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Chegini Z, Noei M, Hemmati J, Arabestani MR, Shariati A. The destruction of mucosal barriers, epithelial remodeling, and impaired mucociliary clearance: possible pathogenic mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in chronic rhinosinusitis. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:306. [PMID: 37904180 PMCID: PMC10614382 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a pathological condition characterized by persistent inflammation in the upper respiratory tract and paranasal sinuses. The epithelium serves as the first line of defense against potential threats and protects the nasal mucosa. The fundamental mechanical barrier is formed by the cell-cell contact and mucociliary clearance (MCC) systems. The physical-mechanical barrier is comprised of many cellular structures, including adhesion junctions and tight junctions (TJs). To this end, different factors, such as the dysfunction of MCC, destruction of epithelial barriers, and tissue remodeling, are related to the onset and development of CRS. Recently published studies reported the critical role of different microorganisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in the induction of the mentioned factors. Bacteria could result in diminished ciliary stimulation capacity, and enhance the chance of CRS by reducing basal ciliary beat frequency. Additionally, bacterial exoproteins have been demonstrated to disrupt the epithelial barrier and induce downregulation of transmembrane proteins such as occludin, claudin, and tricellulin. Moreover, bacteria exert an influence on TJ proteins, leading to an increase in the permeability of polarized epithelial cells. Noteworthy, it is evident that the activation of TLR2 by staphylococcal enterotoxin can potentially undermine the structural integrity of TJs and the epithelial barrier through the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The purpose of this article is an attempt to investigate the possible role of the most important microorganisms associated with CRS and their pathogenic mechanisms against mucosal surfaces and epithelial barriers in the paranasal sinuses. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Chegini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Milad Noei
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jaber Hemmati
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Aref Shariati
- Student Research Committee, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran.
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Wang Z, Lin D, Zhao Y, Liu H, Yang T, Li A. MiR-214 Expression Is Elevated in Chronic Rhinosinusitis Mucosa and Regulates Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Responses in Undifferentiated Human Nasal Epithelial Cell Culture. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2023:19458924231152683. [PMID: 36797977 DOI: 10.1177/19458924231152683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory disorder of the upper airways. MicroRNAs (miRs) are reported to regulate several diverse physiological and pathological processes. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the impact of miR-214 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation, and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) expression in human nasal epithelial cells. METHODS The expression of miR-214 was detected in CRS with polyps (CRSwNP) and CRS without polyps (CRSsNP) tissues. Cells were treated with LPS and a miR-214 inhibitor. The level of miR-214 was detected by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR). The inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNF, and IL-1β) and MUC5AC production were determined by qRT-PCR and ELISA. MUC5AC protein level was detected using western blot. Similarly, we determined the relationship between miR-214 and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) using the Dual luciferase activity assay. RESULTS miR-214 was increased in CRSwNP and CRSsNP tissues. LPS triggered the expression of miR-214, while miR-214 inhibition diminished the level of miR-214. MiR-214 inhibition prevented LPS-mediated the production of inflammatory cytokines. LPS treatment augmented MUC5AC mRNA, protein levels, and secretion, whereas miR-214 loss inhibited MUC5AC production in the presence of LPS. SIRT1 is a direct target of miR-214. Impairing SIRT1 by siRNA (siSIRT1) or EX527 (a selective SIRT1 inhibitor) reversed the effects of miR-214 inhibitor on inflammation and MUC5AC expression. Furthermore, miR-214 depression inhibited the STAT3/GDF15 pathway via targeting SIRT1. Upregulation of STAT3 or GDF15 partly abolished the anti-inflammatory roles of miR-214 inhibitor. CONCLUSION Taken together, miR-214 regulates LPS-mediated inflammation and MUC5AC expression via targeting SIRT1, and STAT3/GDF15 may involve in the regulation of miR-214 inhibitor on inflammation and MUC5AC expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Lin
- Department of Quality Control, Shaanxi Geological and Mineral Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yang
- Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - An Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Lin CC, Chuang KC, Chen SW, Chao YH, Yen CC, Yang SH, Chen W, Chang KH, Chang YK, Chen CM. Lactoferrin Ameliorates Ovalbumin-Induced Asthma in Mice through Reducing Dendritic-Cell-Derived Th2 Cell Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214185. [PMID: 36430662 PMCID: PMC9696322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease with symptoms such as expiratory airflow narrowing and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Millions of people suffer from asthma and are at risk of life-threatening conditions. Lactoferrin (LF) is a glycoprotein with multiple physiological functions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antitumoral activities. LF has been shown to function in immunoregulatory activities in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) in mice. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the roles of LF in AHR and the functions of dendritic cells (DCs) and Th2-related responses in asthma. Twenty 8-week-old male BALB/c mice were divided into normal control (NC), ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized, and OVA-sensitized with low dose of LF (100 mg/kg) or high dose of LF (300 mg/kg) treatment groups. The mice were challenged by intranasal instillation with 5% OVA on the 21st to 27th day after the start of the sensitization period. The AHR, cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and pulmonary histology of each mouse were measured. Serum OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 and OVA-specific splenocyte responses were further detected. The results showed that LF exhibited protective effects in ameliorating AHR, as well as lung inflammation and damage, in reducing the expression of Th2 cytokines and the secretion of allergen-specific antibodies, in influencing the functions of DCs, and in decreasing the level of Th2 immune responses in a BALB/c mouse model of OVA-induced allergic asthma. Importantly, we demonstrated that LF has practical application in reducing DC-induced Th2 cell responses in asthma. In conclusion, LF exhibits anti-inflammation and immunoregulation activities in OVA-induced allergic asthma. These results suggest that LF may act as a supplement to prevent asthma-induced lung injury and provide an additional agent for reducing asthma severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chien Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Cheng Chuang
- Department of Life Sciences, Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsuan Chao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Yen
- Department of Life Sciences, Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hsun Yang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hsi Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kang Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, The Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-22856309; Fax: +886-4-22874740
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Hu P, Zong Q, Zhao Y, Gu H, Liu Y, Gu F, Liu HY, Ahmed AA, Bao W, Cai D. Lactoferrin Attenuates Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Inflammation by Modulating the MAPK Pathway and Gut Microbes in Mice. J Nutr 2022; 152:2451-2460. [PMID: 36774111 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a major mycotoxin present in staple foods (particularly in cereal products) that induces intestinal inflammation and disrupts intestinal integrity. Lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional protein that contributes to maintaining intestinal homeostasis and improving host health. However, the protective effects of LF on DON-induced intestinal dysfunction remain unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the effects of LF on DON-induced intestinal dysfunction in mice, and its underlying protective mechanism. METHODS Male BALB/c mice (5 wk old) with similar body weights were divided into 4 groups (n = 6/group) and treated as follows for 5 wk: Veh [peroral vehicle daily, commercial (C) diet]; LF (peroral 10 mg LF/d, C diet); DON (Veh, C diet containing 12 mg DON/kg); and LF + DON (peroral 10 mg LF/d, DON diet). Intestinal morphology, tight junction proteins, cytokines, and microbial community were determined. Data were analyzed by 2-factor ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS The DON group exhibited lower final body weight (-12%), jejunal villus height (VH; -41%), and jejunal occludin expression (-36%), and higher plasma IL-1β concentration (+85%) and jejunal Il1b mRNA expression (+98%) compared with the Veh group (P < 0.05). In contrast, final body weight (+19%), jejunal VH (+49%), jejunal occludin (+53%), and intelectin 1 protein expression (+159%) were greater in LF + DON compared with DON (P < 0.05). Additionally, jejunal Il1b mRNA expression (-31%) and phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (-40% and - 38%) were lower in LF + DON compared with DON (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the relative abundance of Clostridium XIVa (+181%) and colonic butyrate concentration (+53%) were greater in LF + DON compared with DON (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights a promising antimycotoxin approach using LF to alleviate DON-induced intestinal dysfunction by modulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and gut microbial community in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Qiufang Zong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Yahui Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Haotian Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - YaYa Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Fang Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Hao-Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Abdelkareem A Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Botswana University of Agriculture and Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ebele, Gaborone, Botswana; Biomedical Research Institute, Darfur University College, Nyala, Sudan
| | - Wenbin Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Demin Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China.
