1
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Wang JL, Jan CR, Chen MH. Action of econazole on Ca2+ levels and cytotoxicity in OC2 human oral cancer cells. J Dent Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
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2
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Shraddha KN, Begum NS. 2-[1-(4- tert-Butylphenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl]-4,6-dichlorophenol. IUCRDATA 2020; 5:x200870. [PMID: 36339793 PMCID: PMC9462253 DOI: 10.1107/s2414314620008706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
An intramolecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond helps to ensure near coplanarity of the 4,6-dichlorophenol and imidazole rings in the title compound. In the title compound, C31H26Cl2N2O, the 4,6-dichlorophenol and the imidazole rings are almost coplanar, with a dihedral angle of 8.89 (6)° between them and an intramolecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond occurs between the rings. The dihedral angles subtended by the tert-butylphenyl ring and the two phenyl rings with the imidazole ring are 85.18 (9), 81.22 (9) and 19.00 (8)°, respectively. The methyl groups of the tert-butyl grouping are disordered over two sets of sites in 0.589 (5):0.411 (5) ratio. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of weak C—H⋯Cl interactions generate R22(24) loops.![]()
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An efficient method for the synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles using lactic acid as promoter. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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4
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Sancholle M, Dargent R, Weete JD, Rushing AE, Miller KS, Montant C. Effects of Triazoles on Fungi. VI. Ultrastructure ofTaphrina Deformans. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1988.12025518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Sancholle
- Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, Université Paul Sabotier, 31062 Cedex Toulouse, France
| | - R. Dargent
- Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, Université Paul Sabotier, 31062 Cedex Toulouse, France
| | - J. D. Weete
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - A. E. Rushing
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - K. S. Miller
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - C. Montant
- Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, Université Paul Sabotier, 31062 Cedex Toulouse, France
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Veraldi S. Isoconazole nitrate: a unique broad-spectrum antimicrobial azole effective in the treatment of dermatomycoses, both as monotherapy and in combination with corticosteroids. Mycoses 2013; 56 Suppl 1:3-15. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Veraldi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation; University of Milan; I.R.C.C.S. Foundation; Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Milan; Italy
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6
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Khan MS, Siddiqui SA, Siddiqui MSRA, Goswami U, Srinivasan KV, Khan MI. Antibacterial Activity of Synthesized 2,4,5-Trisubstituted Imidazole Derivatives. Chem Biol Drug Des 2008; 72:197-204. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2008.00691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Barug D, Kerkenaar A. Resistance in mutagen-induced mutants ofUstilago maydisto fungicides which inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ps.2780150112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Kerkenaar A, Barug D. Fluorescence microscope studies ofUstilago maydisandPenicillium italicumafter treatment with imazalil or fenpropimorph. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ps.2780150211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Drago L, De Vecchi E, Fassina MC, Mombelli B, Bonaccorso C, Gismondo MR. Antimycotic activity and phagocytosis effects of econazole in combination with ibuprofen isobuthanolammonium against vaginal strains. J Chemother 2000; 12:509-15. [PMID: 11154035 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2000.12.6.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Vaginal infections caused by Candida spp., other yeasts and Trichomonas vaginalis are problematic mainly due to the various factors involved in development of infection and to the failure of common treatments. In this study we investigated the presence of synergistic activity of econazole and ibuprofen isobuthanolammonium against 310 different vaginal isolates, by using the microdilution broth assay to test in vitro antimicrobial activity and the effect of the two drugs on phagocytosis and intramacrophagic cellular killing of mouse peritoneal macrophages. The effect of sub-inhibitory concentrations of econazole / ibuprofen isobuthanolammonium combination on Candida albicans germ tube formation was also evaluated. The in vitro antifungal activity of econazole was notably improved by addition of ibuprofen isobuthanolammonium. Macrophage killing of C. albicans was significantly increased by the two drugs and also germ-tube formation was significantly affected. We conclude that the addition of ibuprofen isobuthanolammonium to econazole provides better in vitro antifungal activity. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the in vivo action of this formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Science, LITA Vialba, Milan, Italy.
