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Villegas M, Yvon M, Le Blaye S, Mathieu L, Blanc S, Zeddam JL. Replication-independent change in the frequencies of distinct genome segments of a multipartite virus during its transit within aphid vectors. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0028724. [PMID: 38517168 PMCID: PMC11064520 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00287-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Multipartite viruses exhibit a fragmented genome composed of several nucleic acid segments individually packaged in distinct viral particles. The genome of all species of the genus Nanovirus holds eight segments, which accumulate at a very specific and reproducible relative frequency in the host plant tissues. In a given host species, the steady state pattern of the segments' relative frequencies is designated the genome formula and is thought to have an adaptive function through the modulation of gene expression. Nanoviruses are aphid-transmitted circulative non-propagative viruses, meaning that the virus particles are internalized into the midgut cells, transferred to the hemolymph, and then to the saliva, with no replication during this transit. Unexpectedly, a previous study on the faba bean necrotic stunt virus revealed that the genome formula changes after ingestion by aphids. We investigate here the possible mechanism inducing this change by first comparing the relative segment frequencies in different compartments of the aphid. We show that changes occur both in the midgut lumen and in the secreted saliva but not in the gut, salivary gland, or hemolymph. We further establish that the viral particles differentially resist physicochemical variations, in particular pH, ionic strength, and/or type of salt, depending on the encapsidated segment. We thus propose that the replication-independent genome formula changes within aphids are not adaptive, contrary to changes occurring in plants, and most likely reflect a fortuitous differential degradation of virus particles containing distinct segments when passing into extra-cellular media such as gastric fluid or saliva. IMPORTANCE The genome of multipartite viruses is composed of several segments individually packaged into distinct viral particles. Each segment accumulates at a specific frequency that depends on the host plant species and regulates gene expression. Intriguingly, the relative frequencies of the genome segments also change when the octopartite faba bean necrotic stunt virus (FBNSV) is ingested by aphid vectors, despite the present view that this virus travels through the aphid gut and salivary glands without replicating. By monitoring the genomic composition of FBNSV populations during the transit in aphids, we demonstrate here that the changes take place extracellularly in the gut lumen and in the saliva. We further show that physicochemical factors induce differential degradation of viral particles depending on the encapsidated segment. We propose that the replication-independent changes within the insect vector are not adaptive and result from the differential stability of virus particles containing distinct segments according to environmental parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Villegas
- PHIM, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Yvon
- PHIM, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Le Blaye
- PHIM, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Mathieu
- PHIM, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- PHIM, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Louis Zeddam
- PHIM, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Ligonniere S, Raymond V, Goven D. Use of double-stranded RNA targeting β2 divergent nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit to control pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum at larval and adult stages. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:896-904. [PMID: 37816139 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the use of the RNA interference technology (RNAi) has emerged as one of the new strategies for species-specific control of insect pests. Its specificity depends on the distinctiveness of the target gene sequence for a given species. In this work, we assessed in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (A. pisum) the use of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that targets the β2 divergent nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit (dsRNA-β2), which shares low sequence identity with other subunits, to control populations of this pest at different developmental stages. Because nAChRs are targeted by neonicotinoid insecticides such as imidacloprid, we also assessed the effect of dsRNA-β2 coupled to this insecticide on aphid survival. Finally, because the effect of a control agent on beneficial insect must be considered before any use of new pest management strategies, the acute toxicity of dsRNA-β2 combined with imidacloprid was evaluated on honeybee Apis mellifera. RESULTS In this work, we demonstrated that dsRNA-β2 alone has an insecticidal effect on aphid larvae and adults. Moreover, dsRNA-β2 and imidacloprid effects on aphid larvae and adults were additive, meaning that dsRNA-β2 did not alter the efficacy of imidacloprid on these two developmental stages. Also, no obvious acute toxicity on Apis mellifera was reported. CONCLUSION Using RNAi that targets β2 divergent nAChR subunit is effective alone or combined with imidacloprid to control A. pisum at larval and adult stages. Because no obvious Apis mellifera mortality has been reported, this RNAi-based pest management strategy should be considered to control insect pest. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Barassé V, Jouvensal L, Boy G, Billet A, Ascoët S, Lefranc B, Leprince J, Dejean A, Lacotte V, Rahioui I, Sivignon C, Gaget K, Ribeiro Lopes M, Calevro F, Da Silva P, Loth K, Paquet F, Treilhou M, Bonnafé E, Touchard A. Discovery of an Insect Neuroactive Helix Ring Peptide from Ant Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:600. [PMID: 37888631 PMCID: PMC10610885 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15100600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ants are among the most abundant terrestrial invertebrate predators on Earth. To overwhelm their prey, they employ several remarkable behavioral, physiological, and biochemical innovations, including an effective paralytic venom. Ant venoms are thus cocktails of toxins finely tuned to disrupt the physiological systems of insect prey. They have received little attention yet hold great promise for the discovery of novel insecticidal molecules. To identify insect-neurotoxins from ant venoms, we screened the paralytic activity on blowflies of nine synthetic peptides previously characterized in the venom of Tetramorium bicarinatum. We selected peptide U11, a 34-amino acid peptide, for further insecticidal, structural, and pharmacological experiments. Insecticidal assays revealed that U11 is one of the most paralytic peptides ever reported from ant venoms against blowflies and is also capable of paralyzing honeybees. An NMR spectroscopy of U11 uncovered a unique scaffold, featuring a compact triangular ring helix structure stabilized by a single disulfide bond. Pharmacological assays using Drosophila S2 cells demonstrated that U11 is not cytotoxic, but suggest that it may modulate potassium conductance, which structural data seem to corroborate and will be confirmed in a future extended pharmacological investigation. The results described in this paper demonstrate that ant venom is a promising reservoir for the discovery of neuroactive insecticidal peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Barassé
- EA-7417, Institut National Universitaire Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81012 Albi, France
| | - Laurence Jouvensal
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Propre de Recherche (UPR) 4301, 45071 Orléans, France
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Guillaume Boy
- EA-7417, Institut National Universitaire Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81012 Albi, France
| | - Arnaud Billet
- EA-7417, Institut National Universitaire Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81012 Albi, France
| | - Steven Ascoët
- EA-7417, Institut National Universitaire Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81012 Albi, France
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- Inserm, Univ Rouen Normandie, NorDiC Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1239, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Inserm, Univ Rouen Normandie, NorDiC Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1239, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Alain Dejean
- Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3-Paul Sabatier (UPS), 31062 Toulouse, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Écologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), AgroParisTech, Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97379 Kourou, France
| | - Virginie Lacotte
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) de Lyon, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 203, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Rahioui
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) de Lyon, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 203, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Catherine Sivignon
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) de Lyon, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 203, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Karen Gaget
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) de Lyon, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 203, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mélanie Ribeiro Lopes
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) de Lyon, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 203, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Federica Calevro
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) de Lyon, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 203, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pedro Da Silva
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) de Lyon, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 203, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Karine Loth
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Propre de Recherche (UPR) 4301, 45071 Orléans, France
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Françoise Paquet
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Propre de Recherche (UPR) 4301, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Michel Treilhou
- EA-7417, Institut National Universitaire Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81012 Albi, France
| | - Elsa Bonnafé
- EA-7417, Institut National Universitaire Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81012 Albi, France
| | - Axel Touchard
- EA-7417, Institut National Universitaire Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81012 Albi, France
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4
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Higashi CHV, Nichols WL, Chevignon G, Patel V, Allison SE, Kim KL, Strand MR, Oliver KM. An aphid symbiont confers protection against a specialized RNA virus, another increases vulnerability to the same pathogen. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:936-950. [PMID: 36458425 PMCID: PMC10107813 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Insects often harbour heritable symbionts that provide defence against specialized natural enemies, yet little is known about symbiont protection when hosts face simultaneous threats. In pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), the facultative endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa confers protection against the parasitoid, Aphidius ervi, and Regiella insecticola protects against aphid-specific fungal pathogens, including Pandora neoaphidis. Here, we investigated whether these two common aphid symbionts protect against a specialized virus A. pisum virus (APV), and whether their antifungal and antiparasitoid services are impacted by APV infection. We found that APV imposed large fitness costs on symbiont-free aphids and these costs were elevated in aphids also housing H. defensa. In contrast, APV titres were significantly reduced and costs to APV infection were largely eliminated in aphids with R. insecticola. To our knowledge, R. insecticola is the first aphid symbiont shown to protect against a viral pathogen, and only the second arthropod symbiont reported to do so. In contrast, APV infection did not impact the protective services of either R. insecticola or H. defensa. To better understand APV biology, we produced five genomes and examined transmission routes. We found that moderate rates of vertical transmission, combined with horizontal transfer through food plants, were the major route of APV spread, although lateral transfer by parasitoids also occurred. Transmission was unaffected by facultative symbionts. In summary, the presence and species identity of facultative symbionts resulted in highly divergent outcomes for aphids infected with APV, while not impacting defensive services that target other enemies. These findings add to the diverse phenotypes conferred by aphid symbionts, and to the growing body of work highlighting extensive variation in symbiont-mediated interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William L Nichols
