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Bastías-Pérez M, Serra D, Herrero L. Dietary Options for Rodents in the Study of Obesity. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113234. [PMID: 33105762 PMCID: PMC7690621 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its associated metabolic diseases are currently a priority research area. The increase in global prevalence at different ages is having an enormous economic and health impact. Genetic and environmental factors play a crucial role in the development of obesity, and diet is one of the main factors that contributes directly to the obesogenic phenotype. Scientific evidence has shown that increased fat intake is associated with the increase in body weight that triggers obesity. Rodent animal models have been extremely useful in the study of obesity since weight gain can easily be induced with a high-fat diet. Here, we review the dietary patterns and physiological mechanisms involved in the dynamics of energy balance. We report the main dietary options for the study of obesity and the variables to consider in the use of a high-fat diet, and assess the progression of obesity and diet-induced thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Bastías-Pérez
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.B.-P.); (D.S.)
| | - Dolors Serra
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.B.-P.); (D.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.B.-P.); (D.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Vidal A, Rios R, Pineda C, Lopez I, Rodriguez M, Aguilera-Tejero E, Raya AI. Effect of caloric restriction on phosphate metabolism and uremic vascular calcification. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F1188-F1198. [PMID: 32249611 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00009.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is known to have multiple beneficial effects on health and longevity. To study the effect of CR on phosphorus metabolism and vascular calcification (VC), rats were fed normal or restricted calories (67% of normal). The phosphorus content of the diets was adjusted to provide equal phosphorus intake independent of the calories ingested. After 50 days of CR, rats had negative phosphorus balance, lower plasma phosphorus, glucose, triglycerides, and leptin, and higher adiponectin than rats fed normal calories. Uremia was induced by 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx). After Nx, rats were treated with calcitriol (80 ng/kg ip every other day) and high-phosphorus diets (1.2% and 1.8%). No differences in aortic calcium content were observed between rats that ate normal or restricted calories before Nx in either rats that received 1.2% phosphorus (11.5 ± 1.7 vs. 10.9 ± 2.1 mg/g tissue) or in rats that received 1.8% phosphorus (12.5 ± 2.3 vs. 12.0 ± 2.9 mg/g of tissue). However, mortality was significantly increased in rats subjected to CR before Nx in both the 1.2% phosphorus groups (75% vs. 25%, P = 0.019) and 1.8% phosphorus groups (100% vs. 45%, P < 0.001). After calcitriol administration was stopped and phosphorus intake was normalized, VC regressed rapidly, but no significant differences in aortic calcium were detected between rats that ate normal or restricted calories during the regression phase (5.7 ± 2.7 and 5.2 ± 1.5 mg/g tissue). In conclusion, CR did not prevent or ameliorate VC and increased mortality in uremic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Vidal
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain.,Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Rios
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain.,Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Pineda
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain.,Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lopez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain.,Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Mariano Rodriguez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Escolastico Aguilera-Tejero
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain.,Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ana I Raya
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain.,Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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Effect of Age, High-Fat Diet, and Rat Strain on Serum Biomarkers and Telomere Length and Global DNA Methylation in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1996. [PMID: 30760804 PMCID: PMC6374545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to determine if age, diet, and genetic disposition (animal strain) in an animal model had early effects on specific molecular markers in circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Three strains [Sprague-Dawley (SD), Fischer 344 (F344), and Brown-Norway (BN)] of male rats were maintained on a high-fat (HF) or regular diet. Blood was collected at 4, 12, and 24 wk to assess chemistry and to recover PBMCs. Triglycerides and body weight gain increased at all time points in the HF diet group for each strain. Telomere length in PBMCs decreased in the HF diet group compared to the regular diet group up to 24 wk in all strains. Telomere length decreased in PBMCs at 24 wk compared to baseline in all strains, indicating an age-related effect. These findings highlight that diet and age cause changes in PBMCs recovered from different strains of rats. The next tier of studies will examine the contribution of an occupational exposure (e.g., welding fume inhalation) in combination with diet, age, and strain, to assess changes in the molecular responses of isolated PBMCs. In addition, studies involving lifestyle exposure (e.g., tobacco smoke) are in the planning stages and will assess the long-term effects of exposure in our animal model.
