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Williams T, Kuc R, Paterson A, Abraham G, Pullinger A, Maguire J, Sinha S, Greasley P, Ambery P, Davenport A. Co-localization of the sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 channel (SGLT-2) with endothelin ETA and ETB receptors in human cardiorenal tissue. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20240604. [PMID: 38747277 PMCID: PMC11147812 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20240604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelin (ET) receptor antagonists are being investigated in combination with sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i). These drugs primarily inhibit the SGLT-2 transporter that, in humans, is thought to be mainly restricted to the renal proximal convoluted tubule, resulting in increased glucose excretion favouring improved glycaemic control and diuresis. This action reduces fluid retention with ET receptor antagonists. Studies have suggested SGLT-2 may also be expressed in cardiomyocytes of human heart. To understand the potential of combining the two classes of drugs, our aim was to compare the distribution of ET receptor sub-types in human kidney, with SGLT-2. Secondly, using the same experimental conditions, we determined if SGLT-2 expression could be detected in human heart and whether the transporter co-localised with ET receptors. METHODS Immunocytochemistry localised SGLT-2, ETA and ETB receptors in sections of histologically normal kidney, left ventricle from patients undergoing heart transplantation or controls. Primary antisera were visualised using fluorescent microscopy. Image analysis was used to measure intensity compared with background in adjacent control sections. RESULTS As expected, SGLT-2 localised to epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules, and co-localised with both ET receptor sub-types. Similarly, ETA receptors predominated in cardiomyocytes; low (compared with kidney but above background) positive staining was also detected for SGLT-2. DISCUSSION Whether low levels of SGLT-2 have a (patho)physiological role in cardiomyocytes is not known but results suggest the effect of direct blockade of sodium (and glucose) influx via SGLT-2 inhibition in cardiomyocytes should be explored, with potential for additive effects with ETA antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Williams
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge U.K
| | - Rhoda E. Kuc
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge U.K
| | - Anna L. Paterson
- Department of Pathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, U.K
| | - George R. Abraham
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge U.K
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Anna L. Pullinger
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge U.K
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Janet J. Maguire
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge U.K
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Peter J. Greasley
- Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Philip Ambery
- Late-Stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anthony P. Davenport
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge U.K
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Feger M, Meier L, Strotmann J, Hoene M, Vogt J, Wisser A, Hirschle S, Kheim MJ, Hocher B, Weigert C, Föller M. Endothelin receptor B-deficient mice are protected from high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Mol Metab 2024; 80:101868. [PMID: 38159882 PMCID: PMC10825011 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelin receptor B (ETB) together with ETA mediates cellular effects of endothelin 1 (ET-1), an autocrine and endocrine peptide produced by the endothelium and other cells. It regulates vascular tone and controls kidney function. Metabolic syndrome is due to high caloric intake and is characterized by insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and white adipose tissue (WAT) accumulation. ETA/ETB antagonism has been demonstrated to favorably influence insulin resistance. Our study explored the role of ETB in metabolic syndrome. METHODS Wild type (etb+/+) and rescued ETB-deficient (etb-/-) mice were fed a high-fat diet, and energy, glucose, and insulin metabolism were analyzed, and hormones and lipids measured in serum and tissues. Cell culture experiments were performed in HepG2 cells. RESULTS Compared to etb+/+ mice, etb-/- mice exhibited better glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, less WAT accumulation, lower serum triglycerides, and higher energy expenditure. Protection from metabolic syndrome was paralleled by higher hepatic production of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and higher serum levels of free thyroxine (fT4), stimulators of energy expenditure. CONCLUSIONS ETB deficiency confers protection from metabolic syndrome by counteracting glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and WAT accumulation due to enhanced energy expenditure, effects at least in part dependent on enhanced production of thyroid hormone/FGF21. ETB antagonism may therefore be a novel therapeutic approach in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Feger
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Physiology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Leonie Meier
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Physiology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Strotmann
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Physiology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Miriam Hoene
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Vogt
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Physiology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexandra Wisser
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Physiology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Susanna Hirschle
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Physiology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marie-Jo Kheim
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Physiology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Berthold Hocher
- University of Heidelberg, Department of Nephrology, Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Medical Diagnostics, IMD, Berlin, Germany; Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cora Weigert
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85784 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Föller
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Physiology, Stuttgart, Germany.
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3
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Mateus Gonçalves L, Fahd Qadir MM, Boulina M, Makhmutova M, Pereira E, Almaça J. Pericyte dysfunction and impaired vasomotion are hallmarks of islets during the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112913. [PMID: 37531253 PMCID: PMC10529889 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islets are endocrine organs that depend on their microvasculature to function. Along with endothelial cells, pericytes comprise the islet microvascular network. These mural cells are crucial for microvascular stability and function, but it is not known if/how they are affected during the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Here, we investigate islet pericyte density, phenotype, and function using living pancreas slices from donors without diabetes, donors with a single T1D-associated autoantibody (GADA+), and recent onset T1D cases. Our data show that islet pericyte and capillary responses to vasoactive stimuli are impaired early on in T1D. Microvascular dysfunction is associated with a switch in the phenotype of islet pericytes toward myofibroblasts. Using publicly available RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data, we further found that transcriptional alterations related to endothelin-1 signaling and vascular and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling are hallmarks of single autoantibody (Aab)+ donor pancreata. Our data show that microvascular dysfunction is present at early stages of islet autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Mateus Gonçalves
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, USA; Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Maria Boulina
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Madina Makhmutova
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Pereira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Joana Almaça
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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4
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Aragón-González A, Shaw PJ, Ferraiuolo L. Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Its Involvement in Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315271. [PMID: 36499600 PMCID: PMC9737531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly specialized and dynamic compartment which regulates the uptake of molecules and solutes from the blood. The relevance of the maintenance of a healthy BBB underpinning disease prevention as well as the main pathomechanisms affecting BBB function will be detailed in this review. Barrier disruption is a common aspect in both neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and neurodevelopmental diseases, including autism spectrum disorders. Throughout this review, conditions altering the BBB during the earliest and latest stages of life will be discussed, revealing common factors involved. Due to the barrier's role in protecting the brain from exogenous components and xenobiotics, drug delivery across the BBB is challenging. Potential therapies based on the BBB properties as molecular Trojan horses, among others, will be reviewed, as well as innovative treatments such as stem cell therapies. Additionally, due to the microbiome influence on the normal function of the brain, microflora modulation strategies will be discussed. Finally, future research directions are highlighted to address the current gaps in the literature, emphasizing the idea that common therapies for both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative pathologies exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Aragón-González
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, SITraN, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Pamela J. Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, SITraN, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Laura Ferraiuolo
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, SITraN, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)114-222-2257; Fax: +44-(0)114-222-2290
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5
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Kuczmarski AV, Welti LM, Moreau KL, Wenner MM. ET-1 as a Sex-Specific Mechanism Impacting Age-Related Changes in Vascular Function. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 2:727416. [PMID: 35822003 PMCID: PMC9261354 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.727416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of death in developed countries. Globally, the population of adults over the age of 60 is expected to double by the year 2050. CVD prevalence and mortality rates differ between men and women as they age in part due to sex-specific mechanisms impacting the biological processes of aging. Measures of vascular function offer key insights into cardiovascular health. Changes in vascular function precede changes in CVD prevalence rates in men and women and with aging. A key mechanism underlying these changes in vascular function is the endothelin (ET) system. Studies have demonstrated sex and sex hormone effects on endothelin-1 (ET-1), and its receptors ETA and ETB. However, with aging there is a dysregulation of this system resulting in an imbalance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Thus, ET-1 may play a role in the sex differences observed with vascular aging. While most research has been conducted in pre-clinical animal models, we describe more recent translational data in humans showing that the ET system is an important regulator of vascular dysfunction with aging and acts through sex-specific ET receptor mechanisms. In this review, we present translational evidence (cell, tissue, animal, and human) that the ET system is a key mechanism regulating sex-specific changes in vascular function with aging, along with therapeutic interventions to reduce ET-mediated vascular dysfunction associated with aging. More knowledge on the factors responsible for the sex differences with vascular aging allow for optimized therapeutic strategies to attenuate CVD risk in the expanding aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Kuczmarski
- University of Delaware, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Laura M Welti
- University of Delaware, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Kerrie L Moreau
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Denver Veterans Administrative Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Megan M Wenner
- University of Delaware, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Newark, DE, United States
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6
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Tabeling C, González Calera CR, Lienau J, Höppner J, Tschernig T, Kershaw O, Gutbier B, Naujoks J, Herbert J, Opitz B, Gruber AD, Hocher B, Suttorp N, Heidecke H, Burmester GR, Riemekasten G, Siegert E, Kuebler WM, Witzenrath M. Endothelin B Receptor Immunodynamics in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Front Immunol 2022; 13:895501. [PMID: 35757687 PMCID: PMC9221837 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.895501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inflammation is a major pathological feature of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), particularly in the context of inflammatory conditions such as systemic sclerosis (SSc). The endothelin system and anti-endothelin A receptor (ETA) autoantibodies have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PAH, and endothelin receptor antagonists are routinely used treatments for PAH. However, immunological functions of the endothelin B receptor (ETB) remain obscure. Methods Serum levels of anti-ETB receptor autoantibodies were quantified in healthy donors and SSc patients with or without PAH. Age-dependent effects of overexpression of prepro-endothelin-1 or ETB deficiency on pulmonary inflammation and the cardiovascular system were studied in mice. Rescued ETB-deficient mice (ETB-/-) were used to prevent congenital Hirschsprung disease. The effects of pulmonary T-helper type 2 (Th2) inflammation on PAH-associated pathologies were analyzed in ETB-/- mice. Pulmonary vascular hemodynamics were investigated in isolated perfused mouse lungs. Hearts were assessed for right ventricular hypertrophy. Pulmonary inflammation and collagen deposition were assessed via lung microscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analyses. Results Anti-ETB autoantibody levels were elevated in patients with PAH secondary to SSc. Both overexpression of prepro-endothelin-1 and rescued ETB deficiency led to pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary vascular hyperresponsiveness, and right ventricular hypertrophy with accompanying lymphocytic alveolitis. Marked perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates were exclusively found in ETB-/- mice. Following induction of pulmonary Th2 inflammation, PAH-associated pathologies and perivascular collagen deposition were aggravated in ETB-/- mice. Conclusion This study provides evidence for an anti-inflammatory role of ETB. ETB seems to have protective effects on Th2-evoked pathologies of the cardiovascular system. Anti-ETB autoantibodies may modulate ETB-mediated immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Tabeling