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SPLUNC1 regulates LPS-induced progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and proliferation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:214. [PMID: 36175598 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01816-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the aggressive malignant tumors with high mortality, and the proliferation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) could promote the metastasis of NPC through inhibiting the function of T cells. Meanwhile, SPLUNC1 was known to inhibit the malignant behavior of NPC cells, while the detailed function of SPLUNC1 in LPS-modified immune microenvironment of NPC remains unclear. To assess the impact of SPLUNC1 in immune microenvironment during the progression of NPC, NPC cells were exposed to LPS and then co-cultured with MDSCs for 48 h. RT-qPCR and western blot were performed to evaluate the mRNA and protein level of SPLUNC1, CXCL-2 and CXCR-2, respectively. The level of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, PD-L1, Arg-1 and iNOS were tested by ELISA. Meanwhile, the expression of CD33+ was tested by flow cytometry. The expression of CXCL-2 and CXCR-2 in NPC cells was higher, compared to that in NP69 cells. In contrast, SPLUNC1 level in NPC cells was much lower than that in NP69 cells. SPLUNC1 level was negatively correlated with CXCL-2 and CXCR-2. Overexpression of SPLUNC1 reversed LPS-induced inflammatory responses and proliferation in NPC cells. In addition, SPLUNC1 upregulation could reverse LPS-induced proliferation of MDSCs in tumor microenvironment. Meanwhile, SPLUNC1 overexpression could regulate CXCL-2/CXCR-2 axis through decreasing CXCL-2 and CXCR-2 protein and mRNA expression. SPLUNC1 regulates LPS-induced progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and proliferation of MDSCs. Thus, our study might provide a theoretical basis for discovering new strategies against NPC.
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Mihalj H, Butković J, Tokić S, Štefanić M, Kizivat T, Bujak M, Baus Lončar M, Mihalj M. Expression of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation-Related Genes in Nasal Mucosa and Nasal Polyps from Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5521. [PMID: 35628331 PMCID: PMC9145877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent, multifaceted inflammatory condition affecting the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses, frequently accompanied by formation of nasal polyps (CRSwNP). This apparently uniform clinical entity is preceded by heterogeneous changes in cellular and molecular patterns, suggesting the presence of multiple CRS endotypes and a diverse etiology. Alterations of the upper airway innate defense mechanisms, including antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity, have been implicated in CRSwNP etiology. The aim of this study was to investigate mRNA expression patterns of antioxidative enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxiredoxin-2 (PRDX2), and innate immune system defense players, namely the bactericidal/permeability-increasing fold-containing family A, member 1 (BPIFA1) and PACAP family members, particularly adenylate-cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor 1 (ADCYAP1) in nasal mucosa and nasal polyps from CRSwNP patients. Additional stratification based on age, sex, allergic comorbidity, and disease severity was applied. The results showed that ADCYAP1, BPIFA1, and PRDX2 transcripts are differentially expressed in nasal mucosa and scale with radiologically assessed disease severity in CRSwNP patients. Sinonasal transcriptome is not associated with age, sex, and smoking in CRSwNP. Surgical and postoperative corticosteroid (CS) therapy improves endoscopic appearance of the mucosa, but variably reverses target gene expression patterns in the nasal cavity of CRSwNP patients. Transcriptional cross-correlations analysis revealed an increased level of connectedness among differentially expressed genes under inflammatory conditions and restoration of basic network following CS treatment. Although results of the present study imply a possible engagement of ADCYAP1 and BPIFA1 as biomarkers for CRSwNP, a more profound study taking into account disease severity and CRSwNP endotypes prior to the treatment would provide additional information on their sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Mihalj
- Clinical Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery University Hospital Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Maxillofacial Surgery Faculty of Medicine University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Josip Butković
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Maxillofacial Surgery Faculty of Medicine University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia;
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Stana Tokić
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Mario Štefanić
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.Š.); (T.K.)
| | - Tomislav Kizivat
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.Š.); (T.K.)
