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Developmental Temperature Shapes the Otolith Morphology of Metamorphosing and Juvenile Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758). FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Otolith morphological variability is used as a reliable indicator to discriminate fish that experience different environmental conditions during their lifetimes. The present study examined the effects of developmental temperature (DT) during the egg and yolk-sac larval period on the otolith shape and asymmetry of Gilthead seabream in the later metamorphosis (56–58 days post-hatching, dph) and the early juvenile stage (93–95 dph). The experimental populations were reared at different water temperatures (17, 20, or 23 °C DT) from epiboly onset to the end of the yolk-sac larval stage (5–7 days post-fertilization, dpf) and then at a common rearing temperature (20 °C), up to the end of the trials (93–95 dph). Otolith shape and bilateral asymmetry were analyzed at metamorphosis (20–21 mm standard length, SL) and the early juvenile stage (31–32 mm SL). The results of elliptic Fourier analysis showed that DT significantly affected the otolith shape at both stages examined. Furthermore, elevated DT significantly increased the asymmetry levels of seabream otoliths in the early juvenile stage. The results are discussed in terms of the thermally induced long-term changes of seabream otolith morphology and the potential effects of the raised otolith asymmetry on wild seabream juveniles.
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Santos AACD, Bertaco VA, Lucena CASD. Revisão taxonômica de Psalidodon eigenmanniorum (Cope) com base em análises morfométrica, merística e padrão de colorido (Characiformes: Characidae). IHERINGIA. SERIE ZOOLOGIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4766e2022015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
RESUMO A identidade de Psalidodon eigenmanniorum (Cope, 1894) e a possibilidade de se constituir em mais de uma espécie é testada através de análises da morfometria (19 medidas), dos caracteres merísticos (14 contagens) e do padrão de colorido de 705 exemplares provenientes dos sistemas dos rios Tramandaí/Mampituba, da laguna dos Patos e drenagem do baixo rio Uruguai. Foram diafanizados e corados 40 exemplares. Os dados morfométricos foram utilizados na Análise de Componentes Principais, Análise Discriminante, Morfometria Geométrica e Função Discriminante. As análises foram feitas considerando os sexos em separado dentro de cada sistema hidrográfico, bem como comparando as populações entre os sistemas hidrográficos e finalmente no conjunto de sistemas representando a área de ocorrência da espécie. A partir dos dados analisados não foram encontradas diferenças entre os sexos. Os resultados mostraram variação morfológica que não sustenta o reconhecimento de possíveis espécies crípticas. A variação encontrada nos dados merísticos, morfométricos e no padrão de colorido justifica a redescrição da espécie. Os resultados das comparações entre as populações indicaram variações nesses caracteres indicando que a espécie possui considerável plasticidade fenotípica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur A. C. dos Santos
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | | | - Carlos A. S de Lucena
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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3
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Yousaf M, Hasan Z, Zaidi F, Rasheed SB. An overview of the taxonomic instability of endangered Golden and Zhobi mahseer in Pakistan. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e243975. [PMID: 34378659 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.243975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In South and South East Asia three genera of fish species i.e. Tor, Neolissochilus and Naziritor are commonly known as Mahseer with at least 47 species. Among these 23 belongs to genus Tor, 22 to Neolissochilus and one to Naziritor i.e. Naziritor zhobensis. Recently another species added to genus Naziritor is Naziritor chelynoides in India. Among Tor species Tor putitora (Hamilton) is the most widely distributed Mahseer in Pakistan and other countries of the Indian subcontinent. However, based alone on morphological characters some authors identify the Pakistani counterparts as Tor macrolepis (Heckel), (a species presumed to be found exclusively in the Indus River system) distinct from Tor putitora (a species found in Ganga Brahmaputra River system). In order to resolve this taxonomic ambiguity, present study carried out meristic and morphometric measurements of Mahseer collected from a total of 11 water bodies of Pakistan. Ratios between the morphometric characters were calculated and statistically analyzed using t-test and correlation coefficient. Two species identified as Tor putitora and Naziritor zhobensis were the sole Mahseer inhabitants of Indus system in Pakistan. Tor putitora occurred at all surveyed sites while Nazirtor zhobensis had a distribution range from river Zhob to tributaries of river Gomal the right bank tributaries of River Indus. The study corroborates that there are no unequivocal morphological synapomorphies in any existing populations of both species. The study further demonstrates that head length, a character frequently used in Mahseer taxonomy, is not a good measure for species identification. Finally the present study establishes that Naziritor zhobensis still exists in the water bodies of Pakistan and that golden Mahseer occurring in Indus riverine system of Pakistan is Tor putitora.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yousaf
- University of Peshawar, Department of Zoology, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Z Hasan
- University of Peshawar, Department of Zoology, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - F Zaidi