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carla R González Calera
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jasmin Lienau
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Höppner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Tschernig
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Olivia Kershaw
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgitt Gutbier
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Naujoks
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Herbert
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bastian Opitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Berthold Hocher
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University of Heidelberg, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.,Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gerd-R Burmester
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Elise Siegert
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany.,St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Departments of Physiology and Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Sun X, Zhang H, Qin Q, Zhang X, Hou Y, Chen D, Su X, Jia M, Chen Y. Inhibitors of the MAPK/ NF-κB pathway attenuate the upregulation of the ET B receptor mediated by high glucose in vascular smooth muscle cells. Peptides 2022; 150:170732. [PMID: 34971676 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) endothelin type B (ETB) receptor expression is involved in cardiovascular diseases. High glucose (HG) in diabetes is closely related to cardiovascular complications. Although diabetes upregulates VSMC endothelin subtype B (ETB) receptors, its mechanism is still unclear. Our aim is to investigate the mechanism of HG-induced ETB receptors in VSMCs. METHODS Rat superior mesenteric arteries (SMAs) without endothelium were cultured in medium without serum for 24 h. HG with or without mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway inhibitors and downstream nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) inhibitors was coincubated with SMAs. A sensitive myograph detected the contractile responses to sarafotoxin 6c. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to determine protein expression. RESULTS HG promoted the expression of VSMC ETB receptors in rat SMAs and enhanced the ETB receptor-induced contractile response. The results showed that HG increased vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) ETB receptor expression and ETB receptor-induced contractile responses in rat SMAs. Both extracellular signal-related kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) inhibitors (U0126) and P38 inhibitors (SB203580) significantly inhibited HG-increased VSMC ETB receptors. However, a C-jun terminal kinase (p-JNK) inhibitor (SP600125) did not affect HG- upregulated VSMC ETB receptors. Further study showed that NF-κB using an IκB kinase inhibitor (wedelolactone) also significantly inhibited HG-increased VSMC ETB receptors. CONCLUSION In conclusion, HG upregulated the VSMC ETB receptor by activating the ERK1/2- or P38- NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Sun
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China; School of Basic and Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Qiaohong Qin
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Ying Hou
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Di Chen
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China; School of Basic and Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xingli Su
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China; School of Basic and Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Min Jia
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China.
| | - Yulong Chen
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China.
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8
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Douma LG, Barral D, Gumz ML. Interplay of the Circadian Clock and Endothelin System. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:35-43. [PMID: 33325818 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00021.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone endothelin-1 and its receptors are linked to several disease states. Pharmacological inhibition of this pathway has proven beneficial in pulmonary hypertension, yet its potential in other disease states remains to be realized. This review considers an often understudied aspect of endothelin biology, circadian rhythm regulation and how understanding the intersection between endothelin signaling and the circadian clock may be leveraged to realize the potential of endothelin-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G Douma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Dominique Barral
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michelle L Gumz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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9
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Ibrahimi Disha S, Furlani B, Drevensek G, Plut A, Yanagisawa M, Hudoklin S, Prodan Žitnik I, Marc J, Drevensek M. The role of endothelin B receptor in bone modelling during orthodontic tooth movement: a study on ET B knockout rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14226. [PMID: 32848199 PMCID: PMC7450079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelin system has an important role in bone modelling during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM); however, little is known about the involvement of endothelin B receptors (ETB) in this process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of ETB in bone modelling during OTM using ETB knockout rats (ETB-KO). Thirty-two male rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 8 per group): the ETB-KO appliance group, ETB-KO control group, wild type (ETB-WT) appliance group, and ETB-WT control group. The appliance consisted of a super-elastic closed-coil spring placed between the first and second left maxillary molar and the incisors. Tooth movement was measured on days 0 and 35, and maxillary alveolar bone volume, osteoblast, and osteoclast volume were determined histomorphometrically on day 35 of OTM. Next, we determined the serum endothelin 1 (ET-1) level and gene expression levels of the osteoclast activity marker cathepsin K and osteoblast activity markers osteocalcin and dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP1) on day 35. The ETB-KO appliance group showed significantly lower osteoblast activity, diminished alveolar bone volume and less OTM than the ETB-WT appliance group. Our results showed that ETB is involved in bone modelling in the late stage of OTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ibrahimi Disha
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Hrvatski trg 6, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - B Furlani
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - G Drevensek
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A Plut
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - S Hudoklin
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - I Prodan Žitnik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J Marc
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Drevensek
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Hrvatski trg 6, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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10
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Leipziger J, Praetorius H. Renal Autocrine and Paracrine Signaling: A Story of Self-protection. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1229-1289. [PMID: 31999508 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autocrine and paracrine signaling in the kidney adds an extra level of diversity and complexity to renal physiology. The extensive scientific production on the topic precludes easy understanding of the fundamental purpose of the vast number of molecules and systems that influence the renal function. This systematic review provides the broader pen strokes for a collected image of renal paracrine signaling. First, we recapitulate the essence of each paracrine system one by one. Thereafter the single components are merged into an overarching physiological concept. The presented survey shows that despite the diversity in the web of paracrine factors, the collected effect on renal function may not be complicated after all. In essence, paracrine activation provides an intelligent system that perceives minor perturbations and reacts with a coordinated and integrated tissue response that relieves the work load from the renal epithelia and favors diuresis and natriuresis. We suggest that the overall function of paracrine signaling is reno-protection and argue that renal paracrine signaling and self-regulation are two sides of the same coin. Thus local paracrine signaling is an intrinsic function of the kidney, and the overall renal effect of changes in blood pressure, volume load, and systemic hormones will always be tinted by its paracrine status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Leipziger
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Helle Praetorius
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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11
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Comeglio P, Filippi S, Sarchielli E, Morelli A, Cellai I, Corno C, Adorini L, Vannelli GB, Maggi M, Vignozzi L. Therapeutic effects of the selective farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid in a monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension rat model. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:951-965. [PMID: 30674010 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-1009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a member of the nuclear receptor steroid superfamily, leads to anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in several tissues, including the lung. We have recently demonstrated a protective effect of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) in rat models of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the positive effects of OCA treatment could be exerted also in established MCT-induced PAH, i.e., starting treatment 2 weeks after MCT administration. METHODS Rats with MCT-induced PAH were treated, 2 weeks after MCT administration, with OCA or tadalafil for two additional weeks. Pulmonary functional tests were performed at week 2 (before treatment) and four (end of treatment). At the same time points, lung morphological features and expression profile of genes related to smooth muscle relaxation/contraction and tissue remodeling were also assessed. RESULTS 2 weeks after MCT-induced injury, the treadmill resistance (a functional parameter related to pulmonary hypertension) was significantly decreased. At the same time point, we observed right ventricular hypertrophy and vascular remodeling, with upregulation of genes related to inflammation. At week 4, we observed a further worsening of the functional and morphological parameters, accompanied by dysregulation of inflammatory and extracellular matrix markers mRNA expression. Administration of OCA (3 or 10 mg/kg/day), starting 2 weeks after MCT-induced injury, significantly improved pulmonary function, effectively normalizing the exercise capacity. OCA also reverted most of the lung alterations, with a significant reduction of lung vascular wall thickness, right ventricular hypertrophy, and restoration of the local balance between relaxant and contractile pathways. Markers of remodeling pathways were also normalized by OCA treatment. Notably, results with OCA treatment were similar, or even superior, to those obtained with tadalafil, a recently approved treatment for pulmonary hypertension. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate a significant therapeutic effect of OCA in established MCT-induced PAH, improving exercise capacity associated with reduction of right ventricular hypertrophy and lung vascular remodeling. Thus, OCA dosing in a therapeutic protocol restores the balance between relaxant and contractile pathways in the lung, promoting cardiopulmonary protective actions in MCT-induced PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Comeglio
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - S Filippi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - E Sarchielli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - A Morelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - I Cellai
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - C Corno
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - L Adorini
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY, USA
| | - G B Vannelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
- I.N.B.B. (Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture E Biosistemi), Rome, Italy
| | - L Vignozzi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
- I.N.B.B. (Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture E Biosistemi), Rome, Italy.
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12
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Role of endothelin-1 clearance in the haemodynamic responses to endothelin-1 in the pulmonary and hindquarter vasculature of anaesthetised rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 855:124-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Endothelial factors in the pathogenesis and treatment of chronic kidney disease Part I: General mechanisms: a joint consensus statement from the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Endothelin and Endothelial Factors and The Japanese Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2019; 36:451-461. [PMID: 29120962 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
: Kidney damage is a common consequence of arterial hypertension, but is also a cause of atherogenesis. Dysfunction and/or harm of the endothelium in glomeruli and tubular interstitium damage the function of these structures and translates into dynamic changes of filtration fraction, with progressive reduction in glomerular filtration rate, expansion of extracellular fluid volume, abnormal ion balance, and hypoxia, ultimately leading to chronic kidney disease. Considering the key role played by endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease, the Working Group on Endothelin and Endothelial Factors of the European Society of Hypertension and the Japanese Society of Hypertension have critically reviewed available knowledge on the mechanisms underlying endothelial cell injury. This resulted into two articles: in the first, we herein examine the mechanisms by which endothelial factors induce vascular remodeling and the role of different players, including endothelin-1, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and their interactions, and of oxidative stress; in the second, we discuss the role of endothelial dysfunction in the major disease conditions that affect the kidney.