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Boortz KA, Syring KE, Pound LD, Mo H, Bastarache L, Oeser JK, McGuinness OP, Denny JC, O’Brien RM. Effects of G6pc2 deletion on body weight and cholesterol in mice. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 58:127-139. [PMID: 28122818 PMCID: PMC5380368 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association study (GWAS) data have linked the G6PC2 gene to variations in fasting blood glucose (FBG). G6PC2 encodes an islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit that forms a substrate cycle with the beta cell glucose sensor glucokinase. This cycle modulates the glucose sensitivity of insulin secretion and hence FBG. GWAS data have not linked G6PC2 to variations in body weight but we previously reported that female C57BL/6J G6pc2-knockout (KO) mice were lighter than wild-type littermates on both a chow and high-fat diet. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of G6pc2 deletion on FBG and body weight in both chow-fed and high-fat-fed mice on two other genetic backgrounds. FBG was reduced in G6pc2 KO mice largely independent of gender, genetic background or diet. In contrast, the effect of G6pc2 deletion on body weight was markedly influenced by these variables. Deletion of G6pc2 conferred a marked protection against diet-induced obesity in male mixed genetic background mice, whereas in 129SvEv mice deletion of G6pc2 had no effect on body weight. G6pc2 deletion also reduced plasma cholesterol levels in a manner dependent on gender, genetic background and diet. An association between G6PC2 and plasma cholesterol was also observed in humans through electronic health record-derived phenotype analyses. These observations suggest that the action of G6PC2 on FBG is largely independent of the influences of environment, modifier genes or epigenetic events, whereas the action of G6PC2 on body weight and cholesterol are influenced by unknown variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla A. Boortz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Kristen E. Syring
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Lynley D. Pound
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Huan Mo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Lisa Bastarache
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - James K. Oeser
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Owen P. McGuinness
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Joshua C. Denny
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Richard M. O’Brien
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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Davidson HW, Wenzlau JM, O'Brien RM. Zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) and β cell function. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:415-24. [PMID: 24751356 PMCID: PMC4112161 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human pancreatic β cells have exceptionally high zinc content. In β cells the highest zinc concentration is in insulin secretory granules, from which it is cosecreted with the hormone. Uptake of zinc into secretory granules is mainly mediated by zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8), the product of the SLC30A8 [solute carrier family 30 (zinc transporter), member 8] gene. The minor alleles of several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SLC30A8 are associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the precise mechanisms underlying the protective effects remain uncertain. In this article we review current knowledge of the role of ZnT8 in maintaining zinc homeostasis in β cells, its role in glucose metabolism based on knockout mouse studies, and current theories regarding the link between ZnT8 function and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard W Davidson
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Janet M Wenzlau
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Richard M O'Brien
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Nascimento AR, Machado M, de Jesus N, Gomes F, Lessa MA, Bonomo IT, Tibiriçá E. Structural and functional microvascular alterations in a rat model of metabolic syndrome induced by a high-fat diet. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:2046-54. [PMID: 23512529 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate microvascular alterations in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) associated with salt supplementation (0.5% NaCl). DESIGN AND METHODS Wistar Kyoto rats were fed standard chow (control group, CONT) or HFD for 20 weeks. The functional capillary density (FCD) was assessed using intravital fluorescence videomicroscopy. RESULTS The HFD group presented a higher systolic blood pressure, plasma glucose and insulin levels, total and LDL-cholesterol levels, triglycerides, and visceral and epididymal fat when compared with the CONT group. When compared with the CONT group, the HFD group showed a lower FCD in the skeletal muscle (P < 0.05) but not in the skin (P > 0.05). The HFD group also had a lower capillary-to-fiber ratio in the skeletal muscle (P < 0.01). The capillary volume density-to-fiber volume density ratio in the left ventricle of the HFD was also reduced (P < 0.01). Finally, rats fed with HFD showed ventricular hypertrophy and increased cardiomyocyte diameter (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The long-term administration of a HFD associated with salt supplementation to rats generates an experimental model of metabolic syndrome characterized by central body fat deposition, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, arterial hypertension, cardiac remodeling, and rarefaction of the microcirculation in the heart and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro R Nascimento
