1
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Lei D, Jian A, Huang X, Liu X, Chen L, Bai W, Cheng S, He X, Xiong Y, Yu X, Wang C, Zheng H, You S, Wang Q, Lu J, Hu Y, Xie Z, Jiang L, Zhang X, Ren Y, Lei C, Cheng Z, Lin Q, Wu C, Zhu S, Zhao Z, Wan J. Anther-specific expression of OsRIP1 causes dominant male sterility in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:1932-1934. [PMID: 37551552 PMCID: PMC10502742 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dekun Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and UtilizationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Anqi Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and UtilizationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xianbo Huang
- Sanming Academy of Agricultural ScienceSanming CityChina
| | - Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and UtilizationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Liangming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and UtilizationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Wenting Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and UtilizationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Siqi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and UtilizationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaodong He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and UtilizationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yehui Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and UtilizationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chaolong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and UtilizationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hai Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Shimin You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and UtilizationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Qiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and UtilizationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiayu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and UtilizationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and UtilizationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhenwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and UtilizationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and UtilizationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Yulong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Cailin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Zhijun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Qibing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Chuanyin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and UtilizationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and UtilizationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
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2
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Xu C, Xu Y, Wang Z, Zhang X, Wu Y, Lu X, Sun H, Wang L, Zhang Q, Zhang Q, Li X, Xiao J, Li X, Zhao M, Ouyang Y, Huang X, Zhang Q. Spontaneous movement of a retrotransposon generated genic dominant male sterility providing a useful tool for rice breeding. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad210. [PMID: 37621414 PMCID: PMC10446136 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Male sterility in plants provides valuable breeding tools in germplasm innovation and hybrid crop production. However, genetic resources for dominant genic male sterility, which hold great promise to facilitate breeding processes, are extremely rare in natural germplasm. Here we characterized the Sanming Dominant Genic Male Sterility in rice and identified the gene SDGMS using a map-based cloning approach. We found that spontaneous movement of a 1978-bp long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon into the promoter region of the SDGMS gene activates its expression in anther tapetum, which causes abnormal programmed cell death of tapetal cells resulting in dominant male sterility. SDGMS encodes a ribosome inactivating protein showing N-glycosidase activity. The activation of SDGMS triggers transcription reprogramming of genes responsive to biotic stress leading to a hypersensitive response which causes sterility. The results demonstrate that an ectopic gene activation by transposon movement can give birth to a novel trait which enriches phenotypic diversity with practical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conghao Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yifeng Xu
- Ningde Inspection and Testing Centre for Agricultural Product Quality and Safety, Ningde 352100, China
| | - Zhengji Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuying Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinyan Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongwei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qinglu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xianghua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinghua Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingfu Zhao
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China
| | - Yidan Ouyang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xianbo Huang
- Sanming Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Shaxian 365509, China
| | - Qifa Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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3
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Yang Z, Wang C, Liu J, Xiao L, Guo L, Xie J. In Silico-Ex Vitro Iteration Strategy for Affinity Maturation of Anti-Ricin Peptides and the SPR Biosensing Application. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:490. [PMID: 37624247 PMCID: PMC10467137 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly toxic plant toxin ricin is one of the most known threatening toxins. Accurate and sensitive biosensing methods for the first emergency response and intoxication treatment, are always pursued in the biodefense field. Screening affinity molecules is the fundamental mainstream approach for developing biosensing methods. Compared with common affinity molecules such as antibodies and oligonucleotide aptamers, peptides have great potential as biosensing modules with more accessible chemical synthesis capability and better batch-to-batch stability than antibodies, more abundant interaction sites, and robust sensing performance towards complex environments. However, anti-ricin peptides are so scant to be screened and discovered, and an advanced screening strategy is the utmost to tackle this issue. Here, we present a new in silico-in vitro iteration-assisted affinity maturation strategy of anti-ricin peptides. We first obtained affinity peptides targeting ricin through phage display with five panning rounds of "coating-elution-amplification-enrichment" procedures. The binding affinity and kinetic parameters characterized by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) showed that we had obtained four peptides owning dissociation constants (KD) around 2~35 μM, in which peptide PD-2-R5 has the lower KD of 4.7 μM and higher stable posture to interact with ricin. We then constructed a new strategy for affinity maturity, composing two rounds of in silico-in vitro iterations. Firstly, towards the single-site alanine scanning mutation peptide library, the molecular docking predictions match the SPR evaluation results well, laying a solid foundation for designing a full saturation mutated peptide library. Secondly, plenty of in silico saturation mutation prediction results guided the discovery of peptides PD2-R5-T3 and PD-2-R5-T4 with higher affinity from only a limited number of SPR evaluation experiments. Both evolved peptides had increased affinity by about 5~20 times, i.e., KD of 230 nM and 900 nM. A primary cellular toxicity assay indicated that both peptides could protect cells against ricin damage. We further established an SPR assay based on PD-2-R5-T3 and PD-2-R5-T4 elongated with an antifouling peptide linkage and achieved good linearity with a sensitivity of 1 nM and 0.5 nM, respectively. We hope this new affinity-mature strategy will find its favorable position in relevant peptide evolution, biosensing, and medical countermeasures for biotoxins to protect society's security and human life better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine Ministry of Education (Minzu University of China), School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei Science and Technology University, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Lan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine Ministry of Education (Minzu University of China), School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jianwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
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4
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Rodríguez-Silvestre P, Laub M, Krawczyk PA, Davies AK, Schessner JP, Parveen R, Tuck BJ, McEwan WA, Borner GH, Kozik P. Perforin-2 is a pore-forming effector of endocytic escape in cross-presenting dendritic cells. Science 2023; 380:1258-1265. [PMID: 37347855 PMCID: PMC7614779 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg8802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
During initiation of antiviral and antitumor T cell-mediated immune responses, dendritic cells (DCs) cross-present exogenous antigens on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. Cross-presentation relies on the unusual "leakiness" of endocytic compartments in DCs, whereby internalized proteins escape into the cytosol for proteasome-mediated generation of MHC I-binding peptides. Given that type 1 conventional DCs excel at cross-presentation, we searched for cell type-specific effectors of endocytic escape. We devised an assay suitable for genetic screening and identified a pore-forming protein, perforin-2 (Mpeg1), as a dedicated effector exclusive to cross-presenting cells. Perforin-2 was recruited to antigen-containing compartments, where it underwent maturation, releasing its pore-forming domain. Mpeg1-/- mice failed to efficiently prime CD8+ T cells to cell-associated antigens, revealing an important role for perforin-2 in cytosolic entry of antigens during cross-presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Laub
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Alexandra K. Davies
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry; Martinsried, Germany
- Current: School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julia P. Schessner
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry; Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Benjamin J. Tuck
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Cambridge, UK
| | - William A. McEwan
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Cambridge, UK
| | - Georg H.H. Borner
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry; Martinsried, Germany
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Yousefi MH, Afkhami H, Akbari A, Honari H. Expression, purification, characterization, and cytotoxic evaluation of the ML1-STxB fusion protein. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:220. [PMID: 37148384 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of a toxin substance to cancer cells is one of the most recent cancer treatment options. Mistletoe Lectin-1 (ML1) in Viscum album L. is a Ribosome-inactivating proteins with anticancer properties. Therefore, it appears that a recombinant protein with selective permeability can be generated by fusing ML1 protein with Shiga toxin B, which can bind to Gb3 receptor that is abundantly expressed on cancer cells. In this study, we sought to produce and purify a fusion protein containing ML1 fused to STxB and evaluate its cytotoxic activities. The ML1-STxB fusion protein coding sequence was cloned into the pET28a plasmid, then was transformed into E. coli BL21-DE3 cells. Following induction of protein expression, Ni-NTA affinity chromatography was used to purify the protein. Using SDS-PAGE and western blotting, the expression and purification processes were validated. On the SkBr3 cell line, the cytotoxic effects of the recombinant proteins were evaluated. On SDS-PAGE and western blotting membrane, analysis of purified proteins revealed a band of approximately 41 kDa for rML1-STxB. Ultimately, statistical analysis demonstrated that rML1-STxB exerted significant cytotoxic effects on SkBr3 cells at 18.09 and 22.52 ng/L. The production, purification, and encapsulation of rML1-STxB fusion protein with potential cancer cell-specific toxicity were successful. However, additional research must be conducted on the cytotoxic effects of this fusion protein on other malignant cell lines and in vivo cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hasan Yousefi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Afkhami
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Akbari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hossein Honari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran.