- University of Peshawar, Department of Zoology, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - S B Rasheed
- University of Peshawar, Department of Zoology, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Campbell CS, Adams CE, Bean CW, Pilakouta N, Parsons KJ. Evolvability under climate change: Bone development and shape plasticity are heritable and correspond with performance in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Evol Dev 2021; 23:333-350. [PMID: 34010514 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Environmental conditions can impact the development of phenotypes and in turn the performance of individuals. Climate change, therefore, provides a pressing need to extend our understanding of how temperature will influence phenotypic variation. To address this, we assessed the impact of increased temperatures on ecologically significant phenotypic traits in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). We raised Arctic charr at 5°C and 9°C to simulate a predicted climate change scenario and examined temperature-induced variation in ossification, bone metabolism, skeletal morphology, and escape response. Fish reared at 9°C exhibited less cartilage and bone development at the same developmental stage, but also higher bone metabolism in localized regions. The higher temperature treatment also resulted in significant differences in craniofacial morphology, changes in the degree of variation, and fewer vertebrae. Both temperature regime and vertebral number affected escape response performance, with higher temperature leading to decreased latency. These findings demonstrate that climate change has the potential to impact development through multiple routes with the potential for plasticity and the release of cryptic genetic variation to have strong impacts on function through ecological performance and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum S Campbell
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Colin E Adams
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Colin W Bean
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,NatureScot, Clydebank, UK
| | - Natalie Pilakouta
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Kevin J Parsons
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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5
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Staszny A, Dobosy P, Maasz G, Szalai Z, Jakab G, Pirger Z, Szeberenyi J, Molnar E, Pap LO, Juhasz V, Weiperth A, Urbanyi B, Kondor AC, Ferincz A. Effects of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) on fish body and scale shape in natural waters. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10642. [PMID: 33614266 PMCID: PMC7882141 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, there are growing concerns about pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in natural ecosystems. These compounds have been found in natural waters and in fish tissues worldwide. Regarding their growing distribution and abundance, it is becoming clear that traditionally used risk assessment methodologies and ecotoxicological studies have limitations in several respects. In our study a new, combined approach of environmental impact assesment of PhACs has been used. Methods In this study, the constant watercourses of the suburban region of the Hungarian capital (Budapest) were sampled, and the body shape and scale shape of three fish species (roach Rutilus rutilus, chub Squalius cephalus, gibel carp Carassius gibelio) found in these waters were analyzed, based on landmark-based geometric morphometric methods. Possible connections were made between the differences in body shape and scale shape, and abiotic environmental variables (local- and landscape-scale) and measured PhACs. Results Significant connections were found between shape and PhACs concentrations in several cases. Despite the relatively large number of compounds (54) detected, citalopram, propranolol, codeine and trimetazidine significantly affected only fish body and scale shape, based on their concentrations. These four PhACs were shown to be high (citalopram), medium (propranolol and codeine), and low (trimetazidine) risk levels during the environmental risk assessment, which were based on Risk Quotient calculation. Furthermore, seven PhACs (diclofenac, Estrone (E1), tramadol, caffeine 17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2), 17α-Estradiol (aE2), Estriol (E3)) were also categorized with a high risk level. However, our morphological studies indicated that only citalopram was found to affect fish phenotype amongst the PhACs posing high risk. Therefore, our results revealed that the output of (traditional) environmental/ecological risk assessment based on ecotoxicological data of different aquatic organisms not necessarily show consistency with a “real-life” situation; furthermore, the morphological investigations may also be a good sub-lethal endpoint in ecotoxicological assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Staszny
- Department of Freshwater Fish Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Peter Dobosy
- Danube Research Institute, MTA-Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabor Maasz
- Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA-Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary.,Soós Ernő Research and Development Center, University of Pannonia, Nagykanizsa, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Szalai
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre for Excellence, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Jakab
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre for Excellence, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Geography and Geoinformatics, University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA-Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Szeberenyi
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre for Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eva Molnar
- Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA-Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Lilianna Olimpia Pap
- Department of Freshwater Fish Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Vera Juhasz
- Department of Freshwater Fish Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Andras Weiperth
- Department of Freshwater Fish Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Bela Urbanyi
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Attila Csaba Kondor
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre for Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Arpad Ferincz
- Department of Freshwater Fish Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
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Effects of genetic origin on phenotypic divergence in Brook Trout populations stocked with domestic fish. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Reyes Corral WD, Aguirre WE. Effects of temperature and water turbulence on vertebral number and body shape in Astyanax mexicanus (Teleostei: Characidae). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219677. [PMID: 31356643 PMCID: PMC6663064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental changes can modify the phenotypic characteristics of populations, which in turn can influence their evolutionary trajectories. In ectotherms like fishes, temperature is a particularly important environmental variable that is known to have significant impacts on the phenotype. Here, we raised specimens of the surface ecomorph of Astyanax mexicanus at temperatures of 20°C, 23°C, 25°C, and 28°C to examine how temperature influenced vertebral number and body shape. To increase biological realism, specimens were also subjected to two water turbulence regimes. Vertebral number was counted from x-rays and body shape variation was analysed using geometric morphometric methods. Temperature significantly impacted mean total vertebral number, which increased at the lowest and highest temperatures. Fish reared at lower temperatures had relatively more precaudal vertebrae while fish reared at higher temperatures had relatively more caudal vertebrae. Vertebral anomalies, especially vertebral fusions, were most frequent at the extreme temperature treatments. Temperature significantly impacted body shape as well, with fish reared at 20°C being particularly divergent. Water turbulence also impacted body shape in a generally predictable manner, with specimens reared in high turbulence environments being more streamlined and having extended dorsal and anal fin bases. Variation in environmental variables thus resulted in significant changes in morphological traits known to impact fish fitness, indicating that A. mexicanus has the capacity to exhibit a range of phenotypic plasticity when challenged by environmental change. Understanding the biochemical mechanisms underlying this plasticity and whether adaptive plasticity has influenced the evolutionary radiation of the Characidae, are major directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Windsor E. Aguirre
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Bani A, Khataminejad S, Vaziri HR, Haseli M. The taxonomy of Alosa caspia (Clupeidae: Alosinae), using molecular and morphometric specifications, in the South Caspian Sea. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2018.1559366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Bani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Marine Science, Caspian Sea Basin Research Center, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - S. Khataminejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - H. R. Vaziri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - M. Haseli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Luque FJ, Patarroyo-Baez JJ, González-Trujillo JD. Aspectos auto-ecológicos de <i>Bryconops giacopinii</i> (Iguanodectidae) de la Serranía de la Lindosa, San José de Guaviare, Colombia. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2019. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v24n2.70450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
La relación longitud-peso y el factor de condición (K) son utilizados como descriptores de los aspectos auto-ecológicos de los peces, porque aportan información sobre el crecimiento, reproducción y bienestar. Por tanto, su caracterización podría ser de gran utilidad en la evaluación de poblaciones de peces en sistemas acuáticos afectados por diferentes niveles de intervención. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue la caracterización y descripción de la relación longitud-peso, factor de condición y dieta de Bryconops giacopinii en seis localidades en la Serranía de La Lindosa durante un ciclo anual (estación seca y lluviosa). Los peces (n= 333) fueron medidos, pesados, y su estómago fue removido para la identificación de los ítems alimenticios. Los individuos presentaron un crecimiento alométrico positivo durante ambas estaciones climáticas, sin diferencias significativas en el factor de condición durante el cambio estacional. Por otra parte, se identificaron 17 tipos diferentes de ítems alimenticios, la mayoría de ellos artrópodos terrestres. La frecuencia y ocurrencia de estos ítems no siguió ningún patrón temporal ni espacial. B. giacopinii presentó una dieta generalista, con un alto consumo de insectos terrestres. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian la estrecha relación entre esta especie y el bosque de ribera, demostrando la importancia que presentan estos corredores biológicos para el mantenimiento de la comunidad acuática y su conservación. Esta información aporta al conocimiento biológico de esta especie de interés comercial y puede ser utilizada en la comparación con otras poblaciones presentes en otras cuencas. B. giacopinii es una especie con un papel ecológico importante, por lo tanto, estudios de su relación con el ecosistema podrían ser relevantes y necesarios.
