Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: The Mechanisms of Signaling Pathway Regulations

Quercetin protected the gut barrier in ulcerative colitis by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by abdominal pain and bloody diarrhoea and restoring the gut barrier is the core goal of UC treatment. Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) was reported to effectively alleviate symptoms and repair the gut barrier damage. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been recognized as potential targets in the treatment of UC. Ahr activation has been found to be capable of upregulating Nqo1, thereby reducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is important in the formation of NETs. Quercetin (QUE), which is derived from natural plants and herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is able to strengthen gut barrier function by activating Ahr.

PURPOSE

The aim of this study is to investigate how QUE suppresses NETs in UC and activates Ahr in neutrophils.

METHODS

In this study, the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC model was used. Histopathological assessments were performed in the paraffin slides of tissues after H&E, PAS, Masson and alcian blue staining. The concentration of cytokines was also detected using cytometric beads array kits. Based on the transcriptomic analysis of colon tissues, western blot (WB) analysis, immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays and immunofluorescence (IF) assays were conducted to validate the significantly regulated genes and pathways. In vitro, the binding of quercetin to Ahr was calculated by molecular dynamic simulations (MDS) and biolayer interferometry (BLI) analysis. Primary neutrophils isolated from mice were cocultured with LPS or PMA with or without quercetin. The regulated genes were detected using WB, real-time quantitative PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and IF analysis. The agonists and antagonist of Ahr were used as the control.

RESULTS

After the administration of quercetin, colon inflammation and gut barrier disruption was significantly prevented through inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and upregulating the expression of Ahr/Arnt and Nqo1. The transcriptomic analysis and IHC assays showed that inflammation and NETs were greatly decreased by QUE treatment. In vitro, quercetin inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory responses through NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, MDS and BLI analysis revealed that QUE is an agonist of AHR. QUE activated Ahr translocation and reduced ROS production via regulation of Arnt and Nqo1.

CONCLUSION

This study proved that quercetin greatly improved gut barrier function in the DSS-induced colitis model by regulating NET formation and that quercetin was able to activate Ahr and upregulate Arnt in neutrophils to regulate NET formation.

Maslinic Acid Ameliorates DSS-Induced Experimental Colitis by Suppressing Th Cell-Mediated Inflammation via AICD Induction

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a nonspecific chronic inflammatory disease that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract and is characterized by the breakdown of mucosal immunity. T helper (Th) cells paradigm disequilibrium is a critical for pathogenesis. Maslinic acid (MA), a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpene isolated from olive pomace and Fructus crataegi, has a variety of applications in both medicine and food. This study investigated the molecular mechanism of the anti-inflammatory potential of MA in a colitis model and activated Th cells. A dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis model was established. Clinical symptoms were evaluated, and biological samples were collected to examine intestinal mucosal function, inflammation levels, and Th cell-mediated immune responses. The mechanism of the activation-induced cell death (AICD) effect regulated by MA was investigated in the anti-CD3ε/CD28-stimulated Th cell activation model using molecular biotechnology and transcriptome analysis. Key results:MA treatment protected intestinal mucosa, which manifested as reduced inflammatory cytokines, Th cell infiltration, and subset differentiation. Additionally, it was found to suppress Th cell proliferation and differentiation of subsets, regulate cell cycle distribution, and promote AICD by regulating the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic pathway in vitro. JAK-STAT and FcεRI pathways were probable essential pathways, and MAF might be a crucial potential targeting molecule in activated Th cells with MA treatment. This finding demonstrated that MA induced remission of the colitis-related inflammation, which may depend on the resolution of acute inflammation by reducing Th cell-mediated inflammation via AICD induction, emphasizing its promising potential in the treatment of UC.

Regulation of pyroptosis by natural products in ulcerative colitis: mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, is driven by dysregulated immune responses and persistent intestinal inflammation. Pyroptosis, a caspase/gasdermin-mediated inflammatory cell death that exacerbates mucosal damage through excessive cytokine release and epithelial barrier disruption. Although pyroptosis is considered to be a key mechanism in the pathogenesis of UC, the systematic assessment of the role of natural products in targeting the pyroptosis pathway remains a critical research gap. The purpose of this review is to investigate the regulatory effects of natural products on pyroptosis in UC and elucidate the mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic effects. Key findings highlight polyphenols (e.g., resveratrol), flavonoids (e.g., Quercetin), and terpenoids as promising agents that inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation, suppress gasdermin D cleavage, and restore barrier integrity, thereby reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine release in preclinical UC models. Current evidence shows enhanced efficacy and safety when these compounds are combined with standard therapies, but clinical translation requires overcoming three key barriers: limited human trial data, uncharacterized polypharmacology, and suboptimal pharmacokinetics needing formulation refinement. Future research should prioritize standardized animal-to-human translational models, mechanistic studies on synergistic pathways, and rigorous clinical validation to harness the full potential of natural products in pyroptosis-targeted UC therapies.

Qing-Re-Hua-Shi Decoction ameliorates DSS-induced colitis by modulating multiple signaling pathways and remodeling the gut microbiota and metabolite profile

Background

Clinically, Qing-Re-Hua-Shi Decoction (QRHSD) has been clinically used to treat ulcerative colitis (UC) with satisfactory outcomes and minimal side effects. However, its molecular mechanisms remain unclear.

Purpose

This study investigates the effects of QRHSD on DSS-induced colitis in mice, employing multi-omics analyses, including RNA-seq transcriptomics, 16S rRNA microbiomics, non-targeted metabolomics, and network pharmacology analysis.

Methods

The chemical composition of QRHSD was analyzed using quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS). A UC mice model was induced by 3% DSS for 7 days. The effects and mechanisms of QRHSD on UC were evaluated via hematoxylin and eosin, immunofluorescence assay, flow cytometry, western blot, RNA-seq transcriptomics, 16S rRNA microbiomics, non-targeted metabolomics, and network pharmacology. Correlation analyses and validation experiments explored links between transcriptomic, microbiome, metabolomic profiles, and UC-related clinical indices.

Results

UPLC-Q-TOF/MS identified 55 compounds in QRHSD. QRHSD significantly reduced clinical activity, histological changes, and inflammatory factors in UC mice, regulated Th17/Treg balance, and enhanced intestinal barrier integrity. 16S rRNA analysis showed that QRHSD altered gut microbiota composition, increasing beneficial bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus) and decreasing harmful bacteria (e.g., Morganella). Non-targeted metabolomics revealed 507 metabolites associated with UC amelioration, enriched in pathways like bile secretion, ABC transporters, and amino acid biosynthesis. RNA-seq analysis, network pharmacology, and experimental verification showed that QRHSD significantly regulated key signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling pathways. Finally, correlation analysis highlighted connections among UC-related clinical factors, gut microbiota, and metabolites.

Conclusion

QRHSD could modulate the gut microbiota, metabolic homeostasis, and multiple signal pathways in the treatment of DSS-induced UC, revealing the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine therapy for UC.

Targeting ferroptosis in the treatment of ulcerative colitis by traditional Chinese medicine: A novel therapeutic strategies

BACKGROUND

The incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) has been rising rapidly in recent years, and there is currently no effective method to prevent its recurrence. Owing to its long treatment duration, difficulty in treatment, prolonged remission, and high costs, it has attracted global attention. Exploring safe, effective, and sustainable treatment regimens has become an urgent global issue. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has unique advantages such as low cost, low drug resistance, and fewer side effects, and has accumulated rich experience in the treatment of UC.

PURPOSE

Ferroptosis, as a new form of non-apoptotic cell death, is characterized by iron homeostatic imbalance and lipid peroxidation in the redox system. Studies have shown that inhibited ferroptosis in intestinal epithelial cells can protect the intestinal mucosa. Targeted intervention in ferroptosis may be a new direction for the treatment of UC.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic literature search with Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect and X-mol databases have been utilized to retrieve relevant literature up to October 2024, using keywords included ferroptosis, Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), UC, Crohn's disease and TCM, Chinese traditional prescription, Chinese medicine extract and active ingredients. The existing literature was comprehensively studied and sorted out.

RESULTS

Currently, UC is mainly treated with drugs, including corticosteroids, amino salicylates, biologics, and immunomodulators, but drug resistance and adverse reactions are common. Increasing evidence suggests that TCM may treat UC by interfering with ferroptosis. Scholars have confirmed that TCM can inhibit ferroptosis, and recent studies have shown that TCM can not only inhibit iron dependent lipid peroxidation in intestinal cells but also enhance the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities of intestinal mucosa, thus playing a role in the treatment of UC. This review explores the relevance of TCM intervention in ferroptosis and the treatment of UC, discusses the possible mechanisms of ferroptosis in UC, and aims to provide a basis for the diagnosis and treatment of UC.

CONCLUSION

It is revealed that TCM targeted ferroptosis has a good application prospect in the treatment of UC, providing a theoretical basis for elucidating the pathogenesis of UC and the study of TCM targeting ferroptosis regulating lipid metabolism in the treatment of UC, and providing a new perspective for the treatment of IBD in the future.

Nanotechnology-based drug delivery system for targeted therapy of ulcerative colitis from traditional Chinese medicine: A review

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic autoimmune disease and seriously affects the normal life of patients. Conventional therapeutic drugs are difficult to meet clinical needs. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) ingredients could effectively alleviate the symptoms of UC by anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, regulating the gut microbiota, and repairing the colonic epithelial barrier, but their low solubility and bioavailability severely limit their clinical application. Nano-drug delivery systems (NDDS) combined with TCM ingredients is a promising option for treating UC, and they could significantly enhance the stability, solubility, and bioavailability of TCM ingredients. The review describes the anti-UC mechanisms of TCM ingredients, systematically summarizes various kinds of NDDS for TCM ingredients according to different routes of administration, and highlights the advantages of NDDS for TCM ingredients in the treatmentof UC. In addition, we discuss the limitations of existing NDDS for TCM ingredients and the development direction in the future. This review will provide a basis for the future development of anti-UC NDDS for TCM ingredients.