- Clinical Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Protection, University Hospital Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Maro Bujak
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Mirela Baus Lončar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Mihalj
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
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Shi YJ, Zhao XH. Impact of the Plastein Reaction of Casein Hydrolysates in the Presence of Exogenous Amino Acids on Their Anti-Inflammatory Effect in the Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Macrophages. Foods 2022; 11:196. [PMID: 35053927 PMCID: PMC8775256 DOI: 10.3390/foods11020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, papain-generated casein hydrolysates (CH) with a degree of hydrolysis of 13.7% were subjected to a papain-mediated plastein reaction in the absence or presence of one of the exogenous amino acids-Gly, Pro, and Hyp-to prepare four plastein modifiers, or mixed with one of three amino acids to prepare three mixtures. The assay results confirmed that the reaction reduced free NH2 for the modifiers and caused amino acid incorporation and peptide condensation. When RAW264.7 macrophages were exposed to the CH, modifiers, and mixtures, these samples promoted macrophage growth and phagocytosis in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the CH shared similar activity in the cells as the mixtures, while the modifiers (especially the PCH-Hyp prepared with Hyp addition) exerted higher potential than CH, the mixtures, and PCH (the modifier prepared without amino acid addition). The plastein reaction thus enhanced CH bioactivity in the cells. When RAW264.7 macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the inflammatory cells produced more lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and caused more four inflammatory mediators (NO, PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-6) and two anti-inflammatory mediators (TGF-β1 and IL-10). However, the PCH-Hyp, PCH, and CH at dose levels of 100 μg/mL could combat against the LPS-induced inflammation. Overall, the PCH-Hyp was more active than the CH and PCH in reducing LDH release, ROS formation, and the secretion of these inflammatory mediators, or in increasing the secretion of the anti-inflammatory mediators. The qPCR and Western blot analysis results further confirmed that these samples had anti-inflammatory effects on the stimulated cells by suppressing the LPS-induced activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, via regulating the mRNA/miRNA expression of iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, TLR4, IL-10, TGF-β1, miR-181a, miR-30d, miR-155, and miR-148, as well as the protein expression of MyD88, p-IKKα, p-IκBα, p-NF-κB p65, and iNOS, involved in this signaling pathway. In addition, the immunofluorescence assay results revealed that these samples could block the LPS-mediated nuclear translocation of the p65 protein and displayed the same function as the NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11-7082. It was concluded that CH could be endowed with higher anti-inflammatory activity to the macrophages by performing a plastein reaction, particularly that in the presence of exogenous Hyp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jiao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Xin-Huai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
- Research Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Healthcare, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
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Zhang J, Sun X, Zhong L, Shen B. IL-32 exacerbates adenoid hypertrophy via activating NLRP3-mediated cell pyroptosis, which promotes inflammation. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:226. [PMID: 33495843 PMCID: PMC7851829 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoid hypertrophy (AH) is a common pediatric disease caused by inflammatory stimulation. The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-32 has been reported to promote airway inflammation and also be involved in the pyroptosis pathway. However, whether IL-32 can contribute to AH by mediating pyroptosis remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the role of IL-32 in AH and determine the potential underlying mechanisms. Adenoid tissues were collected from healthy children and children with AH, and the expression of IL-32, NACHT LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) and IL-1β in normal and hypertrophic tissues were measured. Human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpCs) were exposed to a series of IL-32 concentrations. HNEpCs with or without IL-32 silencing were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, gasdermin D (GSDMD) activation, production of inflammatory cytokines and the expression levels of proteins related to the potential mechanisms were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, ELISA and western blot assays, respectively. The results showed that IL-32, NLRP3 and IL-1β exhibited higher expression in adenoid tissues with AH compared with normal tissues. In HNEpC cells, treatment with IL-32 (2 and 10 ng/ml) promoted cell proliferation, while 50 ng/ml IL-32 inhibited cell proliferation at 12, 24 and 48 h post-treatment. IL-32 (2, 10 and 50 ng/ml) also resulted in differing degrees of apoptosis, GSDMD activation, release of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, and increased protein expression levels of NLRP3, cleaved-caspase-1, activated GSDMD, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein (NOD) 1/2 and Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, compared with the LPS group, IL-32 knockdown significantly inhibited LPS-induced enhancement of cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, GSDMD activation and production of inflammatory cytokines, and reversed the increased protein expression of NLRP3, cleaved-caspase-1, activated GSDMD, NOD1/2 and TLR4. In conclusion, IL-32 may play a role in the progression of AH via promoting inflammation, and the potential mechanism may involve the activation of NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin 300134, P.R. China
