP analysis of the hsp70 gene for the identification of parasite species. Leishmania species identification was confirmed by PCR directed to the G6PD gene of L. braziliensis, followed by sequencing of the PCR product. Samples from 47 bats were processed, of which in three specimens (6.38%) was detected the presence of Leishmania sp. kDNA. PCR/RFLP and sequencing identified the species involved in the infection as L. braziliensis in all of them. This is the first report of Leishmania braziliensis in bats from Pantanal ecosystem and the first record of this species in Platyrrhinus lineatus and Artibeus planirostris, bats with a wide distribution in South America. These results reinforce the need to deepen the knowledge about the possibility of bats act as reservoirs of Leishmania spp. especially considering their ability of dispersion and occupation of anthropic environments.
Collapse
|
4
|
Wild and synanthropic reservoirs of Leishmania species in the Americas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2014; 3:251-62. [PMID: 25426421 PMCID: PMC4241529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania parasites are maintained by multiple hosts included in seven mammal orders. Reservoir hosts are the assemblage of species responsible for Leishmania maintenance. Mammal host–Leishmania interaction determines host competence to infect vectors. Associate ecological and parasitological data are crucial to understand the wild cycle. Prevention of human cases is dependent on a thorough knowledge of the wild cycle.
The definition of a reservoir has changed significantly in the last century, making it necessary to study zoonosis from a broader perspective. One important example is that of Leishmania, zoonotic multi-host parasites maintained by several mammal species in nature. The magnitude of the health problem represented by leishmaniasis combined with the complexity of its epidemiology make it necessary to clarify all of the links in transmission net, including non-human mammalian hosts, to develop effective control strategies. Although some studies have described dozens of species infected with these parasites, only a minority have related their findings to the ecological scenario to indicate a possible role of that host in parasite maintenance and transmission. Currently, it is accepted that a reservoir may be one or a complex of species responsible for maintaining the parasite in nature. A reservoir system should be considered unique on a given spatiotemporal scale. In fact, the transmission of Leishmania species in the wild still represents an complex enzootic “puzzle”, as several links have not been identified. This review presents the mammalian species known to be infected with Leishmania spp. in the Americas, highlighting those that are able to maintain and act as a source of the parasite in nature (and are thus considered potential reservoirs). These host/reservoirs are presented separately in each of seven mammal orders – Marsupialia, Cingulata, Pilosa, Rodentia, Primata, Carnivora, and Chiroptera – responsible for maintaining Leishmania species in the wild.
Collapse
|
5
|
Is the dog a possible reservoir for cutaneous leishmaniasis in suriname? J Trop Med 2013; 2013:324140. [PMID: 24194768 PMCID: PMC3806449 DOI: 10.1155/2013/324140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an emerging disease in Suriname, with at least 200 cases per year. Little is known about the biology of CL in the country. The most important parasite species is Leishmania Viannia guyanensis, but possible vectors and reservoirs are hardly incriminated. In the present study, it was investigated whether the dog could possibly be a zoonotic reservoir for the disease in Suriname. Forty-seven dogs were examined for overt clinical signs of leishmaniasis, and blood samples were collected on filter paper for serology (direct agglutination test) and molecular biology (by polymerase chain reaction). Three dogs had clinical signs that could be compatible with canine cutaneous leishmaniosis: dermatitis (two) or nasal lesion (one). Two dogs were seropositive with DAT (titre > 1 : 1600), and three animals had a borderline titre (1 : 800). All other animals (n = 42) were DAT negative. PCR analysis found Leishmania DNA equivalent to 1 parasite per mL in only one dog at a first round of analysis, but this animal was negative after retesting. The clinical, serological, and molecular data show some preliminary lines of evidence that canine leishmaniosis is present in Suriname, but further studies are needed to incriminate the reservoir, including a possible sylvatic cycle.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ferreira PR, Larangeira DF, Oliveira LSD, Malta MDC, Gomes MC, Bastos BL, Portela RW, Barrouin-Melo SM. Teste de ELISA indireto para diagnóstico sorológico de leishmaniose visceral em canídeos silvestres. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000400018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Na América do Sul, alguns canídeos silvestres são considerados reservatórios naturais da Leishmania chagasi. A resposta imunológica desses animais à Leishmania é pouco conhecida, havendo a necessidade de métodos diagnósticos adequados para esse fim. No presente estudo, é descrita a padronização do ensaio imunoenzimático indireto (ELISA) para o diagnóstico sorológico de leishmaniose visceral em canídeos silvestres brasileiros. Foram estudadas amostras de soro e plasma de 12 canídeos cativos: sete lobos-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus), três raposinhas (Lycalopex vetulus) e dois cachorros-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous). As amostras de um C. brachyurus e uma L. vetulus, cativos em área endêmica para LV, que apresentavam doença clínica e positividade em testes de Imunofluorescência Indireta e Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase, foram utilizadas