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10
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Yoon SA, Vazquez JA, Steffan PE, Sobel JD, Akins RA. High-frequency, in vitro reversible switching of Candida lusitaniae clinical isolates from amphotericin B susceptibility to resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:836-45. [PMID: 10103188 PMCID: PMC89214 DOI: 10.1128/aac.43.4.836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed an increase in the incidence of serious infections caused by non-albicans Candida species. Candida lusitaniae is of special interest because of its sporadic resistance to amphotericin B (AmB). The present in vitro study demonstrated that, unlike other Candida species, C. lusitaniae isolates frequently generated AmB-resistant lineages form previously susceptible colonies. Cells switching from a resistant colony to a susceptible phenotype were also detected after treatment with either UV light, heat shock, or exposure to whole blood, all of which increased the frequency of switching. In some C. lusitaniae lineages, after a cell switched to a resistant phenotype, the resistant phenotype was stable; in other lineages, colonies were composed primarily of AmB-susceptible cells. Although resistant and susceptible lineages were identical in many aspects, their cellular morphologies were dramatically different. Switching mechanisms that involve exposure to antifungals may have an impact on antifungal therapeutic strategies as well as on standardized susceptibility testing of clinical yeast specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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11
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Yang HC, Taguchi H, Nishimura K, Miyaji M. Imidazole-induced morphological abnormalities of mitochondria of Candida albicans. Mycoses 1998; 41:481-6. [PMID: 9919891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1998.tb00710.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial morphology of live Candida albicans samples treated with several imidazoles (miconazole, econazole and clotrimazole) was observed with a fluorescent carbocyanine probe, 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine [diO-C6-(3)], under a fluorescence microscope. Nearly all non-treated C. albicans cells carried only long tubular mitochondria. Treatment with antimycotics at half the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC100) rapidly induced mitochondrial cleavage or fragmentation, which was followed by recovery to the normal tubular morphology within 1 h. Exposing the yeast to drugs at concentrations higher than the MICs resulted in the development of swollen mitochondria or amorphous bodies. These phenomena were concentration dependent. The fluorescence images were also compared with ultrastructural images obtained by transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Yang
- Research Center for Pathogenic Fungi and Microbial Toxicoses, Chiba University, Japan
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12
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Vazquez JA, Arganoza MT, Vaishampayan JK, Akins RA. In vitro interaction between amphotericin B and azoles in Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:2511-6. [PMID: 8913455 PMCID: PMC163566 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.11.2511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of azole prophylaxis as a measure to prevent invasive fungal infections in high-risk patients is increasing and is now the standard of care in many institutions. Previous studies disagree on whether preexposure of Candida albicans to azoles affects their subsequent susceptibility to amphotericin B (AmB). The present in vitro study indicates that azole exposure generates a subpopulation of cells that are not affected by subsequent exposure to AmB. These cells that are phenotypically resistant to AmB tolerated by most cells not exposed to azole. The percentage of cells that convert to phenotypic resistance to AmB varies with the concentration and the azole. Itraconazole is more effective than fluconazole in generating cells that are phenotypically resistant to AmB and that tolerate an otherwise lethal transient exposure to AmB. Until cells that are not exposed to fluconazole are simultaneously challenged with AmB, they are not protected to a significant extent from killing by AmB. Cells that are challenged with continuous exposure to AmB also acquire phenotypic resistance to AmB at increased frequencies by azole preexposure, but this requires that the azole be continuously present during incubation with AmB. In addition, Candida cells taken from mature colonies that are not actively growing are not susceptible to the short-term killing effects of AmB without azole preexposure. The adaptive responses of C. albicans to AmB and potentially other antifungal agents that may result from prior exposure to azoles in vitro or potentially in microenvironments in vivo that induce physiological changes may have major clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Vazquez
- Department of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Michigan, USA
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13