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Vernygora OV, Davis CS, Murray AM, Sperling FAH. Delimitation of Alosa species (Teleostei: Clupeiformes) from the Sea of Azov: integrating morphological and molecular approaches. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 93:1216-1228. [PMID: 30367487 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Shads of the genus Alosa are essential to commercial fisheries across North America and Europe, but in some areas their species boundaries remain controversial. Traditional morphology-based taxonomy of Alosa spp. has relied heavily on the number of gill rakers and body proportions, but these can be highly variable. We use mitochondrial (mt)DNA (coI and cytb) and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) along with morphological characters to assess differentiation among endemic Ponto-Caspian shads in the Sea of Azov. Morphological species assignments based on gill-raker number were not congruent with genetic lineages shown by mtDNA and SNPs. Iterative analysis revealed that genetic lineages were associated with sampling location and several other morphometric traits (caudal peduncle depth, pre-anal length and head length). Phylogenetic analysis of the genus placed Ponto-Caspian Alosa spp. in the same evolutionary lineage as endangered Alosa spp. endemic to Greece, highlighting the importance of these findings to conservation management. We conclude that gill-raker number is not reliable for delimiting species of Alosa. This taxonomic uncertainty should be addressed by examining type material to provide a robust integrative classification for these commercially important fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana V Vernygora
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Corey S Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Alison M Murray
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Felix A H Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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De Clercq A, Perrott MR, Davie PS, Preece MA, Owen MAG, Huysseune A, Witten PE. Temperature sensitive regions of the Chinook salmon vertebral column: Vestiges and meristic variation. J Morphol 2018; 279:1301-1311. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adelbert De Clercq
- School of Veterinary Science; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Matthew R. Perrott
- School of Veterinary Science; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Peter S. Davie
- School of Veterinary Science; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | | | | | - Ann Huysseune
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - P. Eckhard Witten
- School of Veterinary Science; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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12
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Bajić A, Jojić V, Snoj A, Miljanović B, Askeyev O, Askeyev I, Marić S. Comparative body shape variation of the European grayling Thymallus thymallus (Actinopterygii, Salmonidae) from wild populations and hatcheries. ZOOL ANZ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Fleming IA, Gross MR. BREEDING COMPETITION IN A PACIFIC SALMON (COHO: ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH): MEASURES OF NATURAL AND SEXUAL SELECTION. Evolution 2017; 48:637-657. [PMID: 28568247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1994.tb01350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/1992] [Accepted: 09/07/1993] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the breeding system of Pacific salmon, females compete for oviposition territories, and males compete to fertilize eggs. The natural selection in females and sexual selection in males likely has been responsible for their elaborate breeding morphologies and the dimorphism between the sexes. We quantified direct-selection intensities during breeding on mature coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), measured for seven phenotypic characters, including three secondary sexual characters. Wild and sea-ranched hatchery coho were used to enhance the range of phenotypes over which selection could be examined. The fish were allowed to breed in experimental arenas where we could quantify components of breeding success as well as estimate overall breeding success. We found that without competition, natural selection acts only on female body size for increased egg production; there is no detectable selection on males for the phenotypic distribution we used. Under competition, the opportunity for selection increased sixfold among females. Natural selection favored female body size and caudal-peduncle (tail) depth. Increased body size meant increased egg production and access to nesting territories. The caudal peduncle, used in burst swimming and nest digging, influenced both successful egg deposition and nest survival. Increasing density increased competition among females, though it did not significantly intensify natural selection on their characters. In males, competition increased the opportunity for selection 52-fold, which was nine times greater than for females. Sexual selection favored male body size and hooked snout length, both characters directly influencing male access to spawning opportunities. Selection on male body size was also affected significantly by breeding density. The ability of large males to control access to spawning females decreased at higher densities reflecting an increase in the operational sex ratio. Further, the relative success of small males, which could sneak access to spawning females, appeared to increase as that of intermediate-sized males decreased. Such disruptive selection may be responsible for the evolution of alternative reproductive tactics in salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Fleming
- Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Mart R Gross
- Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A1, Canada
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14