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Germain Chevignon
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Vilas Patel
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Suzanne E Allison
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Kyungsun Lee Kim
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Kerry M Oliver
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Georgia, Athens, USA
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5
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Elston KM, Maeda GP, Perreau J, Barrick JE. Addressing the challenges of symbiont-mediated RNAi in aphids. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14961. [PMID: 36874963 PMCID: PMC9983426 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Because aphids are global agricultural pests and models for bacterial endosymbiosis, there is a need for reliable methods to study and control their gene function. However, current methods available for aphid gene knockout and knockdown of gene expression are often unreliable and time consuming. Techniques like CRISPR-Cas genome editing can take several months to achieve a single gene knockout because they rely on aphids going through a cycle of sexual reproduction, and aphids often lack strong, consistent levels of knockdown when fed or injected with molecules that induce an RNA interference (RNAi) response. In the hopes of addressing these challenges, we attempted to adapt a new method called symbiont-mediated RNAi (smRNAi) for use in aphids. smRNAi involves engineering a bacterial symbiont of the insect to continuously supply double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) inside the insect body. This approach has been successful in thrips, kissing bugs, and honeybees. We engineered the laboratory Escherichia coli strain HT115 and the native aphid symbiont Serratia symbiotica CWBI-2.3T to produce dsRNA inside the gut of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) targeting salivary effector protein (C002) or ecdysone receptor genes. For C002 assays, we also tested co-knockdown with an aphid nuclease (Nuc1) to reduce RNA degradation. However, we found that smRNAi was not a reliable method for aphid gene knockdown under our conditions. We were unable to consistently achieve the expected phenotypic changes with either target. However, we did see indications that elements of the RNAi pathway were modestly upregulated, and expression of some targeted genes appeared to be somewhat reduced in some trials. We conclude with a discussion of the possible avenues through which smRNAi, and aphid RNAi in general, could be improved in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Elston
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Gerald P Maeda
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Julie Perreau
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States.,Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Barrick
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States
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6
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Ribeiro Lopes M, Gaget K, Renoz F, Duport G, Balmand S, Charles H, Callaerts P, Calevro F. Bacteriocyte plasticity in pea aphids facing amino acid stress or starvation during development. Front Physiol 2022; 13:982920. [PMID: 36439244 PMCID: PMC9685537 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.982920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
An important contributing factor to the evolutionary success of insects is nutritional association with microbial symbionts, which provide the host insects with nutrients lacking in their unbalanced diets. These symbionts are often compartmentalized in specialized cells of the host, the bacteriocytes. Even though bacteriocytes were first described more than a century ago, few studies have explored their dynamics throughout the insect life cycle and in response to environmental stressors. Here, we use the Buchnera aphidicola/pea aphid symbiotic system to study how bacteriocytes are regulated in response to nutritional stress throughout aphid development. Using artificial diets, we analyzed the effects of depletion or excess of phenylalanine or leucine, two amino acids essential for aphid growth and whose biosynthetic pathways are shared between the host and the symbiont. Bacteriocytes responded dynamically to those treatments, while other tissues showed no obvious morphological change. Amino acid depletion resulted in an increase in bacteriocyte numbers, with the extent of the increase depending on the amino acid, while excess either caused a decrease (for leucine) or an increase (for phenylalanine). Only a limited impact on survival and fecundity was observed, suggesting that the adjustment in bacteriocyte (and symbiont) numbers is sufficient to withstand these nutritional challenges. We also studied the impact of more extreme conditions by exposing aphids to a 24 h starvation period at the beginning of nymphal development. This led to a dramatic drop in aphid survival and fecundity and a significant developmental delay. Again, bacteriocytes responded dynamically, with a considerable decrease in number and size, correlated with a decrease in the number of symbionts, which were prematurely degraded by the lysosomal system. This study shows how bacteriocyte dynamics is integrated in the physiology of insects and highlights the high plasticity of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Gaget
- Université de Lyon, INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - François Renoz
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, Villeurbanne, France
- UCLouvain, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Gabrielle Duport
- Université de Lyon, INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Séverine Balmand
- Université de Lyon, INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hubert Charles
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Patrick Callaerts
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Federica Calevro
- Université de Lyon, INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, Villeurbanne, France
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7
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Loth K, Parisot N, Paquet F, Terrasson H, Sivignon C, Rahioui I, Ribeiro Lopes M, Gaget K, Duport G, Delmas AF, Aucagne V, Heddi A, Calevro F, da Silva P. Aphid BCR4 Structure and Activity Uncover a New Defensin Peptide Superfamily. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012480. [PMID: 36293341 PMCID: PMC9604261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) are among the most detrimental insects for agricultural plants, and their management is a great challenge in agronomical research. A new class of proteins, called Bacteriocyte-specific Cysteine-Rich (BCR) peptides, provides an alternative to chemical insecticides for pest control. BCRs were initially identified in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. They are small disulfide bond-rich proteins expressed exclusively in aphid bacteriocytes, the insect cells that host intracellular symbiotic bacteria. Here, we show that one of the A. pisum BCRs, BCR4, displays prominent insecticidal activity against the pea aphid, impairing insect survival and nymphal growth, providing evidence for its potential use as a new biopesticide. Our comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses indicate that BCRs are restricted to the aphid lineage. The 3D structure of BCR4 reveals that this peptide belongs to an as-yet-unknown structural class of peptides and defines a new superfamily of defensins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Loth
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, 45071 Orléans, France
- UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Nicolas Parisot
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Françoise Paquet
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Hugo Terrasson
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Isabelle Rahioui
- Univ Lyon, INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Karen Gaget
- Univ Lyon, INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gabrielle Duport
- Univ Lyon, INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Agnès F. Delmas
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Vincent Aucagne
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Abdelaziz Heddi
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Federica Calevro
- Univ Lyon, INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pedro da Silva
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Correspondence:
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8
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Frago E, Gols R, Schweiger R, Müller C, Dicke M, Godfray HCJ. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles, not natural enemies, mediate a positive indirect interaction between insect herbivores. Oecologia 2022; 198:443-456. [PMID: 35001172 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many insect herbivores engage in apparent competition whereby two species interact through shared natural enemies. Upon insect attack, plants release volatile blends that attract natural enemies, but whether these volatiles mediate apparent competition between herbivores is not yet known. We investigate the role of volatiles that are emitted by bean plants upon infestation by Acyrthosiphon pisum aphids on the population dynamics and fitness of Sitobion avenae aphids, and on wheat phloem sap metabolites. In a field experiment, the dynamics of S. avenae aphids on wheat were studied by crossing two treatments: exposure of aphid colonies to A. pisum-induced bean volatiles and exclusion of natural enemies. Glasshouse experiments and analyses of primary metabolites in wheat phloem exudates were performed to better understand the results from the field experiment. In the field, bean volatiles did not affect S. avenae dynamics or survival when aphids were exposed to natural enemies. When protected from them, however, volatiles led to larger aphid colonies. In agreement with this observation, in glasshouse experiments, aphid-induced bean volatiles increased the survival of S. avenae aphids on wheat plants, but not on an artificial diet. This suggests that volatiles may benefit S. avenae colonies via metabolic changes in wheat plants, although we did not find any effect on wheat phloem exudate composition. We report a potential case of associational susceptibility whereby plant volatiles weaken the defences of receiving plants, thus leading to increased herbivore performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Frago
- CIRAD, UMR CBGP, 755 avenue du campus Agropolis-CS30016, Montferrier sur lez cedex, 34988, Montpellier, France.
| | - R Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R Schweiger
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - C Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - M Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - H C J Godfray
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Denoirjean T, Doury G, Poli P, Coutte F, Ameline A. Effects of Bacillus lipopeptides on the survival and behavior of the rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 226:112840. [PMID: 34619473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Within the framework of biocontrol development, several natural lipopeptides produced by Bacillus subtilis show well-documented anti-microbial properties, especially in orchards. However, the number of studies on their putative insecticidal effects remain low despite the growing interest to develop new strategies of orchards pests' control. The rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea is the major aphid pest causing great leaf damage to apple trees. In this study, we submitted young adult aphids to topical application of three different families of lipopeptides, Plipastatin (Fengycin), Mycosubtilin (Iturin), and Surfactin, either separately or as a ternary mixture. Their aphicidal effects were investigated at 1, 2.5 and 5 g/L, both at 1 h and 24 h after exposure, and their effects on aphid behavior were studied at the 2.5 g/L concentration at 24 h after exposure. When delivered alone, lipopeptides displayed contrasted effects varying from no aphicidal activity for Mycosubtilin to a mortality induced even at low concentrations by Surfactin. Surprisingly, locomotor activity of the surviving aphids was only affected by the two least lethal treatments, Mycosubtilin and the ternary mix. Their feeding behavior was only impacted by Surfactin, the most lethal treatment, that unexpectedly increased phloem sap ingestion. The results are discussed in the context of lipopeptides applicability for integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Denoirjean
- UMR CNRS 7058 EDYSAN (Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Géraldine Doury
- UMR CNRS 7058 EDYSAN (Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Pedro Poli
- UMR CNRS 7058 EDYSAN (Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - François Coutte
- Université de Lille, UMRt 1158 BioEcoAgro - INRAE, équipe Métabolites secondaires d'origine microbienne - Institut Charles Viollette, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Arnaud Ameline
- UMR CNRS 7058 EDYSAN (Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France.