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Yang HC, Taguchi H, Nishimura K, Miyaji M. Effect of miconazole on diO-C6-(3) accumulation in mitochondria of Candida albicans. MYCOSCIENCE 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02461293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Sawer IK, Berry MI, Brown MW, Ford JL. The effect of cryptolepine on the morphology and survival of Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1995; 79:314-21. [PMID: 7592125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1995.tb03143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of the indoloquinoline alkaloid, cryptolepine, isolated from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Fam. Periplocaceae) was determined against selected micro-organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges obtained, expressed as microgram ml-1, were: 5-10 for Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCPF 3139; 10-20 for S. cerevisiae NCPF 3178; 20-40 for Escherichia coli NCTC 10418; 40-80 for E. coli NCTC 11560, Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and C. tropicalis NCPF; and 80-160 for C. albicans NCPF 3242 and NCPF 3262. Biocidal effects were noted at concentrations 2-4 times those of the MIC of the alkaloid following challenge with 10(6) cfu ml-1 of micro-organisms. Time-kill studies showed a reduction in viable count from 10(6) to < 10 cfu ml-1 in 4 h in C. albicans ATCC 10231 exposed to 320 micrograms ml-1 of the agent; 3 log cycle reductions were recorded for the 6 h counts of E. coli NCTC 10418 and S. cerevisiae NCPF 3139 exposed to 40 micrograms ml-1 and 160 micrograms ml-1 of the alkaloid respectively. These results were consistent with findings using scanning electron microscopy. Exposure of cells to biocidal concentrations of cryptolepine produced filamentation prior to lysis in E. coli NCTC 10418 and extreme disturbance of surface structure, including partial and total collapse, followed by lysis in C. albicans ATCC 10231 and S. cerevisiae NCPF 3139.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Sawer
- School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
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15
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el-Sherbeini M, Clemas JA. Cloning and characterization of GNS1: a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene involved in synthesis of 1,3-beta-glucan in vitro. J Bacteriol 1995; 177:3227-34. [PMID: 7768822 PMCID: PMC177015 DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.11.3227-3234.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The GNS1 gene product is required for the synthesis of 1,3-beta-glucan in vitro, since mutations in this gene result in exhibit an 80 to 90% reduction in 1,3-beta-glucan synthase specific activity. gns1 mutant strains display a pleiotropic phenotype including resistance to a pneumocandin B0 analog (L-733,560), slow growth, and mating and sporulation defects. The gns1-1 mutation was genetically mapped to within 1.35 centimorgans from the MAT locus on chromosome III. The wild-type GNS1 gene was isolated by complementing the pneumocandin resistance phenotype of the gns1-1 mutation and by hybridization with a chromosome III-derived sequence being used as a probe. The nucleotide sequence of GNS1 was determined and compared with the homologous region of the chromosome. The genetic and nucleotide sequence analyzes revealed that GNS1 and the open reading frame, YCR34 [S. Oliver, Q. van der Aart, M. Agostoni-Carbone, and the Chromosome III Sequencing Group, Nature (London) 357:38-46, 1992], represent identical loci in the genome. Cells deleted for GNS1 are viable but exhibit slow growth as well as the pleiotropic phenotype of the gns1 mutants. The putative protein product is predicted to be an integral membrane protein with five transmembrane helices displaying an exoplasmic orientation for the N terminus and a cytoplasmic orientation for the C terminus. This protein may be a subunit of 1,3-beta-glucan synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M el-Sherbeini
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA
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16
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Ansari S, Prasad R. Effect of miconazole on the structure and function of plasma membrane of Candida albicans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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17
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Giordani R, Moulin-Traffort J, Régli P. Glycosidic activities of Candida albicans after action of vegetable latex saps (natural antifungals) and isoconazole (synthetic antifungal). Mycoses 1991; 34:67-73. [PMID: 1922192 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1991.tb00622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycosidic activities have been examined in Candida albicans grown on medium culture containing latex sap (natural antifungal) or isoconazole (synthetic antifungal). The different types of utilized latex sap were those of Lactuca sativa (latex exuded from articulated laticifers) and Asclepias curassavica (latex flowing from non-articulated laticifers). The same enzyme assays were performed on C. albicans grown without antifungal compounds. Except for alpha-arabinosidase, all glycosidase activities were increased when C. albicans was grown in medium supplemented with L. sativa latex sap. The