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Rochat EC, Paterson RA, Blasco‐Costa I, Power M, Adams CE, Greer R, Knudsen R. Temporal stability of polymorphic Arctic charr parasite communities reflects sustained divergent trophic niches. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9460. [PMID: 36349257 PMCID: PMC9636502 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphic Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus populations frequently display distinct differences in habitat use, diet, and parasite communities. Changes to the relative species densities and composition of the wider fish community have the potential to alter the habitat niche of sympatric Arctic charr populations. This study evaluated the temporal stability of the parasite community, diet, and stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N) of three sympatric Arctic charr morphs (piscivore, benthivore, and planktivore) from Loch Rannoch, Scotland, in relation to changes to the fish community. All Arctic charr morphs displayed distinct differences in parasite communities, diet, and stable isotope signatures over time, despite the establishment of four new trophically transmitted parasite taxa, and increased fish and zooplankton consumption by the piscivorous and planktivore morphs, respectively. Native parasite prevalence also increased in all Arctic charr morphs. Overall, Loch Rannoch polymorphic Arctic charr morph populations have maintained their distinct trophic niches and parasite communities through time despite changes in the fish community. This result indicates that re‐stocking a native fish species has the potential to induce shifts in the parasite community and diet of Arctic charr morphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse C. Rochat
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
- Natural History Museum of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | | | - Isabel Blasco‐Costa
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
- Natural History Museum of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Michael Power
- Department of Biology University of Waterloo Waterloo Canada
| | - Colin E. Adams
- Scottish Centre for Ecology & the Natural Environment University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | | | - Rune Knudsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
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2
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Karvonen A, Beck SV, Skúlason S, Kristjánsson BK, Leblanc CA. Variation in parasite resistance of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, between and within sympatric morphs. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:14024-14032. [PMID: 34707836 PMCID: PMC8525083 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in resistance against parasite infections is a predominant feature in host-parasite systems. However, mechanisms maintaining genetic polymorphism in resistance in natural host populations are generally poorly known. We explored whether differences in natural infection pressure between resource-based morphs of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) have resulted in differentiation in resistance profiles. We experimentally exposed offspring of two morphs from Lake Þingvallavatn (Iceland), the pelagic planktivorous charr ("murta") and the large benthivorous charr ("kuðungableikja"), to their common parasite, eye fluke Diplostomum baeri, infecting the eye humor. We found that there were no differences in resistance between the morphs, but clear differences among families within each morph. Moreover, we found suggestive evidence of resistance of offspring within families being positively correlated with the parasite load of the father, but not with that of the mother. Our results suggest that the inherited basis of parasite resistance in this system is likely to be related to variation among host individuals within each morph rather than ecological factors driving divergent resistance profiles at morph level. Overall, this may have implications for evolution of resistance through processes such as sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
| | - Samantha V. Beck
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish BiologyHólar UniversitySauðárkrókurIceland
- Galloway Fisheries TrustNewton StewartScotland
| | - Skúli Skúlason
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish BiologyHólar UniversitySauðárkrókurIceland
| | | | - Camille A. Leblanc
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish BiologyHólar UniversitySauðárkrókurIceland
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3
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Hund AK, Hubbard JK, Albrecht T, Vortman Y, Munclinger P, Krausová S, Tomášek O, Safran RJ. Divergent sexual signals reflect costs of local parasites. Evolution 2020; 74:2404-2418. [PMID: 32385910 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Many closely related populations are distinguished by variation in sexual signals and this variation is hypothesized to play an important role in reproductive isolation and speciation. Within populations, there is considerable evidence that sexual signals provide information about the incidence and severity of parasite infections, but it remains unclear if variation in parasite communities across space could play a role in initiating or maintaining sexual trait divergence. To test for variation in parasite-associated selection, we compared three barn swallow subspecies with divergent sexual signals. We found that parasite community structure and host tolerance to ecologically similar parasites varied between subspecies. Across subspecies we also found that different parasites were costly in terms of male survival and reproductive success. For each subspecies, the preferred sexual signal(s) were associated with the most costly local parasite(s), indicating that divergent signals are providing relevant information to females about local parasite communities. Across subspecies, the same traits were often associated with different parasites, indicating that parasite-sexual signal links are quite flexible and may evolve relatively quickly. This study provides evidence for (1) variation in parasite communities and (2) different parasite-sexual signal links among three closely related subspecies with divergent sexual signal traits, suggesting that parasites may play an important role in initiating and/or maintaining the divergence of sexual signals among these closely related, yet geographically isolated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Hund
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309.,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108
| | - Joanna K Hubbard
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309.,Department of Biology, Truman State University, Kirksville, Missouri, 63501
| | - Tomáš Albrecht
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60365, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Yoni Vortman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Tel Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, 1220800, Israel
| | - Pavel Munclinger
