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Vasiu I, Wochnik M, Dąbrowski R. Mammary gland inflammation in rabbits does (Oryctolagus cuniculus): A systematic review. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:1512-1524. [PMID: 37650360 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis is a common condition in rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) does, especially in rabbitries where mammae inflammations are the leading pathological expression of Staphylococcus aureus infections in reproductive females. It affects both the litter and the lactating female, including subsequent lactations. Non-septic (i.e. galactostasis and cystic mastitis) and septic (i.e. Mastitis acuta; including Mastitis gangrenosa; and Mastitis chronica) mammary inflammations are acknowledged; however, the literature is scarce regarding non-septic inflammations or subclinical mastitis. Thus, the present systematic review highlights and summarizes the existing data concerning mastitis in rabbit does, including diagnosis and treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iosif Vasiu
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marco Wochnik
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Roman Dąbrowski
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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2
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Moreno-Grua E, Pérez-Fuentes S, Viana D, Selva L, Martínez-Paredes E, Marín-García PJ, Pascual JJ, Corpa JM, Arnau-Bonachera A. Effect of selection for growth rate on the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) immune system and its response after experimental Staphylococcus aureus infection. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1547-1560. [PMID: 37002454 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the work was to evaluate if genetic selection for daily gain may affect the immune system. Two experiments were performed. The first one involved 80 rabbit females and their first two litters to explore the effect of selection on the ability of animals to maintain immune competence. Two generations from a line selected for average daily gain (ADG) were evaluated (VR19 generation 19th, n = 43; VR37 generation 37th, n = 37). In females, the effect of selection and its interaction with physiological state were not significant for any trait. In litters, the selection criterion increased the granulocyte to lymphocyte ratio. The second experiment involved 73 19-week-old females (VR19, n = 39; VR37, n = 34) to explore the effect of genetic selection on immune response after S. aureus infection. The VR37 rabbit females had lower counts for total lymphocytes, CD5+, CD4+, CD8+, CD25+, monocytes, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio and platelets than those of VR19 (-14, -21, -25, -15, -33, -18, -11 and -11%, respectively; P < 0.05). VR37 had less erythema (-8.4 percentage points; P < 0.05), fewer nodules (-6.5 percentage points; P < 0.05) and a smaller nodule size (-0.65 cm3 on 7 day post-inoculation; P < 0.05) compared to VR19. Our study suggests that genetic selection for average daily gain does not negatively affect the maintenance of a competent immune system or the ability to establish immune response. It seems that such selection may improve the response to S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Moreno-Grua
- Pathology Group, PASAPTA, Biomedical Research Institute, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/ Assegadors nº 2Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Pérez-Fuentes
- Pathology Group, PASAPTA, Biomedical Research Institute, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/ Assegadors nº 2Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Viana
- Pathology Group, PASAPTA, Biomedical Research Institute, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/ Assegadors nº 2Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Selva
- Pathology Group, PASAPTA, Biomedical Research Institute, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/ Assegadors nº 2Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eugenio Martínez-Paredes
- Institute for Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Jesús Marín-García
- Departamento Producción Y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan José Pascual
- Institute for Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Corpa
- Pathology Group, PASAPTA, Biomedical Research Institute, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/ Assegadors nº 2Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Alberto Arnau-Bonachera
- Pathology Group, PASAPTA, Biomedical Research Institute, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/ Assegadors nº 2Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain.