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14
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Taylor C, Kasztan M, Tao B, Pollock JS, Pollock DM. Combined hydroxyurea and ET A receptor blockade reduces renal injury in the humanized sickle cell mouse. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 225:e13178. [PMID: 30144292 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study is to determine if ambrisentan (ETA selective antagonist) and hydroxyurea (HU) treatment has a synergistic effect on renal injury in sickle cell nephropathy when compared to HU treatment alone. The premise of the study is based on recent studies showing that endothelin-1 (ET-1) contributes to the pathophysiology of nephropathy in sickle cell disease (SCD) and that ETA receptor blockade improves renal function and protects against renal injury. Hydroxyurea (HU) is commonly prescribed for the treatment of SCD and has been shown to reduce renal injury in patients with SCD. METHODS Male 12-week-old humanized sickle mice (HbSS) and their genetic controls (HbAA) were treated with vehicle, HU, ambrisentan, or HU with ambrisentan for 2 weeks and renal structure and function were assessed. RESULTS Vehicle treated HbSS mice exhibited significant proteinuria compared to vehicle treated HbAA mice. HbSS mice also displayed significantly elevated plasma ET-1 concentrations and decreased urine osmolality compared to HbAA controls. Proteinuria was significantly lower in both HU and ambrisentan treated animals compared to vehicle treated HbSS mice; however, there was no additional improvement in HbSS mice treated with combined ambrisentan and HU. The combination of HU and ambrisentan resulted in significantly lower KIM-1 excretion, glomerular injury, and interstitial inflammation than HU alone. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that HU and ETA receptor blockade produce similar reductions in renal injury in the humanized sickle mouse suggesting that both treatments may converge on the same mechanistic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Taylor
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine; Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama
| | - Malgorzata Kasztan
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine; Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama
| | - Binli Tao
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine; Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama
| | - Jennifer S. Pollock
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine; Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama
| | - David M. Pollock
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine; Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama
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15
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Baumann P, Wiegert S, Greco F, Wellmann S, L'Abate P, Cannizzaro V. Mechanical ventilation strategies alter cardiovascular biomarkers in an infant rat model. Physiol Rep 2019; 6. [PMID: 29380954 PMCID: PMC5789718 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation (MV) is routinely used in pediatric general anesthesia and critical care, but may adversely affect the cardiocirculatory system. Biomarkers are increasingly measured to assess cardiovascular status and improve clinical treatment decision-making. As the impact of mechanical ventilation strategies on cardiovascular biomarkers in ventilated infants is largely unknown, we conducted this retrospective study in a healthy in vivo infant rat ventilation model using 14-days old Wistar rats. We hypothesized that 2 h of mechanical ventilation with high and low positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), hyperoxemia, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and hypocapnia would significantly impact B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and endothelin-1 (ET-1). We found BNP to be driven by both high (9 cmH2 O) and low (1 cmH2 O) PEEP compared to ventilated control animals (P < 0.05). VEGF concentrations were associated with high PEEP, hyperoxemia, hypoxemia, and hypocapnia (P < 0.05), whereas ET-1 levels were changed only in response to hypoxemia (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the mode of mechanical ventilation alters plasma biomarker concentrations. Moreover, BNP and VEGF might serve as surrogate parameters for ventilation induced cardiovascular compromise and lung tissue damage. Furthermore, our data support the hypothesis, that sudden onset of hyperoxemia may trigger a quick VEGF release as a possible cellular survival reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Baumann
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Neonatology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Wiegert
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Neonatology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Greco
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Neonatology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sven Wellmann
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pietro L'Abate
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Neonatology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Cannizzaro
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Neonatology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Gulati A, Hornick MG, Briyal S, Lavhale MS. A novel neuroregenerative approach using ET(B) receptor agonist, IRL-1620, to treat CNS disorders. Physiol Res 2018; 67:S95-S113. [PMID: 29947531 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin B (ET(B)) receptors present in abundance the central nervous system (CNS) have been shown to have significant implications in its development and neurogenesis. We have targeted ET(B) receptors stimulation using a highly specific agonist, IRL-1620, to treat CNS disorders. In a rat model of cerebral ischemia intravenous administration IRL-1620 significantly reduced infarct volume and improved neurological and motor functions compared to control. This improvement, in part, is due to an increase in neuroregeneration. We also investigated the role of IRL-1620 in animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). IRL-1620 improved learning and memory, reduced oxidative stress and increased VEGF and NGF in Abeta treated rats. IRL-1620 also improved learning and memory in an aged APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of AD. These promising findings prompted us to initiate human studies. Successful chemistry, manufacturing and control along with mice, rat and dog toxicological studies led to completion of a human Phase I study in healthy volunteers. We found that a dose of 0.6 microg/kg of IRL-1620 can be safely administered, three times every four hours, without any adverse effect. A Phase II clinical study with IRL-1620 has been initiated in patients with cerebral ischemia and mild to moderate AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gulati
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA.
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17
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Nrf2 in aging - Focus on the cardiovascular system. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 112:42-53. [PMID: 30170173 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is the most critical risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases and their complications. Therefore, the fine-tuning of cellular response to getting older is an essential target for prospective therapies in cardiovascular medicine. One of the most promising targets might be the transcription factor Nrf2, which drives the expression of cytoprotective and antioxidative genes. Importantly, Nrf2 expression correlates with potential lifespan in rodents. However, the effect of Nrf2 activity in vascular diseases might be ambiguous and strongly depend on the cell type. On the one hand, the Nrf2 activity may protect cells from oxidative stress and senescence, on the other hand, total lack of Nrf2 is protective against atherosclerosis development. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the current knowledge on the role played by the transcription factor Nrf2 in cardiovascular diseases and its potential effects on aging.
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18
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Lo CCW, Moosavi SM, Bubb KJ. The Regulation of Pulmonary Vascular Tone by Neuropeptides and the Implications for Pulmonary Hypertension. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1167. [PMID: 30190678 PMCID: PMC6116211 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an incurable, chronic disease of small pulmonary vessels. Progressive remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature results in increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). This causes secondary right heart failure. PVR is tightly regulated by a range of pulmonary vasodilators and constrictors. Endothelium-derived substances form the basis of most current PH treatments. This is particularly the case for pulmonary arterial hypertension. The major limitation of current treatments is their inability to reverse morphological changes. Thus, there is an unmet need for novel therapies to reduce the morbidity and mortality in PH. Microvessels in the lungs are highly innervated by sensory C fibers. Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are released from C-fiber nerve endings. These neuropeptides can directly regulate vascular tone. Substance P tends to act as a vasoconstrictor in the pulmonary circulation and it increases in the lungs during experimental PH. The receptor for substance P, neurokinin 1 (NK1R), mediates increased pulmonary pressure. Deactivation of NK1R with antagonists, or depletion of substance P prevents PH development. CGRP is a potent pulmonary vasodilator. CGRP receptor antagonists cause elevated pulmonary pressure. Thus, the balance of these peptides is crucial within the pulmonary circulation (Graphical Abstract). Limited progress has been made in understanding their impact on pulmonary pathophysiology. This is an intriguing area of investigation to pursue. It may lead to promising new candidate therapies to combat this fatal disease. This review provides a summary of the current knowledge in this area. It also explores possible future directions for neuropeptides in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine C. W. Lo
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Seyed M. Moosavi
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristen J. Bubb
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
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19
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Stobdan T, Zhou D, Williams AT, Cabrales P, Haddad GG. Cardiac-specific knockout and pharmacological inhibition of Endothelin receptor type B lead to cardiac resistance to extreme hypoxia. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:975-982. [PMID: 30069745 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen plays a central role in cardiac energy metabolism. At high altitude where the ambient oxygen level is low, we found EDNRB is associated with human hypoxia adaptation. Our subsequent study in global heterozygous knockout mice (Ednrb-/+) revealed that cardiac function was conserved in these mice when exposed to extreme hypoxia. The major goal of this study was (i) to determine the functional role of cardiomyocyte EdnrB in maintaining cardiac function under hypoxic stress and (ii) to validate the phenotypes we detected in Ednrb-/+ mice using EDNRB blockers. Unlike the global knockouts, cardiac-specific heterozygote (EdnrBflox/+) and homozygote (EdnrBflox/flox) EdnrB knockout mice were phenotypically normal. When treated with graded low levels of oxygen (10% and 5% O2), both EdnrBflox/+ and EdnrBflox/flox were hypoxia tolerant. The cardiac indexes at 10% and 5% O2 for EdnrBflox/+ were significantly higher and lactate levels were significantly lower when compared to the cre-negative controls (P < 0.05). Simultaneously, mice treated with BQ-788 (EDNRB-specific blocker) had a significantly higher cardiac index (P < 0.005) and significantly lower lactate levels (P < 0.0001) than in control mice. A similar result was obtained with mice treated with Bosentan (non-specific). These data indicate that a lower level or complete lack of EdnrB in the cardiomyocytes significantly improves cardiac performance under extreme hypoxia, a novel role of cardiomyocyte EdnrB in the regulation of cardiac function. Furthermore, this rescue under extreme hypoxia can also be achieved using EDNRB-specific pharmacological agents, e.g., BQ-788. This systematically confirms, both genetically and pharmacologically, the protective role of a lower EDNRB under extreme hypoxia stress. KEY MESSAGES Under normal condition, cardiomyocytes-specific EdnrB knockout mice, both heterozygote and homozygote, are phenotypically normal. Under hypoxic condition, a lower level or complete deletion of cardiomyocyte EdnrB conserves cardiac function by maintaining high cardiac index. Similarly, mice treated with both specific (BQ-788) and non-specific (Bosentan) EDNRB blockers are tolerant to hypoxia by maintaining better cardiac function. The oxygen perfusion under extreme hypoxia is better in the mice with lower EDNRB, as depicted by lower lactate level at 5% oxygen. Our current study systematically confirms, both genetically and pharmacologically, the protective role of a lower EDNRB under extreme hypoxia stress. Overall, it supports our hypothesis that studies on human hypoxia adaptation provide new insight to common disease pathogenesis and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsering Stobdan
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0735, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Dan Zhou
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0735, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alexander T Williams
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gabriel G Haddad
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0735, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA.