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Pound LD, Oeser JK, O’Brien TP, Wang Y, Faulman CJ, Dadi PK, Jacobson DA, Hutton JC, McGuinness OP, Shiota M, O’Brien RM. G6PC2: a negative regulator of basal glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Diabetes 2013; 62:1547-56. [PMID: 23274894 PMCID: PMC3636628 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) is associated with increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular-associated mortality. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have linked polymorphisms in G6PC2 with variations in FBG and body fat, although not insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance. G6PC2 encodes an islet-specific, endoplasmic reticulum-resident glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit. A combination of in situ perfused pancreas, in vitro isolated islet, and in vivo analyses were used to explore the function of G6pc2 in mice. G6pc2 deletion had little effect on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, whereas body fat was reduced in female G6pc2 knockout (KO) mice on both a chow and high-fat diet, observations that are all consistent with human GWAS data. G6pc2 deletion resulted in a leftward shift in the dose-response curve for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). As a consequence, under fasting conditions in which plasma insulin levels were identical, blood glucose levels were reduced in G6pc2 KO mice, again consistent with human GWAS data. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity was reduced, whereas basal cytoplasmic calcium levels were elevated in islets isolated from G6pc2 KO mice. These data suggest that G6pc2 represents a novel, negative regulator of basal GSIS that acts by hydrolyzing glucose-6-phosphate, thereby reducing glycolytic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynley D. Pound
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James K. Oeser
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tracy P. O’Brien
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yingda Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Chandler J. Faulman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Prasanna K. Dadi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David A. Jacobson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - John C. Hutton
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Owen P. McGuinness
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Masakazu Shiota
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Richard M. O’Brien
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee
- Corresponding author: Richard M. O’Brien,
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Joerin L, Kauschka M, Bonnländer B, Pischel I, Benedek B, Butterweck V. Ficus carica
Leaf Extract Modulates the Lipid Profile of Rats Fed with a High-Fat Diet through an Increase of HDL-C. Phytother Res 2013; 28:261-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Joerin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Michaela Kauschka
- PhytoLab GmbH & Co. KG; Dutendorfer Str. 5-7 91487 Vestenbergsgreuth Germany
| | - Bernd Bonnländer
- Plantextrakt GmbH & Co. KG; Dutendorfer Str. 5-7 91487 Vestenbergsgreuth Germany
| | - Ivo Pischel
- PhytoLab GmbH & Co. KG; Dutendorfer Str. 5-7 91487 Vestenbergsgreuth Germany
| | - Birgit Benedek
- PhytoLab GmbH & Co. KG; Dutendorfer Str. 5-7 91487 Vestenbergsgreuth Germany
| | - Veronika Butterweck
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
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Coletti D, Berardi E, Aulino P, Rossi E, Moresi V, Li Z, Adamo S. Substrains of inbred mice differ in their physical activity as a behavior. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:237260. [PMID: 23533342 PMCID: PMC3606797 DOI: 10.1155/2013/237260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies strengthen the belief that physical activity as a behavior has a genetic basis. Screening wheel-running behavior in inbred mouse strains highlighted differences among strains, showing that even very limited genetic differences deeply affect mouse behavior. We extended this observation to substrains of the same inbred mouse strain, that is, BALB/c mice. We found that only a minority of the population of one of these substrains, the BALB/c J, performs spontaneous physical activity. In addition, the runners of this substrain cover a significantly smaller distance than the average runners of two other substrains, namely, the BALB/c ByJ and the BALB/c AnNCrl. The latter shows a striking level of voluntary activity, with the average distance run/day reaching up to about 12 kilometers. These runners are not outstanders, but they represent the majority of the population, with important scientific and economic fallouts to be taken into account during experimental planning. Spontaneous activity persists in pathological conditions, such as cancer-associated cachexia. This important amount of physical activity results in a minor muscle adaptation to endurance exercise over a three-week period; indeed, only a nonsignificant increase in NADH transferase+ fibers occurs in this time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Coletti
- UR4 Aging, Stress, Inflammation, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
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Aguiar e Silva MA, Vechetti-Junior IJ, Nascimento AFD, Furtado KS, Azevedo L, Ribeiro DA, Barbisan LF. Effects of swim training on liver carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats fed a low-fat or high-fat diet. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 37:1101-9. [DOI: 10.1139/h2012-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of swim training on the promotion–progression stages of rat liver carcinogenesis. Male Wistar rats were submitted to chemically induced liver carcinogenesis and allocated into 4 major groups, according their dietary regimen (16 weeks) and swim training of 5 days per week (8 weeks): 2 groups were fed low-fat diet (LFD, 6% fat) and trained or not trained and 2 groups were fed high-fat diet (HFD, 21% fat) and trained or not trained. At week 20, the animals were killed and liver samples were processed for histological analyses; immunohistochemical detection of persistent or remodeling preneoplastic lesions (pPNL and rPNL) expressing placental glutathione S-transferase (GST-P) enzyme; or proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cleaved caspase-3, and bcl-2 protein levels by Western blotting or malonaldehyde (MDA) and total glutathione detection by HPLC. Overall analysis indicated that swim training reduced the body weight and body fat in both LFD and HFD groups, normalized total cholesterol levels in the HFD group while decreased the MDA levels, increased glutathione levels and both number of GST-P-positive pPNL and hepatocellular adenomas in LFD group. Also, a favorable balance in PCNA, cleaved caspase-3, and bcl-2 levels was detected in the liver from the LFD-trained group in relation to LFD-untrained group. The findings of this study indicate that the swim training protocol as a result of exercise postconditioning may attenuate liver carcinogenesis under an adequate dietary regimen with lowered fat intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Aurélio Aguiar e Silva