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Landi N, Ciaramella V, Ragucci S, Chambery A, Ciardiello F, Pedone PV, Troiani T, Di Maro A. A Novel EGFR Targeted Immunotoxin Based on Cetuximab and Type 1 RIP Quinoin Overcomes the Cetuximab Resistance in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:57. [PMID: 36668877 PMCID: PMC9867398 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cetuximab is a monoclonal antibody blocking the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, cetuximab treatment has no clinical benefits in patients affected by mCRC with KRAS mutation or in the presence of constitutive activation of signalling pathways acting downstream of the EGFR. The aim of this study was to improve cetuximab's therapeutic action by conjugating cetuximab with the type 1 ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) quinoin isolated from quinoa seeds. A chemical conjugation strategy based on the use of heterobifunctional reagent succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP) was applied to obtain the antibody-type 1 RIP chimeric immunoconjugate. The immunotoxin was then purified by chromatographic technique, and its enzymatic action was evaluated compared to quinoin alone. Functional assays were performed to test the cytotoxic action of the quinoin cetuximab immunoconjugate against the cetuximab-resistant GEO-CR cells. The novel quinoin cetuximab immunoconjugate showed a significant dose-dependent cytotoxicity towards GEO-CR cells, achieving IC50 values of 27.7 nM (~5.0 μg/mL) at 72 h compared to cetuximab (IC50 = 176.7 nM) or quinoin (IC50 = 149.3 nM) alone assayed in equimolar amounts. These results support the therapeutic potential of quinoin cetuximab immunoconjugate for the EGFR targeted therapy, providing a promising candidate for further development towards clinical use in the treatment of cetuximab-resistant metastatic colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Landi
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Vincenza Ciaramella
- Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sara Ragucci
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Angela Chambery
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo V. Pedone
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Teresa Troiani
- Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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7
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Ribosome-Directed Therapies in Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092088. [PMID: 36140189 PMCID: PMC9495564 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human ribosomes are the cellular machines that participate in protein synthesis, which is deeply affected during cancer transformation by different oncoproteins and is shown to provide cancer cell proliferation and therefore biomass. Cancer diseases are associated with an increase in ribosome biogenesis and mutation of ribosomal proteins. The ribosome represents an attractive anti-cancer therapy target and several strategies are used to identify specific drugs. Here we review the role of different drugs that may decrease ribosome biogenesis and cancer cell proliferation.
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Mishra V, Mishra R, Shamra RS. Ribosome inactivating proteins - An unfathomed biomolecule for developing multi-stress tolerant transgenic plants. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:107-122. [PMID: 35525494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic crops would serve as a tool to overcome the forthcoming crisis in food security and environmental safety posed by degrading land and changing global climate. Commercial transgenic crops developed so far focus on single stress; however, sustaining crop yield to ensure food security requires transgenics tolerant to multiple environmental stresses. Here we argue and demonstrate the untapped potential of ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs), translation inhibitors, as potential transgenes in developing transgenics to combat multiple stresses in the environment. Plant RIPs target the fundamental processes of the cell with very high specificity to the infecting pests. While controlling pathogens, RIPs also cause ectopic expression of pathogenesis-related proteins and trigger systemic acquired resistance. On the other hand, during abiotic stress, RIPs show antioxidant activity and trigger both enzyme-dependent and enzyme-independent metabolic pathways, alleviating abiotic stress such as drought, salinity, temperature, etc. RIPs express in response to specific environmental signals; therefore, their expression obviates additional physiological load on the transgenic plants instead of the constitutive expression. Based on evidence from its biological significance, ecological roles, laboratory- and controlled-environment success of its transgenics, and ethical merits, we unravel the potential of RIPs in developing transgenic plants showing co-tolerance to multiple environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Mishra
- Bioresources and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Ruchi Mishra
- Bioresources and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India; Jesus and Mary College, University of Delhi, Chanakyapuri, Delhi 110021, India.