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Krausová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Oldřich Tomášek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60365, Czech Republic
| | - Rebecca J Safran
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
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4
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Prati S, Henriksen EH, Knudsen R, Amundsen P. Seasonal dietary shifts enhance parasite transmission to lake salmonids during ice cover. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4031-4043. [PMID: 32489629 PMCID: PMC7244800 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in abiotic and biotic factors between seasons in subarctic lake systems are often profound, potentially affecting the community structure and population dynamics of parasites over the annual cycle. However, few winter studies exist and interactions between fish hosts and their parasites are typically confined to snapshot studies restricted to the summer season whereas host-parasite dynamics during the ice-covered period rarely have been explored. The present study addresses seasonal patterns in the infections of intestinal parasites and their association with the diet of sympatric living Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Lake Takvatn, a subarctic lake in northern Norway. In total, 354 Arctic charr and 203 brown trout were sampled from the littoral habitat between June 2017 and May 2018. Six trophically transmitted intestinal parasite taxa were identified and quantified, and their seasonal variations were contrasted with dietary information from both stomachs and intestines of the fish. The winter period proved to be an important transmission window for parasites, with increased prevalence and intensity of amphipod-transmitted parasites in Arctic charr and parasites transmitted through fish prey in brown trout. In Arctic charr, seasonal patterns in parasite infections resulted mainly from temporal changes in diet toward amphipods, whereas host body size and the utilization of fish prey were the main drivers in brown trout. The overall dynamics in the community structure of parasites chiefly mirrored the seasonal dietary shifts of their fish hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Prati
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyFaculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Eirik H. Henriksen
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyFaculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Rune Knudsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyFaculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Per‐Arne Amundsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyFaculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
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5
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Karvonen A, Wagner CE, Selz OM, Seehausen O. Divergent parasite infections in sympatric cichlid species in Lake Victoria. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1313-1329. [PMID: 29944770 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Parasitism has been proposed as a factor in host speciation, as an agent affecting coexistence of host species in species-rich communities and as a driver of post-speciation diversification. Young adaptive radiations of closely related host species of varying ecological and genomic differentiation provide interesting opportunities to explore interactions between patterns of parasitism, divergence and coexistence of sympatric host species. Here, we explored patterns in ectoparasitism in a community of 16 fully sympatric cichlid species at Makobe Island in Lake Victoria, a model system of vertebrate adaptive radiation. We asked whether host niche, host abundance or host genetic differentiation explains variation in infection patterns. We found significant differences in infections, the magnitude of which was weakly correlated with the extent of genomic divergence between the host species, but more strongly with the main ecological gradient, water depth. These effects were most evident with infections of Cichlidogyrus monogeneans, whereas the only host species with a strictly crevice-dwelling niche, Pundamilia pundamilia, deviated from the general negative relationship between depth and parasitism. In accordance with the Janzen-Connell hypothesis, we also found that host abundance tended to be positively associated with infections in some parasite taxa. Data on the Pundamilia sister species pairs from three other islands with variable degrees of habitat (crevice) specialization suggested that the lower parasite abundance of P. pundamilia at Makobe could result from both habitat specialization and the evolution of specific resistance. Our results support influences of host genetic differentiation and host ecology in determining infections in this diverse community of sympatric cichlid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland.,Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Division of Aquatic Ecology & Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Catherine E Wagner
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Division of Aquatic Ecology & Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Botany and Biodiversity Institute, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Oliver M Selz
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Division of Aquatic Ecology & Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ole Seehausen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Division of Aquatic Ecology & Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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6
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Determinants of parasite distribution in Arctic charr populations: catchment structure versus dispersal potential. J Helminthol 2018; 93:559-566. [PMID: 29911512 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x18000482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Parasite distribution patterns in lotic catchments are driven by the combined influences of unidirectional water flow and the mobility of the most mobile host. However, the importance of such drivers in catchments dominated by lentic habitats are poorly understood. We examined parasite populations of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus from a series of linear-connected lakes in northern Norway to assess the generality of lotic-derived catchment-scale parasite assemblage patterns. Our results demonstrated that the abundance of most parasite taxa increased from the upper to lower catchment. Allogenic taxa (piscivorous birds as final host) were present throughout the entire catchment, whereas their autogenic counterparts (charr as final hosts) demonstrated restricted distributions, thus supporting the theory that the mobility of the most mobile host determines taxa-specific parasite distribution patterns. Overall, catchment-wide parasite abundance and distribution patterns in this lentic-dominated system were in accordance with those reported for lotic systems. Additionally, our study highlighted that upper catchment regions may be inadequate reservoirs to facilitate recolonization of parasite communities in the event of downstream environmental perturbations.