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10
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Wang G, Zhou JJ, Li Y, Gou Y, Quandahor P, Liu C. Trehalose and glucose levels regulate feeding behavior of the phloem-feeding insect, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15864. [PMID: 34354165 PMCID: PMC8342477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trehalose serves multifarious roles in growth and development of insects. In this study, we demonstrated that the high trehalose diet increased the glucose content, and high glucose diet increased the glucose content but decreased the trehalose content of Acyrthosiphon pisum. RNA interference (RNAi) of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene (ApTPS) decreased while RNAi of trehalase gene (ApTRE) increased the trehalose and glucose contents. In the electrical penetration graph experiment, RNAi of ApTPS increased the percentage of E2 waveform and decreased the percentage of F and G waveforms. The high trehalose and glucose diets increased the percentage of E2 waveform of A. pisum red biotype. The correlation between feeding behavior and sugar contents indicated that the percentage of E1 and E2 waveforms were increased but np, C, F and G waveforms were decreased in low trehalose and glucose contents. The percentage of np, E1 and E2 waveforms were reduced but C, F and G waveforms were elevated in high trehalose and glucose contents. The results suggest that the A. pisum with high trehalose and glucose contents spent less feeding time during non-probing phase and phloem feeding phase, but had an increased feeding time during probing phase, stylet work phase and xylem feeding phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Wang
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Jing-Jiang Zhou
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,grid.443382.a0000 0004 1804 268XState Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025 China
| | - Yan Li
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Yuping Gou
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Peter Quandahor
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Changzhong Liu
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070 China
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11
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Dixit S, Thakur N, Shukla A, Upadhyay SK, C Verma P. Molecular characterization of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor from Bemisia tabaci. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 30:231-240. [PMID: 33368750 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic ligand gated channels that are highly permeable to calcium ions. In insects, NMDARs are associated with glutamatergic neurotransmission governing diverse physiological and biological processes like vitellogenesis and ovarian development. Therefore, NMDAR may act as attractive target for insect pest control. In present study, we performed structural and functional characterization of NMDARs in Bemisia tabaci, a highly invasive crop pest and potent virus vector. We identified that NMDAR consists of three subunits each encoded by single gene in whiteflies which are highly conserved among different insect orders. Expression analysis suggests that subunit 1 (BtNR1) and subunit 2 (BtNR2) are the main functional units. External supplementation of NMDAR ligand or BtNRs silencing was lethal to insects, which suggested that NMDAR function is highly balanced in whiteflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dixit
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - N Thakur
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
- DST-Centre for Policy Research, IIT-Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - A Shukla
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S K Upadhyay
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - P C Verma
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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12
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Elston KM, Perreau J, Maeda GP, Moran NA, Barrick JE. Engineering a Culturable Serratia symbiotica Strain for Aphid Paratransgenesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02245-20. [PMID: 33277267 PMCID: PMC7851701 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02245-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphids are global agricultural pests and important models for bacterial symbiosis. To date, none of the native symbionts of aphids have been genetically manipulated, which limits our understanding of how they interact with their hosts. Serratia symbiotica CWBI-2.3T is a culturable, gut-associated bacterium isolated from the black bean aphid. Closely related Serratia symbiotica strains are facultative aphid endosymbionts that are vertically transmitted from mother to offspring during embryogenesis. We demonstrate that CWBI-2.3T can be genetically engineered using a variety of techniques, plasmids, and gene expression parts. Then, we use fluorescent protein expression to track the dynamics with which CWBI-2.3T colonizes the guts of multiple aphid species, and we measure how this bacterium affects aphid fitness. Finally, we show that we can induce heterologous gene expression from engineered CWBI-2.3T in living aphids. These results inform the development of CWBI-2.3T for aphid paratransgenesis, which could be used to study aphid biology and enable future agricultural technologies.IMPORTANCE Insects have remarkably diverse and integral roles in global ecosystems. Many harbor symbiotic bacteria, but very few of these bacteria have been genetically engineered. Aphids are major agricultural pests and an important model system for the study of symbiosis. This work describes methods for engineering a culturable aphid symbiont, Serratia symbiotica CWBI-2.3T These approaches and genetic tools could be used in the future to implement new paradigms for the biological study and control of aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Elston
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA 78712, USA
| | - Julie Perreau
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA 78712, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA 78712, USA
| | - Gerald P Maeda
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA 78712, USA
| | - Nancy A Moran
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA 78712, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Barrick
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA 78712, USA
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13
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Li X, Sivignon C, da Silva P, Rahbé Y, Queneau Y, Moebs-Sanchez S. Design and synthesis of 3, 5- hetero diesters of 4-deoxy quinic acid and their aphicidal activity against Acyrthosiphon pisum. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.131982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Wang G, Gou Y, Guo S, Zhou JJ, Liu C. RNA interference of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and trehalase genes regulates chitin metabolism in two color morphs of Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris. Sci Rep 2021; 11:948. [PMID: 33441844 PMCID: PMC7806880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) and trehalase (TRE) directly regulate trehalose metabolism and indirectly regulate chitin metabolism in insects. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and RNA interference (RNAi) were used to detect the expressions and functions of the ApTPS and ApTRE genes. Abnormal phenotypes were found after RNAi of ApTRE in the Acyrthosiphon pisum. The molting deformities were observed in two color morphs, while wing deformities were only observed in the red morphs. The RNAi of ApTPS significantly down-regulated the expression of chitin metabolism-related genes, UDP-N-acetyglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (ApUAP), chitin synthase 2 (Apchs-2), Chitinase 2, 5 (ApCht2, 5), endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ApENGase) and chitin deacetylase (ApCDA) genes at 24 h and 48 h; The RNAi of ApTRE significantly down-regulated the expression of ApUAP, ApCht1, 2, 8 and ApCDA at 24 h and 48 h, and up-regulated the expression of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (ApGPI) and Knickkopf protein (ApKNK) genes at 48 h. The RNAi of ApTRE and ApTPS not only altered the expression of chitin metabolism-related genes but also decreased the content of chitin. These results demonstrated that ApTPS and ApTRE can regulate the chitin metabolism, deepen our understanding of the biological functions, and provide a foundation for better understanding the molecular mechanism of insect metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Wang
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 Gansu China ,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070 Gansu China
| | - Yuping Gou
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 Gansu China ,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070 Gansu China
| | - Sufan Guo
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 Gansu China ,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070 Gansu China
| | - Jing-Jiang Zhou
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 Gansu China ,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070 Gansu China
| | - Changzhong Liu
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 Gansu China ,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070 Gansu China
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15
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Taillebois E, Cartereau A, Graton J, Le Questel JY, Lebreton J, Mathé-Allainmat M, Thany SH. Synergic effect of a quinuclidine benzamide complexed with borane, the LMA10233, in combination with seven pesticides. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 168:104633. [PMID: 32711767 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Some quinuclidine benzamide compounds have been found to modulate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in both mammals and insects. In particular, the quaternarization of 3-amino quinuclidine benzamide derivatives with dichloromethane gave charged N-chloromethylated quinuclidine compounds, disclosing an antagonist profile on homomeric α7 nAChRs. Here, we synthesized and studied the toxicological effect of LMA10233, a quinuclidine-borane complex analogue, the LMA10233, on the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum and found that LMA10233 only exhibit proper toxicity on A. pisum larvae when applied in concentrations of over 10 μg/ml. We assessed the ability of LMA10233 to enhance the toxicity of different insecticides. When a sublethal concentration of LMA10233 was combined with the LC10 of each compound, we found a strong increase in toxicity at 24 h and 48 h of exposure for clothianidin, fipronil and chlorpyrifos, and only at 24 h for imidacloprid, acetamiprid and deltamethrin. However, when the pesticide was used at the LC50, only acetamiprid showed a synergistic effect with LMA10233. When the concentration of LMA10233 was decreased, we found that up to 80-90% of mortality was obtained due to the synergism between acetamiprid and LMA10233. No similar effect was observed with other insecticides. We conclude that such quinuclidine-borane complex compounds could increase the toxic effect of insecticides at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliane Taillebois
- Université d'Orléans, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) USC INRAE 1328, 1 rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Alison Cartereau
- Université d'Orléans, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) USC INRAE 1328, 1 rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Jérôme Graton
- Université de Nantes, CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Yves Le Questel
- Université de Nantes, CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Jacques Lebreton
- Université de Nantes, CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Monique Mathé-Allainmat
- Université de Nantes, CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Steeve H Thany
- Université d'Orléans, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) USC INRAE 1328, 1 rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France.
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16
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Wu J, Lan H, Zhang ZF, Cao HH, Liu TX. Performance and Transcriptional Response of the Green Peach Aphid Myzus persicae to the Restriction of Dietary Amino Acids. Front Physiol 2020; 11:487. [PMID: 32523545 PMCID: PMC7261896 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Free amino acids in the phloem sap are the dominant nitrogen source for aphids, but their availability is usually poor. Although some studies have explored the effect of dietary amino acid restriction on aphid performance, little is known about the molecular basis of these effects. Here, we examined the performance and transcriptome of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, fed a standard diet (Control diet) or a diet containing 50% of the total amino acids of the Control diet (Half diet). Aphid weight and fecundity were significantly reduced in the Half diet group. Transcriptomic analysis showed that a total of 1460 genes were differentially expressed between the groups were fed on the two diets, which many of them were associated with nutrient and energy metabolism. When feeding on the Half diet, aphids upregulated genes associated with the amino acid biosynthetic pathway (predominantly amino acid biosynthesis genes and some amino acid transporter genes) as well as the cysteine and serine protease genes. Furthermore, these aphids displayed increased expression of genes associated with glycolysis, which could generate intermediates for de novo amino acid biosynthesis. Consistent with this, elevated glucose levels were observed in aphids in the Half diet group. Additionally, the expression levels of several genes associated with hormonal signaling pathway were altered. Several genes related to juvenile hormone and insulin-like peptide (ILP) signaling were downregulated, including Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1) and insulin-like peptide 5 (Ilp5), respectively. In contrast, several genes related to ecdysone signaling were upregulated including broad-complex core protein (Br-c) and shade (Shd). Despite their poor performances, M. persicae adapted to dietary restriction of amino acids, through upregulation of genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis, glycolysis, and protein degradation, as well as by altering the expression level of genes involved in hormone signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hao Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhan-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - He-He Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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17
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Deshoux M, Masson V, Arafah K, Voisin S, Guschinskaya N, van Munster M, Cayrol B, Webster CG, Rahbé Y, Blanc S, Bulet P, Uzest M. Cuticular Structure Proteomics in the Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Reveals New Plant Virus Receptor Candidates at the Tip of Maxillary Stylets. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:1319-1337. [PMID: 31991085 PMCID: PMC7063574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aphids are phloem-feeding insects known as major pests in agriculture that are able to transmit hundreds of plant viruses. The majority of these viruses, classified as noncirculative, are retained and transported on the inner surface of the cuticle of the needle-like mouthparts while the aphids move from plant to plant. Identification of receptors of viruses within insect vectors is a key challenge because they are promising targets for alternative control strategies. The acrostyle, an organ discovered earlier within the common food/salivary canal at the tip of aphid maxillary stylets, displays proteins at the cuticle-fluid interface, some of which are receptors of noncirculative viruses. To assess the presence of stylet- and acrostyle-specific proteins and identify putative receptors, we have developed a comprehensive comparative analysis of the proteomes of four cuticular anatomical structures of the pea aphid, stylets, antennae, legs, and wings. In addition, we performed systematic immunolabeling detection of the cuticular proteins identified by mass spectrometry in dissected stylets. We thereby establish the first proteome of stylets of an insect and determine the minimal repertoire of the cuticular proteins composing the acrostyle. Most importantly, we propose a short list of plant virus receptor candidates, among which RR-1 proteins are remarkably predominant. The data are available via ProteomeXchange (PXD016517).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Deshoux
- BGPI, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Victor Masson
- Plateforme
BioPark d’Archamps, 74160 Archamps, France
- CR
University of Grenoble-Alpes, Institute
for Advances Biosciences, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, 38058 Grenoble, France
| | - Karim Arafah
- Plateforme
BioPark d’Archamps, 74160 Archamps, France
| | | | | | - Manuella van Munster
- BGPI, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Bastien Cayrol
- BGPI, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Craig G. Webster
- BGPI, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Yvan Rahbé
- BGPI, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34000 Montpellier, France
- INRAE,
INSA Lyon, UMR5240 MAP CNRS-UCBL, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
- University
of Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- BGPI, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Bulet
- Plateforme
BioPark d’Archamps, 74160 Archamps, France
- CR
University of Grenoble-Alpes, Institute
for Advances Biosciences, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, 38058 Grenoble, France
| | - Marilyne Uzest
- BGPI, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34000 Montpellier, France
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18
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Jacques S, Reidy-Crofts J, Sperschneider J, Kamphuis LG, Gao LL, Edwards OR, Singh KB. An RNAi supplemented diet as a reverse genetics tool to control bluegreen aphid, a major pest of legumes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1604. [PMID: 32005880 PMCID: PMC6994723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids are important agricultural pests causing major yield losses worldwide. Since aphids can rapidly develop resistance to chemical insecticides there is an urgent need to find alternative aphid pest management strategies. Despite the economic importance of bluegreen aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi), very few genetic resources are available to expand our current understanding and help find viable control solutions. An artificial diet is a desirable non-invasive tool to enable the functional characterisation of genes in bluegreen aphid and discover candidate target genes for future use in RNA interference (RNAi) mediated crop protection against aphids. To date no artificial diet has been developed for bluegreen aphid, so we set out to develop a suitable diet by testing and optimising existing diets. Here, we describe an artificial diet for rearing bluegreen aphid and also provide a proof of concept for the supplementation of the diet with RNAi molecules targeting the salivary gland transcript C002 and gap gene hunchback, resulting in bluegreen aphid mortality which has not yet been documented in this species. Managing this pest, for example via RNAi delivery through artificial feeding will be a major improvement to test bluegreen aphid candidate target genes for future pest control and gain significant insights into bluegreen aphid gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Jacques
- Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
- Curtin University, Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Jenny Reidy-Crofts
- Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
| | - Jana Sperschneider
- Biological Data Science Institute, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Lars G Kamphuis
- Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
- Curtin University, Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Ling-Ling Gao
- Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
| | - Owain R Edwards
- Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Land and Water, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
| | - Karam B Singh
- Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia.