Caffeic Acid Protects Against Ulcerative Colitis via Inhibiting Mitochondrial Apoptosis and Immune Overactivation in Drosophila

Background

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic intestinal inflammation that is prone to relapse and is difficult to fully recover; therefore, there is a need for safer alternative treatments. Caffeic acid (CA) is a natural polyphenolic compound that has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the beneficial effects and mechanisms of action of CA in UC remain unclear.

Purpose

This study evaluated the protective effect of CA against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced intestinal injury in Drosophila melanogaster model.

Results

Oral administration of CA significantly reduced body damage in UC flies, improved their survival rate, restored damaged digestion, and improved locomotion. CA supplementation significantly alleviated intestinal damage in UC flies by restoring excretion balance, repairing intestinal atrophy, improving acid-base balance imbalance, inhibiting intestinal structural destruction, inhibiting intestinal epithelial cell death and intestinal stem cell (ISC) excessive proliferation, and reducing the number of harmful bacteria. Mechanistic studies found that CA significantly reduced the expression of Toll and Imd pathway genes (including Myd88, Dif, PGRP-LC, Imd, Rel, and Dpt), reduced ROS levels and the expression of apoptosis-related genes (Debcl, Cyt-c-p, DrlCE, Dronc, and Dark), and increased ATP and MFN2 levels.

Conclusion

CA alleviated intestinal damage mainly by inhibiting the Toll and Imd signaling pathways and inhibiting apoptosis mediated by mitochondrial damage. These findings suggest that CA holds promise as a potential therapeutic for UC treatment.

A Comprehensive Review of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Management of Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, nonspecific inflammatory disorder characterized by symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, hematochezia, and urgency during defecation. While the primary site of involvement is the colon, UC can extend to encompass the entire rectum and colon. The causes and development mechanisms of UC are still not well understood; nonetheless, it is currently held that factors including environmental influences, genetic predispositions, intestinal mucosal integrity, gut microbiota composition, and immune dysregulation contribute to its development. Dysregulated immune responses are pivotal in the pathophysiology of UC, and these aberrant responses are considered key contributors to the disease onset. In patients with UC, immune cells become hyperactive and erroneously target normal intestinal tissue, resulting in inflammatory cascades and damage to the intestinal mucosa. The therapeutic strategies currently employed for UC include immunosuppressive agents such as aminosalicylates and corticosteroids. However, these treatments often prove costly and carry significant adverse effects - imposing a considerable burden on patients. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has attracted worldwide attention because of its multi-target approach, minimal side effects, cost-effectiveness, and favorable efficacy profiles. In this review, the ways in which TCM modulates inflammatory responses in the treatment of ulcerative colitis have been outlined. Research into TCM modalities for modulating inflammatory pathways in the treatment of UC, which has yielded promising advancements, including individual herbs, herbal formulations, and their derivatives, has been summarized. TCM has been utilized to treat UC and the immune system plays a key role in regulating intestinal homeostasis. It is imperative to facilitate large-scale evidence-based medical research and promote the clinical application of TCM in the management of UC.

Network pharmacology and in vivo study: Unraveling the therapeutic mechanisms of Panax ginseng in potentially treating ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic and challenging condition, necessitates the development of more effective treatments owing to the unsatisfactory efficacy and side effects associated with current medications. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), known for its multi-stage and multi-targeted approach, has a long history in treating gastrointestinal diseases and offering a promising alternative UC treatment. Panax ginseng (P. ginseng), a commonly used remedy for UC in TCM, exemplifies this potential, although the specific components and mechanisms through which its therapeutic effects are exerted remain to be fully elucidated, highlighting the need for further research to unlock its full potential as a treatment option.

AIM

To investigate the key constituents and biological pathways through which P. ginseng exerts therapeutic effects on UC.

METHODS

Network pharmacology investigated the UC-alleviating mechanism of P. ginseng, including “active ingredient-target-disease” network analysis, and Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses. Panaxadiol (PD; active ingredient of P. ginseng) was tested in a mouse model of 3% dextran sulfate sodium-induced UC, with assessments of body weight, Disease Activity Index scores, and colon length. Colitis and intestinal barrier integrity were analyzed via hematoxylin-eosin and Alcian blue and periodic acid-Schiff staining, immunohistochemistry, real time-quantitative PCR, and western blotting.

RESULTS

By integrating and analyzing the targets of P. ginseng and UC, 15 critical hub genes were discovered. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis revealed the mechanisms involved to be linked to MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling. Among the 10 main active ingredients identified as potentially effective, PD was most abundant and was validated in vivo to mitigate weight loss, reduce Disease Activity Index scores, and prevent colon shortening. PD also reduced inflammation and suppressed expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators. In addition, PD increased expression of mucin and tight junction proteins. Ultimately, PD counteracted effects of dextran sulfate sodium by inhibiting phosphorylation of NF-кB and MAPK, while increasing phosphorylation of AMPK and expression of NRF2 and NQO1.

CONCLUSION

PD alleviates colitis and aids intestinal barrier repair, partly via modulation of the MAPK/NF-кB and AMPK/NRF2/NQO1 pathways. These findings also suggest new research methods for treatment of UC with TCM.

The potential of Sijunzi decoction in the fight against gastrointestinal disorders: a review

Sijunzi Decoction (SJZD) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula widely used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Clinical studies have substantiated the efficacy of SJZD in managing conditions such as functional dyspepsia, chronic gastritis, gastric cancer, irritable bowel syndrome, colorectal cancer, and ulcerative colitis. Despite its proven effectiveness, the precise mechanisms by which SJZD operates remain incompletely understood. In this study, we undertake a systematic review of both the clinical applications and the mechanistic underpinnings of SJZD in the context of gastrointestinal disease treatment. Research indicates that SJZD functions through a spectrum of mechanisms including the regulation of intestinal flora, alleviation of inflammation, modulation of immune responses, and facilitation of mucosal repair in the treatment of gastrointestinal ailments. This comprehensive analysis aims to provide a clearer understanding of how SJZD benefits patients with gastrointestinal disorders.

The prospect and underlying mechanisms of Chinese medicine in treating periodontitis

Inflammation represents a critical immune response triggered by cellular activities and inflammatory mediators following tissue damage. It plays a central role in the pathological progression of diverse diseases, including psychiatric disorders, cancer, and immunological conditions, rendering it an essential target for therapeutic intervention. Periodontitis, a prevalent oral inflammatory disease, is a leading cause of tooth loss and poses significant health challenges globally. Traditionally, inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis have been treated with systemic administration of synthetic chemicals. However, recent years have witnessed challenges, including drug resistance and microbial dysbiosis associated with these treatments. In contrast, natural products derived from Chinese medicine offer numerous benefits, such as high safety profiles, minimal side effects, innovative pharmacological mechanisms, ease of extraction, and multiple targets, rendering them viable alternatives to conventional antibiotics for treating inflammatory conditions. Numerous effective anti-inflammatory natural products have been identified in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, lignans, and other natural products that exhibit inhibitory effects on inflammation and are potential therapeutic agents. Several studies have confirmed the substantial anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of these compounds. This comprehensive review examines the literature on the anti-inflammatory effects of TCM-derived natural products from databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI, focusing on terms like "inflammation", "periodontitis", "pharmacology", and "traditional Chinese medicine". The analysis systematically summarizes the molecular pharmacology, chemical composition, and biological activities of these compounds in inflammatory responses, alongside their mechanisms of action. This research seeks to deepen understanding of the mechanisms and biological activities of herbal extracts in managing inflammatory diseases, potentially leading to the development of promising new anti-inflammatory drug candidates. Future applications could extend to the treatment of various inflammatory conditions, including periodontitis.

Mapping the Evolution of IBD Treatment: A Bibliometric Study on Biologics and Small Molecules

Objectives: This bibliometric analysis investigates recent research trends in biologics and small molecules for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) based on literature from the past decade. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved analyzing data retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database to examine the evolution and thematic trends of biological agents and small-molecular drugs for IBD conducted between 1 January 2014, and 20 September 2024. VOSviewer software was utilized to assess co-authorship, co-occurrence, co-citation, and network visualization, followed by a further discussion on significant sub-themes. Results: From 2014 to 20 September 2024, the annual number of global publications increased by 23%, reflecting an acceleration in research activity. The journal "Inflammatory Bowel Diseases" published the highest number of manuscripts (579 publications) and garnered the most citations (13,632 citations), followed by the "Journal of Crohn's & Colitis" (480 publications) and "Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics" (250 publications). The United States led in productivity with 1943 publications and 66,320 citations, with UC San Diego (291) and authors Sandborn and Vermeire (180) topping the list. The co-occurrence cluster analysis of the top 100 keywords resulted in the formation of six distinct clusters: Disease Mechanisms, Drug Development, Surgical Interventions, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM), Immunological Targets, and Emerging Therapies. Burst terms (TNF-α inhibitors, JAK inhibitors, and trough-level optimization) highlight trends toward personalized biologics and small-molecule regimens. Conclusions: The bibliometric analysis indicates that IBD therapeutic research and clinical applications focus on biologics and small molecules, with research trends leaning toward precise therapy conversion or the combination in non-responders. Future work will assess monotherapy, the combination, and conversion therapies and investigate new drugs targeting inflammatory pathways.