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20
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Angus JA, Hughes RJA, Wright CE. Distortion of K B estimates of endothelin-1 ET A and ET B receptor antagonists in pulmonary arteries: Possible role of an endothelin-1 clearance mechanism. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 5. [PMID: 29226623 PMCID: PMC5723704 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual endothelin ETA and ETB receptor antagonists are approved therapy for pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). We hypothesized that ETB receptor‐mediated clearance of endothelin‐1 at specific vascular sites may compromise this targeted therapy. Concentration‐response curves (CRC) to endothelin‐1 or the ETB agonist sarafotoxin S6c were constructed, with endothelin receptor antagonists, in various rat and mouse isolated arteries using wire myography or in rat isolated trachea. In rat small mesenteric arteries, bosentan displaced endothelin‐1 CRC competitively indicative of ETA receptor antagonism. In rat small pulmonary arteries, bosentan 10 μmol L−1 left‐shifted the endothelin‐1 CRC, demonstrating potentiation consistent with antagonism of an ETB receptor‐mediated endothelin‐1 clearance mechanism. Removal of endothelium or L‐NAME did not alter the EC50 or Emax of endothelin‐1 nor increase the antagonism by BQ788. In the presence of BQ788 and L‐NAME, bosentan displayed ETA receptor antagonism. In rat trachea (ETB), bosentan was a competitive ETB antagonist against endothelin‐1 or sarafotoxin S6c. Modeling showed the importance of dual receptor antagonism where the potency ratio of ETA to ETB antagonism is close to unity. In conclusion, the rat pulmonary artery is an example of a special vascular bed where the resistance to antagonism of endothelin‐1 constriction by ET dual antagonists, such as bosentan or the ETB antagonist BQ788, is possibly due to the competition of potentiation of endothelin‐1 by blockade of ETB‐mediated endothelin‐1 clearance located on smooth muscle and antagonism of ETA‐ and ETB‐mediated contraction. This conclusion may have direct application for the efficacy of endothelin‐1 antagonists for treating PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Angus
- Cardiovascular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Richard J A Hughes
- Cardiovascular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Christine E Wright
- Cardiovascular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Chen Y, Zhang H, Liu H, Li K, Su X. Homocysteine up-regulates ET B receptors via suppression of autophagy in vascular smooth muscle cells. Microvasc Res 2018; 119:13-21. [PMID: 29601873 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The change of autophagy is implicated in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Homocysteine (Hcy) up-regulates endothelin type B (ETB) receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, it is unclear whether autophagy is involved in Hcy-induced-up-regulation of ETB receptors in VSMCs. The present study was designed to examine the hypothesis that Hcy up-regulates ETB receptors by inhibiting autophagy in VSMCs. Hcy treated the rat superior mesenteric artery (SMA) without endothelium in the presence and absence of AICAR, rapamycin or MHY1485 for 24 h. The contractile responses to sarafotoxin 6c (S6c) (an ETB receptor agonist) were studied using a sensitive myograph. Levels of protein expression were determined using Western blot analysis. Punctate staining of LC3B was exanimated by immunofluorescence using confocal microscopy. The results showed that Hcy inhibited AMPK, and activated mTOR, followed by impairing autophagy, and increased the levels of ETB receptor protein expression and the ETB receptor-mediated contractile responses to S6c in SMA without endothelium. However, these effects were reversed by AICAR or rapamycin. Additionally, MHY1485 up-regulated the AICAR-inhibited ETB receptor-mediated contractile response and the levels of ETB receptor protein expression in presence of Hcy. In conclusion, this suggested that Hcy up-regulated ETB receptors by inhibiting autophagy in VSMCs via AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China.
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Ke Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xingli Su
- School of Basic and Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China.
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Deen AJ, Sihvola V, Härkönen J, Patinen T, Adinolfi S, Levonen AL. Regulation of stress signaling pathways by nitro-fatty acids. Nitric Oxide 2018; 78:S1089-8603(17)30323-3. [PMID: 29567143 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic nitrated-fatty acids (NO2-FA, nitroalkenes) are formed during reactions of NO-derived oxidized species (•NO, •NO2) with either free or esterified polyunsaturated fatty acids. Due to their electrophilic character, they react with nucleophiles such as cysteine thiols in signaling proteins, thereby triggering downstream signaling cascades. Herein, we review two stress-signaling pathways activated by nitroalkenes, the KEAP1-NRF2 signaling pathway and the heat shock response (HSR) pathway. In addition, their biological and pharmacological relevance are discussed. Given that perturbations in both proteostasis and redox balance are common in many disease processes, dual activation of both pathways by nitroalkenes is a promising pharmacological approach for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashik Jawahar Deen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Virve Sihvola
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Jouni Härkönen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Tommi Patinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Simone Adinolfi
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland.
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Chang W, Lajko M, Fawzi AA. Endothelin-1 is associated with fibrosis in proliferative diabetic retinopathy membranes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191285. [PMID: 29351334 PMCID: PMC5774761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To characterize the relationship between endothelin-1 and fibrosis in epiretinal membranes in proliferative diabetic retinopathy and explore the role of endothelial-mesenchymal transition in these membranes. Methods Membranes were obtained from eyes undergoing pars plana vitrectomy for complicated proliferative diabetic retinopathy or idiopathic epiretinal membrane. Through standard immunohistochemical techniques, we labeled membranes to explore the distribution of endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor B, comparing proliferative diabetic retinopathy and idiopathic epiretinal membranes. In addition, membranes were also labeled with markers for fibroblasts, endothelial, and glial cells and studied with confocal laser scanning microscopy. The intensity of endothelin-1 labeling was quantified using standard image analysis software. Results Fourteen membranes were included in the analysis, nine from eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and five idiopathic membranes. Flatmount diabetic membranes showed co-localization of endothelin-1 with S100A4 and CD31. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative analysis of cross-sectional membranes showed significantly higher endothelin-1 labeling in proliferative diabetic retinopathy membranes compared to idiopathic membranes (p<0.05). Diabetic membranes showed more elements staining positive for S100A4 compared to idiopathic membranes. Conclusion Epiretinal membrane formation in proliferative diabetic retinopathy involves higher tissue levels of endothelin-1 and fibroblastic activity. Furthermore, endothelin-1, endothelial and fibroblastic staining appear to be correlated, suggestive of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Michelle Lajko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Amani A. Fawzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Paradoxical lack of increase in endothelin-1 levels in obese mice - possible role of endothelin-B receptors. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:1699-1700. [PMID: 29119971 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Rapoport RM, Merkus D. Endothelin-1 Regulation of Exercise-Induced Changes in Flow: Dynamic Regulation of Vascular Tone. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:517. [PMID: 29114220 PMCID: PMC5660699 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although endothelin (ET)-1 is a highly potent vasoconstrictor with considerable efficacy in numerous vascular beds, the role of endogenous ET-1 in the regulation of vascular tone remains unclear. The perspective that ET-1 plays little role in the on-going regulation of vascular tone at least under physiologic conditions is supported by findings that potential ET-1 constriction is minimized by the release of the vasodilator and ET-1 synthesis inhibitor, nitric oxide (NO). Indeed, ET-1 release and constriction is self-limited by ET-1-induced, endothelial ETB receptor-mediated release of NO. Moreover, even if the balance between ET-1 and NO were reversed as the result of lowered NO activity, as occurs in a number of pathophysiologies associated with endothelial dysfunction, the well-known resistance of ET-1 constriction to reversal (as determined with exogenous ET-1) precludes ET-1 in the dynamic, i.e., moment-to-moment, regulation of vascular tone. On the other hand, and as presently reviewed, findings of ET-1-dependent modulation of organ blood flow with exercise under physiologic conditions demonstrate the dynamic regulation of vascular tone by ET-1. We speculate that this regulation is mediated at least in part through changes in ET-1 synthesis/release caused by pulsatile flow-induced shear stress and NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Rapoport
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical School Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Kansanen E, Kuosmanen SM, Ruotsalainen AK, Hynynen H, Levonen AL. Nitro-Oleic Acid Regulates Endothelin Signaling in Human Endothelial Cells. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 92:481-490. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.109751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Archer CR, Robinson EL, Drawnel FM, Roderick HL. Endothelin-1 promotes hypertrophic remodelling of cardiac myocytes by activating sustained signalling and transcription downstream of endothelin type A receptors. Cell Signal 2017; 36:240-254. [PMID: 28412414 PMCID: PMC5486433 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) mediated activation of the MAPK signalling cascade is a key pathway in the induction of hypertrophic remodelling of the heart – a response to pathological cues including hypertension and myocardial infarction. While levels of pro-hypertrophic hormone agonists of GPCRs increase during periods of greater workload to enhance cardiac output, hypertrophy does not necessarily result. Here we investigated the relationship between the duration of exposure to the pro-hypertrophic GPCR agonist endothelin-1 (ET-1) and the induction of hypertrophic remodelling in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM) and in the adult rat heart in vivo. Notably, a 15 min pulse of ET-1 was sufficient to induce markers of hypertrophy that were present when measured at 24 h in vivo and 48 h in vitro. The persistence of ET-1 action was insensitive to ET type A receptor (ETA receptor) antagonism with BQ123. The extended effects of ET-1 were dependent upon sustained MAPK signalling and involved persistent transcription. Inhibitors of endocytosis however conferred sensitivity upon the hypertrophic response to BQ123, suggesting that endocytosis of ETA receptors following ligand binding preserves their active state by protection against antagonist. Contrastingly, α1 adrenergic-induced hypertrophic responses required the continued presence of agonist and were sensitive to antagonist. These studies shed new light on strategies to pharmacologically intervene in the action of different pro-hypertrophic mediators. Acute ET-1 exposure elicits a long-lasting cardiac myocyte hypertrophic response. ET-1 effects depend on persistent MAPK signalling and active transcription. ET-1 elicited hypertrophy is insensitive to subsequent ETA receptor antagonism. Endocytosis inhibition potentiates ET-1-induction of hypertrophy markers. Endocytosis inhibition sensitises effects of ET-1 to ETA receptor antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma L Robinson