- Curtin University, Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
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Wattier C, Turbant A, Sargos-Vallade L, Pelloux J, Rustérucci C, Cherqui A. New insights into diet breadth of polyphagous and oligophagous aphids on two Arabidopsis ecotypes. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:753-769. [PMID: 29271105 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether plant ecotype might affect aphid performance and behavior. The probing behaviors of the polyphagous aphid Myzus persicae and the oligophagous aphid Brevicoryne brassicae on two ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana, WS and Col-0 were recorded using the direct current electrical penetration graph method (DC-EPG). Myzus persicae displayed a significant preference for the WS ecotype but was not greatly disturbed on Col-0, while B. brassicae discriminated between the two A. thaliana ecotypes, feeding less on WS than on Col-0. A Principal Component Analysis of aphid probing behavior data recorded on Col-0 and WS ecotypes showed that the one of M. persicae was positively correlated with the phloem ingestion phases while the one of B. brassicae was more related to nonfeeding phase. The survival of the aphid species was followed during early larval stages on the two ecotypes and a significantly higher mortality was observed of B. brassicae neonates compared to M. persicae, both reared on WS. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis of noninfested plant leaves from both ecotypes was monitored and underlined constitutive differences between Col-0 and WS gene expression that might explain the different aphid behaviors. Among a unigene set comprising 39 042 sequences for A. thaliana, 6% were differently expressed affecting, for example, the secondary metabolites and cell wall pathways: two third upregulated in WS and one third upregulated in Col-0. Thus, the "ecotype" variable should be taken into account when setting up a plant-insect experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wattier
- CRRBM (Centre de Ressources Régionales en Biologie Moléculaire), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, Cedex, France
| | - Amélie Turbant
- EA 3900 BIOPI (Biologie des Plantes et Innovation), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, Cedex, France
| | - Lisa Sargos-Vallade
- EA 3900 BIOPI (Biologie des Plantes et Innovation), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA 3900 BIOPI (Biologie des Plantes et Innovation), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, Cedex, France
| | - Christine Rustérucci
- EA 3900 BIOPI (Biologie des Plantes et Innovation), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, Cedex, France
| | - Anas Cherqui
- FRE CNRS 3498 EDYSAN (Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, Cedex, France
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20
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Beaulieu R, Grand E, Stasik I, Attoumbré J, Chesnais Q, Gobert V, Ameline A, Giordanengo P, Kovensky J. Synthesis and insecticidal activities of novel solanidine derivatives. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:793-800. [PMID: 30136365 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the fourth culture in the world and is widely used in the agri-food industries. They generate by-products in which α-chaconine and α-solanine, the two major solanidine-based glycoalkaloids of potato, are present. As secondary metabolites, they play an important role in the protection system of potato and are involved in plant protection against insects. To add value to these by-products, we described here new glycoalkaloids that could have phytosanitary properties. RESULTS Solanidine, as a renewable source, was modified with an azido linker and coupled by copper-catalyzed alkyne azide cycloaddition to alkynyl derivatives of the monosaccharides found in the natural potato glycoalkakoids: D-glucose, D-galactose and L-rhamnose. The efficacy of our compounds was evaluated on the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae. The synthetic compounds have stronger aphicidal properties against nymphs than unmodified solanidine. They also showed strong aphicidal activities on adults and a negative impact on fecundity. CONCLUSION Our synthetic neoglycoalkaloids affected Macrosiphum euphorbiae survival at the nymphal stage as well as at the adult stage. Furthermore, they induced a decrease in fecundity. Our results show that chemical modifications of by-products may afford new sustainable compounds for crop and plant protection. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Beaulieu
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A) CNRS UMR 7378, and Institut de Chimie de Picardie FR 3085, Université de Picardie - Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Semences, Innovation, Protection, Recherche et Environnement (SIPRE), rue des Champs Potez, Achicourt, France
| | - Eric Grand
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A) CNRS UMR 7378, and Institut de Chimie de Picardie FR 3085, Université de Picardie - Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Imane Stasik
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A) CNRS UMR 7378, and Institut de Chimie de Picardie FR 3085, Université de Picardie - Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Jacques Attoumbré
- Semences, Innovation, Protection, Recherche et Environnement (SIPRE), rue des Champs Potez, Achicourt, France
- Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés (EDYSAN) CNRS UMR 7058, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Quentin Chesnais
- Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés (EDYSAN) CNRS UMR 7058, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Virginie Gobert
- Semences, Innovation, Protection, Recherche et Environnement (SIPRE), rue des Champs Potez, Achicourt, France
| | - Arnaud Ameline
- Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés (EDYSAN) CNRS UMR 7058, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Philippe Giordanengo
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France - Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS 7254 - INRA 1355 - Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - José Kovensky
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A) CNRS UMR 7378, and Institut de Chimie de Picardie FR 3085, Université de Picardie - Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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21
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Proteomic Analysis of the Venom from the Ruby Ant Myrmica rubra and the Isolation of a Novel Insecticidal Decapeptide. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10020042. [PMID: 30717163 PMCID: PMC6409562 DOI: 10.3390/insects10020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ants are a biodiverse group of insects that have evolved toxic venom containing many undiscovered bioactive molecules. In this study, we found that the venom of the ruby ant Myrmica rubra is a rich source of peptides. LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 142 different peptides varying in molecular weight, sequence length, and hydrophobicity. One of the most abundant peaks was selected for further biochemical and functional characterization. Combined Edman degradation and de novo peptide sequencing revealed the presence of a novel decapeptide (myrmicitoxin) with the amino acid sequence NH2-IDPKLLESLA-CONH2. The decapeptide was named U-MYRTX-MRArub1 and verified against a synthetic standard. The amidated peptide was tested in a synthetic form to determine the antimicrobial activity towards the bacterial pathogens and insecticidal potential against pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum). This peptide did not show antimicrobial activity but it significantly reduced the survival of aphids. It also increased the sensitivity of the aphids to two commonly used chemical insecticides (imidacloprid and methomyl). Since ant venom research is still in its infancy, the findings of this first study on venom peptides derived from M. rubra highlight these insects as an important and rich source for discovery of novel lead structures with potential application in pest control.