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Dammerman KJ, Steibel JP, Scribner KT. Increases in the mean and variability of thermal regimes result in differential phenotypic responses among genotypes during early ontogenetic stages of lake sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens). Evol Appl 2016; 9:1258-1270. [PMID: 27877204 PMCID: PMC5108217 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is affecting thermal conditions worldwide. Understanding organismal responses associated with predicted changes are essential for predicting population persistence. Few studies have examined the effects of both increased mean and variance in temperature on organismal traits, particularly during early life stages. Using lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) from Black Lake, MI, we tested whether phenotypic variation differed among families reared in two constant (10 and 18°C) and two fluctuating‐temperature treatments (10–19°C) representing temperatures experienced in the river and a simulated anthropogenic disturbance. Body length, body area, and yolk‐sac area were quantified at hatch. Family‐by‐treatment interactions explained up to 50% of the variance observed among families in offspring hatch traits. Families incubated in 18°C and the fluctuating anthropogenic treatment had 6–10 times higher variance in traits than those incubated at 10°C. Hatched larvae were placed in raceways with ambient river water. Emergence body length, emergence timing, and growth were quantified upon emergence. Families differed in time to emergence and growth with the greatest range observed in the 18°C treatment. Results demonstrate that differential responses among genotypes to changes in the mean and variability of thermal incubation regimes can affect traits at hatch as well as a subsequent ontogenetic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari J Dammerman
- Department of Integrative Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Columbia River Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office Vancouver WA USA
| | - Juan P Steibel
- Department of Animal Science Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA; Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Kim T Scribner
- Department of Integrative Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA; Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA; Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
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15
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Swift CC, Spies B, Ellingson RA, Jacobs DK. A New Species of the Bay Goby Genus Eucyclogobius, Endemic to Southern California: Evolution, Conservation, and Decline. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158543. [PMID: 27462700 PMCID: PMC4963035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A geographically isolated set of southern localities of the formerly monotypic goby genus Eucyclogobius is known to be reciprocally monophyletic and substantially divergent in mitochondrial sequence and nuclear microsatellite-based phylogenies relative to populations to the north along the California coast. To clarify taxonomic and conservation status, we conducted a suite of analyses on a comprehensive set of morphological counts and measures from across the range of Eucyclogobius and describe the southern populations as a new species, the Southern Tidewater Goby, Eucyclogobius kristinae, now separate from the Northern Tidewater Goby Eucyclogobius newberryi (Girard 1856). In addition to molecular distinction, adults of E. kristinae are diagnosed by: 1) loss of the anterior supratemporal lateral-line canals resulting in higher neuromast counts, 2) lower pectoral and branched caudal ray counts, and 3) sets of measurements identified via discriminant analysis. These differences suggest ecological distinction of the two species. Previous studies estimated lineage separation at 2-4 million years ago, and mitochondrial sequence divergence exceeds that of other recognized fish species. Fish from Santa Monica Artesian Springs (Los Angeles County) northward belong to E. newberryi; those from Aliso Creek (Orange County) southward constitute E. kristinae. The lagoonal habitat of Eucyclogobius has been diminished or degraded, leading to special conservation status at state and federal levels beginning in 1980. Habitat of the newly described species has been impacted by a range of anthropogenic activities, including the conversion of closing lagoons to open tidal systems in the name of restoration. In the last 30 years, E. kristinae has only been observed in nine intermittently occupied lagoonal systems in northern San Diego County; it currently persists in only three sites. Thus, the new species is in imminent danger of extinction and will require ongoing active management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camm C. Swift
- Emeritus, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States of America
| | - Brenton Spies
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States of America
| | - Ryan A. Ellingson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, California 90032, United States of America