| | - Xuyuan Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin 300134, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Zhong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin 300134, P.R. China
| | - Bei Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin 300134, P.R. China
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Galimberti S, Baldini C, Baratè C, Ricci F, Balducci S, Grassi S, Ferro F, Buda G, Benedetti E, Fazzi R, Baglietto L, Lucenteforte E, Di Paolo A, Petrini M. The CoV-2 outbreak: how hematologists could help to fight Covid-19. Pharmacol Res 2020; 157:104866. [PMID: 32387301 PMCID: PMC7202852 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a medical emergency, with 20 % of patients presenting with severe clinical manifestations. From the pathogenetic point of view, COVID-19 mimics two other well-known diseases characterized by cytokine storm and hyper-activation of the immune response, with consequent organ damage: acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). Hematologists are confident with these situations requiring a prompt therapeutic approach for switching off the uncontrolled cytokine release; here, we discuss pros and cons of drugs that are already employed in hematology in the light of their possible application in COVID-19. The most promising drugs might be: Ruxolitinib, a JAK1/2 inhibitor, with a rapid and powerful anti-cytokine effect, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), with their good anti-inflammatory properties, and perhaps the anti-Cd26 antibody Begelomab. We also present immunological data from gene expression experiments where TKIs resulted effective anti-inflammatory and pro-immune drugs. A possible combined treatment algorithm for COVID-19 is here proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Galimberti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Chiara Baldini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Federica Ricci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Serena Balducci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Susanna Grassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Buda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Baglietto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ersilia Lucenteforte
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonello Di Paolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Petrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Boparai JK, Sharma PK. Mini Review on Antimicrobial Peptides, Sources, Mechanism and Recent Applications. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:4-16. [PMID: 31438824 PMCID: PMC6978648 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190822165812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides in recent years have gained increased interest among scientists, health professionals and the pharmaceutical companies owing to their therapeutic potential. These are low molecular weight proteins with broad range antimicrobial and immuno modulatory activities against infectious bacteria (Gram positive and Gram negative), viruses and fungi. Inability of micro-organisms to develop resistance against most of the antimicrobial peptide has made them as an efficient product which can greatly impact the new era of antimicrobials. In addition to this these peptides also demonstrates increased efficacy, high specificity, decreased drug interaction, low toxicity, biological diversity and direct attacking properties. Pharmaceutical industries are therefore conducting appropriate clinical trials to develop these peptides as potential therapeutic drugs. More than 60 peptide drugs have already reached the market and several hundreds of novel therapeutic peptides are in preclinical and clinical development. Rational designing can be used further to modify the chemical and physical properties of existing peptides. This mini review will discuss the sources, mechanism and recent therapeutic applications of antimicrobial peptides in treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kaur Boparai
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India
| | - Pushpender Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India
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Hu P, Zhao F, Wang J, Zhu W. Lactoferrin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory responses and barrier impairment through the modulation of NF-κB/MAPK/Nrf2 pathways in IPEC-J2 cells. Food Funct 2020; 11:8516-8526. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01570a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin attenuated LPS-induced inflammatory responsesviainhibiting NF-κB/MAPK pathways in IPEC-J2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hu
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science
- College of Animal Science and Technology
| | - Fangzhou Zhao
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science
- College of Animal Science and Technology
| | - Jing Wang
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science
- College of Animal Science and Technology
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science
- College of Animal Science and Technology