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22
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Boulain H, Legeai F, Guy E, Morlière S, Douglas NE, Oh J, Murugan M, Smith M, Jaquiéry J, Peccoud J, White FF, Carolan JC, Simon JC, Sugio A. Fast Evolution and Lineage-Specific Gene Family Expansions of Aphid Salivary Effectors Driven by Interactions with Host-Plants. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:1554-1572. [PMID: 29788052 PMCID: PMC6012102 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector proteins play crucial roles in plant-parasite interactions by suppressing plant defenses and hijacking plant physiological responses to facilitate parasite invasion and propagation. Although effector proteins have been characterized in many microbial plant pathogens, their nature and role in adaptation to host plants are largely unknown in insect herbivores. Aphids rely on salivary effector proteins injected into the host plants to promote phloem sap uptake. Therefore, gaining insight into the repertoire and evolution of aphid effectors is key to unveiling the mechanisms responsible for aphid virulence and host plant specialization. With this aim in mind, we assembled catalogues of putative effectors in the legume specialist aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, using transcriptomics and proteomics approaches. We identified 3,603 candidate effector genes predicted to be expressed in A. pisum salivary glands (SGs), and 740 of which displayed up-regulated expression in SGs in comparison to the alimentary tract. A search for orthologs in 17 arthropod genomes revealed that SG-up-regulated effector candidates of A. pisum are enriched in aphid-specific genes and tend to evolve faster compared with the whole gene set. We also found that a large fraction of proteins detected in the A. pisum saliva belonged to three gene families, of which certain members show evidence consistent with positive selection. Overall, this comprehensive analysis suggests that the large repertoire of effector candidates in A. pisum constitutes a source of novelties promoting plant adaptation to legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Boulain
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France.,Inria/IRISA GenScale, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Endrick Guy
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
| | - Stéphanie Morlière
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
| | - Nadine E Douglas
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.,UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jonghee Oh
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Marimuthu Murugan
- Community Science College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Michael Smith
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Julie Jaquiéry
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
| | - Jean Peccoud
- UMR CNRS 7267 Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, équipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Frank F White
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - James C Carolan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Jean-Christophe Simon
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
| | - Akiko Sugio
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
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23
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Colella S, Parisot N, Simonet P, Gaget K, Duport G, Baa-Puyoulet P, Rahbé Y, Charles H, Febvay G, Callaerts P, Calevro F. Bacteriocyte Reprogramming to Cope With Nutritional Stress in a Phloem Sap Feeding Hemipteran, the Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1498. [PMID: 30410449 PMCID: PMC6209921 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional symbioses play a central role in the ability of insects to thrive on unbalanced diets and in ensuring their evolutionary success. A genomic model for nutritional symbiosis comprises the hemipteran Acyrthosiphon pisum, and the gamma-3-proteobacterium, Buchnera aphidicola, with genomes encoding highly integrated metabolic pathways. A. pisum feeds exclusively on plant phloem sap, a nutritionally unbalanced diet highly variable in composition, thus raising the question of how this symbiotic system responds to nutritional stress. We addressed this by combining transcriptomic, phenotypic and life history trait analyses to determine the organismal impact of deprivation of tyrosine and phenylalanine. These two aromatic amino acids are essential for aphid development, are synthesized in a metabolic pathway for which the aphid host and the endosymbiont are interdependent, and their concentration can be highly variable in plant phloem sap. We found that this nutritional challenge does not have major phenotypic effects on the pea aphid, except for a limited weight reduction and a 2-day delay in onset of nymph laying. Transcriptomic analyses through aphid development showed a prominent response in bacteriocytes (the core symbiotic tissue which houses the symbionts), but not in gut, thus highlighting the role of bacteriocytes as major modulators of this homeostasis. This response does not involve a direct regulation of tyrosine and phenylalanine biosynthetic pathway and transporter genes. Instead, we observed an extensive transcriptional reprogramming of the bacteriocyte with a rapid down-regulation of genes encoding sugar transporters and genes required for sugar metabolism. Consistently, we observed continued overexpression of the A. pisum homolog of RRAD, a small GTPase implicated in repressing aerobic glycolysis. In addition, we found increased transcription of genes involved in proliferation, cell size control and signaling. We experimentally confirmed the significance of these gene expression changes detecting an increase in bacteriocyte number and cell size in vivo under tyrosine and phenylalanine depletion. Our results support a central role of bacteriocytes in the aphid response to amino acid deprivation: their transcriptional and cellular responses fine-tune host physiology providing the host insect with an effective way to cope with the challenges posed by the variability in composition of phloem sap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Colella
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicolas Parisot
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pierre Simonet
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Karen Gaget
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gabrielle Duport
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Yvan Rahbé
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hubert Charles
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gérard Febvay
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Patrick Callaerts
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Federica Calevro
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
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24
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Skaljac M, Kirfel P, Grotmann J, Vilcinskas A. Fitness costs of infection with Serratia symbiotica are associated with greater susceptibility to insecticides in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1829-1836. [PMID: 29443436 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphids are agricultural pests that damage crops by direct feeding and by vectoring important plant viruses. Bacterial symbionts can influence aphid biology, e.g. by providing essential nutrients or facilitating adaptations to biotic and abiotic stress. RESULTS We investigated the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) and its commonly associated secondary bacterial symbiont Serratia symbiotica to study the effect of this symbiont on host fitness and susceptibility to the insecticides imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos methyl, methomyl, cyantraniliprole and spirotetramat. There is emerging evidence that members of the genus Serratia can degrade and/or detoxify diverse insecticides. Therefore, we hypothesized that S. symbiotica may promote resistance to these artificial stress agents in aphids. Our results showed that Serratia-infected aphids were more susceptible to most of the tested insecticides than non-infected aphids. This probably reflects the severe fitness costs associated with S. symbiotica, which negatively affects development, reproduction and body weight. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that S. symbiotica plays an important role in the ability of aphid hosts to tolerate insecticides. These results provide insight into the potential changes in tolerance to insecticides in the field because there is a continuous and dynamic process of symbiont acquisition and loss that may directly affect host biology. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Skaljac
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project Group, Giessen, Germany
| | - Phillipp Kirfel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project Group, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jens Grotmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project Group, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project Group, Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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25
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Webster CG, Pichon E, van Munster M, Monsion B, Deshoux M, Gargani D, Calevro F, Jimenez J, Moreno A, Krenz B, Thompson JR, Perry KL, Fereres A, Blanc S, Uzest M. Identification of Plant Virus Receptor Candidates in the Stylets of Their Aphid Vectors. J Virol 2018; 92:e00432-18. [PMID: 29769332 PMCID: PMC6026765 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00432-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses transmitted by insects cause tremendous losses in most important crops around the world. The identification of receptors of plant viruses within their insect vectors is a key challenge to understanding the mechanisms of transmission and offers an avenue for future alternative control strategies to limit viral spread. We here report the identification of two cuticular proteins within aphid mouthparts, and we provide experimental support for the role of one of them in the transmission of a noncirculative virus. These two proteins, named Stylin-01 and Stylin-02, belong to the RR-1 cuticular protein subfamily and are highly conserved among aphid species. Using an immunolabeling approach, they were localized in the maxillary stylets of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum and the green peach aphid Myzus persicae, in the acrostyle, an organ earlier shown to harbor receptors of a noncirculative virus. A peptide motif present at the C termini of both Stylin-01 and Stylin-02 is readily accessible all over the surface of the acrostyle. Competition for in vitro binding to the acrostyle was observed between an antibody targeting this peptide and the helper component protein P2 of Cauliflower mosaic virus Furthermore, silencing the stylin-01 but not stylin-02 gene through RNA interference decreased the efficiency of Cauliflower mosaic virus transmission by Myzus persicae These results identify the first cuticular proteins ever reported within arthropod mouthparts and distinguish Stylin-01 as the best candidate receptor for the aphid transmission of noncirculative plant viruses.IMPORTANCE Most noncirculative plant viruses transmitted by insect vectors bind to their mouthparts. They are acquired and inoculated within seconds when insects hop from plant to plant. The receptors involved remain totally elusive due to a long-standing technical bottleneck in working with insect cuticle. Here we characterize the role of the two first cuticular proteins ever identified in arthropod mouthparts. A domain of these proteins is directly accessible at the surface of the cuticle of the acrostyle, an organ at the tip of aphid stylets. The acrostyle has been shown to bind a plant virus, and we consistently demonstrated that one of the identified proteins is involved in viral transmission. Our findings provide an approach to identify proteins in insect mouthparts and point at an unprecedented gene candidate for a plant virus receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig G Webster
- BGPI, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Elodie Pichon
- BGPI, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Manuella van Munster
- BGPI, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Baptiste Monsion
- BGPI, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Maëlle Deshoux
- BGPI, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Daniel Gargani
- BGPI, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Federica Calevro
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jaime Jimenez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aranzazu Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Björn Krenz
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jeremy R Thompson
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Keith L Perry
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- BGPI, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Marilyne Uzest
- BGPI, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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26
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Cao M, Gatehouse JA, Fitches EC. A Systematic Study of RNAi Effects and dsRNA Stability in Tribolium castaneum and Acyrthosiphon pisum, Following Injection and Ingestion of Analogous dsRNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1079. [PMID: 29617308 PMCID: PMC5979293 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) effects in insects are highly variable and may be largely dependent upon the stability of introduced double-stranded RNAs to digestion by nucleases. Here, we report a systematic comparison of RNAi effects in susceptible red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and recalcitrant pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) following delivery of dsRNAs of identical length targeting expression of V-type ATPase subunit E (VTE) and inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) genes. Injection and ingestion of VTE and IAP dsRNAs resulted in up to 100% mortality of T. castaneum larvae and sustained suppression (>80%) of transcript levels. In A. pisum, injection of VTE but not IAP dsRNA resulted in up to 65% mortality and transient suppression (ca. 40%) of VTE transcript levels. Feeding aphids on VTE dsRNA reduced growth and fecundity although no evidence for gene suppression was obtained. Rapid degradation of dsRNAs by aphid salivary, haemolymph and gut nucleases contrasted with stability in T. castaneum larvae where it appears that exo-nuclease activity is responsible for relatively slow digestion of dsRNAs. This is the first study to directly compare RNAi effects and dsRNA stability in receptive and refractory insect species and provides further evidence that dsRNA susceptibility to nucleases is a key factor in determining RNAi efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cao
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - John A Gatehouse
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Elaine C Fitches
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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27
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Beer K, Joschinski J, Arrazola Sastre A, Krauss J, Helfrich-Förster C. A damping circadian clock drives weak oscillations in metabolism and locomotor activity of aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum). Sci Rep 2017; 7:14906. [PMID: 29097765 PMCID: PMC5668311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Timing seasonal events, like reproduction or diapause, is crucial for the survival of many species. Global change causes phenologies worldwide to shift, which requires a mechanistic explanation of seasonal time measurement. Day length (photoperiod) is a reliable indicator of winter arrival, but it remains unclear how exactly species measure day length. A reference for time of day could be provided by a circadian clock, by an hourglass clock, or, as some newer models suggest, by a damped circadian clock. However, damping of clock outputs has so far been rarely observed. To study putative clock outputs of Acyrthosiphon pisum aphids, we raised individual nymphs on coloured artificial diet, and measured rhythms in metabolic activity in light-dark illumination cycles of 16:08 hours (LD) and constant conditions (DD). In addition, we kept individuals in a novel monitoring setup and measured locomotor activity. We found that A. pisum is day-active in LD, potentially with a bimodal distribution. In constant darkness rhythmicity of locomotor behaviour persisted in some individuals, but patterns were mostly complex with several predominant periods. Metabolic activity, on the other hand, damped quickly. A damped circadian clock, potentially driven by multiple oscillator populations, is the most likely explanation of our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Beer
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Jens Joschinski
- Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | - Jochen Krauss
- Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Luna-Ramirez K, Skaljac M, Grotmann J, Kirfel P, Vilcinskas A. Orally Delivered Scorpion Antimicrobial Peptides Exhibit Activity against Pea Aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) and Its Bacterial Symbionts. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9090261. [PMID: 28837113 PMCID: PMC5618194 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids are severe agricultural pests that damage crops by feeding on phloem sap and vectoring plant pathogens. Chemical insecticides provide an important aphid control strategy, but alternative and sustainable control measures are required to avoid rapidly emerging resistance, environmental contamination, and the risk to humans and beneficial organisms. Aphids are dependent on bacterial symbionts, which enable them to survive on phloem sap lacking essential nutrients, as well as conferring environmental stress tolerance and resistance to parasites. The evolution of aphids has been accompanied by the loss of many immunity-related genes, such as those encoding antibacterial peptides, which are prevalent in other insects, probably because any harm to the bacterial symbionts would inevitably affect the aphids themselves. This suggests that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) could replace or at least complement conventional insecticides for aphid control. We fed the pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) with AMPs from the venom glands of scorpions. The AMPs reduced aphid survival, delayed their reproduction, displayed in vitro activity against aphid bacterial symbionts, and reduced the number of symbionts in vivo. Remarkably, we found that some of the scorpion AMPs compromised the aphid bacteriome, a specialized organ that harbours bacterial symbionts. Our data suggest that scorpion AMPs holds the potential to be developed as bio-insecticides, and are promising candidates for the engineering of aphid-resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Luna-Ramirez