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Dept. of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Faye M Drawnel
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - H Llewelyn Roderick
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Dept. of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Molecular analysis of vascular smooth muscle cells from patients with giant cell arteritis: Targeting endothelin-1 receptor to control proliferation. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:398-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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29
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Miller E, Czopek A, Duthie KM, Kirkby NS, van de Putte EEF, Christen S, Kimmitt RA, Moorhouse R, Castellan RFP, Kotelevtsev YV, Kuc RE, Davenport AP, Dhaun N, Webb DJ, Hadoke PWF. Smooth Muscle Endothelin B Receptors Regulate Blood Pressure but Not Vascular Function or Neointimal Remodeling. Hypertension 2016; 69:275-285. [PMID: 28028193 PMCID: PMC5222555 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.07031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. The role of smooth muscle endothelinB (ETB) receptors in regulating vascular function, blood pressure (BP), and neointimal remodeling has not been established. Selective knockout mice were generated to address the hypothesis that loss of smooth muscle ETB receptors would reduce BP, alter vascular contractility, and inhibit neointimal remodeling. ETB receptors were selectively deleted from smooth muscle by crossing floxed ETB mice with those expressing cre-recombinase controlled by the transgelin promoter. Functional consequences of ETB deletion were assessed using myography. BP was measured by telemetry, and neointimal lesion formation induced by femoral artery injury. Lesion size and composition (day 28) were analyzed using optical projection tomography, histology, and immunohistochemistry. Selective deletion of ETB was confirmed by genotyping, autoradiography, polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. ETB-mediated contraction was reduced in trachea, but abolished from mesenteric veins, of knockout mice. Induction of ETB-mediated contraction in mesenteric arteries was also abolished in these mice. Femoral artery function was unaltered, and baseline BP modestly elevated in smooth muscle ETB knockout compared with controls (+4.2±0.2 mm Hg; P<0.0001), but salt-induced and ETB blockade–mediated hypertension were unaltered. Circulating endothelin-1 was not altered in knockout mice. ETB-mediated contraction was not induced in femoral arteries by incubation in culture medium or lesion formation, and lesion size was not altered in smooth muscle ETB knockout mice. In the absence of other pathology, ETB receptors in vascular smooth muscle make a small but significant contribution to ETB-dependent regulation of BP. These ETB receptors have no effect on vascular contraction or neointimal remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Miller
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.M., A.C., K.M.D., N.S.K., E.E.F.v.d.P., R.A.K., R.M., R.F.P.C., N.D., D.J.W., P.W.F.H.); University of Basel, Switzerland (S.C.); Centre for Functional Genomics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russian Federation (Y.V.K.); and Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.E.K., A.P.D.)
| | - Alicja Czopek
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.M., A.C., K.M.D., N.S.K., E.E.F.v.d.P., R.A.K., R.M., R.F.P.C., N.D., D.J.W., P.W.F.H.); University of Basel, Switzerland (S.C.); Centre for Functional Genomics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russian Federation (Y.V.K.); and Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.E.K., A.P.D.)
| | - Karolina M Duthie
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.M., A.C., K.M.D., N.S.K., E.E.F.v.d.P., R.A.K., R.M., R.F.P.C., N.D., D.J.W., P.W.F.H.); University of Basel, Switzerland (S.C.); Centre for Functional Genomics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russian Federation (Y.V.K.); and Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.E.K., A.P.D.)
| | - Nicholas S Kirkby
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.M., A.C., K.M.D., N.S.K., E.E.F.v.d.P., R.A.K., R.M., R.F.P.C., N.D., D.J.W., P.W.F.H.); University of Basel, Switzerland (S.C.); Centre for Functional Genomics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russian Federation (Y.V.K.); and Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.E.K., A.P.D.)
| | - Elisabeth E Fransen van de Putte
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.M., A.C., K.M.D., N.S.K., E.E.F.v.d.P., R.A.K., R.M., R.F.P.C., N.D., D.J.W., P.W.F.H.); University of Basel, Switzerland (S.C.); Centre for Functional Genomics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russian Federation (Y.V.K.); and Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.E.K., A.P.D.)
| | - Sibylle Christen
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.M., A.C., K.M.D., N.S.K., E.E.F.v.d.P., R.A.K., R.M., R.F.P.C., N.D., D.J.W., P.W.F.H.); University of Basel, Switzerland (S.C.); Centre for Functional Genomics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russian Federation (Y.V.K.); and Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.E.K., A.P.D.)
| | - Robert A Kimmitt
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.M., A.C., K.M.D., N.S.K., E.E.F.v.d.P., R.A.K., R.M., R.F.P.C., N.D., D.J.W., P.W.F.H.); University of Basel, Switzerland (S.C.); Centre for Functional Genomics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russian Federation (Y.V.K.); and Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.E.K., A.P.D.)
| | - Rebecca Moorhouse
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.M., A.C., K.M.D., N.S.K., E.E.F.v.d.P., R.A.K., R.M., R.F.P.C., N.D., D.J.W., P.W.F.H.); University of Basel, Switzerland (S.C.); Centre for Functional Genomics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russian Federation (Y.V.K.); and Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.E.K., A.P.D.)
| | - Raphael F P Castellan
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.M., A.C., K.M.D., N.S.K., E.E.F.v.d.P., R.A.K., R.M., R.F.P.C., N.D., D.J.W., P.W.F.H.); University of Basel, Switzerland (S.C.); Centre for Functional Genomics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russian Federation (Y.V.K.); and Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.E.K., A.P.D.)
| | - Yuri V Kotelevtsev
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.M., A.C., K.M.D., N.S.K., E.E.F.v.d.P., R.A.K., R.M., R.F.P.C., N.D., D.J.W., P.W.F.H.); University of Basel, Switzerland (S.C.); Centre for Functional Genomics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russian Federation (Y.V.K.); and Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.E.K., A.P.D.)
| | - Rhoda E Kuc
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.M., A.C., K.M.D., N.S.K., E.E.F.v.d.P., R.A.K., R.M., R.F.P.C., N.D., D.J.W., P.W.F.H.); University of Basel, Switzerland (S.C.); Centre for Functional Genomics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russian Federation (Y.V.K.); and Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.E.K., A.P.D.)
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.M., A.C., K.M.D., N.S.K., E.E.F.v.d.P., R.A.K., R.M., R.F.P.C., N.D., D.J.W., P.W.F.H.); University of Basel, Switzerland (S.C.); Centre for Functional Genomics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russian Federation (Y.V.K.); and Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.E.K., A.P.D.)
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.M., A.C., K.M.D., N.S.K., E.E.F.v.d.P., R.A.K., R.M., R.F.P.C., N.D., D.J.W., P.W.F.H.); University of Basel, Switzerland (S.C.); Centre for Functional Genomics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russian Federation (Y.V.K.); and Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.E.K., A.P.D.)
| | - David J Webb
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.M., A.C., K.M.D., N.S.K., E.E.F.v.d.P., R.A.K., R.M., R.F.P.C., N.D., D.J.W., P.W.F.H.); University of Basel, Switzerland (S.C.); Centre for Functional Genomics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russian Federation (Y.V.K.); and Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.E.K., A.P.D.)
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.M., A.C., K.M.D., N.S.K., E.E.F.v.d.P., R.A.K., R.M., R.F.P.C., N.D., D.J.W., P.W.F.H.); University of Basel, Switzerland (S.C.); Centre for Functional Genomics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russian Federation (Y.V.K.); and Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.E.K., A.P.D.).
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Endothelin-1: Biosynthesis, Signaling and Vasoreactivity. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 77:143-75. [PMID: 27451097 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is an extremely potent vasoconstrictor peptide originally isolated from endothelial cells. Its synthesis, mainly regulated at the gene transcription level, involves processing of a precursor by a furin-type proprotein convertase to an inactive intermediate, big ET-1. The latter peptide can then be cleaved directly by an endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE) into ET-1 or reach the active metabolite through a two-step process involving chymase hydrolyzing big ET-1 to ET-1 (1-31), itself needing conversion to ET-1 by neprilysin (NEP) to exert physiological activity. ET-1 signals through two G protein-coupled receptors, endothelin receptor A (ETA) and endothelin receptor B (ETB). Both receptors induce an increase in intracellular Ca(2+), mainly from the extracellular space through voltage-independent mechanisms, the receptor-operated channels and store-operated channels. ET-1 also induces signaling through epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation, oxidative stress induction, rho-kinase, and the activation (ETA) or inhibition (ETB) of the adenylate cyclase/cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway. Arterial vasoconstriction is mediated mainly by the ETA receptor. ET-1, via endothelium-located ETB, relaxes arteries or constricts vessels following activation of the same receptor type on the smooth muscle, where it can interact with ETA. In addition, ETB-dependent vasoconstriction seems more prominent in the venous vasculature. A better understanding of how ET-1 is synthesized and how ETA and ETB receptors interact could help design better pharmacological agents in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases where targeting the ET-1 system is indicated.