most stimulated activities were those of beta-fucosidase, alpha-galactosidase, alpha- and beta-glucosidase, alpha- and beta-mannosidase, acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase. The presence of A. curassavica latex sap in culture medium produced similar results: the most stimulated activities were those of alpha-mannosidase, alpha-galactosidase, acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-fucosidase. Electron microscope observations suggested a correlation between this stimulation of glycosidic activities and the fungal cell wall breakdown. For comparison the presence of isoconazole in culture medium yields no increase in glycosidic activities and no ultrastructural modification of fungal cell wall. The mode of action of latex saps in cell wall breakdown is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Giordani
- Centre de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, CNRS, Marseille, France
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Walker-Caprioglio HM, MacKenzie JM, Parks LW. Antibodies to nystatin demonstrate polyene sterol specificity and allow immunolabeling of sterols in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33:2092-5. [PMID: 2694950 PMCID: PMC172827 DOI: 10.1128/aac.33.12.2092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyclonal antibodies elicited by injection into rabbits of a nystatin-bovine serum albumin conjugate were reactive with both nystatin and amphotericin B. Upon labeling of polyene-treated Saccharomyces cerevisiae sterol auxotrophs grown on various sterols, nystatin reacted specifically with ergosterol, while amphotericin B did not react preferentially with ergosterol, cholesterol, or cholestanol. Time course labeling experiments demonstrated the rate of ergosterol transport into cholesterol-grown cells.
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Abstract
Fungal infections are a major burden to the health and welfare of modern humans. They range from simply cosmetic, non-life-threatening skin infections to severe, systemic infections that may lead to significant debilitation or death. The selection of chemotherapeutic agents useful for the treatment of fungal infections is small. In this overview, a major chemical group with antifungal activity, the azole derivatives, is examined. Included are historical and state of the art information on the in vitro activity, experimental in vivo activity, mode of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical studies, and uses and adverse reactions of imidazoles currently marketed (clotrimazole, miconazole, econazole, ketoconazole, bifonazole, butoconazole, croconazole, fenticonazole, isoconazole, oxiconazole, sulconazole, and tioconazole) and under development (aliconazole and omoconazole), as well as triazoles currently marketed (terconazole) and under development (fluconazole, itraconazole, vibunazole, alteconazole, and ICI 195,739).
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Fromtling
- Department of Basic Microbiology, Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900
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20
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Marshall SE, Marples BA, Salt WG, Stretton RJ. Aspects of the effect of bile salts on Candida albicans. Med Mycol 1988. [PMID: 3323449 DOI: 10.1080/02681218780000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid as their sodium salts, were fungistatic to the growth of Candida albicans. Of the compounds tested, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid were the most active. In combination with other antifungal agents only cholic acid exhibited synergism with amphotericin B, whilst the imidazole antifungal agents inhibited the action of the bile salts. The bile salt minimal inhibitory concentrations were close to the critical micelle concentrations. Even though the compounds are surface active they did not cause loss of intracellular K+ and were without effect on oxygen consumption. The bile salts, particularly cholic acid, produced morphological changes that gave rise to swollen cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University of Technology, Leicestershire, U.K
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21
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Borgers M. Ultrastructural correlates of antimycotic treatment. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEDICAL MYCOLOGY 1988; 2:1-39. [PMID: 3288354 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3730-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Lutz JC, Nugent KM. Interaction between Candida agglutinins and antifungal agents. Mycopathologia 1987; 99:21-4. [PMID: 3306393 DOI: 10.1007/bf00436676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antifungal agents alter the function and morphology of Candida cell membranes and cell walls. We observed that brief (30 minute) exposure to either amphotericin B or clotrimazole inhibited the agglutination of Candida blastoconidia by murine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. This inhibition required continuous drug presence. Neither amphotericin nor clotrimazole inhibited Candida agglutination by concanavalin A or pooled human serum. These results demonstrate that antifungal drugs can produce rapid changes in the surface characteristics of some fungi.