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project Group, Winchesterstrasse 2, 35394 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Marisa Skaljac
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project Group, Winchesterstrasse 2, 35394 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Jens Grotmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project Group, Winchesterstrasse 2, 35394 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Phillipp Kirfel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project Group, Winchesterstrasse 2, 35394 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Suzuki T, España MU, Nunes MA, Zhurov V, Dermauw W, Osakabe M, Van Leeuwen T, Grbic M, Grbic V. Protocols for the delivery of small molecules to the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180658. [PMID: 28686745 PMCID: PMC5501582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is a chelicerate herbivore with an extremely wide host range and an extraordinary ability to develop pesticide resistance. Due to its responsiveness to natural and synthetic xenobiotics, the spider mite is becoming a prime pest herbivore model for studies of the evolution of host range, plant-herbivore interactions and mechanisms of xenobiotic resistance. The spider mite genome has been sequenced and its transcriptional responses to developmental and various biotic and abiotic cues have been documented. However, to identify biological and evolutionary roles of T. urticae genes and proteins, it is necessary to develop methods for the efficient manipulation of mite gene function or protein activity. Here, we describe protocols developed for the delivery of small molecules into spider mites. Starting with mite maintenance and the preparation of the experimental mite populations of developmentally synchronized larvae and adults, we describe 3 methods for delivery of small molecules including artificial diet, leaf coating, and soaking. The presented results define critical steps in these methods and demonstrate that they can successfully deliver tracer dyes into mites. Described protocols provide guidelines for high-throughput setups for delivery of experimental compounds that could be used in reverse genetics platforms to modulate gene expression or protein activity, or for screens focused on discovery of new molecules for mite control. In addition, described protocols could be adapted for other Tetranychidae and related species of economic importance such as Varroa, dust and poultry mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Suzuki
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Maria Andreia Nunes
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vladimir Zhurov
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Masahiro Osakabe
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Miodrag Grbic
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Vojislava Grbic
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Jonckheere W, Dermauw W, Zhurov V, Wybouw N, Van den Bulcke J, Villarroel CA, Greenhalgh R, Grbić M, Schuurink RC, Tirry L, Baggerman G, Clark RM, Kant MR, Vanholme B, Menschaert G, Van Leeuwen T. The Salivary Protein Repertoire of the Polyphagous Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae: A Quest for Effectors. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:3594-3613. [PMID: 27703040 PMCID: PMC5141274 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.058081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae is an extremely polyphagous crop pest. Alongside an unparalleled detoxification potential for plant secondary metabolites, it has recently been shown that spider mites can attenuate or even suppress plant defenses. Salivary constituents, notably effectors, have been proposed to play an important role in manipulating plant defenses and might determine the outcome of plant-mite interactions. Here, the proteomic composition of saliva from T. urticae lines adapted to various host plants-bean, maize, soy, and tomato-was analyzed using a custom-developed feeding assay coupled with nano-LC tandem mass spectrometry. About 90 putative T. urticae salivary proteins were identified. Many are of unknown function, and in numerous cases belonging to multimembered gene families. RNAseq expression analysis revealed that many genes coding for these salivary proteins were highly expressed in the proterosoma, the mite body region that includes the salivary glands. A subset of genes encoding putative salivary proteins was selected for whole-mount in situ hybridization, and were found to be expressed in the anterior and dorsal podocephalic glands. Strikingly, host plant dependent expression was evident for putative salivary proteins, and was further studied in detail by micro-array based genome-wide expression profiling. This meta-analysis revealed for the first time the salivary protein repertoire of a phytophagous chelicerate. The availability of this salivary proteome will assist in unraveling the molecular interface between phytophagous mites and their host plants, and may ultimately facilitate the development of mite-resistant crops. Furthermore, the technique used in this study is a time- and resource-efficient method to examine the salivary protein composition of other small arthropods for which saliva or salivary glands cannot be isolated easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Jonckheere
- From the ‡Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- §Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- From the ‡Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
| | - Vladimir Zhurov
- ¶Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A5B7
| | - Nicky Wybouw
- §Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Van den Bulcke
- ‖UGCT - Woodlab-UGent, Department of Forest and Water Management, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Carlos A Villarroel
- **Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- ‡‡Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Greenhalgh
- §§Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 257 South 1400 East Utah 84112
| | - Mike Grbić
- ¶Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A5B7
- ¶¶Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y el Vino, 26006 Logrono, Spain
| | - Rob C Schuurink
- **Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luc Tirry
- From the ‡Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Geert Baggerman
- ‖‖Center for Proteomics (CFP), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Richard M Clark
- §§Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 257 South 1400 East Utah 84112
- Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 257 South 1400 East Utah 84122
| | - Merijn R Kant
- ‡‡Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Gerben Menschaert
- Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- From the ‡Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
- §Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Chen N, Fan YL, Bai Y, Li XD, Zhang ZF, Liu TX. Cytochrome P450 gene, CYP4G51, modulates hydrocarbon production in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 76:84-94. [PMID: 27425674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial insects deposit a layer of hydrocarbons (HCs) as waterproofing agents on their epicuticle. The insect-specific CYP4G genes, subfamily members of P450, have been found in all insects with sequenced genomes to date. They are critical for HC biosynthesis in Drosophila; however, their functional roles in other insects including the piercing-sucking hemipterous aphids remain unknown. In this study, we presented the molecular characterization and a functional study of the CYP4G51 gene in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). CYP4G51 transcript was detectable across the whole life cycle of A. pisum, and was prominently expressed in the aphid head and abdominal cuticle. Up-regulation of CYP4G51 under desiccation stress was more significant in the third instar nymphs compared with the adults. Also, up-regulation of CYP4G51 was observed when the aphids fed on an artificial diet compared with those fed on the broad bean plant, and was positively correlated with a high level of cuticular HCs (CHCs). RNAi knockdown of CYP4G51 significantly reduced its expression and caused reductions in both internal and external HCs. A deficiency in CHCs resulted in aphids being more susceptible to desiccation, with increased mortality under desiccation stress. The current results confirm that CYP4G51 modulates HC biosynthesis to protect aphids from desiccation. Moreover, our data also indicate that saturated and straight-chain HCs play a major role in cuticular waterproofing in the pea aphid. A. pisum CYP4G51 could be considered as a novel RNAi target in the field of insect pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yong-Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Xiang-Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Zhan-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Rausch MA, Chougule NP, Deist BR, Bonning BC. Modification of Cry4Aa toward Improved Toxin Processing in the Gut of the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155466. [PMID: 27171411 PMCID: PMC4865192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids are sap-sucking insects (order: Hemiptera) that cause extensive damage to a wide range of agricultural crops. Our goal was to optimize a naturally occurring insecticidal crystalline (Cry) toxins produced by the soil-dwelling bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis for use against the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. On the basis that activation of the Cry4Aa toxin is a rate-limiting factor contributing to the relatively low aphicidal activity of this toxin, we introduced cathepsin L and cathepsin B cleavage sites into Cry4Aa for rapid activation in the aphid gut environment. Incubation of modified Cry4Aa and aphid proteases in vitro demonstrated enhanced processing of the toxin into the active form for some of the modified constructs relative to non-modified Cry4Aa. Aphids fed artificial diet with toxin at a final concentration of 125 μg/ml showed enhanced mortality after two days for one of the four modified constructs. Although only modest toxin improvement was achieved by use of this strategy, such specific toxin modifications designed to overcome factors that limit aphid toxicity could be applied toward managing aphid populations via transgenic plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Rausch
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Nanasaheb P. Chougule
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Benjamin R. Deist
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Bryony C. Bonning
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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Joschinski J, Beer K, Helfrich-Förster C, Krauss J. Pea Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Have Diurnal Rhythms When Raised Independently of a Host Plant. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2016; 16:31. [PMID: 27012868 PMCID: PMC4806712 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iew013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal timing is assumed to involve the circadian clock, an endogenous mechanism to track time and measure day length. Some debate persists, however, and aphids were among the first organisms for which circadian clock involvement was questioned. Inferences about links to phenology are problematic, as the clock itself is little investigated in aphids. For instance, it is unknown whether aphids possess diurnal rhythms at all. Possibly, the close interaction with host plants prevents independent measurements of rhythmicity. We reared the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris) on an artificial diet, and recorded survival, moulting, and honeydew excretion. Despite their plant-dependent life style, aphids were independently rhythmic under light-dark conditions. This first demonstration of diurnal aphid rhythms shows that aphids do not simply track the host plant's rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Joschinski
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany (; ), Jens.Joschinski@uni- wuerzburg.de
| | - Katharina Beer
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany (Katharina. ; )
| | | | - Jochen Krauss
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany (; )
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Zhang Y, Wang XX, Zhang ZF, Chen N, Zhu JY, Tian HG, Fan YL, Liu TX. Pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum sequesters plant-derived secondary metabolite L-DOPA for wound healing and UVA resistance. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23618. [PMID: 27006098 PMCID: PMC4804291 DOI: 10.1038/srep23618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivores can ingest and store plant-synthesized toxic compounds in their bodies, and sequester those compounds for their own benefits. The broad bean, Vicia faba L., contains a high quantity of L-DOPA (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine), which is toxic to many insects. However, the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, can feed on V. faba normally, whereas many other aphid species could not. In this study, we investigated how A. pisum utilizes plant-derived L-DOPA for their own benefit. L-DOPA concentrations in V. faba and A. pisum were analyzed to prove L-DOPA sequestration. L-DOPA toxicity was bioassayed using an artificial diet containing high concentrations of L-DOPA. We found that A. pisum could effectively adapt and store L-DOPA, transmit it from one generation to the next. We also found that L-DOPA sequestration verity differed in different morphs of A. pisum. After analyzing the melanization efficiency in wounds, mortality and deformity of the aphids at different concentrations of L-DOPA under ultraviolet radiation (UVA 365.0 nm for 30 min), we found that A. pisum could enhance L-DOPA assimilation for wound healing and UVA-radiation protection. Therefore, we conclude that A. pisum could acquire L-DOPA and use it to prevent UVA damage. This study reveals a successful co-evolution between A. pisum and V. faba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xing-Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhan-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jing-Yun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hong-Gang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yong-Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Li X, Grand L, Pouleriguen T, Queneau Y, da Silva P, Rahbé Y, Poëssel JL, Moebs-Sanchez S. Synthesis of new dicinnamoyl 4-deoxy quinic acid and methyl ester derivatives and evaluation of the toxicity against the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:2487-97. [PMID: 26815337 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02483h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New dicinnamoyl (caffeoyl, feruloyl, ortho and para-coumaroyl) 4-deoxyquinic acid and esters were synthesized by using a new 4-deoxy quinic acid triol intermediate. The optimisation of both coupling and deprotection steps allowed the preparation in good yields of the target products either as the carboxylic acid or the methyl ester form. Eight new compounds were evaluated for their ability to influence the feeding behaviour of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Artificial diet bioassays showed that two compounds are toxic (mortality and growth inhibition) at lower concentrations than the reference 3,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiubin Li
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, ICBMS, Equipe Chimie organique et Bioorganique, UMR 5246 CNRS, Université Lyon1, INSA Lyon, CPE Lyon, Bâtiment Jules Verne, 20 Avenue Albert Einstein, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Lucie Grand
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, ICBMS, Equipe Chimie organique et Bioorganique, UMR 5246 CNRS, Université Lyon1, INSA Lyon, CPE Lyon, Bâtiment Jules Verne, 20 Avenue Albert Einstein, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Thomas Pouleriguen
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, ICBMS, Equipe Chimie organique et Bioorganique, UMR 5246 CNRS, Université Lyon1, INSA Lyon, CPE Lyon, Bâtiment Jules Verne, 20 Avenue Albert Einstein, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Yves Queneau
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, ICBMS, Equipe Chimie organique et Bioorganique, UMR 5246 CNRS, Université Lyon1, INSA Lyon, CPE Lyon, Bâtiment Jules Verne, 20 Avenue Albert Einstein, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Pedro da Silva
- INSA Lyon, INRA BF2I UMR0203, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interaction, Bâtiment Louis Pasteur, 20 Avenue Albert Einstein, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Yvan Rahbé
- INSA Lyon, INRA BF2I UMR0203, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interaction, Bâtiment Louis Pasteur, 20 Avenue Albert Einstein, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-Luc Poëssel
- INRA Avignon, GAFL, URA 1052, Domaine St Maurice, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France.