como controles positivos. Foram comparados os conjugados anti-IgG de cão e proteína A, ambos ligados a peroxidase, cujos testes detectaram quatro (04/12) e três (03/12) C. brachyurus soropositivos para anticorpos anti-Leishmania sp., respectivamente. As médias das densidades ópticas (DOs) das amostras negativas foram nitidamente mais baixas do que as médias das DOs dos positivos tanto no ELISA com anti-IgG de cão (4,8 vezes) como com proteína A (15,5 vezes). Os soros de três C. brachyurus positivos no ELISA indireto foram avaliados por Western blotting e identificaram 22 bandas, sendo imunodominantes as de peso molecular de 19, 22, 24, 45 e 66 kDa. Os testes ELISA com a proteína A e o conjugado anti-IgG de cão apresentaram respectivamente concordância excelente (Kappa = 1; p<0,001) e moderada (Kappa = 0,8; p<0,0015), com o Western blotting. Ambos foram, portanto, considerados adequados a avaliações de triagem de animais cuja resposta humoral de anticorpos indica contato com o parasito, úteis para subsidiar estudos para adequação de metodologias específicas para os canídeos silvestres.
Collapse
|
7
|
Catenacci LS, Griese J, da Silva RC, Langoni H. Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania spp. infection in captive crab-eating foxes, Cerdocyon thous (Carnivora, Canidae) from Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2010; 169:190-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
8
|
Abstract
Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) caused by Leishmania infantum is an important disease of humans and dogs. Here we review aspects of the transmission and control of ZVL. Whilst there is clear evidence that ZVL is maintained by sandfly transmission, transmission may also occur by non-sandfly routes, such as congenital and sexual transmission. Dogs are the only confirmed primary reservoir of infection. Meta-analysis of dog studies confirms that infectiousness is higher in symptomatic infection; infectiousness is also higher in European than South American studies. A high prevalence of infection has been reported from an increasing number of domestic and wild mammals; updated host ranges are provided. The crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous, opossums Didelphis spp., domestic cat Felis cattus, black rat Rattus rattus and humans can infect sandflies, but confirmation of these hosts as primary or secondary reservoirs requires further xenodiagnosis studies at the population level. Thus the putative sylvatic reservoir(s) of ZVL remains unknown. Review of intervention studies examining the effectiveness of current control methods highlights the lack of randomized controlled trials of both dog culling and residual insecticide spraying. Topical insecticides (deltamethrin-impregnated collars and pour-ons) have been shown to provide a high level of individual protection to treated dogs, but further community-level studies are needed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Schallig HDFH, da Silva ES, van der Meide WF, Schoone GJ, Gontijo CMF. Didelphis marsupialis (common opossum): a potential reservoir host for zoonotic leishmaniasis in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2008; 7:387-93. [PMID: 17767408 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2006.0651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of the zoonotic reservoir is important for leishmaniasis control program. A number of (wild) animal species may serve as reservoir hosts, including the opossum Didelphis marsupialis. A survey carried out in Didelphis specimens (n = 111) from the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, an important focus of human leishmaniasis in Brazil, is reported. All animals were serologically tested with indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and direct agglutination tests (DAT) based on L. (L.) donovani or L. (V.) braziliensis antigen. A sub-population (n = 20) was analyzed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of Leishmania-specific DNA. For species identification, PCR-positive samples were subjected to restriction enzyme fragment polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Depending on the sero-diagnostic test employed, the sero-prevalence varied between 8.1% (9/111 animals positive with DAT test based on L. braziliensis antigen) and 21.6% (24/111 animals positive with IFAT). Five out of 20 samples analyzed with PCR tested positive for the presence of Leishmania-specific DNA. RFLP analysis revealed that two samples contained L. braziliensis complex DNA, one contained L. donovani complex DNA, and two samples could not be typed with the methodology used. These data suggest a potential role for the opossum as a reservoir host for zoonotic leishmaniasis in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henk D F H Schallig
- KIT (Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen/Royal Tropical Institute) Biomedical Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
First report of natural infection of a bush dog (Speothos venaticus) with Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi in Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007; 102:200-1. [PMID: 18036627 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the first known case of natural infection of a bush dog with Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi in Brazil. The specimen was captured in the wild in the State of Mato Grosso and is currently being held in captivity at Fundação Jardim Zoológico, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The leishmaniasis was diagnosed by culture of promastigote forms in intact skin fragments and their characterization by isoenzyme electrophoresis. This report calls attention to the parasitological and etiological control of certain zoonoses, such as leishmaniasis, in wild animals kept in captivity, especially when animals are exchanged between zoos in Brazil.