- Post-Graduation Program in General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivan José Vechetti-Junior
- Post-Graduation Program in General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-970, SP, Brazil
| | - André Ferreira do Nascimento
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelly Silva Furtado
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Azevedo
- Faculty of Nutrition, UNIFAL, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences, UNIFESP, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 11060-001, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Barbisan
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Pound LD, Sarkar SA, Ustione A, Dadi PK, Shadoan MK, Lee CE, Walters JA, Shiota M, McGuinness OP, Jacobson DA, Piston DW, Hutton JC, Powell DR, O’Brien RM. The physiological effects of deleting the mouse SLC30A8 gene encoding zinc transporter-8 are influenced by gender and genetic background. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40972. [PMID: 22829903 PMCID: PMC3400647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The SLC30A8 gene encodes the islet-specific transporter ZnT-8, which is hypothesized to provide zinc for insulin-crystal formation. A polymorphic variant in SLC30A8 is associated with altered susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. Several groups have examined the effect of global Slc30a8 gene deletion but the results have been highly variable, perhaps due to the mixed 129SvEv/C57BL/6J genetic background of the mice studied. We therefore sought to remove the conflicting effect of 129SvEv-specific modifier genes. Methods The impact of Slc30a8 deletion was examined in the context of the pure C57BL/6J genetic background. Results Male C57BL/6J Slc30a8 knockout (KO) mice had normal fasting insulin levels and no change in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from isolated islets in marked contrast to the ∼50% and ∼35% decrease, respectively, in both parameters observed in male mixed genetic background Slc30a8 KO mice. This observation suggests that 129SvEv-specific modifier genes modulate the impact of Slc30a8 deletion. In contrast, female C57BL/6J Slc30a8 KO mice had reduced (∼20%) fasting insulin levels, though this was not associated with a change in fasting blood glucose (FBG), or GSIS from isolated islets. This observation indicates that gender also modulates the impact of Slc30a8 deletion, though the physiological explanation as to why impaired insulin secretion is not accompanied by elevated FBG is unclear. Neither male nor female C57BL/6J Slc30a8 KO mice showed impaired glucose tolerance. Conclusions Our data suggest that, despite a marked reduction in islet zinc content, the absence of ZnT-8 does not have a substantial impact on mouse physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynley D. Pound
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Suparna A. Sarkar
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Ustione
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Prasanna K. Dadi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Melanie K. Shadoan
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, The Woodlands, Texas, United States of America
| | - Catherine E. Lee
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jay A. Walters
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Masakazu Shiota
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Owen P. McGuinness
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David A. Jacobson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David W. Piston
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - John C. Hutton
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David R. Powell
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, The Woodlands, Texas, United States of America
| | - Richard M. O’Brien
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Apolzan JW, Harris RBS. Differential effects of chow and purified diet on the consumption of sucrose solution and lard and the development of obesity. Physiol Behav 2012; 105:325-31. [PMID: 21893075 PMCID: PMC3225510 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has been associated with increased consumption of sweetened beverages and a high-fat diet. We determined whether the composition of the dry pellet offered with liquid sucrose (LS) and lard influenced the development of obesity. We hypothesized that animals offered LS or LS and lard (choice), in addition to chow or purified low fat diet pellet (LFD; 10% fat), would gain more body fat than controls. We compared the effects of LFD vs. chow on voluntary consumption of LS and lard, serum triglyceride (TG), glucose, and body fat over 21 days. Male Sprague Dawley rats (n=10/group) were offered chow, chow+LS, chow choice, LFD, LFD+LS, LFD choice or solid high-sucrose diet (70% sucrose). Energy intakes of rats fed chow, LFD, and high-sucrose diets were similar. Energy intake was increased by 16% in chow+LS, 15% in LFD+LS, 11% in LFD choice, and 23% in chow choice rats. Chow choice rats consumed 142% more lard than LFD choice rats. Fasting glucose increased in all choice rats compared with the chow and high-sucrose diet rats. Fasting TG increased in LFD choice rats and were ~75% higher than those of chow, LFD, or high-sucrose rats. Chow choice had higher carcass fat than chow, chow+LS, and LFD groups however LFD choice was not different from their controls. Another experiment confirmed rats consumed 158% more lard when given chow choice compared to LFD choice. The diet offered to rats with free access to LS and lard influenced the development of obesity, sucrose and lard selection, and TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Apolzan
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA, United States.