| | - Sylvie Moebs-Sanchez
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, ICBMS, Equipe Chimie organique et Bioorganique, UMR 5246 CNRS, Université Lyon1, INSA Lyon, CPE Lyon, Bâtiment Jules Verne, 20 Avenue Albert Einstein, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Bt proteins Cry1Ah and Cry2Ab do not affect cotton aphid Aphis gossypii and ladybeetle Propylea japonica. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20368. [PMID: 26829252 PMCID: PMC4734323 DOI: 10.1038/srep20368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant varieties expressing the Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) insecticidal proteins Cry1Ah and Cry2Ab have potential commercialization prospects in China. However, their potential effects on non-target arthropods (NTAs) remain uncharacterized. The cotton aphid Aphis gossypii is a worldwide pest that damages various important crops. The ladybeetle Propylea japonica is a common and abundant natural enemy in many cropping systems in East Asia. In the present study, the effects of Cry1Ah and Cry2Ab proteins on A. gossypii and P. japonica were assessed from three aspects. First, neither of the Cry proteins affected the growth or developmental characteristics of the two test insects. Second, the expression levels of the detoxification-related genes of the two test insects did not change significantly in either Cry protein treatment. Third, neither of the Cry proteins had a favourable effect on the expression of genes associated with the amino acid metabolism of A. gossypii and the nutrition utilization of P. japonica. In conclusion, the Cry1Ah and Cry2Ab proteins do not appear to affect the cotton aphid A. gossypii or the ladybeetle P. japonica.
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Hendry TA, Clark KJ, Baltrus DA. A highly infective plant-associated bacterium influences reproductive rates in pea aphids. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:150478. [PMID: 26998321 PMCID: PMC4785972 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, have the potential to increase reproduction as a defence against pathogens, though how frequently this occurs or how infection with live pathogens influences this response is not well understood. Here we determine the minimum infective dose of an environmentally common bacterium and possible aphid pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae, to determine the likelihood of pathogenic effects to pea aphids. Additionally, we used P. syringae infection to investigate how live pathogens may alter reproductive rates. We found that oral bacterial exposure decreased subsequent survival of aphids in a dose-dependent manner and we estimate that ingestion of less than 10 bacterial cells is sufficient to increase aphid mortality. Pathogen dose was positively related to aphid reproduction. Aphids exposed to low bacterial doses showed decreased, although statistically indistinguishable, fecundity compared to controls. Aphids exposed to high doses reproduced significantly more than low dose treatments and also more, but not significantly so, than controls. These results are consistent with previous studies suggesting that pea aphids may use fecundity compensation as a response to pathogens. Consequently, even low levels of exposure to a common plant-associated bacterium may therefore have significant effects on pea aphid survival and reproduction.
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Sinha DK, Chandran P, Timm AE, Aguirre-Rojas L, Smith CM. Virulent Diuraphis noxia Aphids Over-Express Calcium Signaling Proteins to Overcome Defenses of Aphid-Resistant Wheat Plants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146809. [PMID: 26815857 PMCID: PMC4729530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia, an invasive phytotoxic pest of wheat, Triticum aestivum, and barley, Hordeum vulgare, causes huge economic losses in Africa, South America, and North America. Most acceptable and ecologically beneficial aphid management strategies include selection and breeding of D. noxia-resistant varieties, and numerous D. noxia resistance genes have been identified in T. aestivum and H. vulgare. North American D. noxia biotype 1 is avirulent to T. aestivum varieties possessing Dn4 or Dn7 genes, while biotype 2 is virulent to Dn4 and avirulent to Dn7. The current investigation utilized next-generation RNAseq technology to reveal that biotype 2 over expresses proteins involved in calcium signaling, which activates phosphoinositide (PI) metabolism. Calcium signaling proteins comprised 36% of all transcripts identified in the two D. noxia biotypes. Depending on plant resistance gene-aphid biotype interaction, additional transcript groups included those involved in tissue growth; defense and stress response; zinc ion and related cofactor binding; and apoptosis. Activation of enzymes involved in PI metabolism by D. noxia biotype 2 aphids allows depletion of plant calcium that normally blocks aphid feeding sites in phloem sieve elements and enables successful, continuous feeding on plants resistant to avirulent biotype 1. Inhibition of the key enzyme phospholipase C significantly reduced biotype 2 salivation into phloem and phloem sap ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak K. Sinha
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506–4004, United States of America
| | - Predeesh Chandran
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506–4004, United States of America
| | - Alicia E. Timm
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506–4004, United States of America
| | - Lina Aguirre-Rojas
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506–4004, United States of America
| | - C. Michael Smith
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506–4004, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Asokan R, Rebijith KB, Roopa HK, Kumar NKK. Non-Invasive Delivery of dsGST Is Lethal to the Sweet Potato Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (G.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:2288-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1437-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nakasu EYT, Edwards MG, Fitches E, Gatehouse JA, Gatehouse AMR. Transgenic plants expressing ω-ACTX-Hv1a and snowdrop lectin (GNA) fusion protein show enhanced resistance to aphids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:673. [PMID: 25506351 PMCID: PMC4246675 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant fusion proteins containing arthropod toxins have been developed as a new class of biopesticides. The recombinant fusion protein Hv1a/GNA, containing the spider venom toxin ω-ACTX-Hv1a linked to snowdrop lectin (GNA) was shown to reduce survival of the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae when delivered in artificial diet, with survival <10% after 8 days exposure to fusion protein at 1 mg/ml. Although the fusion protein was rapidly degraded by proteases in the insect, Hv1a/GNA oral toxicity to M. persicae was significantly greater than GNA alone. A construct encoding the fusion protein, including the GNA leader sequence, under control of the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter was transformed into Arabidopsis; the resulting plants contained intact fusion protein in leaf tissues at an estimated level of 25.6 ± 4.1 ng/mg FW. Transgenic Arabidopsis expressing Hv1a/GNA induced up to 40% mortality of M. persicae after 7 days exposure in detached leaf bioassays, demonstrating that transgenic plants can deliver fusion proteins to aphids. Grain aphids (Sitobion avenae) were more susceptible than M. persicae to the Hv1a/GNA fusion protein in artificial diet bioassays (LC50 = 0.73 mg/ml after 2 days against LC50 = 1.81 mg/ml for M. persicae), as they were not able to hydrolyze the fusion protein as readily as M. persicae. Expression of this fusion protein in suitable host plants for the grain aphid is likely to confer higher levels of resistance than that shown with the M. persicae/Arabidopsis model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Y. T. Nakasu
- Plant-Insect Molecular Interactions Group, Newcastle Institute for Sustainability, School of Biology, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Capes Foundation, Ministry of Education of BrazilBrasília, Brazil
| | - Martin G. Edwards
- Plant-Insect Molecular Interactions Group, Newcastle Institute for Sustainability, School of Biology, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elaine Fitches
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham UniversityDurham, UK
| | - John A. Gatehouse
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham UniversityDurham, UK
| | - Angharad M. R. Gatehouse
- Plant-Insect Molecular Interactions Group, Newcastle Institute for Sustainability, School of Biology, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
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The Facultative Symbiont Rickettsia Protects an Invasive Whitefly against Entomopathogenic Pseudomonas syringae Strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7161-8. [PMID: 25217020 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02447-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Facultative endosymbionts can benefit insect hosts in a variety of ways, including context-dependent roles, such as providing defense against pathogens. The role of some symbionts in defense may be overlooked, however, when pathogen infection is transient, sporadic, or asymptomatic. The facultative endosymbiont Rickettsia increases the fitness of the sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in some populations through mechanisms that are not yet understood. In this study, we investigated the role of Rickettsia in mediating the interaction between the sweet potato whitefly and Pseudomonas syringae, a common environmental bacterium, some strains of which are pathogenic to aphids. Our results show that P. syringae multiplies within whiteflies, leading to host death, and that whiteflies infected with Rickettsia show a decreased rate of death due to P. syringae. Experiments using plants coated with P. syringae confirmed that whiteflies can acquire the bacteria at a low rate while feeding, leading to increased mortality, particularly when the whiteflies are not infected with Rickettsia. These results suggest that P. syringae may affect whitefly populations in nature and that Rickettsia can ameliorate this effect. This study highlights the possible importance of interactions among opportunistic environmental pathogens and endosymbionts of insects.