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Wu Y, Zhao L, Qin Y. Comprehensive RNA-seq profiling to evaluate the rabbit mammary gland transcriptome after mastitis. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad110. [PMID: 37085268 PMCID: PMC10205460 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is a relatively common disease in rabbit does. The aim of this study was to investigate a relationship between the severity of clinical signs and pathological observations and to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the mammary gland with mastitis versus healthy mammary gland. The result showed that rectal temperatures of the rabbits with both mild mastitis and severe mastitis were higher than that of control. Cell counting results showed that the somatic cell count (SCC) only in milk of the rabbit with severe mastitis was significantly higher than that in the control group. However, the number of heterophils in the histological sections of mammary glands with mild mastitis was significantly higher than that of control. A total of 1,096 DEGs between the control and mastitis mammary glands was identified by RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). Gene ontology (GO) showed that most of up-regulated genes were enriched in terms such as response to stimulus, signal transduction, and cell communication. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were mostly enriched in the pathways such as Rap1 signaling pathway, proteoglycans in cancer, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. However, the downregulated genes were mainly enriched in metabolic processes and significantly involved in metabolic pathways. The data provides useful information to further dissect the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying rabbit mastitis, which is a prerequisite for designing effective intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wu
- Department of Intelligent Breeding and Environmental Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Zhao
- Department of Intelligent Breeding and Environmental Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Yinghe Qin
- Department of Intelligent Breeding and Environmental Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
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Ludwiczak A, Składanowska‐Baryza J, Sell‐Kubiak E. Effect of mastitis incidence on litter size, litter weight, and milk composition of rabbit does. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13775. [PMID: 36274651 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effect of mastitis incidence on the litter size, litter birth weight, and milk composition of Hycole does on a commercial rabbit farm during their third and fourth parity. At third parity does were assigned to the "No mastitis" (n = 30) and "Mastitis" (n = 28) groups on the basis of visible abscesses in the mammary gland area. The microbiological analysis revealed the presence of different pathogenic bacteria. At third parity, "Mastitis" females had fewer kits than the "No mastitis" group, and the average birth weight was lower. On day 2 of the third lactation, "Mastitis" does produced significantly less milk daily compared with the "No mastitis" group. A significant effect on the incidence of mastitis on the litter size and litter weight during the growth of kits up to the 35th day was also observed. The effect of the incidence of mastitis on milk chemical composition was limited. At the fourth parity, the litter characteristics and daily milk yield were leveled in "Mastitis" and "No mastitis" females. To conclude, our study showed that mastitis negatively affects litter size, birth weight, and daily milk yield in the current parity. However, early detection and proper treatment allowed to obtain good reproductive results and healthy kits in the next parity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ludwiczak
- Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment Poznań University of Life Sciences Suchy Las Poland
| | - Joanna Składanowska‐Baryza
- Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment Poznań University of Life Sciences Suchy Las Poland
| | - Ewa Sell‐Kubiak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding Poznań University of Life Sciences Poznań Poland
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Crosta L, Petrini D, Sawmy S. Reproduction Management of Herds/Flocks of Exotic Animals: Investigating Breeding Failures in Birds, Reptiles, and Small Mammals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2021; 24:661-695. [PMID: 34366014 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The management of a breeding facility of exotic species is challenging and managing these on a large scale can be a daunting task for general practitioners or novice exotic animal veterinarians. They are usually not trained to work with flocks or herds, and even most exotic animal veterinarians are used to working with single patients. This article gives some suggestions and tips on how to proceed when facing an exotic animal collection and especially when breeding is not as successful as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Crosta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Avian, Reptile and Exotic Pet Hospital, 415 Werombi Road, Camden, 2570 NSW, Australia.
| | - Daniele Petrini
- Medicina e Chirurgia Degli Animali Non Convenzionali, Segretario SIVAE
| | - Shivananden Sawmy
- Avian, Reptile and Exotic Pet Hospital, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney
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Park S, Ronholm J. Staphylococcus aureus in Agriculture: Lessons in Evolution from a Multispecies Pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e00182-20. [PMID: 33568553 PMCID: PMC7950364 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00182-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a formidable bacterial pathogen that is responsible for infections in humans and various species of wild, companion, and agricultural animals. The ability of S. aureus to move between humans and livestock is due to specific characteristics of this bacterium as well as modern agricultural practices. Pathoadaptive clonal lineages of S. aureus have emerged and caused significant economic losses in the agricultural sector. While humans appear to be a primary reservoir for S. aureus, the continued expansion of the livestock industry, globalization, and ubiquitous use of antibiotics has increased the dissemination of pathoadaptive S. aureus in this environment. This review comprehensively summarizes the available literature on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, genomics, antibiotic resistance (ABR), and clinical manifestations of S. aureus infections in domesticated livestock. The availability of S. aureus whole-genome sequence data has provided insight into the mechanisms of host adaptation and host specificity. Several lineages of S. aureus are specifically adapted to a narrow host range on a short evolutionary time scale. However, on a longer evolutionary time scale, host-specific S. aureus has jumped the species barrier between livestock and humans in both directions several times. S. aureus illustrates how close contact between humans and animals in high-density environments can drive evolution. The use of antibiotics in agriculture also drives the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, making the possible emergence of human-adapted ABR strains from agricultural practices concerning. Addressing the concerns of ABR S. aureus, without negatively affecting agricultural productivity, is a challenging priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoun Park