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Too hungry to learn? Hungry broiler breeders fail to learn a Y-maze food quantity discrimination task. Anim Welf 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0962728600003110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractChoice tests may aid determining whether qualitative dietary restriction improves the welfare of feed-restricted broiler breeder chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). However, hunger-stress may reduce competency to choose by impairing learning. The effect of chronic feed restriction on the ability of broiler breeders to learn a hunger-relevant discrimination task was investigated using a Y-maze paradigm. The task was to associate black and white arms with large and small quantities of feed. Birds were reared to three growth curves by means of severe (n = 12), moderate (n = 12) or very mild feed restriction (n = 12). Learning the task and selecting the larger food option allowed birds to increase their feed intake. Time taken to traverse the Y-maze was also measured. Birds from all treatment groups traversed the Y-maze more quickly over time, indicating that they had learnt that running down the Y-maze arms was associated with a rewarding outcome (food). However, feed restriction significantly reduced their ability to associate the black and white cues with differences in food quantity. Consequently, average pay-offs in terms of daily feed increments disproportionately accrued to the less feed-restricted treatment groups. It is concluded that feed restriction affected the performance of broiler breeders in this task, perhaps by narrowing their attention such that they ignore potentially hunger-relevant contextual cues. However, low overall group success rates demonstrate that this task was difficult to learn even for less severely feed-restricted birds. Therefore, Y-maze choice tests may not be the most appropriate method for determining hungry broiler breeder dietary preferences.
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown a positive relationship between dietary fat intake and obesity. Since rats and mice show a similar relationship, they are considered an appropriate model for studying dietary obesity. The present paper describes the history of using high-fat diets to induce obesity in animals, aims to clarify the consequences of changing the amount and type of dietary fats on weight gain, body composition and adipose tissue cellularity, and explores the contribution of genetics and sex, as well as the biochemical basis and the roles of hormones such as leptin, insulin and ghrelin in animal models of dietary obesity. The major factors that contribute to dietary obesity - hyperphagia, energy density and post-ingestive effects of the dietary fat - are discussed. Other factors that affect dietary obesity including feeding rhythmicity, social factors and stress are highlighted. Finally, we comment on the reversibility of high-fat diet-induced obesity.
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McEwen B, Paterson P. Caloric restriction provided after global ischemia does not reduce hippocampal cornu ammonis injury or improve functional recovery. Neuroscience 2010; 166:263-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Fernández-Llebrez P, López-Ávalos MD, Grondona JM, Pérez-Martín M, Cifuentes M, Pedraza C, de Andrés AV, Jiménez-Palomo P, Casares-Mira JE, López-Arillo I. Rats fed the dietary supplement vitamix® (ceregumil® with vitamins) show greater physical resistance and antioxidant capacity. ENDOCRINOLOGIA Y NUTRICION : ORGANO DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE ENDOCRINOLOGIA Y NUTRICION 2008; 55:346-355. [PMID: 22975599 DOI: 10.1016/s1575-0922(08)72795-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vitamix® is a dietary product composed of a hydro-alcoholic extract of cereals and pulses with honey, calcium glycerophosphate, vitamins B and D, selenium and fluoride. The basic product, Ceregumil®, patented in 1912, was highly popular as tonic and consumers reported a feeling of health, resistance to illness, and increased predisposition to work and exercise. MATERIAL AND METHOD In the present study we analysed the effect of Vitamix® used as dietary supplement, on several physiological parameters in laboratory rats. We periodically performed hemograms and measured intake and weight, as well as blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, transaminases and malondialdehyde, a lipoperoxidation product. Physical probes were performed and a histochemical study was done in the liver. RESULTS Rats fed with Vitamix® displayed lower intake and body weight in adult ages, showed and increased antioxidant activity, higher resistance in the wire hang test and lower fatigue in the Morris pool, specially those specimens considered as bad performers supplemented with Vitamix®. The rest of the measured parameters remained similar to control and no hepatic alterations were found. CONCLUSIONS This study supports a scientific basis to know the effect of these complements over physiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Fernández-Llebrez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Málaga. Málaga. España.