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gomes YM, Paiva Cavalcanti M, Lira RA, Abath FGC, Alves LC. Diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis: biotechnological advances. Vet J 2006; 175:45-52. [PMID: 17150389 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) is endemic in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa, Asia, the Mediterranean, Southern Europe and South and Central America, with approximately 500,000 new cases reported annually. As dogs are considered to be the major reservoirs for HVL, the accurate diagnosis of disease in these animals is important. Diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is performed mainly by direct parasitological methods that can yield false-negative results, either because of the very low number of Leishmania spp. organisms in clinical samples (bone marrow and lymph nodes) or because morphological identification is difficult. In addition, these methods are invasive. Conventional serological techniques are limited by cross-reactivity with other parasitic diseases and because several technical procedures have not been standardised. The development of polymerase chain reaction based approaches and immunoassays based on the use of recombinant antigens aimed at improving the sensitivity and specificity of CVL diagnosis is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y M Gomes
- Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Av. Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Silva ES, Gontijo CM, Melo MN. Response to Brandão-Filho and Shaw: Molecular markers for Leishmania diagnosis. Trends Parasitol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Curi NHDA, Miranda I, Talamoni SA. Serologic evidence of Leishmania infection in free-ranging wild and domestic canids around a Brazilian National Park. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006; 101:99-101. [PMID: 16699717 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762006000100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of disease between wildlife, domestic animals, and humans is of great concern to conservation issues and public health. Here we report on the prevalence of anti-Leishmania sp. antibodies in 21 wild canids (7 Chrysocyon brachyurus, 12 Cerdocyon thous, and 2 Lycalopex vetulus) and 74 free domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) sampled around the Serra do Cipó National Park. In dogs, the apparent prevalence was 8.1% and in wild canids it was 19% (2 crab-eating foxes, C. thous, and 2 maned wolves, C. brachyurus). Management of the domestic dog population with evaluation of incidence changes in humans and wildlife, and enlightenment on the role of wild reservoirs are essential issues for future action and research.
Collapse
|
14
|
Silva ES, Gontijo CMF, Melo MN. Contribution of molecular techniques to the epidemiology of neotropical Leishmania species. Trends Parasitol 2005; 21:550-2. [PMID: 16226490 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2005.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Revised: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Brandão-Filho et al. and Oliveira et al. have recently reported the detection of Leishmania in sylvatic and synanthropic animals that were captured in areas of Brazil that are endemic for leishmaniasis. Such investigations raise the issue of reservoirs of important endemic diseases by using modern molecular biology and biochemical techniques that complement traditional methods. Ecoepidemiological studies focusing on possible reservoirs have been important for providing contributions to prophylaxis and control measures to be employed by public health authorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo S Silva
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Silva ES, Schoone GJ, Gontijo CMF, Brazil RP, Pacheco RS, Schallig HDFH. Application of direct agglutination test (DAT) and fast agglutination screening test (FAST) for sero-diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in endemic area of Minas Gerais, Brazil. KINETOPLASTID BIOLOGY AND DISEASE 2005; 4:4. [PMID: 15955248 PMCID: PMC1183242 DOI: 10.1186/1475-9292-4-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The direct agglutination test (DAT) has proved to be a very important sero-diagnostic tool combining high levels of intrinsic validity and ease of performance. Otherwise, fast agglutination screening test (FAST) utilises only one serum dilution making the test very suitable for the screening of large populations. Results We have tested FAST and DAT for the detection anti-Leishmania antibodies in serum samples from patients with American visceral (AVL) and cutaneous leishmaniases (ACL) in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The DAT on serum and blood samples of confirmed AVL patients found all samples positive at a serum dilution of ≥ 1:800. This dilution was subsequently used as cut off value in the study. The blood and serum samples of these confirmed patients could also be clearly read in FAST using a 1:100 dilution with the same high sensitivity. DAT and FAST were not able to detect significant amounts of antibodies in samples from ACL patients and are not suitable for the diagnosis of this manifestation of the disease. Conclusion We suggest that both DAT and FAST are very practical diagnostic tools for the sero-diagnosis of AVL under rural conditions as both serological tests do not require sophisticated equipment, a cold chain and are very simple to perform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo S Silva
- Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Fundação Educacional de Divinópolis, Divinópolis, MG, Brasil
| | - Gerard J Schoone
- KIT (Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen / Royal Tropical Institute) KIT Biomedical Research, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Celia MF Gontijo