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ronholm
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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Planas J, Pintado E, Verdés J, Abarca ML, Martorell J. Rabbit with polyuria and polydipsia. J Exot Pet Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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von Degerfeld MM, Banchi P, Quaranta G. Successful Treatment of Pyometra Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in a Rabbit. Top Companion Anim Med 2020; 41:100473. [PMID: 32919061 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2020.100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This article reports an unusual presentation of pyometra in a pet rabbit. A 2-year-old mixed-breed female rabbit with pelvic limb paralysis was referred for abdominal distension associated with prolonged depression and decreased appetite. Clinical examination and diagnostic imaging (radiographs and ultrasound) led to the provisional diagnosis of pyometra that was caused by the presence of an enlarged organ containing fluid material and occupying most of the caudal abdomen. Exploratory laparotomy was performed under general anesthesia. After abdominal wall incision along the linea alba, the uterus was immediately evident and the uterine wall was over-distended and damaged, with purulent material free in the abdominal cavity. Ovariohysterectomy was performed and uterine wall samples were sent for microbiological examination and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The agent causing the pyometra was found to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which was resistant to enrofloxacin and ceftazidime. This is the first report of pyometra caused by P. aeruginosa in a pet rabbit, based on a literature search. Furthermore, a peculiarity of the present case is the occurrence of pyometra in a rabbit with no history of mating or parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Penelope Banchi
- Dip. di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Quaranta
- Dip. di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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Moreno-Grúa E, Pérez-Fuentes S, Viana D, Cardells J, Lizana V, Aguiló J, Selva L, Corpa JM. Marked Presence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Wild Lagomorphs in Valencia, Spain. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071109. [PMID: 32610507 PMCID: PMC7401594 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The presence of bacteria resistant to antibiotics, such as Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin (MRSA), is becoming an increasing everyday concern for their implications for human and animal health. This is even more alarming when such bacteria are isolated in wild animals which, in principle, should not come into contact with antibiotics. This work studied 353 rabbits and 10 hares hunted in rabbit high-density areas. Of these, 41.3% carried S. aureus in some sampled locations, of which 63.3% were MRSA. These are surprising results given the unexpected high presence of MRSA in the studied animals. This finding is very worrying because these animals tend to enter the food chain with no veterinary control, which implies a risk for human health. Thus it is necessary to extend this study to other, less-populated areas with other animal species (ruminants, rabbit predators, hunting dogs, etc.) or even water sources to obtain further knowledge about the origin of bacterial resistances in nature. Abstract The appearance of methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in several animal species (including rabbits) has set off alarms for their capacity to act as reservoirs for this bacterium. This is especially important in wild animals given its epidemiological implications. The objectives of this study were to identify and characterize S. aureus, specifically MRSA, strains in wild lagomorph high-density areas. Ten hares and 353 wild rabbits from 14 towns with a high rabbit density in the Valencian region (eastern Spanish coast) were sampled. Swabs from the nasal cavity, ears, perineum and lesions (when present) were taken for microbiological studies. The detection of different genes and antibiotic susceptibility studies were also carried out. Of all the animals, 41.3% were positive for S. aureus, of which 63.3% were MRSA. Ears were the anatomical location with more S. aureus and MRSA strains. The more frequently identified MLST type was ST1945 (97.1%, 136/140). The mecA gene was found only in one sample. The rest (n = 139) carried the mecC gene and were included in CC130, except one. Penicillin resistance was detected in 28 mec-negative isolates and, in one case, bacitracin resistance. mecA isolate presented resistance to enrofloxacin and tetracycline, and 10 mecC isolates also showed bacitracin resistance. No MRSA isolate was positive for genes chp, sea, tst and PVL. Two ST1945 isolates contained IEC type E (comprising genes scn and sak). mecA-isolate was positive for blaZ. Of the 28 MSSA strains showing resistance to penicillin, 22 carried the blaZ gene. These surprising results highlight the marked presence of MRSA strains in wild rabbits in high-density areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Moreno-Grúa
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (S.P.-F.); (D.V.)
| | - Sara Pérez-Fuentes
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (S.P.-F.); (D.V.)
| | - David Viana
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (S.P.-F.); (D.V.)
| | - Jesús Cardells
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación, Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; (J.C.); (V.L.); (J.A.)