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Davenport AP, Hyndman KA, Dhaun N, Southan C, Kohan DE, Pollock JS, Pollock DM, Webb DJ, Maguire JJ. Endothelin. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:357-418. [PMID: 26956245 PMCID: PMC4815360 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelins comprise three structurally similar 21-amino acid peptides. Endothelin-1 and -2 activate two G-protein coupled receptors, ETA and ETB, with equal affinity, whereas endothelin-3 has a lower affinity for the ETA subtype. Genes encoding the peptides are present only among vertebrates. The ligand-receptor signaling pathway is a vertebrate innovation and may reflect the evolution of endothelin-1 as the most potent vasoconstrictor in the human cardiovascular system with remarkably long lasting action. Highly selective peptide ETA and ETB antagonists and ETB agonists together with radiolabeled analogs have accurately delineated endothelin pharmacology in humans and animal models, although surprisingly no ETA agonist has been discovered. ET antagonists (bosentan, ambrisentan) have revolutionized the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, with the next generation of antagonists exhibiting improved efficacy (macitentan). Clinical trials continue to explore new applications, particularly in renal failure and for reducing proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. Translational studies suggest a potential benefit of ETB agonists in chemotherapy and neuroprotection. However, demonstrating clinical efficacy of combined inhibitors of the endothelin converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase has proved elusive. Over 28 genetic modifications have been made to the ET system in mice through global or cell-specific knockouts, knock ins, or alterations in gene expression of endothelin ligands or their target receptors. These studies have identified key roles for the endothelin isoforms and new therapeutic targets in development, fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, and cardiovascular and neuronal function. For the future, novel pharmacological strategies are emerging via small molecule epigenetic modulators, biologicals such as ETB monoclonal antibodies and the potential of signaling pathway biased agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly A Hyndman
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Southan
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Donald E Kohan
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer S Pollock
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David M Pollock
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David J Webb
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Ganesh D, Kumarathasan P, Thomson EM, St-Germain C, Blais E, Crapo J, Vincent R. Impact of Superoxide Dismutase Mimetic AEOL 10150 on the Endothelin System of Fischer 344 Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151810. [PMID: 26990293 PMCID: PMC4798617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor and mitogenic peptide involved in the regulation of vasomotor tone and maintenance of blood pressure. Oxidative stress activates the endothelin system, and is implicated in pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, congestive heart failure, and atherosclerosis. Superoxide dismutase mimetics designed with the aim of treating diseases that involve reactive oxygen species in their pathophysiology may exert a hypotensive effect, but effects on the endothelin system are unknown. Our objective was to determine the effect of the superoxide dismutase mimetic AEOL 10150 on the basal endothelin system in vivo. Male Fischer-344 rats were injected subcutaneously with 0, 2 or 5 mg/kg body weight of AEOL 10150 in saline. Plasma oxidative stress markers and endothelins (bigET-1, ET-1, ET-2, ET-3) as well as lung and heart endothelin/nitric oxide system gene expressions were measured using HPLC-Coularray, HPLC-Fluorescence and RT-PCR respectively. AEOL 10150 reduced (p<0.05) the circulating levels of isoprostane (-25%) and 3-nitrotyrosine (-50%) measured in plasma 2h and 24h after treatment, confirming delivery of a physiologically-relevant dose and the potent antioxidant activity of the drug. The reduction in markers of oxidative stress coincided with sustained 24h decrease (p<0.05) of plasma levels of ET-1 (-50%) and ET-3 (-10%). Expression of preproET-1 and endothelin converting enzyme-1 mRNA were not altered significantly in the lungs. However preproET-1 (not significant) and ECE-1 mRNA (p<0.05) were increased (10-25%) in the heart. Changes in the lungs included decrease (p<0.05) of mRNA for the ET-1 clearance receptor ETB and the vasoconstriction-signaling ETA receptor (-30%), and an early surge of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression followed by sustained decrease (-40% after 24 hours). The results indicate that interception of the endogenous physiological flux of reactive nitrogen species and reactive oxygen species in rats impacts the endothelin/nitric oxide system, supporting a homeostatic relationship between those systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Ganesh
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prem Kumarathasan
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Errol M Thomson
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carly St-Germain
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erica Blais
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Crapo
- National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Renaud Vincent
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
All three members of the endothelin (ET) family of peptides, ET-1, ET-2, and ET-3, are expressed in the human kidney, with ET-1 being the predominant isoform. ET-1 and ET-2 bind to two G-protein–coupled receptors, ETA and ETB, whereas at physiological concentrations ET-3 has little affinity for the ETA receptor. The human kidney is unusual among the peripheral organs in expressing a high density of ETB. The renal vascular endothelium only expresses the ETB subtype and ET-1 acts in an autocrine or paracrine manner to release vasodilators. Endothelial ETB in kidney, as well as liver and lungs, also has a critical role in scavenging ET-1 from the plasma. The third major function is ET-1 activation of ETB in in the nephron to reduce salt and water re-absorption. In contrast, ETA predominate on smooth muscle, causing vasoconstriction and mediating many of the pathophysiological actions of ET-1. The role of the two receptors has been delineated using highly selective ETA (BQ123, TAK-044) and ETB (BQ788) peptide antagonists. Nonpeptide antagonists, bosentan, macitentan, and ambrisentan, that are either mixed ETA/ETB antagonists or display ETA selectivity, have been approved for clinical use but to date are limited to pulmonary hypertension. Ambrisentan is in clinical trials in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. This review summarizes ET-receptor antagonism in the human kidney, and considers the relative merits of selective versus nonselective antagonism in renal disease.
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Abstract
Endothelin (ET) is one of the most potent renal vasoconstrictors. Endothelin plays an essential role in the regulation of renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, sodium and water transport, and acid-base balance. ET-1, ET-2, and ET-3 are the three distinct endothelin isoforms comprising the endothelin family. ET-1 is the major physiologically relevant peptide and exerts its biological activity through two G-protein-coupled receptors: ET(A) and ET(B). Both ET(A) and ET(B) are expressed by the renal vasculature. Although ET(A) are expressed mainly by vascular smooth muscle cells, ET(B) are expressed by both renal endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Activation of the endothelin system, or overexpression of downstream endothelin signaling pathways, has been implicated in several pathophysiological conditions including hypertension, acute kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy, and immune nephritis. In this review, we focus on the effects of endothelin on the renal microvasculature, and update recent findings on endothelin in the regulation of renal hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Guan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Justin P VanBeusecum
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Edward W Inscho
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
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Kumarathasan P, Blais E, Saravanamuthu A, Bielecki A, Mukherjee B, Bjarnason S, Guénette J, Goegan P, Vincent R. Nitrative stress, oxidative stress and plasma endothelin levels after inhalation of particulate matter and ozone. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015. [PMID: 26376633 DOI: 10.1186/s12989‐015‐0103‐7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While exposure to ambient air contaminants is clearly associated with adverse health outcomes, disentangling mechanisms of pollutant interactions remains a challenge. OBJECTIVES We aimed at characterizing free radical pathways and the endothelinergic system in rats after inhalation of urban particulate matter, ozone, and a combination of particles plus ozone to gain insight into pollutant-specific toxicity mechanisms and any effect modification due to air pollutant mixtures. METHODS Fischer 344 rats were exposed for 4 h to a 3 × 3 concentration matrix of ozone (0, 0.4, 0.8 ppm) and EHC-93 particles (0, 5, 50 mg/m(3)). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), BAL cells, blood and plasma were analysed for biomarkers of effects immediately and 24 h post-exposure. RESULTS Inhalation of ozone increased (p < 0.05) lipid oxidation products in BAL cells immediately post-exposure, and increased (p < 0.05) total protein, neutrophils and mature macrophages in the BALF 24 h post-exposure. Ozone increased (p < 0.05) the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), assessed by m-, p-, o-tyrosines in BALF (Ozone main effects, p < 0.05), while formation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), indicated by 3-nitrotyrosine, correlated with dose of urban particles (EHC-93 main effects or EHC-93 × Ozone interactions, p < 0.05). Carboxyhemoglobin levels in blood exhibited particle exposure-related increase (p < 0.05) 24 h post recovery. Plasma 3-nitrotyrosine and o-tyrosine were increased (p < 0.05) after inhalation of particles; the effect on 3-nitrotyrosine was abrogated after exposure to ozone plus particles (EHC-93 × Ozone, p < 0.05). Big endothelin-1 (BET-1) and ET-1 were increased in plasma after inhalation of particles or ozone alone, but the effects appeared to be attenuated by co-exposure to contaminants (EHC-93 × Ozone, p < 0.05). Plasma ET levels were positively correlated (p < 0.05) with BALF m- and o-tyrosine levels. CONCLUSIONS Pollutant-specific changes can be amplified or abrogated following multi-pollutant exposures. Oxidative and nitrative stress in the lung compartment may contribute to secondary extra-pulmonary ROS/RNS formation. Nitrative stress and endothelinergic imbalance emerge as potential key pathways of air pollutant health effects, notably of ambient particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Kumarathasan
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Environmental Health Centre, Room 233A, 0803C Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada.