Quzhou Aurantii Fructus Flavonoids Ameliorate Inflammatory Responses, Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in DSS-Induced Colitis by Modulating PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway and Gut Microbiome

Purpose

To explore the protective effect and underlying mechanism of Quzhou Aurantii Fructus flavonoids (QAFF) on Ulcerative colitis (UC).

Methods

The constituents of QAFF were accurately determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The therapeutic impacts of QAFF were assessed in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice, focusing on the changes in body weight, disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histological assessment of colonic tissues, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and expression of tight junction proteins. Western blotting confirmed key regulatory proteins within the differential signaling pathways, guided by transcriptome analysis. Additionally, the influence of QAFF on the gut microbiome was explored through 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing. The alterations in endogenous metabolites were detected by untargeted metabolomics, and their potential correlation with intestinal flora was then examined utilizing Spearman correlation analysis. Subsequently, the regulation of gut microbiome by QAFF was validated by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).

Results

Eleven flavonoids, including Naringin and hesperidin, were initially identified from QAFF. In vivo experiments demonstrated that QAFF effectively ameliorated colitis symptoms, reduced IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels, enhanced intestinal barrier integrity, and downregulated PI3K/AKT pathway activation. Furthermore, QAFF elevated the levels of beneficial bacteria like Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Alloprevotella and concurrently reduced the pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia-Shigella, [Eubacterium]_siraeum_group, and Parabacteroides. Metabolomics analysis revealed that 34 endogenous metabolites exhibited significant alterations, predominantly associated with Glycerophospholipid metabolism. These metabolites were significantly correlated with those differential bacteria modulated by QAFF. Lastly, the administration of QAFF via FMT ameliorated the colitis symptoms.

Conclusion

QAFF could ameliorate inflammatory responses and intestinal barrier dysfunction in DSS-induced UC mice probably by modulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and gut microbiome, offering promising evidence for the therapeutic potential of QAFF in UC treatment.

The role of macrophage polarization in ulcerative colitis and its treatment

Macrophages have great plasticity. Typically, there are two of activated macrophages: M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages. Of them, M1 macrophages play a major role in responses that are pro-inflammatory, while M2 macrophages play an important part in responses that are anti-inflammatory. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, non-specific inflammatory disease of the intestine. The pathophysiology and course of UC are significantly influenced by the inflammatory response triggered by macrophage activation. M1 is a possible cause of increased inflammation in UC whereas M2 has a significant function in the healing of inflammation. The polarization imbalance of intestinal M1/M2 macrophages is closely linked to UC. Thus, by suppressing M1 polarization, encouraging M2 polarization, and reestablishing macrophage polarization balance, the treatment of UC based on macrophage polarization is beneficial for UC. Not only chemical drugs, but also traditional Chinese medicine compounds and herbal extracts have been shown to restore the balance of macrophage polarization, providing a new idea in the treatment of UC.

Kuiyangling Enema Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis Mice by Reducing Levels of Intestinal NETs and Promoting HuR/VDR Signaling

Purpose

Kuiyangling is a traditional Chinese medicine formula used for the treatment of ulcerative colitis, but the specific mechanism remains unclear. Imbalance in NETs regulation is one of the important factors contributing to the onset of ulcerative colitis (UC). The HuR/VDR signaling pathway plays a significant role in restoring the intestinal mucosal barrier in UC. The aim of this study is to explore the mechanism of Kuiyangling in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Methods

A mouse model of ulcerative colitis using 3% DSS water was considered, and model, normal, Kuiyangling medium- (5 g·kg-1) and high-dose (10 g·kg-1), and mesalazine (50 mg·kg-1) groups were created. Measurements of colon length, spleen index, histopathological variances, subcellular structure observations, ROS content, and NET-related proteins (PAD4, MPO, citH3) were obtained through HE staining, electron microscopy, live imaging, and Western blotting assays. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses were conducted to assess the levels of HuR/VDR protein complex, ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-7, and intestinal NETs. An ELISA kit was utilized to determine cytokine levels, LC-MS was performed to analyze the composition of Kuiyangling, and next-generation sequencing was conducted for detection of the intestinal mucosal transcriptome.

Results

Kuiyangling reduced DAI, splenic index, and ROS content; maintained mucosal structure; decreased inflammation; and increased colon length and body mass index. Western blotting indicated that Kuiyangling reduced PAD4,MPO, and citH3 levels. Kuiyangling decreased NETs and increased the expression levels of ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-7, as well as up-regulating HuR, VDR, and HuR/VDR proteins. Kuiyangling reduced IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels while increasing TGF-β, IL-10, and IL-37 levels. Kuiyangling reduced inflammatory response proteins and elevated the levels of anti-inflammatory and intestinal barrier proteins, possibly inhibiting the TNF and oxidative phosphorylation signaling pathways.

Conclusion

Kuiyangling enema in treating ulcerative colitis in mice, associated with a reduction in intestinal NETs and enhancement of HuR-mediated intestinal barrier signaling pathways.

Curcumin attenuates ulcerative colitis via regulation of Sphingosine kinases 1/NF-κB signaling pathway

Curcumin, a compound from Curcuma longa L., has significant anti-inflammatory properties. However, the mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammatory activity in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) remain inadequately understood. This study aimed to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms of curcumin DSS-induced UC mice. Our data showed that curcumin alleviated DSS-induced colitis by reducing intestinal damage and inflammation, increasing goblet cells in colon tissues. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that curcumin reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-8) in serum and myeloperoxidase in colon tissues. A comprehensive analysis integrating network pharmacology and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed significant enrichment of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Notably, RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that curcumin significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1). Furthermore, molecular docking analysis showed that curcumin can bind to SphK1 and NF-κB. Additionally, curcumin was found to inhibit the activation of the SphK1/NF-κB signaling pathway in DSS-induced UC colon tissue. This study addresses pharmacologic and mechanistic perspectives of curcumin that ameliorates DSS-induced UC and inflammatory response.

Mechanism of Action of Tongjiang Mixture for Treating Reflux Esophagitis: A Study Using Serum Pharmacochemistry and Network Pharmacology

Tongjiang Mixture (TJM) is a traditional Chinese formula for treating reflux esophagitis (RE). Nevertheless, its active ingredients and potential pharmacological mechanisms are not yet clearly elucidated. This study will identify the active ingredients of TJM using serum pharmacochemistry and to elucidate the mechanism on RE through network pharmacology. The blood-borne ingredients of TJM are identified by the Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometer. Subsequently, a "compound-target-disease" network is established and obtained core targets associated with TJM and RE. Then, the potential signaling pathways are forecasted through the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis. Finally, the rat model of RE is established to verify the results predicted by network pharmacology through animal experiments. Fifteen blood-borne ingredients of TJM are identified, with eight active ingredients-namely Tangeretin, Tricin, Palmati, Berberine, Limonin, Evodiamine, Tetrahydropalmatine and Rutecarpine - making significant contributions to its efficacy. Moreover, TJM is predicted to act on 193 targets related to RE, involving AKT1, HSP90AA1, PIK3CA, and other targets, which enriches mainly in PI3K/AKT /NF-κB signaling. Additionally, TJM can alleviate inflammation of the esophageal mucosa, reduce pathological damage, and increase gastric pH. It can downregulate PI3K, AKT, and NF-κB mRNA transcription levels and reduce the protein expression of PI3K, AKT, and NF-κB. Furthermore, it can inhibit the overproduction of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-17. TJM can alleviate immune-inflammatory responses and ameliorate RE by restraining the PI3K/AKT pathway and its downstream NF-κB.

Zuojin Pill Alleviates Precancerous Lesions of Gastric Cancer by Modulating the MEK/ERK/c-Myc Pathway: An Integrated Approach of Network Pharmacology, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, and Experimental Validation

Background

Precancerous lesions of gastric cancer (PLGC) represent critical stages in gastric cancer progression, with a high risk of malignancy. Current treatments, such as Helicobacter pylori eradication, show limited efficacy in reversing precancerous molecular changes. Zuojin Pill (ZJP), a traditional Chinese medicine, has demonstrated potential for treating digestive disorders and may offer a promising approach for PLGC intervention.

Objective

This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of ZJP in treating PLGC, focusing on its active components, target pathways, and molecular interactions. By using advanced analytical techniques, we provide a scientific foundation for ZJP's potential application in early gastric cancer intervention.

Methods

Using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS), we identified active components in ZJP. A network pharmacology approach was then applied to construct a "ZJP-compound-target-disease" network. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to analyze the stability and interactions of the main active components of ZJP with core protein targets in PLGC. Animal experiments were used to validate significant targets and pathways in vivo.

Results

Tangeritin, Isorhamnetin, Caffeic Acid, Azelaic Acid, and Adenosine were identified as the main active components of ZJP in the treatment of PLGC, with key targets including PIK3R1, MAPK3, SRC, JAK2, STAT3, and PIK3CA. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations further confirmed the relationship between compounds and target proteins. The potential molecular mechanism of ZJP predicted by network pharmacology analysis was confirmed in PLGC rats. ZJP downregulated IL-6, TNF-α, c-myc, p-MEK1 and p-ERK1/2, effectively reversing the progression of PLGC.

Conclusion

ZJP can reverse MNNG-induced PLGC, potentially through inhibition of the MEK/ERK/c-myc pathway and regulation of cellular proliferation and apoptosis.