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WE&H), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici V, Travessera del Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Lizana
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación, Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; (J.C.); (V.L.); (J.A.)
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WE&H), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici V, Travessera del Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Aguiló
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación, Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; (J.C.); (V.L.); (J.A.)
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WE&H), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici V, Travessera del Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Selva
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (S.P.-F.); (D.V.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (J.M.C.); Tel.: +34-961369000 (L.S. & J.M.C.)
| | - Juan M. Corpa
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (S.P.-F.); (D.V.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (J.M.C.); Tel.: +34-961369000 (L.S. & J.M.C.)
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The Effect of Age and Sampling Site on the Outcome of Staphylococcus aureus Infection in a Rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus) Farm in Italy. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050774. [PMID: 32365654 PMCID: PMC7278480 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Staphylococcus aureus contamination has been described in food-producing animals and farm workers involved in the primary industrial production of rabbits, pigs, cattle and poultry. This study describes the effects of age and colonization of body on S. aureus detection from rabbits raised intensively for meat production, and evaluates these parameters as possible risk factors for lesions by S. aureus. In addition, a genotypic characterization was performed for 96 S. aureus strains out of 595 that were isolated, including three from farm workers. It was observed that the risk of skin lesions increased with the number of colonized body sites and with age. All isolates were low-virulence methicillin-sensitive-Staphylococcus aureus (LV-MSSA). We found five different clonal lineages: spa-t2802, the most frequently detected (53.1%), also in all human samples; spa-t491, the second most detected (38.5%); spa-t094; t605; and spa-t2036. The same spa-type was observed in both animal and worker samples, showing that S. aureus strains could easily circulate in a community. The two most frequent strains were associated with noses, but not with age categories nor with the number of colonized sites. The circulation of LV-MSSA should not be underestimated, as they could determine damage or even acquire and spread resistance genes. Abstract A study in an intensive Italian rabbit farm was carried out to assess the effect of age category and anatomical site on detection of S. aureus and to describe the diversity of spa-types within farm, including workers. On 400 rabbits of different age, 2066 samples from the ear, nose, axilla, groin, perineum and lesions were analyzed and 595 S. aureus were isolated. In total, 284 (71.0%) were colonized by S. aureus in at least one anatomical site and 35 animals (8.8%) had lesions. S. aureus prevalence was higher in adults than other age categories. Ear (29.4%) and nose (27.2%) were the most frequently colonized sites. The presence of lesions due to S. aureus was strongly associated with the colonization of at least one body site and the risk of lesions was proportionate to the number of sites colonized by S. aureus. In addition, a genotypic characterization was performed for 96 S. aureus strains randomly selected. All isolates resulted as low-virulence methicillin-sensitive-Staphylococcus aureus (LV-MSSA). Five different clonal lineages were found: spa-t2802, the most frequently detected (53.1%), also in human samples; spa-t491 (38.5%); spa-t094; t605; and spa-t2036. Strains t094, t491 and t2036 have not been isolated in Italy before.
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a mammalian commensal and opportunistic pathogen that colonizes niches such as skin, nares and diverse mucosal membranes of about 20-30% of the human population. S. aureus can cause a wide spectrum of diseases in humans and both methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant strains are common causes of nosocomial- and community-acquired infections. Despite the prevalence of literature characterising staphylococcal pathogenesis in humans, S. aureus is a major cause of infection and disease in a plethora of animal hosts leading to a significant impact on public health and agriculture. Infections in animals are deleterious to animal health, and animals can act as a reservoir for staphylococcal transmission to humans.Host-switching events between humans and animals and amongst animals are frequent and have been accentuated with the domestication and/or commercialisation of specific animal species. Host-switching is typically followed by subsequent adaptation through acquisition and/or loss of mobile genetic elements such as phages, pathogenicity islands and plasmids as well as further host-specific mutations allowing it to expand into new host populations.In this chapter, we will be giving an overview of S. aureus in animals, how this bacterial species was, and is, being transferred to new host species and the key elements thought to be involved in its adaptation to new ecological host niches. We will also highlight animal hosts as a reservoir for the development and transfer of antimicrobial resistance determinants.