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Sapountzis P, Duport G, Balmand S, Gaget K, Jaubert-Possamai S, Febvay G, Charles H, Rahbé Y, Colella S, Calevro F. New insight into the RNA interference response against cathepsin-L gene in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum: molting or gut phenotypes specifically induced by injection or feeding treatments. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 51:20-32. [PMID: 24859468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has been widely and successfully used for gene inactivation in insects, including aphids, where dsRNA administration can be performed either by feeding or microinjection. However, several aspects related to the aphid response to RNAi, as well as the influence of the administration method on tissue response, or the mixed success to observe phenotypes specific to the gene targeted, are still unclear in this insect group. In the present study, we made the first direct comparison of two administration methods (injection or feeding) for delivery of dsRNA targeting the cathepsin-L gene in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. In order to maximize the possibility of discovering specific phenotypes, the effect of the treatment was analyzed in single individual aphids at the level of five body compartments: the bacteriocytes, the gut, the embryonic chains, the head and the remaining body carcass. Our analysis revealed that gene expression knockdown effect in each single body compartment was dependent on the administration method used, and allowed us to discover new functions for the cathepsin-L gene in aphids. Injection of cathepsin-L dsRNA was much more effective on carcass and head, inducing body morphology alterations, and suggesting a novel role of this gene in the molting of these insects. Administration by feeding provoked cathepsin-L knockdown in the gut and specific gut epithelial cell alteration, therefore allowing a better characterization of tissue specific role of this gene in aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Sapountzis
- UMR203 BF2I, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, INRA, INSA de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 20 Avenue Einstein, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Gabrielle Duport
- UMR203 BF2I, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, INRA, INSA de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 20 Avenue Einstein, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Séverine Balmand
- UMR203 BF2I, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, INRA, INSA de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 20 Avenue Einstein, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Karen Gaget
- UMR203 BF2I, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, INRA, INSA de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 20 Avenue Einstein, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | | | - Gérard Febvay
- UMR203 BF2I, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, INRA, INSA de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 20 Avenue Einstein, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Hubert Charles
- UMR203 BF2I, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, INRA, INSA de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 20 Avenue Einstein, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France; Inria Rhône-Alpes, Bamboo, F-38330 Monbonnot Saint-Martin, France.
| | - Yvan Rahbé
- UMR203 BF2I, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, INRA, INSA de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 20 Avenue Einstein, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France; Inria Rhône-Alpes, Bamboo, F-38330 Monbonnot Saint-Martin, France.
| | - Stefano Colella
- UMR203 BF2I, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, INRA, INSA de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 20 Avenue Einstein, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Federica Calevro
- UMR203 BF2I, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, INRA, INSA de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 20 Avenue Einstein, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
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Mauck KE, De Moraes CM, Mescher MC. Biochemical and physiological mechanisms underlying effects of Cucumber mosaic virus on host-plant traits that mediate transmission by aphid vectors. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1427-39. [PMID: 24329574 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The transmission of insect-vectored diseases entails complex interactions among pathogens, hosts and vectors. Chemistry plays a key role in these interactions; yet, little work has addressed the chemical ecology of insect-vectored diseases, especially in plant pathosystems. Recently, we documented effects of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) on the phenotype of its host (Cucurbita pepo) that influence plant-aphid interactions and appear conducive to the non-persistent transmission of this virus. CMV reduces host-plant quality for aphids, causing rapid vector dispersal. Nevertheless, aphids are attracted to the elevated volatile emissions of CMV-infected plants. Here, we show that CMV infection (1) disrupts levels of carbohydrates and amino acids in leaf tissue (where aphids initially probe plants and acquire virions) and in the phloem (where long-term feeding occurs) in ways that reduce plant quality for aphids; (2) causes constitutive up-regulation of salicylic acid; (3) alters herbivore-induced jasmonic acid biosynthesis as well as the sensitivity of downstream defences to jasmonic acid; and (4) elevates ethylene emissions and free fatty acid precursors of volatiles. These findings are consistent with previously documented patterns of aphid performance and behaviour and provide a foundation for further exploration of the genetic mechanisms responsible for these effects and the evolutionary processes that shape them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry E Mauck
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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Characterization of an aphid-specific, cysteine-rich protein enriched in salivary glands. Biophys Chem 2014; 189:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Al Atalah B, Smagghe G, Van Damme EJM. Orysata, a jacalin-related lectin from rice, could protect plants against biting-chewing and piercing-sucking insects. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 221-222:21-8. [PMID: 24656332 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the insecticidal activity of Orysata, a lectin from rice with mannose specificity, belonging to the family of jacalin-related lectins. The effect of Orysata was investigated against three important pest insects in agriculture: the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and two aphid pests: green peach aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer and pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea). Bioassays with S. exigua and M. persicae were performed using detached leaves from transgenic tobacco lines overexpressing Orysata. The expression levels ranged between 38 and 71 μg/g FW, corresponding to 0.6-1.1% of total soluble protein. Intoxicated larval stages of S. exigua revealed significant mortality, reductions in larval weight gain and a retardation of development. Similarly, feeding on leaves expressing Orysata lowered the mortality of the green peach aphids significantly. When pea aphids were fed on an artificial diet supplemented with different amounts of recombinant Orysata, mortality was high at relatively low lectin concentrations; the estimated 50% lethal concentration being 79 μg/ml. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the jacalin-related lectin Orysata possesses strong insecticidal activity, suggesting that it can be considered as a valuable candidate to be used as a control agent against both biting-chewing and piercing-sucking pest insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassam Al Atalah
- Ghent University, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Ghent University, Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Agrozoology, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Ghent University, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Toxin delivery by the coat protein of an aphid-vectored plant virus provides plant resistance to aphids. Nat Biotechnol 2013; 32:102-5. [PMID: 24316580 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The sap-sucking insects (order Hemiptera), including aphids, planthoppers, whiteflies and stink bugs, present one of the greatest challenges for pest management in global agriculture. Insect neurotoxins offer an alternative to chemical insecticides for controlling these pests, but require delivery into the insect hemocoel. Here we use the coat protein of a luteovirus, an aphid-vectored plant virus, to deliver a spider-derived, insect-specific toxin that acts within the hemocoel. The luteovirid coat protein is sufficient for delivery of fused proteins into the hemocoel of pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, without virion assembly. We show that when four aphid pest species-A. pisum, Rhopalosiphum padi, Aphis glycines and Myzus persicae-feed on a recombinant coat protein-toxin fusion, either in an experimental membrane sachet or in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, they experience significant mortality. Aphids fed on these fusion proteins showed signs of neurotoxin-induced paralysis. Luteovirid coat protein-insect neurotoxin fusions represent a promising strategy for transgenic control of aphids and potentially other hemipteran pests.
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Aphicidal efficacy of scorpion- and spider-derived neurotoxins. Toxicon 2013; 70:114-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Retargeting of the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cyt2Aa against hemipteran insect pests. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:8465-70. [PMID: 23650347 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222144110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins have been used successfully for management of lepidopteran and coleopteran pest species, the sap-sucking insects (Hemiptera) are not particularly susceptible to Bt toxins. To overcome this limitation, we demonstrate that addition of a short peptide sequence selected for binding to the gut of the targeted pest species serves to increase toxicity against said pest. Insertion of a 12-aa pea aphid gut-binding peptide by adding to or replacing amino acids in one of three loops of the Bt cytolytic toxin, Cyt2Aa, resulted in enhanced binding and toxicity against both the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, and the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. This strategy may allow for transgenic plant-mediated suppression of other hemipteran pests, which include some of the most important pests of global agriculture.
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Nachman RJ, Hamshou M, Kaczmarek K, Zabrocki J, Smagghe G. Biostable and PEG polymer-conjugated insect pyrokinin analogs demonstrate antifeedant activity and induce high mortality in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphidae). Peptides 2012; 34:266-73. [PMID: 22108713 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The pyrokinins (PK) are multifunctional neuropeptides found in a variety of arthropod species, including the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphidae). A series of biostable pyrokinin analogs based on the shared C-terminal pentapeptide core region were fed in solutions of artificial diet to the pea aphid over a period of three days and evaluated for antifeedant and aphicidal activity. The analogs contained either modified Pro residues Oic or Hyp and or a d-amino acid in key positions to enhance resistance to tissue-bound peptidases and retain activity in a number of PK bioassays. A series of PK analogs conjugated with two lengths of polyethyleneglycol (PEG) polymers were also evaluated in the aphid feeding assay. Three of the biostable PK analogs demonstrated potent antifeedant activity, with a marked reduction in honeydew formation and very high mortality after 1 day. In contrast, a number of unmodified, natural pyrokinins and several other analogs containing some of the same structural components that promote biostability were inactive. Two of the most active analogs, Oic analog PK-Oic-1 (FT[Oic]RL-NH(2)) and PEGylated analog PK-dF-PEG(8) [(P(8))-YF[dF]PRL-NH(2)], featured aphicidal activity calculated at LC(50)'s of 0.042nmol/μl [0.029μg/μl] (LT(50) of 1.0 day) and 0.126nmol/μl (LT(50) of 1.3 days), respectively, matching the potency of some commercially available aphicides. Notably, a PEGylated analog of a PK antagonist can block over 55% of the aphicidal effects of the potent PK agonist PK-Oic-1, suggesting that the aphicidal effects are mediated by a PK receptor. The mechanism of this activity has yet to be established, though the aphicidal activity of the biostable analogs may result from disruption of digestive processes by interfering with gut motility patterns, a process shown to be regulated by the PKs in other insects. The active PK analogs represent potential leads in the development of selective, environmentally friendly aphid pest control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Nachman
- Areawide Pest Management Research, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
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Upadhyay SK, Saurabh S, Singh R, Rai P, Dubey NK, Chandrashekar K, Negi KS, Tuli R, Singh PK. Purification and characterization of a lectin with high hemagglutination property isolated from Allium altaicum. Protein J 2011; 30:374-83. [PMID: 21732172 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-011-9342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A lectin was purified from the leaves of Allium altaicum and corresponding gene was cloned. The lectin namely Allium altaicum agglutinin (AAA) was ~24 kDa homodimeric protein and similar to a typical garlic leaf lectin. It was synthesized as 177 amino acid residues pre-proprotein, which consisted of 28 and 43 amino acid long N and C-terminal signal peptides, respectively. The plant expressed this protein more in scapes and flowers in comparison to the bulbs and leaves. Hemagglutination activity (with rabbit erythrocytes) was 1,428 fold higher as compared to Allium sativum leaf agglutinin (ASAL) although, the insecticidal activity against cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii) was relatively low. Glycan array revealed that AAA had higher affinity towards GlcAb1-3Galb as compared to ASAL. Homology analysis showed 57-94% similarity with other Allium lectins. The mature protein was expressed in E. coli as a fusion with SUMO peptide in soluble and biologically active form. Recombinant protein retained high hemagglutination activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Upadhyay
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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