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Tsai HC, Chang GRL, Fan HC, Ou-Yang H, Huang LC, Wu SC, Chen CM. A mini-pig model for evaluating the efficacy of autologous platelet patches on induced acute full thickness wound healing. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:191. [PMID: 31174527 PMCID: PMC6556007 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autologous platelet concentrates are currently widely used across different areas of regenerative medicine in order to enhance the wound healing process. Although several protocols for platelet concentrates are available, their application remains difficult due to different protocols leading to distinct products with vary potential biological uses. In this study, we attempted to make a platelet patch (PP) using mixtures of platelet rich plasma (PRP) injection and platelet rich fibrin (PRF) to promote wound repair and regeneration. Results Experiments were performed using a full-thickness wound model in mini-pigs. Autologous PRP, PRF and PP were prepared immediately before creating four full-thickness skin wounds in pigs. We quantified concentrations of platelets, thrombin and various growth factors to ensure that the desired effect can be produced. After surgery, hydrocolloid dressing, PRP injection, PRF and PP was applied to experimentally induced wounds. Application efficacy was evaluated by measurement of wound sizes and histological examination. The results indicated that all wounds showed a significant size reduction. Wound repair efficacy in response to PP treatment exhibited enhanced re-epithelialization compared to PRP and PRF (P < 0.05) and higher wound contraction than did PRF application (P < 0.05). Another aspect, experiment using DsRed transgenic pigs as blood donors demonstrated that leucocytes in PP were incorporated into the wound bed at the end of the study, suggesting that leucocytes activity is stimulated in response to PP application. Safety of the experimental processes was also confirmed by examination of organ biopsies. Conclusions We used a mini-pig model to evaluate the efficacy of lab-made PP on induced full-thickness wound healing. Results demonstrated that application of one piece of PP was enough to obtain comparable efficacy versus general utilization of PRP or PRF for wound care. We also demonstrated that leucocytes in PP were incorporated into the wound bed and no safety concerns have been found in the whole experiment. This study provides a novel and feasible method for veterinary or clinical wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chung Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, No.250, Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, 403, Taiwan
| | - Gary Ro-Lin Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, No.250, Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Medical Research, Tung's Taichung Metro-harbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung, 435, Taiwan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, 356, Taiwan
| | - Huan Ou-Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, No.250, Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.,Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chuan Huang
- Department of Surgery, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, 403, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Chih Wu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, No.250, Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan. .,The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, and Rong-Hsing Translational Medicine Research Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
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13
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Mohamed WA, Salama RM, Schaalan MF. A pilot study on the effect of lactoferrin on Alzheimer's disease pathological sequelae: Impact of the p-Akt/PTEN pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:714-723. [PMID: 30611996 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in which the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB or Akt) pathway is deregulated in response to phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) overexpression. Lactoferrin (LF), a multifunctional iron-binding glycoprotein, is involved in AD pathology; however, direct evidence of its impact upon AD remains unclear. To elucidate LF's role in AD, the possible protective mechanism post-LF administration for 3 months was investigated in AD patients by observing changes in the p-Akt/PTEN pathway. AD patients showed decreased serum acetylcholine (ACh), serotonin (5-HT), antioxidant and anti-inflammatory markers, and decreased expression of Akt in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), as well as PI3K, and p-Akt levels in PBL lysate; all these parameters were significantly improved after daily LF administration for 3 months. Similarly, elevated serum amyloid β (Aβ) 42, cholesterol, oxidative stress markers, IL-6, heat shock protein (HSP) 90, caspase-3, and p-tau, as well as increased expression of tau, MAPK1 and PTEN in AD patients, were significantly reduced upon LF intake. Improvement in the aforementioned AD surrogate markers post-LF treatment was reflected in enhanced cognitive function assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale 11-item (ADAS-COG 11) questionnaires as clinical endpoints. These results provide a basis for a possible protective mechanism of LF in AD through its ability to alleviate the AD pathological cascade and cognitive decline via modulation of the p-Akt/PTEN pathway, which affects the key players of inflammation and oxidative stress that are involved in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rania M Salama
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Translational and Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mona F Schaalan
- Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Translational and Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt.