Rutin Ameliorates Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Ulcerative Colitis by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling Pathway

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic inflammatory disease. We intend to explore the mechanism of Rutin in the therapy of UC. Disease activity index (DAI) and hematoxylin-eosin staining were employed to assess therapeutic effect of Rutin on dextran sulfate sodium-stimulated mice. The proliferation was detected by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. Oxidative stress (OS) was assessed by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Inflammatory factors were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence staining. mRNA and protein expressions were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting assay. Rutin decreased DAI scores and ameliorated pathological damage in UC mice with decreased levels of inflammatory factors. Rutin recovered the inhibited proliferation of fetal human colon cells caused by lipopolysaccharide. Rutin inhibited OS by reducing ROS and MDA, while enhancing SOD activity in LPS-induced fetal human colon cells. Rutin inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome in UC mice and cell model. Silencing NLRP3 enhanced the inhibitory effect of Rutin on OS in lipopolysaccharide-induced fetal human colon cells. Conversely, NLRP3 overexpression reversed the restraining role of Rutin in OS. Rutin ameliorates UC by inhibiting inflammation and OS through suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome.

Paeoniae radix alba improved intestinal mucosal microcirculation disturbance by regulating lncRNA MALAT1/HIF-1α pathway in the treatment of ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND

Microcirculatory problems in the intestinal mucosa are the primary cause of ulcerative colitis (UC). Although UC is commonly treated with paeoniae radix alba (PRA), its exact mechanism of action is unclear.

PURPOSE

To examine how PRA affects UC induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and the mechanism of its effects.

METHODS

The primary active components of PRA were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and network pharmacology techniques were used to predict the possible targets of action and signaling pathways in treatment for UC. A model of UC was established in vivo using rats, and a PRA intervention was performed. The amounts of cytokines in the colonic tissues and serum were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The permeability of the intestinal mucosa was measured using a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran assay and western blot. A PeriCam PSI system was used to view the microcirculation of the intestinal mucosa, and immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence stains were used to detect angiogenesis. An electron microscope was used to observe the damage to the endothelium of the colon. Western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses were used to evaluate the protein expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) in colon tissues, and qRT-PCR was used to assess the lncRNA expression of MALAT1.

RESULTS

HPLC identified 10 main active components of PRA, and the network pharmacology results showed that the treatment of UC with PRA was associated with the HIF-1 signaling pathway. The results of animal experiments revealed that PRA significantly improved the pathological damage to the colon and the microcirculatory issues in the intestinal mucosa. PRA also inhibited colonic endothelial cell damage and angiogenesis, which may be related to the inhibition of the increased expression of lncRNA MALAT1 and HIF-1α in colon tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

The anti-UC effect of PRA by improving intestinal mucosal microcirculatory disorders was first reported in this study. PRA deactivated the lncRNA MALAT1/HIF-1α pathway, inhibited endothelial angiogenesis, restored intestinal mucosal microvascular homeostasis, improved microcirculatory disorders, and alleviated the symptoms of DSS-induced UC in rats.

Ganjiang Huangqin Huanglian Renshen Decoction protects against ulcerative colitis by modulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a disease that is difficult to treat and has been associated with high rates of recurrence. Moreover, the current medications for UC induce serious side effects following prolonged use. Ganjiang Huangqin Huanglian Renshen Decoction (GJHQHLRSD), has been traditionally used to treat UC. However, its protective mechanisms have not been fully studied.

PURPOSE

In this study the mechanisms by which GJHQHLRSD treats UC was investigated.

METHODS

The GJHQHLRSD and GJHQHLRSD drug-containing serum (GJHQHLRSD-DS) were characterized using LC-MS/MS. The therapeutic effect of GJHQHLRSD on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC was explored by assessing various parameters including intestinal flora 16S rRNA, intestinal barrier function, oxidative stress (OS) response, inflammatory cytokines, colonic histopathological injury, colon length, disease activity index (DAI) and body weight.

RESULTS

Treatment with GJHQHLRSD increased body weight, ameliorated colon length shortening and edema, reduced the DAI score, improved the pathological injury, down-regulated the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, LPS, LDH, TLR4, and NLRP3, and up-regulated the ZO-1 and Occludin levels in UC mice. It also decreased intestinal oxidative stress in UC mice and improved mitogenic activity by modulating mitochondrial ultrastructure as well as the expression level of PINK1, LC3-II/Ⅰ, Beclin-1, p62, and Parkin proteins. In addition, we found that the effects of GJHQHLRSD on UC mice were inhibited by 3-MA.GJHQHLRSD treatment reduced the imbalance of intestinal flora in UC mice, by regulating the inflammation and oxidative stress.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggested that GJHQHLRSD effectively attenuated inflammatory responses, inhibited the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signalling, oxidative stress, and modulated the gut microbiota, and alleviated the DSS-induced UC symptoms, making it a promising and innovative therapeutic option for the treatment of UC.

NIR-II Image-Guided Wound Healing in Hypoxic Diabetic Foot Ulcers: The Potential of Ergothioneine-Luteolin-Chitin Hydrogels

Hypoxic diabetic foot ulcers (HDFUs) pose a challenging chronic condition characterized by oxidative stress damage, bacterial infection, and persistent inflammation. This study introduces a novel therapeutic approach combining ergothioneine (EGT), luteolin (LUT), and quaternized chitosan oxidized dextran (QCOD) to address these challenges and facilitate wound healing in hypoxic DFUs. In vitro, assessments have validated the biosafety, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of the ergothioneine-luteolin-chitin (QCOD@EGT-LUT) hydrogel. Furthermore, near-infrared II (NIR-II) fluorescence image-guided the application of QCOD@EGT-LUT hydrogel in simulated HDFUs. Mechanistically, QCOD@EGT-LUT hydrogel modulates the diabetic wound microenvironment by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). In vivo studies demonstrated increased expression of angiogenic factors mannose receptor (CD206) and latelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31), coupled with decreased inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6), thereby promoting diabetic wound healing through up-regulation of transforming growth factor β-1 (TGF-β1).

Optimal traditional Chinese medicine formulas in treating ulcerative colitis: Choose one or take it all?

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that presents significant treatment challenges due to its complexity, especially in terms of the various side effects that traditional medications may bring during the chronic course of the disease. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has emerged as a promising complementary therapy for UC. Based on the latest research, our editorial explored the current issues and potential essential research directions for TCM in treating UC. We anticipate that future high-quality research will pave the way for the optimization of TCM formulas for UC and their broader global application.

Efficacy and safety of tanshinone IIA in combination with mesalazine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a Systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by relapsing inflammation of the colon. Tanshinone IIA, a compound derived from traditional Chinese medicine, has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties and may enhance treatment outcomes when combined with mesalazine. This study aims to determine the overall response rate of Tanshinone IIA in combination with mesalazine for the treatment of UC.

METHODS

We reviewed articles from the establishment of the databases until April 2023 in the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, CQVIP, and CBM databases. They included a randomized controlled trial in which the intervention group was given tanshinone IIA plus mesalazine (T + M), while the comparative group was given only mesalazine (M). We removed duplicates or similar papers; papers with no available full text or incomplete data; animal research; and review and systematic review articles. STATA 15.1 was used to analyze the data.

RESULTS

The perceived total effectiveness rate of T + M was found to be higher than M and the difference was found to be significant (P = 0.000). Additionally, pooled results show that TNF-α (P = 0.000) and CRP (P = 0.000) levels in the T + M group were all significantly lower than that in the M group. Furthermore, MHC-II expression in the T + M group was minors compared to that of the M group (P = 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events between the T + M and M groups (P = 0.700).

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis demonstrates that combining tanshinone IIA with mesalazine significantly enhances the overall treatment efficacy for ulcerative colitis compared to mesalazine alone. Tanshinone IIA also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by reducing TNF-α, CRP levels, and MHC-II expression without notably increasing adverse events. Despite some limitations, these findings suggest that tanshinone IIA can be a promising adjunctive therapy for ulcerative colitis. Further large-scale, multi-center studies are needed to confirm these results and establish the long-term safety and effectiveness of this combination therapy.

Functional allocation of Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) unveils thermotolerance in scallop Argopecten irradians irradians

Global warming has significantly impacted agriculture, particularly in animal husbandry and aquaculture industry. Rising ocean temperatures due to global warming are severely affecting shellfish production, necessitating an understanding of how shellfish cope with thermal stress. The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in cell growth, differentiation, adaptation to environmental stress, inflammatory response, and managing high temperature stress. To investigate the function of MAPKs in bay scallops, a comparative genomics and bioinformatics approach identified three MAPK genes: AiERK, Aip38, and AiJNK. Structural and phylogenetic analyses of these proteins were conducted to determine their evolutionary relationships. Spatiotemporal expression patterns were examined at different developmental stages and in various tissues of healthy adult scallops. Additionally, the expression regulation of these genes was studied in selected tissues (hemocyte, gill, heart, mantle) following exposure to high temperatures (32 °C) for different durations (0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 3 d, 6 d, 10 d). The spatiotemporal expressions of AiMAPKs were ubiquitous, with significant increases in AiERK expression observed at the umbo larval stage (3.09-fold), while Aip38 and AiJNK were identified as potential maternal effect genes. In adult scallops, different gene expression patterns of AiMAPKs were observed across eight tissues, with high expressions in the foot and gill, and lower expressions in the striated muscle. Following high temperature stress, AiMAPKs expressions in the gill and mantle were mainly up-regulated, while in the hemocyte, they were primarily down-regulated. These findings indicate time- and tissue-dependent expression patterns with functional allocation in response to different thermal durations. This study enhances our understanding of the function and evolution of AiMAPKs genes in shellfish and provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the energy regulation mechanism of bay scallops in response to high temperature stress.

Ginsenoside Rb1 Alleviates DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis by Protecting the Intestinal Barrier Through the Signal Network of VDR, PPARγ and NF-κB

Purpose

Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is an herbal medicine used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has the effects of treating colitis and other diseases. Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1), a major component of ginseng, modulates autoimmunity and metabolism. However, the mechanism underlying GRb1 treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) has not yet been elucidated. UC is a refractory inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with a high recurrence rate, and researches on new drugs for UC have been in the spotlight for a long time.