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7
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Hablützel PI, Vanhove MPM, Deschepper P, Grégoir AF, Roose AK, Volckaert FAM, Raeymaekers JAM. Parasite escape through trophic specialization in a species flock. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1437-1445. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. I. Hablützel
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - M. P. M. Vanhove
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Capacities for Biodiversity and Sustainable Development; Operational Directorate Natural Environment; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences; Brussels Belgium
- Department of Botany and Zoology; Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- Hasselt University; Centre for Environmental Sciences; Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity & Toxicology; Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - P. Deschepper
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - A. F. Grégoir
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - A. K. Roose
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - F. A. M. Volckaert
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - J. A. M. Raeymaekers
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture; Nord University; Bodø Norway
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8
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Molecular analyses reveal high species diversity of trematodes in a sub-Arctic lake. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:327-345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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9
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Britton JR, Andreou D. Parasitism as a Driver of Trophic Niche Specialisation. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:437-445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Are parasite richness and abundance linked to prey species richness and individual feeding preferences in fish hosts? Parasitology 2015; 143:75-86. [PMID: 26573385 DOI: 10.1017/s003118201500150x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Variations in levels of parasitism among individuals in a population of hosts underpin the importance of parasites as an evolutionary or ecological force. Factors influencing parasite richness (number of parasite species) and load (abundance and biomass) at the individual host level ultimately form the basis of parasite infection patterns. In fish, diet range (number of prey taxa consumed) and prey selectivity (proportion of a particular prey taxon in the diet) have been shown to influence parasite infection levels. However, fish diet is most often characterized at the species or fish population level, thus ignoring variation among conspecific individuals and its potential effects on infection patterns among individuals. Here, we examined parasite infections and stomach contents of New Zealand freshwater fish at the individual level. We tested for potential links between the richness, abundance and biomass of helminth parasites and the diet range and prey selectivity of individual fish hosts. There was no obvious link between individual fish host diet and helminth infection levels. Our results were consistent across multiple fish host and parasite species and contrast with those of earlier studies in which fish diet and parasite infection were linked, hinting at a true disconnect between host diet and measures of parasite infections in our study systems. This absence of relationship between host diet and infection levels may be due to the relatively low richness of freshwater helminth parasites in New Zealand and high host-parasite specificity.
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11
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Karvonen A, Lucek K, Marques DA, Seehausen O. Divergent Macroparasite Infections in Parapatric Swiss Lake-Stream Pairs of Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130579. [PMID: 26086778 PMCID: PMC4472517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial heterogeneity in diversity and intensity of parasitism is a typical feature of most host-parasite interactions, but understanding of the evolutionary implications of such variation is limited. One possible outcome of infection heterogeneities is parasite-mediated divergent selection between host populations, ecotypes or species which may facilitate the process of ecological speciation. However, very few studies have described infections in population-pairs along the speciation continuum from low to moderate or high degree of genetic differentiation that would address the possibility of parasite-mediated divergent selection in the early stages of the speciation process. Here we provide an example of divergent parasitism in freshwater fish ecotypes by examining macroparasite infections in threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) of four Swiss lake systems each harbouring parapatric lake-stream ecotype pairs. We demonstrate significant differences in infections within and between the pairs that are driven particularly by the parasite taxa transmitted to fish from benthic invertebrates. The magnitude of the differences tended to correlate positively with the extent of neutral genetic differentiation between the parapatric lake and stream populations of stickleback, whereas no such correlation was found among allopatric populations from similar or contrasting habitats. This suggests that genetic differentiation is unrelated to the magnitude of parasite infection contrasts when gene flow is constrained by geographical barriers while in the absence of physical barriers, genetic differentiation and the magnitude of differences in infections tend to be positively correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Karvonen
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Kay Lucek
- Eawag, Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
- Division of Aquatic Ecology & Macroevolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David A. Marques
- Eawag, Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
- Division of Aquatic Ecology & Macroevolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ole Seehausen
- Eawag, Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
- Division of Aquatic Ecology & Macroevolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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12