| | - David K. Jacobs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rowiński PK, Mateos-Gonzalez F, Sandblom E, Jutfelt F, Ekström A, Sundström LF. Warming alters the body shape of European perch Perca fluviatilis. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 87:1234-1247. [PMID: 26440307 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of elevated temperature on body shape were investigated by comparing European perch Perca fluviatilis from the Forsmark area of the Baltic Sea to P. fluviatilis from a nearby Biotest enclosure. The Biotest is a man-made enclosure within the Baltic Sea that has received warm water from a nuclear power plant since 1980, resulting in temperatures that are elevated 5-10 °C relative to the surrounding Baltic Sea. Sampled fish ranged from young-of-the-year to 14 years. Geometric morphometrics and multivariate statistical analysis revealed significant morphological differences between individuals of P. fluviatilis from these two habitats. Most importantly, relative shape changed with size, with small individuals of P. fluviatilis from Biotest being characterized by a deeper body shape and a larger caudal peduncle than the smaller Baltic individuals. In large specimens, smaller differences were found with Biotest individuals being more slender than Baltic individuals. These results show that, in order to have a full understanding of the biological effects of elevated temperatures, studies that cover the entire size range of organisms will be important. Apart from the direct influence of temperature on growth rate and body shape, other ecological factors affected by temperature are discussed as possible contributors to the observed differences between the two populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Rowiński
- Uppsala University, Department of Animal Ecology/Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
- Stockholm University, Department of Zoology, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Mateos-Gonzalez
- Uppsala University, Department of Animal Ecology/Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E Sandblom
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - F Jutfelt
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - A Ekström
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - L F Sundström
- Uppsala University, Department of Animal Ecology/Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
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Pulcini D, Cataudella S, Boglione C, Russo T, Wheeler PA, Prestinicola L, Thorgaard GH. Testing the relationship between domestication and developmental instability in rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss(Teleostei, Salmonidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Domitilla Pulcini
- Biology Department; ‘Tor Vergata’ University of Rome; Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc 00133 Rome Italy
- Council for Research in Agriculture - Animal Production Centre; Via Salaria 31 00016 Monterotondo Italy
| | - Stefano Cataudella
- Biology Department; ‘Tor Vergata’ University of Rome; Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Clara Boglione
- Biology Department; ‘Tor Vergata’ University of Rome; Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Tommaso Russo
- Biology Department; ‘Tor Vergata’ University of Rome; Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Paul A. Wheeler
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
| | - Loredana Prestinicola
- Biology Department; ‘Tor Vergata’ University of Rome; Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Gary H. Thorgaard
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
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Hard JJ, Gross MR, Heino M, Hilborn R, Kope RG, Law R, Reynolds JD. Evolutionary consequences of fishing and their implications for salmon. Evol Appl 2015; 1:388-408. [PMID: 25567639 PMCID: PMC3352430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the evidence for fisheries-induced evolution in anadromous salmonids. Salmon are exposed to a variety of fishing gears and intensities as immature or maturing individuals. We evaluate the evidence that fishing is causing evolutionary changes to traits including body size, migration timing and age of maturation, and we discuss the implications for fisheries and conservation. Few studies have fully evaluated the ingredients of fisheries-induced evolution: selection intensity, genetic variability, correlation among traits under selection, and response to selection. Most studies are limited in their ability to separate genetic responses from phenotypic plasticity, and environmental change complicates interpretation. However, strong evidence for selection intensity and for genetic variability in salmon fitness traits indicates that fishing can cause detectable evolution within ten or fewer generations. Evolutionary issues are therefore meaningful considerations in salmon fishery management. Evolutionary biologists have rarely been involved in the development of salmon fishing policy, yet evolutionary biology is relevant to the long-term success of fisheries. Future management might consider fishing policy to (i) allow experimental testing of evolutionary responses to exploitation and (ii) improve the long-term sustainability of the fishery by mitigating unfavorable evolutionary responses to fishing. We provide suggestions for how this might be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Hard
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mart R Gross
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mikko Heino
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway ; Institute of Marine Research Bergen, Norway ; Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Ray Hilborn
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert G Kope
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard Law
- Department of Biology, University of York York, UK
| | - John D Reynolds
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Staszny A, Havas E, Kovács R, Urbányi B, Paulovits G, Bencsik D, Ferincz A, Müller T, Specziár A, Bakos K, Csenki Z. Impact of environmental and genetic factors on the scale shape of zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton 1822): a geometric morphometric study. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2013; 64:462-75. [PMID: 24275592 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.64.2013.