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12
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Penadés M, Viana D, García-Quirós A, Muñoz-Silvestre A, Moreno-Grua E, Pérez-Fuentes S, Pascual JJ, Corpa JM, Selva L. Differences in virulence between the two more prevalent Staphylococcus aureus clonal complexes in rabbitries (CC121 and CC96) using an experimental model of mammary gland infection. Vet Res 2020; 51:11. [PMID: 32054530 PMCID: PMC7020377 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-0740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal mastitis is a major health problem in humans and livestock that leads to economic loss running in millions. This process is currently one of the main reasons for culling adult rabbit does. Surprisingly, the two most prevalent S. aureus lineages isolated from non-differentiable natural clinical mastitis in rabbits (ST121 and ST96) generate different immune responses. This study aimed to genetically compare both types of strains to search for possible dissimilarities to explain differences in immune response, and to check whether they showed similar virulence in in vitro tests as in experimental intramammary in vivo infection. The main differences were observed in the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) and the immune-evasion-cluster (IEC) genes. While isolate ST121 harboured all six egc cluster members (seg, sei, selm, seln, selo, selu), isolate ST96 lacked the egc cluster. Strain ST96 carried a phage integrase Sa3 (Sa3int), compatible with a phage integrated into the hlb gene (β-haemolysin-converting bacteriophages) with IEC type F, while isolate ST121 lacked IEC genes and the hlb gene was intact. Moreover, the in vitro tests confirmed a different virulence capacity between strains as ST121 showed greater cytotoxicity for erythrocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages than strain ST96. Differences were also found 7 days after experimental intramammary infection with 100 colony-forming units. The animals inoculated with strain ST121 developed more severe gross and histological mastitis, higher counts of macrophages in tissue and of all the cell populations in peripheral blood, and a significantly larger total number of bacteria than those infected by strain ST96.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Penadés
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Viana
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana García-Quirós
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain
| | - Asunción Muñoz-Silvestre
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Moreno-Grua
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Pérez-Fuentes
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan José Pascual
- Institute for Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan M Corpa
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Laura Selva
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain.
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13
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Effect of different housing systems (single and group penning) on the health and welfare of commercial female rabbits. Animal 2020; 14:1270-1277. [PMID: 31928540 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119003379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, concern about rabbit welfare and sustainability has increased. The housing system is a very important factor for animal welfare. However, information about how different available housing types for female rabbits affect their health status is scarce, but this is an important factor for their welfare. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the health status of female rabbits in five common housing systems: three different single-housing systems with distinct available surfaces and heights; a single-housing system with a platform; a collective system. Female rabbits in the collective and platform cages had greater cortisol concentrations in hair than those in the single-housing system with no platform. Haptoglobin concentrations and kit mortality rates during lactation were greater for the collective-cage female rabbits. The collective group had more culled females and more lesions than in the other groups. The main reasons for culling in all the groups were reproduction problems and presence of abscesses, and the collective group of females was the most affected. In conclusion, it appears that keeping females together in collective systems negatively affects their health status and welfare, while single-housing systems imply lower kit mortality rates during lactation and cortisol concentrations, and fewer lesions in female rabbits.