| | - Erica Blais
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Environmental Health Centre, Room 233A, 0803C Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Anushuyadevi Saravanamuthu
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Environmental Health Centre, Room 233A, 0803C Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Agnieszka Bielecki
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Environmental Health Centre, Room 233A, 0803C Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Ballari Mukherjee
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Environmental Health Centre, Room 233A, 0803C Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Bjarnason
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Josée Guénette
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Goegan
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Renaud Vincent
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
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Kumarathasan P, Blais E, Saravanamuthu A, Bielecki A, Mukherjee B, Bjarnason S, Guénette J, Goegan P, Vincent R. Nitrative stress, oxidative stress and plasma endothelin levels after inhalation of particulate matter and ozone. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:28. [PMID: 26376633 PMCID: PMC4573945 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-015-0103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While exposure to ambient air contaminants is clearly associated with adverse health outcomes, disentangling mechanisms of pollutant interactions remains a challenge. Objectives We aimed at characterizing free radical pathways and the endothelinergic system in rats after inhalation of urban particulate matter, ozone, and a combination of particles plus ozone to gain insight into pollutant-specific toxicity mechanisms and any effect modification due to air pollutant mixtures. Methods Fischer 344 rats were exposed for 4 h to a 3 × 3 concentration matrix of ozone (0, 0.4, 0.8 ppm) and EHC-93 particles (0, 5, 50 mg/m3). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), BAL cells, blood and plasma were analysed for biomarkers of effects immediately and 24 h post-exposure. Results Inhalation of ozone increased (p < 0.05) lipid oxidation products in BAL cells immediately post-exposure, and increased (p < 0.05) total protein, neutrophils and mature macrophages in the BALF 24 h post-exposure. Ozone increased (p < 0.05) the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), assessed by m-, p-, o-tyrosines in BALF (Ozone main effects, p < 0.05), while formation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), indicated by 3-nitrotyrosine, correlated with dose of urban particles (EHC-93 main effects or EHC-93 × Ozone interactions, p < 0.05). Carboxyhemoglobin levels in blood exhibited particle exposure-related increase (p < 0.05) 24 h post recovery. Plasma 3-nitrotyrosine and o-tyrosine were increased (p < 0.05) after inhalation of particles; the effect on 3-nitrotyrosine was abrogated after exposure to ozone plus particles (EHC-93 × Ozone, p < 0.05). Big endothelin-1 (BET-1) and ET-1 were increased in plasma after inhalation of particles or ozone alone, but the effects appeared to be attenuated by co-exposure to contaminants (EHC-93 × Ozone, p < 0.05). Plasma ET levels were positively correlated (p < 0.05) with BALF m- and o-tyrosine levels. Conclusions Pollutant-specific changes can be amplified or abrogated following multi-pollutant exposures. Oxidative and nitrative stress in the lung compartment may contribute to secondary extra-pulmonary ROS/RNS formation. Nitrative stress and endothelinergic imbalance emerge as potential key pathways of air pollutant health effects, notably of ambient particulate matter. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-015-0103-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Kumarathasan
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Environmental Health Centre, Room 233A, 0803C Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada.
| | - Erica Blais
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Environmental Health Centre, Room 233A, 0803C Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Anushuyadevi Saravanamuthu
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Environmental Health Centre, Room 233A, 0803C Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Agnieszka Bielecki
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Environmental Health Centre, Room 233A, 0803C Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Ballari Mukherjee
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Environmental Health Centre, Room 233A, 0803C Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Bjarnason
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Josée Guénette
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Goegan
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Renaud Vincent
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
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Duthie KM, Hadoke PWF, Kirkby NS, Miller E, Ivy JR, McShane JF, Lim WG, Webb DJ. Selective endothelin A receptor antagonism with sitaxentan reduces neointimal lesion size in a mouse model of intraluminal injury. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2827-37. [PMID: 25598351 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Endothelin (ET) receptor antagonism reduces neointimal lesion formation in animal models. This investigation addressed the hypothesis that the selective ETA receptor antagonist sitaxentan would be more effective than mixed ETA / B receptor antagonism at inhibiting neointimal proliferation in a mouse model of intraluminal injury. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Antagonism of ETA receptors by sitaxentan (1-100 nM) was assessed in femoral arteries isolated from adult, male C57Bl6 mice using isometric wire myography. Neointimal lesion development was induced by intraluminal injury in mice receiving sitaxentan (ETA antagonist; 15 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1) ), A192621 (ETB antagonist; 30 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1) ), the combination of both antagonists or vehicle. Treatment began 1 week before, and continued for 28 days after, surgery. Femoral arteries were then harvested for analysis of lesion size and composition. KEY RESULTS Sitaxentan produced a selective, concentration-dependent parallel rightward shift of ET-1-mediated contraction in isolated femoral arteries. Sitaxentan reduced neointimal lesion size, whereas ETB and combined ETA / B receptor antagonism did not. Macrophage and α-smooth muscle actin content were unaltered by ET receptor antagonism but sitaxentan reduced the amount of collagen in lesions. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that ETA receptor antagonism would be more effective than combined ETA /ETB receptor antagonism at reducing neointimal lesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina M Duthie
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas S Kirkby
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eileen Miller
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jessica R Ivy
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John F McShane
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Win Gel Lim
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Webb
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Endothelin@25 - new agonists, antagonists, inhibitors and emerging research frontiers: IUPHAR Review 12. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5555-72. [PMID: 25131455 PMCID: PMC4290702 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of endothelin (ET)-1 in 1988, the main components of the signalling pathway have become established, comprising three structurally similar endogenous 21-amino acid peptides, ET-1, ET-2 and ET-3, that activate two GPCRs, ETA and ETB . Our aim in this review is to highlight the recent progress in ET research. The ET-like domain peptide, corresponding to prepro-ET-193-166 , has been proposed to be co-synthesized and released with ET-1, to modulate the actions of the peptide. ET-1 remains the most potent vasoconstrictor in the human cardiovascular system with a particularly long-lasting action. To date, the major therapeutic strategy to block the unwanted actions of ET in disease, principally in pulmonary arterial hypertension, has been to use antagonists that are selective for the ETA receptor (ambrisentan) or that block both receptor subtypes (bosentan). Macitentan represents the next generation of antagonists, being more potent than bosentan, with longer receptor occupancy and it is converted to an active metabolite; properties contributing to greater pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic efficacy. A second strategy is now being more widely tested in clinical trials and uses combined inhibitors of ET-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase such as SLV306 (daglutril). A third strategy based on activating the ETB receptor, has led to the renaissance of the modified peptide agonist IRL1620 as a clinical candidate in delivering anti-tumour drugs and as a pharmacological tool to investigate experimental pathophysiological conditions. Finally, we discuss biased signalling, epigenetic regulation and targeting with monoclonal antibodies as prospective new areas for ET research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Maguire
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Mazzuca MQ, Li W, Reslan OM, Yu P, Mata KM, Khalil RA. Downregulation of microvascular endothelial type B endothelin receptor is a central vascular mechanism in hypertensive pregnancy. Hypertension 2014; 64:632-43. [PMID: 24914193 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-related disorder characterized by hypertension with an unclear mechanism. Studies have shown endothelial dysfunction and increased endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels in hypertensive pregnancy (HTN-Preg). ET-1 activates endothelin receptor type-A in vascular smooth muscle to induce vasoconstriction, but the role of vasodilator endothelial endothelin receptor type-B (ETBR) in the changes in blood pressure (BP) and vascular function in HTN-Preg is unclear. To test whether downregulation of endothelial ETBR expression/activity plays a role in HTN-Preg, BP was measured in normal pregnancy (Norm-Preg) rats and rat model of HTN-Preg produced by reduction of uteroplacental perfusion pressure (RUPP), and mesenteric microvessels were isolated for measuring diameter, [Ca(2+)]i, and endothelin receptor type-A and ETBR levels. BP, ET-1- and potassium chloride-induced vasoconstriction, and [Ca(2+)]i were greater in RUPP than in Norm-Preg rats. Endothelium removal or microvessel treatment with ETBR antagonist BQ-788 enhanced ET-1 vasoconstriction and [Ca(2+)]i in Norm-Preg, but not RUPP, suggesting reduced vasodilator ETBR in HTN-Preg. The ET-1+endothelin receptor type-A antagonist BQ-123 and the ETBR agonists sarafotoxin 6c and IRL-1620 caused less vasorelaxation and nitrate/nitrite production in RUPP than in Norm-Preg. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester reduced sarafotoxin 6c- and IRL-1620-induced relaxation in Norm-Preg but not in RUPP, supporting that ETBR-mediated nitric oxide pathway is compromised in RUPP. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blots, and immunohistochemistry revealed reduced endothelial ETBR expression in RUPP. Infusion of BQ-788 increased BP in Norm-Preg, and infusion of IRL-1620 reduced BP and ET-1 vasoconstriction and [Ca(2+)]i and enhanced ETBR-mediated vasorelaxation in RUPP. Thus, downregulation of microvascular vasodilator ETBR is a central mechanism in HTN-Preg, and increasing ETBR activity could be a target in managing preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Q Mazzuca
- From the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Wei Li
- From the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ossama M Reslan
- From the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Peng Yu
- From the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Karina M Mata