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Stutz WE, Lau OL, Bolnick DI. Contrasting patterns of phenotype-dependent parasitism within and among populations of threespine stickleback. Am Nat 2014; 183:810-25. [PMID: 24823824 DOI: 10.1086/676005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Variation in infection rate arises from variation in host exposure and resistance to parasites both within and among populations. All things being equal, phenotypes that increase exposure risk should covary positively with infection among individuals. It might therefore be expected that populations with mean phenotypes that increase exposure might also have higher rates of infection. However, such positive covariance between exposure and infection at the population level might be undermined by other factors such as geographic variation in parasite abundance or host resistance, negating or reversing in between-population comparisons. We studied rates of infection of two parasites among 18 populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). As predicted, within populations, trophic morphology covaries with infection of two trophically transmitted parasites: individuals with benthic (or limnetic) phenotypes were more likely to be infected with a benthic (or limnetic) parasite. However, across populations, the relationship between morphology and infection rate was absent (limnetic parasite) or reversed (benthic parasite). Our results confirm the importance of phenotype-dependent exposure, but stress different factors or processes, such as the evolution of reduced susceptibility, might shape variation in infection at larger spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Stutz
- Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
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13
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Karvonen A, Kristjánsson BK, Skúlason S, Lanki M, Rellstab C, Jokela J. Water temperature, not fish morph, determines parasite infections of sympatric Icelandic threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Ecol Evol 2013; 3:1507-17. [PMID: 23789063 PMCID: PMC3686187 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasite communities of fishes are known to respond directly to the abiotic environment of the host, for example, to water quality and water temperature. Biotic factors are also important as they affect the exposure profile through heterogeneities in parasite distribution in the environment. Parasites in a particular environment may pose a strong selection on fish. For example, ecological differences in selection by parasites have been hypothesized to facilitate evolutionary differentiation of freshwater fish morphs specializing on different food types. However, as parasites may also respond directly to abiotic environment the parasite risk does not depend only on biotic features of the host environment. It is possible that different morphs experience specific selection gradients by parasites but it is not clear how consistent the selection is when abiotic factors change. We examined parasite pressure in sympatric morphs of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) across a temperature gradient in two large Icelandic lakes, Myvatn and Thingvallavatn. Habitat-specific temperature gradients in these lakes are opposite. Myvatn lava rock morph lives in a warm environment, while the mud morph lives in the cold. In Thingvallavatn, the lava rock morph lives in a cold environment and the mud morph in a warm habitat. We found more parasites in fish living in higher temperature in both lakes, independent of the fish morph, and this pattern was similar for the two dominating parasite taxa, trematodes and cestodes. However, at the same time, we also found higher parasite abundance in a third morph living in deep cold-water habitat in Thingvallavatn compared to the cold-water lava morph, indicating strong effect of habitat-specific biotic factors. Our results suggest complex interactions between water temperature and biotic factors in determining the parasite community structure, a pattern that may have implications for differentiation of stickleback morphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of JyväskyläP.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Bjarni K Kristjánsson
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Holar University CollegeIS-550, Saudarkrokur, Iceland
| | - Skúli Skúlason
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Holar University CollegeIS-550, Saudarkrokur, Iceland
| | - Maiju Lanki
- Department of Biosciences, University of HelsinkiP.O.Box 65, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christian Rellstab
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of JyväskyläP.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLZürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jukka Jokela
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyP.O. Box 611, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative BiologyCH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Karvonen A, Lundsgaard-Hansen B, Jokela J, Seehausen O. Differentiation in parasitism among ecotypes of whitefish segregating along depth gradients. OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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The Role of Parasitism in Adaptive Radiations—When Might Parasites Promote and When Might They Constrain Ecological Speciation? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/280169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Research on speciation and adaptive radiation has flourished during the past decades, yet factors underlying initiation of reproductive isolation often remain unknown. Parasites represent important selective agents and have received renewed attention in speciation research. We review the literature on parasite-mediated divergent selection in context of ecological speciation and present empirical evidence for three nonexclusive mechanisms by which parasites might facilitate speciation: reduced viability or fecundity of immigrants and hybrids, assortative mating as a pleiotropic by-product of host adaptation, and ecologically-based sexual selection. We emphasise the lack of research on speciation continuums, which is why no study has yet made a convincing case for parasite driven divergent evolution to initiate the emergence of reproductive isolation. We also point interest towards selection imposed by single versus multiple parasite species, conceptually linking this to strength and multifariousness of selection. Moreover, we discuss how parasites, by manipulating behaviour or impairing sensory abilities of hosts, may change the form of selection that underlies speciation. We conclude that future studies should consider host populations at variable stages of the speciation process, and explore recurrent patterns of parasitism and resistance that could pinpoint the role of parasites in imposing the divergent selection that initiates ecological speciation.