Methods

Mice with DSS-induced UC were treated with GRb1 or 0.9% saline for 10 days. Colon tissue of UC mice was collected to detect the levels of intestinal inflammatory cytokines and integrity of the intestinal barrier. RNA-seq and network pharmacology were used to predict the therapeutic targets of GRb1 during UC treatment.

Results

GRb1 treatment alleviated intestinal inflammation and improved intestinal barrier dysfunction in UC mice. Specifically, GRb1 downregulated the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, while upregulating the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Additionally, GRb1 treatment increased the levels of tight junction proteins including ZO-1, Occludin, and E-cadherin, which are crucial for maintaining intestinal barrier integrity. Further analyses using RNA-seq and network pharmacology suggested that these effects might involve the regulation of GRb1 in the signal transduction network of VDR, PPARγ, and NF-κB.

Conclusion

The study demonstrated that GRb1 effectively alleviated UC by modulating intestinal inflammation and protecting the integrity of the intestinal barrier through the signal transduction network of VDR, PPARγ, and NF-κB.

Qin-Yu-Qing-Chang decoction reshapes colonic metabolism by activating PPAR-γ signaling to inhibit facultative anaerobes against DSS-induced colitis

BACKGROUND

Qin-Yu-Qing-Chang decoction (QYQC), an herbal formula from China, is extensively employed to manage ulcerative colitis (UC) and exhibits potential benefits for colonic function. Nevertheless, the fundamental molecular mechanisms of QYQC remain largely uncharted.

METHODS

The primary constituents of QYQC were determined utilizing UHPLC-MS/MS analysis and the effectiveness of QYQC was assessed in a mouse model of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium. Evaluations of colon inflammatory responses and mucosal barrier function were thoroughly assessed. RNA sequencing, molecular docking, colonic energy metabolism, and 16S rRNA sequencing analysis were applied to uncover the complex mechanisms of QYQC in treating UC. Detect the signal transduction of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) both in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Furthermore, a PPAR-γ antagonist was strategically utilized to confirm the functional targets that QYQC exerts.

RESULTS

Utilizing UHPLC-MS/MS, the principal constituents of the nine traditional Chinese medicinal herbs comprising QYQC were systematically identified. QYQC treatment substantially ameliorated colitis in mice, as evidenced by the improvement in symptoms and the reduction in colonic pathological injuries. Besides, QYQC treatment mitigated the inflammatory response and improved mucosal barrier function. Furthermore, QYQC enhanced the mitochondria citrate cycle (TCA cycle) by triggering PPAR-γ signaling and increasing the proportion of PPAR-γ entering the nucleus. This prevented the unconstrained expansion of facultative anaerobes, particularly pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli, family Enterobacteriaceae) and thus improved colitis. Results of molecular docking indicated that the representative chemical components of QYQC including Baicalin, Paeoniflorin, Mollugin, and Imperatorin bound well with PPAR-γ. The impact of QYQC on colitis was diminished in the presence of a PPAR-γ antagonist.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, QYQC ameliorates UC by activating PPAR-γ signaling and increasing the proportion of PPAR-γ entering the nucleus, which enhances the energy metabolism of intestinal epithelial cells and thereby preventing the uncontrolled proliferation of facultative anaerobes.

Gut microecology: effective targets for natural products to modulate uric acid metabolism

Gut microecology,the complex community consisting of microorganisms and their microenvironments in the gastrointestinal tract, plays a vital role in maintaining overall health and regulating various physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies have highlighted the significant impact of gut microecology on the regulation of uric acid metabolism. Natural products, including monomers, extracts, and traditional Chinese medicine formulations derived from natural sources such as plants, animals, and microorganisms, have also been investigated for their potential role in modulating uric acid metabolism. According to research, The stability of gut microecology is a crucial link for natural products to maintain healthy uric acid metabolism and reduce hyperuricemia-related diseases. Herein, we review the recent advanced evidence revealing the bidirectional regulation between gut microecology and uric acid metabolism. And separately summarize the key evidence of natural extracts and herbal formulations in regulating both aspects. In addition,we elucidated the important mechanisms of natural products in regulating uric acid metabolism and secondary diseases through gut microecology, especially by modulating the composition of gut microbiota, gut mucosal barrier, inflammatory response, purine catalyzation, and associated transporters. This review may offer a novel insight into uric acid and its associated disorders management and highlight a perspective for exploring its potential therapeutic drugs from natural products.

Exploring the Underlying Mechanisms of Preventive Treatment Related to Dietary Factors for Gastric Diseases

Gastric diseases have emerged as one of the main chronic diseases in humans, leading to considerable health, social, and economic burdens. As a result, using food or "food and medicinal homologous substances" has become an effective strategy to prevent gastric diseases. Diet may play a crucial role in the prevention and mitigation of gastric diseases, particularly long-term and regular intake of specific dietary components that have a protective effect on the stomach. These key components, extracted from food, include polysaccharides, alkaloids, terpenoids, polyphenols, peptides, probiotics, etc. The related mechanisms involve regulating gastric acid secretion, protecting gastric mucosa, increasing the release of gastric defense factors, decreasing the level of inflammatory factors, inhibiting Helicobacter pylori infection, producing antioxidant effects or reducing oxidative damage, preventing gastric oxidative stress by inhibiting lipid peroxides, activating Nrf2 signaling pathway, and inhibiting NF-κB, TLR4, and NOS/NO signaling pathways.

Five commonly used traditional Chinese medicine formulas in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: A network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Currently, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas are commonly being used as adjunctive therapy for ulcerative colitis in China. Network meta-analysis, a quantitative and comprehensive analytical method, can systematically compare the effects of different adjunctive treatment options for ulcerative colitis, providing scientific evidence for clinical decision-making.

AIM

To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of commonly used TCM for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) in clinical practice through a network meta-analysis.

METHODS

Clinical randomized controlled trials of these TCM formulas used for the adjuvant treatment of UC were searched from the establishment of the databases to July 1, 2022. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were screened and evaluated for literature quality and risk of bias according to the Cochrane 5.1 standard. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using ReviewManager (RevMan) 5.4, and a funnel plot was constructed to test for publication bias. ADDIS 1.16 statistical software was used to perform statistical analysis of the treatment measures and derive the network relationship and ranking diagrams of the various intervention measures.

RESULTS

A total of 64 randomized controlled trials involving 5456 patients with UC were included in this study. The adjuvant treatment of UC using five TCM formulations was able to improve the clinical outcome of the patients. Adjuvant treatment with Baitouweng decoction (BTWT) showed a significant effect [mean difference = 36.22, 95% confidence interval (CI): 7.63 to 65.76]. For the reduction of tumor necrosis factor in patients with UC, adjunctive therapy with BTWT (mean difference = −9.55, 95%CI: −17.89 to −1.41), Shenlingbaizhu powder [SLBZS; odds ratio (OR) = 0.19, 95%CI: 0.08 to 0.39], and Shaoyao decoction (OR = −23.02, 95%CI: −33.64 to −13.14) was effective. Shaoyao decoction was more effective than BTWT (OR = 0.12, 95%CI: 0.03 to 0.39), SLBZS (OR = 0.19, 95%CI: 0.08 to 0. 39), and Xi Lei powder (OR = 0.34, 95%CI: 0.13 to 0.81) in reducing tumor necrosis factor and the recurrence rate of UC.

CONCLUSION

TCM combined with mesalazine is more effective than mesalazine alone in the treatment of UC.

The effect of novel paraprobiotic cocktail on dextran sodium sulfate induced acute colitis control focusing on autophagy signaling pathway

PURPOSE

Paraprobiotics are a non-viable form of probiotics that are reported to provide significant health benefits. Nevertheless, little is known about the beneficial effects of paraprobiotics on inflammatory bowel disease. Although probiotics show potential as therapeutic agents for a range of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), there are certain risks associated with their use. These risks include toxin production, hemolytic potential, antibiotic resistance, and the need to analyze metabolic activities. Hence Using paraprobiotic with the lower aforementioned risk would therefore be the preferable option. Here, we conducted an in vivo study to evaluate the preventive effect of our native paraprobiotic cocktail against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced murine colitis by affecting the autophagy signaling pathway.

METHODS

Four-week-old male C57Bl/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups after a two-week acclimation period with normal standard laboratory food diet. Mice were administered PBS (PBS group as control), PBS along with DSS (DSS group, as a control), and a cocktail of paraprobiotics along with DSS (Para group). The severity of colitis, length and histopathology of the colon were evaluated. In addition, the expression of autophagy was assessed using real-time PCR.

RESULTS

The results showed that administration of the paraprobiotic cocktail to DSS-treated mice inhibited the severity of colitis symptoms, as evidenced by the inhibition of weight loss and DAI, as well as histopathological scores in the study colon, as well as shortening of colon length caused by DSS. In contrast to the DSS group, the cocktail was able to modulate inflammation through upregulation of autophagy-related genes (becline 1, atg5, atg7, atg12, and atg13).

CONCLUSION

Although there are some limitations in our investigation, such as the dosage and duration of treatments, our native paraprobiotic blend effectively prevented the advancement of colitis. This suggests that it plays a vital role in regulating inflammation and preventing colitis by promoting the autophagy mechanism in cases where the consumption of probiotics may have negative consequences.