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14
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Moreno-Grúa E, Pérez-Fuentes S, Muñoz-Silvestre A, Viana D, Fernández-Ros AB, Sanz-Tejero C, Corpa JM, Selva L. Characterization of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Obtained From Commercial Rabbitries Located in the Iberian Peninsula. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1812. [PMID: 30154765 PMCID: PMC6102366 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been a growing problem in human medicine since the 1960s, and more recently in veterinary medicine with the appearance of livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA). Nevertheless, information about the presence of MRSA in rabbits is quite scarce since only one LA-MRSA identification has been previously reported. The present study aimed to determine genotypic characterization by verifying the presence of resistance determinants, virulence, and toxin genes of different S. aureus strains that cause lesions in rabbits, and their phenotypic traits based on the antimicrobial susceptibility profile. The analysis of 240 S. aureus isolates obtained from different lesion types collected from 89 Spanish and Portuguese rabbit commercial farms in the last 4 years (2014-2017) was performed. The methicillin-resistant gene mecA was found in 11.25% of the studied isolates (27 of 240) from 19 farms (13 Spanish and 6 Portuguese). Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing predominantly revealed type III (n = 15). Additionally, three MRSA isolates carrying the mecC gen were detected in samples from three different farms (two Spanish and one Portuguese). None of the 30 MRSA isolates was PVL-positive or tst-positive. After the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) procedure, 16 belonged to ST2855, 6 to ST146, 6 to ST398, and 2 ST4774. No ST121 isolate was mec-positive. ST398 and ST4774 isolates lacked the immune-evasion-cluster (IEC) genes. ST2855 strains were associated with the presence only of the sak gene, and ST146 isolates were ascribed to IEC type E. Therefore, this is the first description of LA-MRSA from rabbits belonging to ST2855. Interestingly, one ST2855 and two ST4774 isolates were mecC-positive, which could act as a mecC-MRSA reservoir. More studies are needed to further characterize these isolates and their relationship with humans and other animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Moreno-Grúa
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Pérez-Fuentes
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Asunción Muñoz-Silvestre
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Viana
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan M. Corpa
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Selva
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
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15
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Rosell JM, de la Fuente LF. Mastitis on Rabbit Farms: Prevalence and Risk Factors. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:E98. [PMID: 29925797 PMCID: PMC6025392 DOI: 10.3390/ani8060098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this cross-sectional study, prevalence of clinical mastitis (PCM) and farm-specific risk factors were determined on 531 doe rabbit farms in Spain and Portugal, from January 2001 through March 2017. The information was obtained by carrying out 2367 visits and doing physical examinations of 144,455 lactating does, sorted in 2635 cohorts. Overall mean PCM was 4.05% (CI95% [3.87⁻4.22]), (minimum to maximum: 0⁻36.00% PCM). This study suggests that PCM was influenced by the variable number of batches (a batch was a group of does served the same day), per maternity barn (p < 0.0001). The duo system (does being moved to clean disinfected barns for parturition), was also an enabling risk factor for CM. The day of service or lactation stage also affected PCM. Lastly, there was an effect of the breeds or lines (p < 0.0001); mean PCM ranged between 1.29% and 7.09%. A subset of data obtained from 200 farms visited during January 2012⁻March 2017, was recorded to describe the use of antimicrobials against mastitis. Changes in host, husbandry, environment, and biosecurity practices, are highlighted to provide health and welfare benefits for breeding rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Rosell
- Cunivet Service. P.O. Box 518, 43080 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - L Fernando de la Fuente
- Department de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Avda. Profesor Pedro Cármenes s/n, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain.
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16
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Hughes K, Watson CJ. The Mammary Microenvironment in Mastitis in Humans, Dairy Ruminants, Rabbits and Rodents: A One Health Focus. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2018; 23:27-41. [PMID: 29705830 PMCID: PMC5978844 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The One Health concept promotes integrated evaluation of human, animal, and environmental health questions to expedite advances benefiting all species. A recognition of the multi-species impact of mastitis as a painful condition with welfare implications leads us to suggest that mastitis is an ideal target for a One Health approach. In this review, we will evaluate the role of the mammary microenvironment in mastitis in humans, ruminants and rabbits, where appropriate also drawing on studies utilising laboratory animal models. We will examine subclinical mastitis, clinical lactational mastitis, and involution-associated, or dry period, mastitis, highlighting important anatomical and immunological species differences. We will synthesise knowledge gained across different species, comparing and contrasting disease presentation. Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is characterised by elevated Na/K ratio, and increased milk IL-8 concentrations. SCM affecting the breastfeeding mother may result in modulation of infant mucosal immune system development, whilst in ruminants notable milk production losses may ensue. In the case of clinical lactational mastitis, we will focus on mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Understanding of the pathogenesis of involution-associated mastitis requires characterization of the structural and molecular changes occurring during involution and we will review these changes across species. We speculate that milk accumulation may act as a nidus for infection, and that the involution 'wound healing phenotype' may render the tissue susceptible to bacterial infection. We will discuss the impact of concurrent pregnancy and a 'parallel pregnancy and involution signature' during bovine mammary involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Christine J Watson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
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17