- From the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- From the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Lehmann LH, Stanmore DA, Backs J. The role of endothelin-1 in the sympathetic nervous system in the heart. Life Sci 2014; 118:165-72. [PMID: 24632477 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET1) is a peptide that was initially identified as a strong inductor of vascular contraction. In the last 25 years, there have been several biological processes identified in which ET1 seems to play a critical role. In particular, genetic studies have unveiled that ET1 is important for neuronal development, growth and function. Experimental studies identified ET1 as a regulator of the interaction between sympathetic neurons and cardiac myocytes. This might be of clinical importance since patients suffering from heart failure are characterized by disrupted norepinephrine homeostasis in the heart. This review summarizes the important findings on the role of ET1 for sympathetic neurons and norepinephrine homeostasis in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz H Lehmann
- Research Unit Cardiac Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David A Stanmore
- Research Unit Cardiac Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Backs
- Research Unit Cardiac Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Drawnel FM, Archer CR, Roderick HL. The role of the paracrine/autocrine mediator endothelin-1 in regulation of cardiac contractility and growth. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:296-317. [PMID: 22946456 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a critical autocrine and paracrine regulator of cardiac physiology and pathology. Produced locally within the myocardium in response to diverse mechanical and neurohormonal stimuli, ET-1 acutely modulates cardiac contractility. During pathological cardiovascular conditions such as ischaemia, left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure, myocyte expression and activity of the entire ET-1 system is enhanced, allowing the peptide to both initiate and maintain maladaptive cellular responses. Both the acute and chronic effects of ET-1 are dependent on the activation of intracellular signalling pathways, regulated by the inositol-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol produced upon activation of the ET(A) receptor. Subsequent stimulation of protein kinases C and D, calmodulin-dependent kinase II, calcineurin and MAPKs modifies the systolic calcium transient, myofibril function and the activity of transcription factors that coordinate cellular remodelling. The precise nature of the cellular response to ET-1 is governed by the timing, localization and context of such signals, allowing the peptide to regulate both cardiomyocyte physiology and instigate disease. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Endothelin. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.168.issue-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye M Drawnel
- Babraham Research Campus, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohann Rautureau
- Yohann Rautureau is a Research Associate in the laboratory of Ernesto Schiffrin at the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (Montreal, Canada). His research deals with vascular remodeling, the role of endothelin, and the intracellular signaling of angiotensin II and aldosterone
| | - Ernesto L Schiffrin
- Ernesto L Schiffrin is Physician-in-Chief, Jewish General Hospital, Canada Research Chair in Hypertension and Vascular Research, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, and Professor and Vice-Chair (Research), Department of Medicine, McGill University. His research deals with vascular remodeling in hypertension, renal and cardiometabolic diseases, from mice to humans, and the influence of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone and endothelin systems, nuclear receptors and immunity on blood vessels
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Rafikova O, Rafikov R, Kumar S, Sharma S, Aggarwal S, Schneider F, Jonigk D, Black SM, Tofovic SP. Bosentan inhibits oxidative and nitrosative stress and rescues occlusive pulmonary hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 56:28-43. [PMID: 23200808 PMCID: PMC3749888 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PH) is a fatal disease marked by excessive pulmonary vascular cell proliferation. Patients with idiopathic PH express endothelin-1 (ET-1) at high levels in their lungs. As the activation of both types of ET-1 receptor (ETA and ETB) leads to increased generation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, this may contribute to the severe oxidative stress found in PH patients. As a number of pathways may induce oxidative stress, the particular role of ET-1 remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether inhibition of ET-1 signaling could reduce pulmonary oxidative stress and attenuate the progression of disease in rats with occlusive-angioproliferative PH induced by a single dose of SU5416 (200 mg/kg) and subsequent exposure to hypoxia for 21 days. Using this regimen, animals developed severe PH as evidenced by a progressive increase in right-ventricle (RV) peak systolic pressure (RVPSP), severe RV hypertrophy, and pulmonary endothelial and smooth muscle cell proliferation, resulting in plexiform vasculopathy. PH rats also had increased oxidative stress, correlating with endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling and NADPH oxidase activation, leading to enhanced protein nitration and increases in markers of vascular remodeling. Treatment with the combined ET receptor antagonist bosentan (250 mg/kg/day; day 10 to 21) prevented further increase in RVPSP and RV hypertrophy, decreased ETA/ETB protein levels, reduced oxidative stress and protein nitration, and resulted in marked attenuation of pulmonary vascular cell proliferation. We conclude that inhibition of ET-1 signaling significantly attenuates the oxidative and nitrosative stress associated with PH and prevents its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Rafikova
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Pulmonary Vascular Disease Program, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ruslan Rafikov
- Pulmonary Vascular Disease Program, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Sanjiv Kumar
- Pulmonary Vascular Disease Program, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Pulmonary Vascular Disease Program, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Saurabh Aggarwal
- Pulmonary Vascular Disease Program, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Frank Schneider
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephen M. Black
- Pulmonary Vascular Disease Program, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Stevan P. Tofovic
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Seeland U, Regitz-Zagrosek V. Sex and gender differences in cardiovascular drug therapy. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2013:211-36. [PMID: 23027453 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30726-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This chapter outlines sex differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the most frequently used drugs in cardiovascular diseases, e.g., coronary artery disease, hypertension, heart failure. Retrospective analysis of previously published drug trials revealed marked sex differences in efficacy and adverse effects in a number of cardiovascular drugs. This includes a higher mortality among women taking digoxin for heart failure, more torsade de pointes arrhythmia in QT prolonging drugs and more cough with ACE inhibitors. Trends towards a greater benefit for women and/or female animals have been observed in some studies for endothelin receptor antagonists, the calcium channel blocker amlodipine, the ACE-inhibitor ramipril and the aldosterone antagonist eplerenone. However, reproduction of these results in independent studies and solid statistical evidence is still lacking. Some drugs require a particularly careful dose adaptation in women: the beta-blocker metoprolol, the calcium channel blocker verapamil, loop-, and thiazide diuretics. In conclusion, sex differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics have to be taken into account for cardiovascular drug therapy in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Seeland
- Institute of Gender in Medicine, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin Charité, Berlin, Germany
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Endothelin-B Receptors and Left Ventricular Dysfunction after Regional versus Global Ischaemia-Reperfusion in Rat Hearts. Cardiol Res Pract 2012; 2012:986813. [PMID: 22844633 PMCID: PMC3403336 DOI: 10.1155/2012/986813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is implicated in left ventricular dysfunction after ischaemia-reperfusion. ETA and ETB receptors mediate diverse actions, but it is unknown whether these actions depend on ischaemia type and duration. We investigated the role of ETB receptors after four ischaemia-reperfusion protocols in isolated rat hearts.
Methods. Left ventricular haemodynamic variables were measured in the Langendorff-perfused model after 40- and 20-minute regional or global ischaemia, followed by 30-minute reperfusion. Wild-type (n = 39) and ETB-deficient (n = 41) rats were compared. Infarct size was measured using fluorescent microspheres after regional ischaemia-reperfusion.
Results. Left ventricular dysfunction was more prominent in ETB-deficient rats, particularly after regional ischaemia. Infarct size was smaller (P = 0.006) in wild-type (31.5 ± 4.4%) than ETB-deficient (45.0 ± 7.3%) rats after 40 minutes of regional ischaemia-reperfusion. Although the recovery of left ventricular function was poorer after 40-minute ischaemia-reperfusion, end-diastolic pressure in ETB-deficient rats was higher after 20 than after 40 minutes of regional ischaemia-reperfusion.
Conclusion. ETB receptors exert cytoprotective effects in the rat heart, mainly after regional ischaemia-reperfusion. Longer periods of ischaemia suppress the recovery of left ventricular function after reperfusion, but the role of ETB receptors may be more important during the early phases.
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Kirkby NS, Duthie KM, Miller E, Kotelevtsev YV, Bagnall AJ, Webb DJ, Hadoke PWF. Non-endothelial cell endothelin-B receptors limit neointima formation following vascular injury. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 95:19-28. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Maguire JJ, Kuc RE, Pell VR, Green A, Brown M, Kumar S, Wehrman T, Quinn E, Davenport AP. Comparison of human ETA and ETB receptor signalling via G-protein and β-arrestin pathways. Life Sci 2012; 91:544-9. [PMID: 22480514 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the pharmacology of ET(A)- and ET(B)-mediated β-arrestin recruitment and compare this to established human pharmacology of these receptors to identify evidence for endothelin receptor biased signalling and pathway specific blockade by antagonists. MAIN METHODS The ability of ET-1, ET-2, ET-3, sarafotoxin 6b and sarafotoxin 6c to activate ET(A) and ET(B)-mediated β-arrestin recruitment was determined in CHO-K1 cells. Affinities were obtained for ET(A) selective (BQ123, sitaxentan, ambrisentan), ET(B) selective (BQ788) and mixed (bosentan) antagonists using ET-1 and compared to affinities obtained in competition experiments in human heart and by Schild analysis in human saphenous vein. Agonist dependence of affinities was compared for BQ123 and BQ788 in the ET(A) and ET(B) β-arrestin assays respectively. KEY FINDINGS For β-arrestin recruitment, order of potency was as expected for the ET(A) (ET-1≥ET-2>>ET-3) and ET(B) (ET-1=ET-2=ET-3) receptors. However, at the ET(A) receptor sarafotoxin 6b and ET-3 were partial agonists. Antagonism of ET peptides by selective and mixed antagonists appeared non-competitive. BQ123, but not BQ788, exhibited agonist-dependent affinities. Bosentan was significantly more effective an inhibitor of β-arrestin recruitment mediated by ET(A) compared to the ET(B) receptor. In the ET(A) vasoconstrictor assay, ET-1, ET-2 and S6b were equipotent, full agonists and antagonists tested behaved in a competitive manner, although affinities were lower than predicted from the competition binding experiments in left ventricle. SIGNIFICANCE These data suggest that the pharmacology of ET(A) and ET(B) receptors linked to G-protein- and β-arrestin mediated responses was different and bosentan appeared to show bias, preferentially blocking ET(A) mediated β-arrestin recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet J Maguire
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Level 6 ACCI, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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