Gegen Qinlian decoction ameliorates TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis by regulating Th2/Th1 and Tregs/Th17 cells balance, inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reshaping gut microbiota

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Chinese herbal medicine Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD) has been clinically shown to be an effective treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) in China. However, the underlying mechanism of GQD's anti-ulcerative colitis properties and its effect on gut microbiota still deserve further exploration.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study observed the regulatory effects of GQD on Th2/Th1 and Tregs/Th17 cells balance, the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) infammasome and gut microbiota in TNBS-induced UC in BALB/c mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

61 main chemical compounds in the GQD were determined by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. The UC BALB/c model was established by intrarectal administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), and GQD was orally administered at low and high dosages of 2.96 and 11.83 g/kg/day, respectively. The anti-inflammatory effects of GQD for ulcerative colitis were evaluated by survival rate, body weight, disease activity index (DAI) score, colonic weight and index, spleen index, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and histopathological scores. Flow cytometry was used to detect the percentage of CD4, Th1, Th2, Th17 and Tregs cells. The levels of Th1-/Th2-/Th17-/Tregs-related inflammatory cytokines and additional proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-18) were detected by CBA, ELISA, and RT-PCR. The expressions of GATA3, T-bet, NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-Iβ, Occludin and Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) on colon tissues were detected by Western blot and RT-PCR. Transcriptome sequencing was performed using colon tissue and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on intestinal contents. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was employed to assess the contribution of intestinal microbiota and its correlation with CD4 T cells and the NLRP3 inflammasome.

RESULTS

GQD increased the survival rate of TNBS-induced UC in BALB/c mice, and significantly improved their body weight, DAI score, colonic weight and index, spleen index, and histological characteristics. The intestinal barrier dysfunction was repaired after GQD administration through promoting the expression of tight junction proteins (Occludin and ZO-1). GQD restored the balance of Th2/Th1 and Tregs/Th17 cells immune response of colitis mice, primarily inhibiting the increase in Th2/Th1 ratio and their transcription factor production (GATA3 and T-bet). Morever, GQD changed the secretion of Th1-/Th2-/Th17-/Tregs-related cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, IL-5, IL-13, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17A) and reduced the expressions of IL-1β, IL-18. Transcriptome results suggested that GQD could also remodel the immune inflammatory response of colitis by inhibiting NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, and Western blot, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR further revealed that GQD exerted anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome, such as down-regulating the expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1 and IL-1β. More interestingly, GQD regulated gut microbiota dysbiosis, suppressed the overgrowth of conditional pathogenic gut bacteria like Helicobacter, Proteobacteria, and Mucispirillum, while the probiotic gut microbiota, such as Lactobacillus, Muribaculaceae, Ruminiclostridium_6, Akkermansia, and Ruminococcaceae_unclassified were increased. We further confirmed that GQD-treated gut microbiota was sufficient to relieve TNBS-induced colitis by FMT, involving the modulation of Th2/Th1 and Tregs/Th17 balance, inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and enhancement of colonic barrier function.

CONCLUSIONS

GQD might alleviate TNBS-induced UC via regulating Th2/Th1 and Tregs/Th17 cells Balance, inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and reshaping gut microbiota, which may provide a novel strategy for patients with colitis.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel sesquiterpene lactone derivatives as PKM2 activators with potent anti-ulcerative colitis activities

Pyruvate kinase isoform 2 (PKM2) is closely related to the regulation of Th17/Treg balance, which is considered to be an effective strategy for UC therapy. Parthenolide (PTL), a natural product, only possesses moderate PKM2-activating activity. Thus, five series of PTL derivatives are designed and synthesized to improve PKM2-activated activities and anti-UC abilities. Through detailed structure optimization, B4 demonstrates potent T-cell anti-proliferation activity (IC50 = 0.43 μM) and excellent PKM2-activated ability (AC50 = 0.144 μM). Subsequently, through mass spectrometry analysis, B4 is identified to interact with Cys423 of PKM2 via covalent-bond. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation results reveal that the trifluoromethoxy of B4 forms a stronger hydrophobic interaction with Ala401, Pro402, and Ile403. In addition, B4 has a significant effect only on Th17 cell differentiation, thereby regulating the Th17/Treg balance. The effect of B4 on Th17/Treg imbalance can be attributed to inhibition of PKM2 dimer translocation and suppression of glucose metabolism. Finally, B4 can notably ameliorate the symptoms of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mouse model in vivo. Thus, B4 is confirmed as a potent PKM2 activator, and has the potential to develop as a novel anti-UC agent.

Banxia Xiexin decoction modulates gut microbiota and gut microbiota metabolism to alleviate DSS-induced ulcerative colitis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Banxia Xiexin decoction (BXD) is a classic traditional Chinese medicine prescription for treating ulcerative colitis (UC). However, its potential mechanism of action is still unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Reveal the correlation between the beneficial impacts of BXD on UC and the composition of the gut microbiota.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The major constituents of BXD were identified using the HPLC-DAD technique. An experimental model of UC was induced in male C57BL/6 mice by administering dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). A total of 48 mice were divided into different groups, including control, model, high-dose BXD treatment, medium-dose BXD treatment, low-dose BXD treatment, and a group treated with 5-amino acid salicylic acid (5-ASA). Body weight changes and disease activity index (DAI) scores were documented; colon length, colon index, spleen index, and thymus index scores were determined; myeloperoxidase (MPO) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) activities were assessed; and histological staining with hematoxylin-eosin and alcian blue/phosphate Schiff was performed. The immunofluorescence technique was employed to examine the presence of ZO-1 and occludin in the colon tissue. 16S rRNA sequencing was employed to assess the gut microbiota's diversity and metabolomics was utilized to examine alterations in metabolites within the gut microbiota. The impact of BXD on the gut microbiota was confirmed through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).

RESULTS

BXD exhibited a positive impact on UC mice, particularly in the high-dose BXD treatment group. The BXD group experienced weight recovery, decreased DAI scores, improved colon length, and restored of spleen and thymus index scores compared to the DSS group. Additionally, BXD alleviated colon damage and the inflammatory response while restoring intestinal barrier function. FMT in BXD-treated mice also showed therapeutic effects in UC mice. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Desulfobacterota, Deferribacterota and Actinobacteriota increased; at the genus level, g__norank__f__Muribaculaceae, Dubosiella, Akkermansia, and Lactobacillus increased, whereas Faecalibaculum, Alloprevotella, Turicibacter, and g_Paraprevotella decreased. g__norank_f__Muribaculaceae was positively correlated with body weight and colon length and negatively with colon index scores, splenic index scores, and MPO levels; Alloprevotella was positively correlated with splenic index scores, histological scores, and TNF-α levels and negatively with thymus index scores and thymus index scores. Faecalibaculum was positively correlated with colon index scores and MPO levels. Metabolic investigations revealed 58 potential indicators, primarily associated with the metabolism of amino acids, purines, and lipids. Alloprevotella, g_Paraprevotella, and Bifidobacterium were strongly associated with metabolic pathways.

CONCLUSION

BXD showed beneficial therapeutic effects in UC mice. The mechanism may be by promoting the balance and variety of gut microbiota, as well as regulating the metabolism of amino acids, purines, and lipids.

The coumarin component isofraxidin targets the G-protein-coupled receptor S1PR1 to modulate IL-17 signaling and alleviate ulcerative colitis

OBJECTIVE

The increasing global prevalence of ulcerative colitis (UC) underscores the imperative to explore novel therapeutic approaches. Traditional Chinese medicine has historically shown potential in addressing this ailment. The current study aimed to elucidate the functional attributes and underlying mechanisms of isofraxidin, a coumarin derivative from Acanthopanax, in the context of UC.

METHODS

A murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC was established, and we conducted a comprehensive assessment of the influence of isofraxidin on UC symptomatology, colonic histopathological manifestations, the inflammatory response, and apoptosis. The potential receptor of isofraxidin was initially identified through the Target database and molecular docking analysis. Subsequent in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to determine the effects of isofraxidin on the identified receptor and associated signaling pathways. Transfection was used to examine the receptor's role in the regulatory mechanism of isofraxidin.

RESULTS

Isofraxidin reduced UC symptoms and colonic histopathological impairments. Furthermore, isofraxidin ameliorated the DSS-induced inflammatory response and apoptosis in tissues. S1PR1 was identified as a target of isofraxidin and effectively suppressed activation of the IL-17 signaling pathway. Intriguingly, cellular experiments indicated that overexpression of S1PR1 counteracted the protective effect of isofraxidin.

DISCUSSION

In summary, our investigation revealed that isofraxidin could modulate S1PR1 and regulate the IL-17 signaling pathway, thus ameliorating DSS-induced UC. These findings establish a robust foundation for considering isofraxidin as a prospective therapeutic intervention to treat UC.

Investigation of the material basis and mechanism of Lizhong decoction in ameliorating ulcerative colitis based on spectrum-effect relationship and network pharmacology

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Lizhong decoction (LZD), a classical herbal prescription recorded by Zhang Zhongjing in Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases, has been extensively used to treat ulcerative colitis (UC) in clinical practice for thousands of years. However, its material basis and underlying mechanism are not yet clear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aims to explore the material basis and potential mechanism of LZD against UC based on the spectrum-effect relationship and network pharmacology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

First, LZD was extracted by a systematic solvent extraction method into four parts. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) technique was used to identify the compounds from different polar parts, and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model was used to evaluate the efficacy of each fraction. Then, the spectrum-effect analyses of compounds and efficacy indicators were established via grey relational analysis (GRA), bivariate correlation analysis (BCA) and partial least squares regression (PLSR). Finally, the potential mechanism of LZD for UC therapy was explored by network pharmacology, and the results were further verified by molecular docking and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).