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intraspecific morphological variability may reflect either genetic divergence among groups of individuals or response of individuals to environmental circumstances within the frame of phenotypic plasticity. Several studies were able to discriminate wild fish populations based on their scale shape. Here we examine whether the variations in the scale shape in fish populations could be related to genetic or environmental factors, or to both of them. In the first experiment, two inbred lines of zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton 1822) reared under identical environmental conditions were compared. Secondly, to find out what effect environmental factors might have, offsprings were divided into two groups and reared on different diets for 12 weeks. Potential recovery of scales from an environmental effect was also assessed. Experimental groups could successfully be distinguished according to the shape of scales in both experiments, and the results showed that both genetic and environmental factors may notably influence scale shape. It was concluded that scale shape analysis might be used as an explanatory tool to detect potential variability of environmental influences impacting genetically homogeneous groups of fish. However, due to its sensitivity to environmental heterogeneity, the applicability of this technique in identifying intraspecific stock membership of fish could be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Staszny
- Szent István University Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Environmental & Landscape Management Páter K. út 1 Gödöllő H-2100 Hungary Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute Klebelsberg Kuno út 3 Tihany H-8237 Hungary
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He Y, Li R, Wang J, Blanchet S, Lek S. Morphological variation among wild populations of Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus): deciphering the role of evolutionary processes. Zoolog Sci 2013; 30:475-83. [PMID: 23721472 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gobiocypris rarus Ye et Fu ( 1983 ) is an endemic cyprinid fish in China, and is considered to be an endangered species. From a conservation perspective, its population structure is interesting. In the present study, morphological variation, including morphometric and meristic traits, was assessed among wild samples collected in the upper Yangtze River basin. There were no significant meristic differences between sexes or among populations, except for scales in lateral line (LS). However, there were significant morphometric differences not only between sexes but also among populations. In discriminant function analysis, the first four discriminant functions explained 75.5% and 78% of the among-population morphometric variation for males and females, respectively. Almost all the truss network morphometric traits significantly contributed to population discrimination. By using all of the truss network morphometric traits, overall random assignments of male and female individuals into their original population were both 73.5%. In addition, the degree of differentiation in phenotypic traits (PST) significantly exceeds that in neutral molecular markers (FST). However, no significant correlation between PST and FST was found in males or females. Overall, these results suggest that two evolutionary processes, including phenotypic plasticity and natural selection, may contribute to the morphological patterns observed in G. rarus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng He
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
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Novomeská A, Katina S, Copp GH, Pedicillo G, Lorenzoni M, Pompei L, Cucherousset J, Kováč V. Morphological variability of black bullhead Ameiurus melas in four non-native European populations. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2013; 82:1103-1118. [PMID: 23557294 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
External morphology in black bullhead Ameiurus melas, a fish species considered to have high invasive potential, was studied in its four non-native European populations (British, French, Italian and Slovak). The aim of this study was to examine this species' variability in external morphology, including ontogenetic context, and to evaluate its invasive potential. Specimens from all non-native populations reached smaller body size compared to individuals from native populations. Juvenile A. melas were found to have a relatively uniform body shape regardless of the population's origin, whereas adults developed different phenotypes depending upon location. Specimens from the U.K., Slovak and French populations appeared to be rather similar to each other, whereas the Italian population showed the most distant phenotype. This probably results from the different thermal regime in the Italian habitat. Ameiurus melas from non-native European populations examined in this study showed some potential to alter the body shape both within and between populations. The phenotypic plasticity of A. melas, however, was not found to be as significant as in other invasive fish species. The results suggest that morphological variability itself is not necessarily essential for invasive success. The invasiveness of A. melas is therefore probably favoured by variations in its life-history traits and reproduction variables, together with some behavioural traits (e.g. voracious feeding and parental care) rather than by phenotypic plasticity expressed in external morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Novomeská