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Reginaldo P Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, IOC/ Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Raquel S Pacheco
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, IOC/ Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Henk DFH Schallig
- KIT (Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen / Royal Tropical Institute) KIT Biomedical Research, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gontijo CMF, Melo MN. Leishmaniose visceral no Brasil: quadro atual, desafios e perspectivas. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-790x2004000300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
No Brasil, a importância da leishmaniose visceral reside não somente na sua alta incidência e ampla distribuição, mas também na possibilidade de assumir formas graves e letais quando associada ao quadro de má nutrição e infecções concomitantes. A crescente urbanização da doença ocorrida nos últimos 20 anos coloca em pauta a discussão das estratégias de controle empregadas. Neste artigo foram analisados os principais aspectos biológicos, ambientais e sociais que influenciaram no processo de expansão e urbanização dos focos da doença. Os métodos disponíveis para o diagnóstico e tratamento não apresentam a eficácia e aplicabilidade desejadas, embora avanços promissores tenham sido alcançados com as pesquisas de novos testes diagnósticos e drogas terapêuticas. As medidas de controle da doença até agora implementadas foram incapazes de eliminar a transmissão e impedir a ocorrência de novas epidemias. É feita uma breve análise destas medidas e dos desafios a serem enfrentados. A prevenção da doença nos cães através da imunoprofilaxia aparece como uma alternativa para o controle. Uma nova vacina para cães, já testada em campo, está sendo industrializada e será comercializada no Brasil a partir de 2004. Apesar da existência de inúmeros estudos sobre a leishmaniose visceral humana e canina, muitas lacunas ainda precisam ser preenchidas.
Collapse
|
17
|
Silva ESD, Pacheco RS, Gontijo CMF, Carvalho IR, Brazil RP. Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2002; 44:145-9. [PMID: 12163907 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652002000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current article reports the case of a 19-month-old-girl, from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, with visceral leishmaniasis, by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) co-infection. The child's mother and father, aged 22 and 27 years old, respectively, were both HIV positive. The child was admitted to the General Pediatric Center, in Belo Horizonte, presenting high fever, fatigue, weight loss and enlargement of liver and spleen. Indirect immunofluorescent test revealed a titer of 1:320 for Leishmania. Such result was confirmed by the presence of amastigotes in bone marrow aspirate samples and culture of promastigote forms. Parasites were identified as being Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis through PCR, using a L. braziliensis complex primer and a generic primer, followed by hibridization. Specific leishmaniasis therapy (Glucantime register mark or target antimonial) was intravenously administered.
Collapse
|
18
|
Blavier A, Keroack S, Denerolle P, Goy-Thollot I, Chabanne L, Cadoré JL, Bourdoiseau G. Atypical forms of canine leishmaniosis. Vet J 2001; 162:108-20. [PMID: 11531395 DOI: 10.1053/tvjl.2000.0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis is a common disease in the Mediterranean area, but sporadic cases in dogs having travelled through endemic regions are also reported. The disease's evolution is usually chronic and symptoms are either non-specific (fever, weight loss, lethargy, enlarged lymph nodes), dermatological, renal or ocular. The purpose of this article is to review the literature and to describe our own experience of certain atypical forms of canine leishmaniosis. These include specific skin lesions, monoclonal gammopathy, renal failure (without any other signs), chronic colitis, haemostatic problems and disorders of the cardiovascular, respiratory and musculo-skeletal systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Blavier
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, B.P. 83, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Silva ES, Gontijo CM, Pacheco RS, Fiuza VO, Brazil RP. Visceral leishmaniasis in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2001; 96:285-91. [PMID: 11313633 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762001000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years the number of human cases of American visceral leishmaniasis in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (MRBH), Minas Gerais, Brazil has increased, indicating an elevation in the transmission rate of the disease. The total number of notified human cases in the MRBH since 1994, when the first case was identified, up to 1999 was 345 of which 223 (65%) were from the city itself, indicating an urbanization of the disease in this region of Minas Gerais. The age distribution of visceral leishmaniasis cases in the MRBH shows a higher prevalence in children from 0-4 years old, responsible for 28.9% of the notifications. Clinical and immunological findings from dogs infected with Leishmania chagasi are described. The majority of these animals showed no sign of the disease. Sera from all infected dogs showed detectable Leishmania-induced high titles of antibodies based on the results of an indirect fluorescent antibody test. Samples of isolated Leishmania from human and dogs were characterized as L. (L.) chagasi by biochemical and molecular techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E S Silva
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30190-002, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|