RESULTS

66 chemical components of LZD were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS technology. The pharmacodynamic results showed that extraction parts of LZD had different therapeutic effects on UC, among which ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts had significant anti-colitis effects, which might be the main effective fractions of LZD. Furthermore, the spectrum-effect analyses indicated that 21 active ingredients such as liquiritin apioside, neolicuroside, formononetin, ginsenoside Rg1, 6-gingesulfonic acid, licoricesaponin A3, liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid were the main material basis for LZD improving UC. Based on the above results, network pharmacology suggested that the amelioration of LZD on UC might be closely related to the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Additionally, molecular docking technology and RT-qPCR further verified that LZD could markedly inhibit the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

CONCLUSION

Overall, our study first identified the chemical compositions of LZD by using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Furthermore, the material basis and potential mechanism of LZD in improving UC were comprehensively elucidated via spectrum-effect relationships, network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental verification. The proposed strategy provided a systematic approach for exploring how herbal medicines worked. More importantly, it laid the solid foundation for further clinical application and rational development of LZD.

Protective Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Active Factor Combined with Alhagi maurorum Extract on Ulcerative Colitis and the Underlying Mechanism

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing and reoccurring inflammatory bowel disease. The treatment effect of Alhagi maurorum and stem cell extracts on UC remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective role of Alhagi maurorum combined with stem cell extract on the intestinal mucosal barrier in an intestinal inflammation mouse model. Sixty mice were randomly divided into a control group, model group, Alhagi group, MSC group, and MSC/Alhagi group. MSC and Alhagi extract were found to reduce the disease activity index (DAI) scores in mice with colitis, alleviate weight loss, improve intestinal inflammation in mice (p < 0.05), preserve the integrity of the ileal wall and increase the number of goblet cells and mucin in colon tissues. Little inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the Alhagi, MSC, or MSC/Alhagi groups, and the degree of inflammation was significantly alleviated compared with that in the model group. The distribution of PCNA and TNF-alpha in the colonic tissues of the model group was more disperse than that in the normal group (p < 0.05), and the fluorescence intensity was lower. After MSC/Alhagi intervention, PCNA and TNF-alpha were distributed along the cellular membrane in the MSC/Alhagi group (p < 0.05). Compared with that in the normal control group, the intensity was slightly reduced, but it was still stronger than that in the model group. In conclusion, MSC/Alhagi can alleviate inflammatory reactions in mouse colonic tissue, possibly by strengthening the protective effect of the intestinal mucosal barrier.

Huang Qin decoction increases SLC6A4 expression and blocks the NFκB-mediated NLRP3/Caspase1/GSDMD pathway to disrupt colitis-associated carcinogenesis

Huang Qin decoction (HQD) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula for treating colitis, but the effects and molecular mechanism of action of HQD in colitis-associated carcinogenesis (CAC) are still unclear. Therefore, we aimed to determine the beneficial effects of HQD on CAC in mice and to reveal the underlying mechanism involved. AOM/DSS was used to induce CAC in mice, and the effects of HQD on tumorigenesis in mice were examined (with mesalazine serving as a positive control). Mesalazine or HQD treatment alleviated body weight loss and decreased the disease activity index in mice induced by AOM/DSS. Mesalazine or HQD treatment also suppressed the shortening of colon tissue length, the number of tumors, and the infiltration of inflammatory cells. The genes targeted by HQD were predicted and verified, followed by knockout experiments. Elevated SLC6A4 and inhibited serotonin production and inflammation were observed in HQD-treated mice. HQD inhibited the NFκB and NLRP3/caspase1/GSDMD pathways. The therapeutic effect of HQD was diminished in SLC6A4-deficient AOM/DSS mice. Additionally, the downregulation of SLC6A4 mitigated the inhibitory effect of HQD-containing serum on MODE-K cell pyroptosis. Our findings suggest that SLC6A4 is a pivotal regulator of HQD-alleviated CAC via its modulation of the NLRP3/caspase1/GSDMD pathway.

Ponicidin-induced conformational changes of HSP90 regulates the MAPK pathway to relieve ulcerative colitis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a recurring chronic intestinal disease that can be debilitating and in severe cases, may further lead to cancer. However, all these treatment techniques still suffer from drug dependence, adverse effects and poor patient compliance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to seek new therapeutic strategies. In traditional Chinese medicine, Rabdosia rubescens (Hemsl.) H.Hara has the effects of clearing heat-toxin and promoting blood circulation to relieve pain, it is wildly used for treating inflammatory diseases such as sore throats and tonsillitis. Ponicidin is an important molecule for the anti-inflammatory effects of Rabdosia rubescens, but it has not been studied in the treatment of colitis. HSP90 is the most critical regulator in the development and progression of inflammatory diseases such as UC.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study was to explore the anti-inflammatory activity of ponicidin and its mechanism of effect in vitro and in vivo, as well as to identify the target proteins on which ponicidin may interact.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.5% (w/v) dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was used to induce C57BL/6 mice to form an ulcerative colitis model, and then 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg ponicidin was given for treatment, while the Rabdosia rubescens extract group and Rabdosia rubescens diterpene extract group were set up for comparison of the efficacy of ponicidin. At the end of modeling and drug administration, mouse colon tissues were taken, and the length of colon was counted, inflammatory factors and inflammatory signaling pathways were detected. RAW264.7 cells were induced to form cell inflammation model with 1 μg/mL Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h. 1 μM, 2 μM and 4 μM ponicidin were given at the same time, and after the end of the modeling and administration of the drug, the inflammatory factors and inflammatory signaling pathways were detected by qRT-PCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence and other methods. In vitro, target angling and combined with mass spectrometry were used to search for relevant targets of ponicidin, while isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), protease degradation experiments and molecular dynamics simulations were used for further confirmation of the mode of action and site of action between ponicidin and target proteins.

RESULTS

Ponicidin can alleviate DSS and LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway at the cellular and animal levels. In vitro, we confirmed that ponicidin can interact with the middle domain of HSP90 and induce the conformational changes in the N-terminal domain.

CONCLUSION

These innovative efforts identified the molecular target of ponicidin in the treatment of UC and revealed the molecular mechanism of its interaction with HSP90.

β-1,3-d-glucan particles-based "nest" protected co-loaded Rhein and Emodin regulates microbiota and intestinal immunity for ulcerative colitis treatment

Herein, a β-1,3-D-glucan based yeast cell wall loaded with co-loaded nanoparticles of Rhein (RH) and Emodin (EMO), was developed for the combined treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) by modulating gut microbiota and the Th17/Treg cell balance. This was achieved through an oral "nano-in-micro" advanced drug delivery system. Specifically, RH was grafted onto the HA chain via disulfide bonds to synthesize a reduction-sensitive carrier material and then used to encapsulate EMO to form nanoparticles with a specific drug ratio (denoted as HA-RH/EMO NPs). As anticipated, HA-RH/EMO NPs were encased within the "nests"-yeast cell wall microparticles (YPs), efficiently reach the colon and then released gradually, this occurs mainly due to the degradation of β-1,3-D-glucan by β-glucanase. Additionally, HA-RH/EMO NPs demonstrated a significant reduction-sensitive effect in GSH stimulation evaluations and a remarkable ability to target macrophages in in vitro cell uptake studies. Notably, HA-RH/EMO NYPs reduced inflammatory responses by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Even more crucially, the oral delivery and drug combination methods significantly enhanced the regulatory effects of HA-RH/EMO NYPs on gut microbiota and the Th17/Treg balance. Overall, this research marks the first use of YPs to encapsulate two components, RH and EMO, presenting a promising therapeutic strategy for UC.

Huanglian Ganjiang decoction alleviates ulcerative colitis by restoring gut barrier via APOC1-JNK/P38 MAPK signal pathway based on proteomic analysis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a kind of chronic intestinal inflammation accompanied with abdominal pain, diarrhea and hematochezia. Huanglian Ganjiang decoction (HGD) derived from "Beiji Qianjin Yao Fang" was used for UC patients clinically. However, the specific mechanism of HGD in treating UC remain unclear.

AIM OF STUDY

Our study devoted to demonstrating the therapeutic effect of HGD for colitis and clarifying the underlying mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

UPLC-MS was carried out to identify the ingredients of HGD. UC mice were induced by giving 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) solution for one week and treated by HGD for another week. Body weight fluctuation, disease activity index (DAI), colon length and pathological change of colon tissues were observed to evaluate therapeutical effect of HGD. ELISA and qPCR were carried out to estimate the inflammatory state. Western blot, qPCR and immunofluorescence were used to access the expression of tight junction proteins. Tandem mass tag (TMT)-Based proteomics and network pharmacology was launched to screen and predict the potential targets and pathway regulated by HGD.

RESULTS

Based on the UPLC-MS/MS analysis, 100 components were identified in HGD. After 7-day treatment, HGD significantly alleviated colitis-associated symptoms including body weight loss, shorted colon, increase of DAI score, histopathologic lesions. HGD also reduced inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β levels, increased the number of goblet cells and restored tight junction proteins Occludin, Claudin-1 in colon. Network pharmacology study predicted that tight junction and MAPK pathway might be affected by HGD in colitis mice. APOC1 was screened out as key target in HGD-treated mice using TMT-based proteomics study. Further Western blot results showed that HGD reduced expressions of APOC1, p-P38 and p-JNK.

CONCLUSION

HGD improves general symptoms of colitis mice at medium and high doses, which may be associated with restoring tight junction and intestinal barrier integrity and function through suppression of APOC1-JNK/P38 MAPK signal pathway.