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Pulcini D, Wheeler PA, Cataudella S, Russo T, Thorgaard GH. Domestication shapes morphology in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2013; 82:390-407. [PMID: 23398058 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, clonal lines from North American resident and migratory populations of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss adapted to different geographical conditions and with different domestication histories were characterized morphologically. Lines reared in a common-garden experiment were characterized for external shape and meristic values, searching for a general pattern of morphological variation due to exposure to captive conditions. A sharp distinction was identified between wild and captive lines. The body profile was deeper in captive lines, with longer dorsal and anal fins and shorter and deeper caudal peduncles. Highly significant differences were also identified in meristic values among the lines but no consistent relation between meristic values and domestication status was detected. This morphological characterization will facilitate the selection of lines with divergent phenotypes for subsequent quantitative trait loci analysis, aimed at identifying genome regions linked with morphological adaptive response to captive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pulcini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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FRUCIANO CARMELO, TIGANO CONCETTA, FERRITO VENERA. Geographical and morphological variation within and between colour phases inCoris julis(L. 1758), a protogynous marine fish. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Solem O, Berg OK. Morphological differences in parr of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar from three regions in Norway. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 78:1451-1469. [PMID: 21539553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Morphological characters were compared in parr (total length 33-166 mm) of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar sampled from eight wild populations in three regions, three in northern, two in the middle and three in southern Norway, covering a distance of 1700 km (from 70° N to 58° N). On the basis of morphological characters 94·6% of the individuals were correctly classified into the three regions. Discrimination between populations within these three regions also had a high degree of correct classification (89·0-95·8%). Principle component analysis identified largest differences to be in head characters, notably eye diameter and jawbone, with the smallest diameter and head size among the northernmost populations. Fish from the southern rivers had a deeper body form whereas fish from the middle region had larger heads and pectoral fins. This illustrates that S. salar already in the early parr stage has morphological traits, which can be used in discrimination between regions and populations and that these differences are discernible in spite of the volume of escaped farmed fish spawning in Norwegian rivers during the past 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Solem
- Department of Biology, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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25
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Georga I, Koumoundouros G. Thermally induced plasticity of body shape in adult zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822). J Morphol 2010; 271:1319-27. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Silva ELD, Centofante L, Miyazawa CS. Análise morfométrica em Thoracocharax stellatus (Kner, 1858) (Characiformes, Gasteropelecidae) proveniente de diferentes bacias hidrográficas Sul-americanas. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s1676-06032009000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Foram utilizadas análises de variáveis canônicas livres de tamanho com o objetivo de investigar os padrões de variação morfológica entre populações de Thoracocharax stellatus em bacias hidrográficas Sul-Americanas: rios das bacias Araguaia-Tocantins e Paraguai do Brasil e Orinoco na Venezuela. Distinções entre as amostras do Araguaia-Tocantins e Orinoco foram observadas, com leve sobreposição dessas populações com as amostras da bacia do Paraguai. Os caracteres morfométricos que são os principais responsáveis por esta diversificação são comprimento da cabeça e comprimento da nadadeira dorsal. Os mecanismos que podem estar atuando nesta variação geográfica entre populações de T. stellatus são discutidos.
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Shao Y, Wang J, Qiao Y, He Y, Cao W. Morphological Variability Between Wild Populations and Inbred Stocks of a Chinese Minnow, Gobiocypris rarus. Zoolog Sci 2007; 24:1094-102. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.24.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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MARCIL JULIE, SWAIN DOUGLASP, HUTCHINGS JEFFREYA. Genetic and environmental components of phenotypic variation in body shape among populations of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Marcil J, Swain DP, Hutchings JA. Countergradient variation in body shape between two populations of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Proc Biol Sci 2006; 273:217-23. [PMID: 16555790 PMCID: PMC1560025 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Accepted: 08/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in morphological traits is generally thought to be cogradient, with environmental effects on phenotypic expression reinforcing genetic differences between populations. We compared body shape between two populations of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Striking shape differences occurred between juveniles from the two populations when reared in a common laboratory environment. However, no difference in body shape occurred between wild-reared juveniles from the two populations, suggesting that the genetic differences between populations were obscured by opposing effects of the environmental differences experienced in the wild. We suggest that much of the genetic diversity in body shape of fishes may be cryptic, with stabilizing selection for the same optimal phenotype resulting in genetic divergence between populations subject to contrasting environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Marcil
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J1, Canada
| | - Douglas P Swain
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries CentreMoncton, New Brunswick E1C 9B6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Hutchings
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J1, Canada
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