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Hughes K, Watson CJ. Sinus-like dilatations of the mammary milk ducts, Ki67 expression, and CD3-positive T lymphocyte infiltration, in the mammary gland of wild European rabbits during pregnancy and lactation. J Anat 2018; 233:266-273. [PMID: 29736914 PMCID: PMC6036928 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sinus-like dilatations of the mammary duct are recognisable in the mammary gland of pregnant and lactating wild European rabbits. These dilatations exhibit a bilaminar epithelial lining, with luminal epithelial cells expressing basal and lateral E-cadherin. Occasional binucleated mammary epithelial cells are present in the luminal layer. Underlying the luminal epithelial cells is a basal layer of cytokeratin 14-positive cells, supported by a thin layer of fibrous tissue. Multi-segmental epithelial proliferation, as indicated by Ki67 expression, is apparent in the luminal epithelial cells, suggesting a capacity for division during pregnancy and lactation. CD3-positive T lymphocytes are present both intraepithelially, suggesting exocytosis, and in foci subjacent to the ductular epithelium. We consider that sinus-like dilatations of the mammary duct may have the potential to give rise to a subset of the mammary gland neoplasms classified as ductal in origin. Milk accumulation in these sinus-like dilatations is likely to provide a niche for bacterial replication in cases of mastitis in rabbits. These structures are an important component of the innate immune system of the mammary gland, both as a physical barrier and as an interface between the milk and mammary immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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18
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Selva Martínez L, Viana D, Corpa Arenas JM. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage could be a risk for development of clinical infections in rabbits. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2015.3960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
<p>Although nasal carriage has been described as a risk factor for <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> infections in humans, there is a scarcity of studies about <em>S. aureus</em> nasal carriers in animals. In rabbits, <em>S. aureus</em> is one of the most important pathogens responsible for a number of different types of infections. This study was designed to determine the extent of staphylococcal nasal carriage and to establish whether a relationship exists between nasal carriage and development of lesions. One hundred and sixteen rabbits with and without chronic signs of staphylococcosis from 6 industrial rabbitries were monitored. Nasal swabs for microbiological assessments were obtained from all animals. Microbiological results showed that 56% of the animals carried <em>S. aureus</em> in their nasal cavities with significantly higher incidence in animals with staphylococcal-related lesions (84.2%) compared to apparently healthy animals (28.8%). Additionally, the <em>S. aureus</em> strains isolated from the nasal cavity and lesions were clonally related in 91.7% of animals. This suggests that nasal carriage of <em>S. aureus</em> in rabbits could be a risk for development of clinical infections.</p>
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19
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Guerrero I, Ferrian S, Penadés M, García-Quirós A, Pascual JJ, Selva L, Viana D, Corpa JM. Host responses associated with chronic staphylococcal mastitis in rabbits. Vet J 2015; 204:338-44. [PMID: 25951985 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcal infection causes substantial economic losses in commercial rabbit production systems, and is associated with a wide variety of lesions, including chronic suppurative mastitis, which mainly affects breeding females. Most chronic staphylococcal infections in rabbits are caused by the ST121 lineage of Staphylococcus aureus, although other less common lineages, such as ST96 can also be involved. The aims of the present study were to characterise the host immune response in natural cases of mastitis in rabbits caused by S. aureus, to evaluate any relationship between peripheral and local immunity and to investigate the effect of different S. aureus genotypes on these immune responses. Adult multiparous female rabbits that were affected with chronic staphylococcal mastitis (n = 204) were enrolled into the study. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluations of mammary glands were undertaken, as well as flow cytometric analyses of blood. S. aureus isolates from the mammary glands were identified by multilocus sequence typing. Differences in the number of infiltrating cells were detected, depending on the type of pathology, with more immature lesions demonstrating greater cellularity, characterised by greater numbers of T lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells. A relationship was seen between the cells in blood and mammary tissues, the most notable being the positive correlation between monocytes and tissue macrophages. When glands were infected with ST96 strains, fewer granulocytes (P < 0.01) and greater numbers of B cells (P < 0.01), T cells (P < 0.001), CD4(+) T cells (P < 0.001) and CD8(+) T cells (P < 0.01) were detected, compared with mammary glands that were infected by ST121 strains of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Guerrero
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Veterinary School, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Av. Seminario s/n, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Selena Ferrian
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Veterinary School, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Av. Seminario s/n, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mariola Penadés
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Veterinary School, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Av. Seminario s/n, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana García-Quirós
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Veterinary School, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Av. Seminario s/n, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan J Pascual
- Institute for Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Selva
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Veterinary School, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Av. Seminario s/n, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - David Viana
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Veterinary School, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Av. Seminario s/n, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan M Corpa
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Veterinary School, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Av. Seminario s/n, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain.