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23
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Bolard J. How do the polyene macrolide antibiotics affect the cellular membrane properties? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 864:257-304. [PMID: 3539192 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(86)90002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the 1970's great strides were made in understanding the mechanism of action of amphotericin B and nystatin: the formation of transmembrane pores was clearly demonstrated in planar lipid monolayers, in multilamellar phospholipid vesicles and in Acholeplasma laidlawii cells and the importance of the presence and of the nature of the membrane sterol was analyzed. For polyene antibiotics with shorter chains, a mechanism of membrane disruption was proposed. However, recently obtained data on unilamellar vesicles have complicated the situation. It has been shown that: membranes in the gel state (which is not common in cells), even if they do not contain sterols may be made permeable by polyene antibiotics, several mechanisms may operate, simultaneously or sequentially, depending on the antibiotic/lipid ratio, the time elapsed after mixing and the mode of addition of the antibiotic, there is a rapid exchange of the antibiotic molecules between the vesicles. Although pore formation is apparently involved in the toxicity of amphotericin B and nystatin, it is not the sole factor which contributes to cell death, since K+ leakage induced by these antibiotics is separate from their lethal action. The peroxidation of membrane lipids, which has been demonstrated for erythrocytes and Candida albicans cells in the presence of amphotericin B, may play a determining role in toxicity concurrently with colloid osmotic effect. On the other hand, it has been shown that the action of polyene antibiotics on cells is not always detrimental: at sub-lethal concentrations these drugs stimulate either the activity of some membrane enzymes or cellular metabolism. In particular, some cells of the immune system are stimulated. Furthermore, polyene antibiotics may act synergistically with other drugs, such as antitumor or antifungal compounds. This may occur either by an increased incorporation of the drug, under the influence of a polyene antibiotic-induced change of membrane potential, for example, or by a direct interaction of both drugs. That fungal membranes contain ergosterol while mammalian cell membranes contain cholesterol, has generally been considered the basis for the selective toxicity of amphotericin B and nystatin for fungi. Actually, in vitro studies have not always borne out this assumption, thereby casting doubt on the use of polyene antibiotics as antifungal agents in mammalian cell culture media.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Borgers M, Vanden Bossche H, Cauwenbergh G. The Pharmacology of Agents Used in the Treatment of Pulmonary Mycoses. Clin Chest Med 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0272-5231(21)01114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Sterol Biosynthesis in Fungi, a Target for Broad Spectrum Fungicides. CHEMISTRY OF PLANT PROTECTION 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-69790-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Portillo F, Gancedo C. Mitochondrial resistance to miconazole in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1985; 199:495-9. [PMID: 3162079 DOI: 10.1007/bf00330764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
One mutant of mitochondrial origin resistant to miconazole has been isolated and characterized in S. cerevisiae. The mutation is linked to the locus oli1, the structural gene for subunit 9 of ATPase on mitochondrial DNA. Miconazole inhibited the mitochondrial ATPase of the wild type while the enzyme of the resistant mutant was insensitive to this effect. Levels of ATP decreased to one-third of the control in the wild type in the presence of miconazole, while they were unaffected in the mutant.
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Portillo F, Gancedo C. Mode of action of miconazole on yeasts: inhibition of the mitochondrial ATPase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 143:273-6. [PMID: 6236081 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Miconazole [( 1-[2-(2,4 dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,4 dichlorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-1 H-imidazole) completely inhibited growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans on glycerol at 10 microM . 50 microM was needed to achieve the same effect during growth on glucose. Miconazole inhibited competitively the mitochondrial ATPase of S. cerevisiae with a Ki of 1 microM. F1 activity of the enzyme was not affected. Mutants resistant to miconazole were isolated. The ATPase of these mutants was resistant to 10 microM miconazole. Higher concentrations of miconazole inhibited the ATPase of the plasma membrane. The inhibition of the S. cerevisiae enzyme was competitive with a Ki of 50 microM. The results point to the mitochondrial ATPase as the primary target of miconazole action at least during growth on non-fermentable carbon sources.
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Chapter 13. Antifungal Chemotherapy. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60689-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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