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Liu X, Wang X, Chen L, Shi Y, Wei Y. Effects of Erythromycin on the Proliferation and Apoptosis of Cultured Nasal Polyp-Derived Cells and the Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK)/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:8048-8055. [PMID: 30414267 PMCID: PMC6240169 DOI: 10.12659/msm.910934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Erythromycin and its derivatives have been used to treat nasal polyposis and reduce inflammation, but the mechanism of action remains unclear. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway proteins are expressed in nasal polyps. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of erythromycin on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the expression of p-MEK1 and p-ERK1 on cultured nasal polyp-derived cells. Material/Methods Nasal polyp-derived cells (n=32) and control cells from normal inferior turbinate tissue (n=32) were divided into four groups: the control group; the erythromycin-treated (100 μM) group; the selumetinib-treated (2 nM) group; and the erythromycin + selumetinib-treated group. Western blot was used to detect p-MEK1 and p-ERK1 proteins. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect mRNA expression of BCL-2 and BAX. Flow cytometry detected expression of Ki-67 and cell apoptosis. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL). Spectrophotometry assessed caspase-3 activity. Results The expression of Ki-67 was significantly increased, and cell apoptosis was significantly reduced in untreated nasal polyp-derived cells compared with controls. Erythromycin treatment significantly decreased cell proliferation and the expression of p-MEK1 and p-ERK1, and increased apoptosis in nasal polyp-derived cells compared with control cells. Selumetinib treatment had a synergistic effect with erythromycin to reduce the expression of p-MEK1 and p-ERK1, reduce cell proliferation, and increase cell apoptosis. Conclusions In cultured cells derived from nasal polyps, erythromycin treatment reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nangang Branch of Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nangang Branch of Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nangang Branch of Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yuming Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nangang Branch of Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yongjia Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nangang Branch of Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
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The Role of BPIFA1 in Upper Airway Microbial Infections and Correlated Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2021890. [PMID: 30255091 PMCID: PMC6140130 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2021890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mucosa is part of the first line of immune defense against pathogen exposure in humans and prevents viral and bacterial infection of the soft palate, lungs, uvula, and nasal cavity that comprise the ear-nose-throat (ENT) region. Bactericidal/permeability-increasing fold containing family A, member 1 (BPIFA1) is a secretory protein found in human upper aerodigestive tract mucosa. This innate material is secreted in mucosal fluid or found in submucosal tissue in the human soft palate, lung, uvula, and nasal cavity. BPIFA1 is a critical component of the innate immune response that prevents upper airway diseases. This review will provide a brief introduction of the roles of BPIFA1 in the upper airway (with a focus on the nasal cavity, sinus, and middle ear), specifically its history, identification, distribution in various human tissues, function, and diagnostic value in various upper airway infectious diseases.
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De Servi B, Ranzini F, Piqué N. Protective barrier properties of Rhinosectan ® spray (containing xyloglucan) on an organotypic 3D airway tissue model (MucilAir): results of an in vitro study. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2017; 13:37. [PMID: 28811823 PMCID: PMC5553660 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-017-0209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate barrier protective properties of Rhinosectan® spray, a medical device containing xyloglucan, on nasal epithelial cells (MucilAir). METHODS MucilAir-Nasal, a three-dimensional organotypic (with different cell types) airway tissue model, was treated with the medical device Rhinosectan® (30 µL) or with controls (Rhinocort-budesonide-or saline solution). The protective barrier effects of Rhinosectan® were evaluated by: TEER (trans-epithelial electrical resistance) (preservation of tight junctions), Lucifer Yellow assay (preservation of paracellular flux) and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy (localization of tight junction proteins). RESULTS Exposure of MucilAir with Rhinosectan® protected cell tight junctions (increases in TEER of 13.1% vs -6.3% with saline solution after 1 h of exposure), and preserved the paracellular flux, even after exposure with pro-inflammatory compounds (TNF-α and LPS from Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10). Results of confocal immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that, after treatment with the pro-inflammatory mixture, Rhinosectan® produced a slight relocation of zona occludens-1 in the cytosol compartment (while Rhinocort induced expression of zona-occludens-1), maintaining the localization of occludin (similarly to negative control). CONCLUSIONS Results of our study indicates that Rhinosectan® creates a protective physical barrier on nasal epithelial cells in vitro, allowing the avoidance of allergens and triggering factors, thus confirming the utility of this medical device in the management of nasal respiratory diseases, as rhinitis or rhinosinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Núria Piqué
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Diagonal Sud, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Edifici A, Av Joan XXIII, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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