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16
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Klemetsen A. The Charr Problem Revisited: Exceptional Phenotypic Plasticity Promotes Ecological Speciation in Postglacial Lakes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1608/frj-3.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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DINGEMANSE NIELSJ, OOSTERHOF CHRIS, VAN DER PLAS FONS, BARBER IAIN. Variation in stickleback head morphology associated with parasite infection. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Knudsen R, Klemetsen A, Amundsen PA, Hermansen B. Incipient speciation through niche expansion: an example from the Arctic charr in a subarctic lake. Proc Biol Sci 2006; 273:2291-8. [PMID: 16928630 PMCID: PMC1636095 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2006.3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two reproductive isolated morphs of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), termed profundal and littoral charr according to their different spawning habitats, co-occur in the postglacial lake Fjellfrøsvatn in North Norway. All profundal charr live in deep water their entire life and have a maximum size of 14cm, while the littoral charr grow to 40cm. Some small and young littoral charr move to the profundal zone in an ontogenetic habitat shift in the ice-free season and the rest of the population remains in epilimnic waters. The two morphs had different diet niches in the profundal zone: the profundal charr ate typical soft-bottom prey (chironomid larvae, pea mussels and benthic copepods), while the young littoral charr mainly consumed crustacean zooplankton. In four other lakes without a profundal morph (i.e. monomorphic populations), young charr also performed ontogenetic habitat shifts to the profundal zone and fed on zooplankton. The profundal morph of Fjellfrøsvatn therefore utilize a food resource niche that neither the littoral morph nor comparable monomorphic populations exploit. This suggests that intraspecific resource competition has driven incipient ecological speciation of the profundal charr of Fjellfrøsvatn. The exploitation of the soft-bottom resources by the profundal charr supports earlier experimental findings that the profundal morph is genetically different in trophic behaviour and morphology. The sympatric ecological divergence within the profundal habitat is possible because unexploited food resources (soft-bottom profundal prey) are available. Apparently, this represents a case of incipient segregation by expansion to new resource types (niche invasion), and not by subdivision of one broad ancestral niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Knudsen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, Breivika, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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Rafferty NE, Boughman JW. Olfactory mate recognition in a sympatric species pair of three-spined sticklebacks. Behav Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arl030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Scholz T, Kuchta R, Shinn AP, Snábel V, Hanzelová V. Host specificity and geographical distribution of Eubothrium in European salmonid fish. J Helminthol 2003; 77:255-62. [PMID: 12895285 DOI: 10.1079/joh2003188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The host specificity and distribution of Eubothrium crassum (Bloch, 1779) and Eubothrium salvelini (Schrank, 1790), morphologically fairly similar pseudophyllidean tapeworms parasitizing salmonid fish, were critically assessed on the basis of morphological and genetic evaluation of extensive material collected from different definitive hosts and geographical regions in Europe. Eubothrium crassum occurs in fish of the genera Salmo, i.e. salmon (S. salar - both freshwater and marine), sea trout (S. trutta trutta), brown trout (S. trutta fario), and lake trout (S. trutta lacustris), and also in Danubian salmon (Hucho hucho) and vendace (Coregonus albula). Eubothrium salvelini parasitizes Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Europe, and also whitefish (Coregonus wartmanni). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), which is not a native European fish species, was found to be a suitable definitive host for both Eubothrium species, which may occur simultaneously in the same fish. Previous records of E. crassum in Arctic char and brook trout, and those of E. salvelini in fish of the genus Salmo were most probably misidentifications. Most studies of Eubothrium have involved salmonids from the northern part of Europe, with few records from southern and south-eastern Europe. This study also confirmed the reliability of the morphology of the apical disc for the discrimination of E. crassum and E. salvelini.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Scholz
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisovská 31, 370 05 Ceské Budĕjovice, Czech Republic,
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Amundsen PA, Knudsen R, Kuris AM, Kristoffersen R. Seasonal and ontogenetic dynamics in trophic transmission of parasites. OIKOS 2003. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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