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Cano P, Jiménez-Ortega V, Larrad A, Reyes Toso CF, Cardinali DP, Esquifino AI. Effect of a high-fat diet on 24-h pattern of circulating levels of prolactin, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, corticosterone, thyroid-stimulating hormone and glucose, and pineal melatonin content, in rats. Endocrine 2008; 33:118-25. [PMID: 18449810 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-008-9066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythmicity is affected in obese subjects. This article analyzes the effect of a high-fat diet (35% fat) on 24-h changes circulating prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, corticosterone, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and glucose, and pineal melatonin content, in rats. When body weight of rats reached the values of morbid obesity, the animals were sacrificed at six different time intervals throughout a 24-h cycle, together with age-matched controls fed a normal diet (4% fat). Plasma hormone levels were measured by specific radioimmunoassays and glucose concentration by an automated glucose oxidase method. In rats under a high-fat diet, a significant disruption of the 24-h pattern of plasma TSH, LH, and testosterone and a slight disruption of prolactin rhythm were found. Additionally, high-fat fed rats showed significantly lower total values of plasma TSH and testosterone and absence of correlation between testosterone and circulating LH levels. Plasma corticosterone levels increased significantly in high-fat fed rats and their 24-h variation became blunted. In obese animals, a significant hyperglycemia developed, individual plasma glucose values correlating with circulating corticosterone in high-fat fed rats only. The amplitude of the nocturnal pineal melatonin peak decreased significantly in high-fat fed rats. The results underlie the significant effects that obesity has on circadian organization of hormone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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Tremblay MS, Shephard RJ, Brawley LR, Cameron C, Craig CL, Duggan M, Esliger DW, Hearst W, Hicks A, Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Latimer AE, Martin Ginis KA, McGuire A, Paterson DH, Sharratt M, Spence JC, Timmons B, Warburton D, Young TK, Zehr L. Physical activity guidelines and guides for Canadians: facts and futureThis article is part of a supplement entitled Advancing physical activity measurement and guidelines in Canada: a scientific review and evidence-based foundation for the future of Canadian physical activity guidelines co-published by Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism and the Canadian Journal of Public Health. It may be cited as Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 32(Suppl. 2E) or as Can. J. Public Health 98(Suppl. 2). Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007. [DOI: 10.1139/h07-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes the main findings from the papers included in this journal supplement. It consolidates the evidence currently available to inform and advance the development of physical activity guidelines for Canadians, and it highlights the specific needs of various population subgroups. The challenges of translating guideline information into effective and persuasive physical activity messages, of campaigns to disseminate messages, and of related evaluations are underlined. Recommendations on how to proceed are based on the evidence base provided by this series of papers; the immediate next steps mandated by this initiative are outlined and priorities for future research are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Tremblay
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, ON
| | - Roy J. Shephard
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, ON
| | - Lawrence R. Brawley
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, ON
| | - Christine Cameron
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, ON
| | - Cora Lynn Craig
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, ON
| | - Mary Duggan
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, ON
| | - Dale W. Esliger
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, ON
| | - William Hearst
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, ON
| | - Audrey Hicks
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, ON
| | - Ian Janssen
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, ON
| | - Peter T. Katzmarzyk
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, ON
| | - Amy E. Latimer
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, ON
| | - Kathleen A. Martin Ginis
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, ON
| | - Ashlee McGuire
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, ON
| | - Donald H. Paterson
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, ON
| | - Michael Sharratt
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, ON
| | - John C. Spence
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, ON
| | - Brian Timmons
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, ON
| | - Darren Warburton
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, ON
| | - T. Kue Young
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, ON
| | - Lori Zehr
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, ON
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