Osthole, a Coumarin from Cnidium monnieri: A Review on Its Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Innovative Drug Delivery Platforms

Osthole, a coumarin compound mainly derived from Cnidium monnieri (L.), has attracted much interest from the scientific community owing to its multiple therapeutic properties. However, its pharmacological mechanism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicological effects are far from clear. Furthermore, the potential drug delivery platforms of osthole remain to be comprehensively delineated. The present review aimed to systematically summarize the most up-to-date information related to pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and safety issues related to osthole, and discuss the investigations of novel drug delivery platforms. The information herein discussed was retrieved from authoritative databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, reviewing information published up until February of 2024. New evidence shows that osthole induces a sequence of therapeutic actions and has a moderate absorption rate and rapid metabolic characteristics. In addition, this phytoconstituent possesses potential hepatotoxicity, and caution should be exercised against the risk of the drug combination. Furthermore, given its needy solubility in aqueous medium and non-organizational targeting, novel drug delivery methods have been designed to overcome these shortcomings. Given the properties of osthole, its therapeutic benefits ought to be elucidated in a greater array of comprehensive research studies, and the molecular mechanisms underlying these benefits should be explored.

Integrated network pharmacology and metabolomics reveal the mechanisms of Jasminum elongatum in anti-ulcerative colitis

Jasminum elongatum (JE), an ethnic Chinese medicine, is widely used in the Lingnan region of China, because of its analgesic and antidiarrheal action, as well as its anti-inflammatory effects in gastrointestinal diseases. However, whether JE could against ulcerative colitis (UC) remains unclear. This research aims to reveal JE in treating UC and clarify the underlying mechanism. We used the 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice (C57BL/6J) to evaluate the therapeutic effects of JE. Metabolomics of serum and network pharmacology were combined to draw target-metabolite pathways. Apart from that, the targets of associated pathways were confirmed, and the mechanism of action was made clear, using immunohistochemistry. The pharmacodynamic results, including disease activity index (DAI), histological evaluation, and inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues, demonstrated that JE significantly relieved the physiological and pathological symptoms of UC. Network pharmacology analysis indicated 25 core targets, such as TNF, IL-6, PTGS2 and RELA, and four key pathways, including the NF-κB signaling pathway and arachidonic acid metabolism pathway, which were the key connections between JE and UC. Metabolomics analysis identified 45 endogenous differential metabolites and 9 metabolic pathways by enrichment, with the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway being the main metabolism pathway, consistent with the prediction of network pharmacology. IκB, p65 and COX-2 were identified as key targets and this study demonstrated for the first time that JE reverses 2.5% DSS-induced UC in mice via the IκB/p65/COX-2/arachidonic acid pathway. This study reveals the complex mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of JE on UC and provides a new approach to identifying the underlying mechanisms of the pharmacological action of Chinese natural medicines such as JE.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) and Its Rich Ellagitannins as Potential Inhibitors in Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis, an immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, places a significant financial burden on patients and the healthcare system. Recently, reviews of the pomegranate and the abundant medicinal applications of its ellagitannins, as well as its pharmacological action, phytochemicals, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics, have been completed. However, summaries on their anti-ulcerative colitis effects are lacking. Numerous preclinical animal investigations and clinical human trial reports demonstrated the specific therapeutic effects of pomegranate and the effect of its ellagitannins against ulcerative colitis. According to the literature collected by Sci-finder and PubMed databases over the past 20 years, this is the first review that has compiled references regarding how the rich ellagitannins found in pomegranate have altered the ulcerative colitis. It was suggested that the various parts of pomegranates and their rich ellagitannins (especially their primary components, punicalagin, and ellagic acid) can inhibit oxidant and inflammatory processes, regulate the intestinal barrier and flora, and provide an anti-ulcerative colitis resource through dietary management.

Ethyl acetate extract of Terminalia chebula alleviates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in C57BL/6 mice

Background: The Chinese pharmacopeia records Terminalia chebula as effective in treating prolonged diarrhea and dysentery, blood in the stool, and prolapse. Modern pharmacological research proves it has multiple pharmacological benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and other properties. Objectives: This study aims to clarify the role of Terminalia chebula's ethyl acetate extract (TCEA) on ulcerative colitis (UC) induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in mice, as well as explore the potential mechanism of action. Materials and methods: The variation of different extracts of T. chebula was detected using the HPLC technique, and the main components in TCEA were identified. DSS was used to establish a mouse model to mimic the physiological state of UC in humans; the alleviating effect of TCEA and positive control 5-ASA on UC mice were evaluated by gavage treatment. Disease progression was assessed by monitoring the mouse's weight change and disease activity index (DAI). The changes in colon tissue were estimated by measuring colon length, HE, and AB-PAS staining and detecting oxidative stress parameters. The results draw from Western blot and real-time PCR showed the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway may involve in the anti-inflammatory activity of TCEA. Furthermore, the gut flora sequencing technique was employed to monitor the differentiation of intestinal microbiota of mice induced by DSS and TCEA treatment. Results: TCEA significantly lowered DAI scores and inhibited the weight loss and colonic shortening induced by DSS. The colon histomorphology and oxidative stress levels were enhanced after TCEA treatment compared with DSS induced UC group. TCEA attenuated the inflammatory response by regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway activation. Intestinal flora sequencing showed that DSS and TCEA greatly impacted mice's composition and diversity of intestinal microorganisms. But TCEA increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes and decreased the abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria compared with the DSS group, which contributed a lot to returning the intestinal flora to a balanced state. Conclusion: This study confirms the alleviating effect of TCEA on UC and provides new ideas for developing TCEA into a new drug to treat UC.

Repairing the intestinal mucosal barrier of traditional Chinese medicine for ulcerative colitis: a review

Damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier play an important role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Discovering the key regulators and repairing the disturbed barrier are crucial for preventing and treating UC. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been proved to be effective on treating UC and has exhibited its role in repairing the intestinal mucosal barrier. We summarized the evidence of TCM against UC by protecting and repairing the physical barrier, chemical barrier, immune barrier, and biological barrier. Mechanisms of increasing intestinal epithelial cells, tight junction proteins, and mucins, promoting intestinal stem cell proliferation, restoring the abundance of the intestinal microbiota, and modulating the innate and adaptive immunity in gut, were all involved in. Some upstream proteins and signaling pathways have been elucidated. Based on the existing problems, we suggested future studies paying attention to patients' samples and animal models of UC and TCM syndromes, conducting rescue experiments, exploring more upstream regulators, and adopting new technical methods. We hope this review can provide a theoretical basis and novel ideas for clarifying the mechanisms of TCM against UC via repairing the intestinal mucosal barrier.

Griseofulvin analogues from the fungus Penicillium griseofulvum and their anti-inflammatory activity

Six griseofulvin analogues named penigriseofulvins A - F (1-6), including three undescribed compounds and three undescribed natural products, were isolated from the fungus Penicillium griseofulvum. Their structures and absolute configurations were determined by NMR spectroscopic analyses, HRESIMS, and X-ray diffraction experiments. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity, of which compounds 1 and 4 showed potential anti-inflammatory effects in RAW264.7 macrophages and ulcerative colitis mice.

Protective Application of Chinese Herbal Compounds and Formulae in Intestinal Inflammation in Humans and Animals

Intestinal inflammation is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder with uncertain pathophysiology and causation that has significantly impacted both the physical and mental health of both people and animals. An increasing body of research has demonstrated the critical role of cellular signaling pathways in initiating and managing intestinal inflammation. This review focuses on the interactions of three cellular signaling pathways (TLR4/NF-κB, PI3K-AKT, MAPKs) with immunity and gut microbiota to explain the possible pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation. Traditional medicinal drugs frequently have drawbacks and negative side effects. This paper also summarizes the pharmacological mechanism and application of Chinese herbal compounds (Berberine, Sanguinarine, Astragalus polysaccharide, Curcumin, and Cannabinoids) and formulae (Wumei Wan, Gegen-Qinlian decoction, Banxia xiexin decoction) against intestinal inflammation. We show that the herbal compounds and formulae may influence the interactions among cell signaling pathways, immune function, and gut microbiota in humans and animals, exerting their immunomodulatory capacity and anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. This demonstrates their strong potential to improve gut inflammation. We aim to promote herbal medicine and apply it to multispecies animals to achieve better health.

Gegen Qinlian decoction (GQD) inhibits ulcerative colitis by modulating ferroptosis-dependent pathway in mice and organoids

BACKGROUND

Gegen Qinlian decoction (GQD) is a classic prescription for treating ulcerative colitis (UC) in traditional Chinese medicine. However, the therapeutic mechanism has not been fully clarified.

PURPOSE

In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the role of ferroptosis-mediated IEC death in UC treated mice with GQD by using DSS-induced a colitis mouse model and RSL3-induced ferroptosis in intestinal organoids.

METHODS

The effects of GQD on DSS-treated colitis were examined via daily body weight, DAI, colon length, HE staining, PAS staining, ZO-1 and Occludin immunohistochemical staining. Ferroptosis was determined by analysis of iron load, MDA, GSH, mitochondrial morphology, and expression of ferroptosis-associated proteins (GPX4, SLC7A11 and ACSL4).

RESULTS

In vivo, GQD administration reduced body weight loss and DAI scores, increased colon length, and improved intestinal histological characteristics and epithelial barrier dysfunction. GQD administration obviously improved the levels of ferroptosis markers (iron load, MDA, GSH, and mitochondrial morphology) and the expression of ferroptosis-associated proteins (GPX4, SLC7A11 and ACSL4). Consistent with in vivo results, GQD administration partially reversed the levels of mtROS, Fe2+ and MDA in intestinal organoids induced by RSL3, and notably improved morphological destruction, histological damage and epithelial barrier dysfunction in organoids.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, we demonstrated that ferroptosis was triggered in DSS-induced experimental colitis and that GQD adiministration could protect against colonic damage and intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by inhibiting ferroptosis.