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20
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Künzel F, Grinninger P, Shibly S, Hassan J, Tichy A, Berghold P, Fuchs-Baumgartinger A. Uterine disorders in 50 pet rabbits. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2014; 51:8-14. [PMID: 25415217 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the incidence of uterine disorders in pet rabbits is high there are only a few retrospective studies and case reports on genital tract disease in female rabbits. Uterine disorders were assessed in 50 pet rabbits. In 31 pet rabbits with suspected clinical uterine disease, medical records were further reviewed regarding clinical signs, diagnostic workup, treatment as well as the outcome itself. Uterine adenocarcinoma (54%) was most frequently diagnosed, followed by endometrial hyperplasia (26%). Serosanguineous vaginal discharge was the predominant clinical sign observed by the rabbit owners. In approximately 50% of the rabbits with suspected uterine disorders, abdominal palpation revealed enlarged and/or irregular masses in the caudoventral abdomen indicating uterine lesions. Out of 23 rabbits undergoing ovariohysterectomy, four were either euthanized or died shortly after surgery because they were clinically unstable. Overall, 80% of the ovariohysterectomized animals were still alive 6 mo after surgery. In female pet rabbits that are not breeding, either ovariohysterectomy should be performed at an early age or routine checks including ultrasonography of the abdomen are recommended on a regular basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Künzel
- From the Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (F.K., S.S.), Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging (J.H.), Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology (P.B.), Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine (A.F-B.), and Institute of Medical Physics and Biostatistics, Department of Natural Science (A.T.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Veterinary Practice Eggenberg, Graz, Austria (P.G.)
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21
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Marín P, Álamo L, Escudero E, Gómez-Martín A, Corrales JC, De la Fe C, Fernández-Varón E, Cárceles CM. Fluoroquinolone susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from commercial rabbit farms in Spain. Vet Rec 2012; 170:519. [PMID: 22472539 DOI: 10.1136/vr.100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Marín
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30.071-Murcia, Spain.
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22
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Wang L, He CL, He BK, Guo Q, Xiao CG, Yi Q. Effects of Jin-Ying-Tang onStaphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in rabbit. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 34:786-93. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2012.655423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Contreras GA, Rodríguez JM. Mastitis: comparative etiology and epidemiology. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:339-56. [PMID: 21947764 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is broadly defined as the inflammation of the mammary gland; however, the concept of mastitis is customized to address its social and clinical impact in the case of humans and the health, welfare, and economic consequences for other mammals. There are many microbial, host, and environmental factors that influence the development of mastitis. Some are common to all mammals as well as inherent to each species. Together these factors influence the most prevalent etiological agents for each species and might determine the possibility of interspecies transmission with its consequences to public health. The present review will summarize and compare reports on mastitis etiology and its epidemiology in humans and food animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, D202 VMC, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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24
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Romero C, Nicodemus N, Martínez de Morentin C, García A, de Blas C. Effect of grinding size of barley and dehydrated alfalfa on performance and body composition of does during their early reproductive cycles. Livest Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Viana D, Selva L, Callanan JJ, Guerrero I, Ferrian S, Corpa JM. Strains of Staphylococcus aureus and pathology associated with chronic suppurative mastitis in rabbits. Vet J 2010; 190:403-7. [PMID: 21177127 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal mastitis is one of the main reasons for culling adult does from commercial rabbitries. The aim of this study was describe the spectrum of gross and microscopic lesions in 178 cases of chronic staphylococcal mastitis in adult does and to determine whether there is a correlation between Staphylococcus aureus genotypes and pathology. On the basis of histopathology, chronic mastitis was differentiated into abscesses (66.3%), suppurative mastitis with a lobular pattern (7.9%), cellulitis (19.6%) and mixed lesions (6.2%). Pathological presentations were not related to S. aureus genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Viana
- Department of Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (Histología y Anatomía Patológica), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Edificio Seminario s/n, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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26
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Culling and mortality in breeding rabbits. Prev Vet Med 2009; 88:120-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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