| | - Radhey Shyam Shamra
- Bioresources and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India; Delhi School of Climate Change & Sustainability, Institute of Eminence, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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9
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Peng J, Wu J, Shi N, Xu H, Luo L, Wang J, Li X, Xiao H, Feng J, Li X, Chai L, Qiao C. A Novel Humanized Anti-Abrin A Chain Antibody Inhibits Abrin Toxicity In Vitro and In Vivo. Front Immunol 2022; 13:831536. [PMID: 35185923 PMCID: PMC8855095 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.831536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abrin, a type-II ribosome inactivating protein from the seed of Abrus precatorius, is classified as a Category B bioterrorism warfare agent. Due to its high toxicity, ingestion by animals or humans will lead to death from multiple organ failure. Currently, no effective agents have been reported to treat abrin poisoning. In this study, a novel anti-abrin neutralizing antibody (S008) was humanized using computer-aided design, which possessed lower immunogenicity. Similar to the parent antibody, a mouse anti-abrin monoclonal antibody, S008 possessed high affinity and showed a protective effect against abrin both in vitro and in vivo, and protected mice that S008 was administered 6 hours after abrin. S008 was found that it did not inhibit entry of abrin into cells, suggesting an intracellular blockade capacity against the toxin. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that S008 is a high affinity anti-abrin antibody with both a neutralizing and protective effect and may be an excellent candidate for clinical treatment of abrin poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Peng
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaguo Wu
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Ning Shi
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Xu
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Longlong Luo
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinying Li
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - He Xiao
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiannan Feng
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lihui Chai
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Lihui Chai, ; Chunxia Qiao,
| | - Chunxia Qiao
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Lihui Chai, ; Chunxia Qiao,
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10
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Ichitani K, Toyomoto D, Uemura M, Monda K, Ichikawa M, Henry R, Sato T, Taura S, Ishikawa R. New Hybrid Spikelet Sterility Gene Found in Interspecific Cross between Oryza sativa and O. meridionalis. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11030378. [PMID: 35161359 PMCID: PMC8839173 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Various kinds of reproductive barriers have been reported in intraspecific and interspecific crosses between the AA genome Oryza species, to which Asian rice (O. sativa) and African rice (O. glaberrima) belong. A hybrid seed sterility phenomenon was found in the progeny of the cross between O. sativa and O. meridionalis, which is found in Northern Australia and Indonesia and has diverged from the other AA genome species. This phenomenon could be explained by an egg-killer model. Linkage analysis using DNA markers showed that the causal gene was located on the distal end of chromosome 1. Because no known egg-killer gene was located in that chromosomal region, this gene was named HYBRID SPIKELET STERILITY 57 (abbreviated form, S57). In heterozygotes, the eggs carrying the sativa allele are killed, causing semi-sterility. This killer system works incompletely: some eggs carrying the sativa allele survive and can be fertilized. The distribution of alleles in wild populations of O. meridionalis was discussed from the perspective of genetic differentiation of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Ichitani
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Kagoshima, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Kagoshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Kagoshima, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-99-285-8547
| | - Daiki Toyomoto
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masato Uemura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kentaro Monda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Ichikawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Robert Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Tadashi Sato
- Graduate School of Life Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan;
| | - Satoru Taura
- Institute of Gene Research, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Kagoshima, Japan;
| | - Ryuji Ishikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Aomori, Japan;
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11
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Kimberlin A, Holtsclaw RE, Koo AJ. Differential Regulation of the Ribosomal Association of mRNA Transcripts in an Arabidopsis Mutant Defective in Jasmonate-Dependent Wound Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:637959. [PMID: 33777072 PMCID: PMC7990880 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.637959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile) is a powerful oxylipin responsible for the genome-wide transcriptional reprogramming in plants that results in major physiological shifts from growth to defense. The double T-DNA insertion Arabidopsis mutant, cyp94b1cyp94b3 (b1b3), defective in cytochrome p450s, CYP94B1 and CYP94B3, which are responsible for oxidizing JA-Ile, accumulates several fold higher levels of JA-Ile yet displays dampened JA-Ile-dependent wound responses-the opposite of what is expected. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses showed that while the transcriptional response to wounding was largely unchanged in b1b3 compared to wild type (WT), many proteins were found to be significantly reduced in the mutant, which was verified by immunoblot analyses of marker proteins. To understand this protein phenotype and their hypothesized contribution to the b1b3 phenotypes, wounded rosette leaf samples from both WT and b1b3 were subject to a translating ribosome affinity purification RNA sequencing analysis. More than 1,600 genes whose transcripts do not change in abundance by wounding changed their association with the ribosomes after wounding in WT leaves. Consistent with previous observations, the total pool of mRNA transcripts was similar between WT and b1b3; however, the ribosome-associated pool of transcripts was changed significantly. Most notably, fewer transcripts were associated with the ribosome pool in b1b3 than in WT, potentially explaining the reduction of many proteins in the mutant. Among those genes with fewer ribosome-associated transcripts in b1b3 were genes relating to stress response, specialized metabolism, protein metabolism, ribosomal subunits, and transcription factors, consistent with the biochemical phenotypes of the mutant. These results show previously unrecognized regulations at the translational level that are affected by misregulation of JA homeostasis during the wound response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athen Kimberlin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Rebekah E. Holtsclaw
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Abraham J. Koo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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12
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Bosso A, Di Maro A, Cafaro V, Di Donato A, Notomista E, Pizzo E. Enzymes as a Reservoir of Host Defence Peptides. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:1310-1323. [PMID: 32223733 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200327173815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Host defence peptides (HDPs) are powerful modulators of cellular responses to various types of insults caused by pathogen agents. To date, a wide range of HDPs, from species of different kingdoms including bacteria, plant and animal with extreme diversity in structure and biological activity, have been described. Apart from a limited number of peptides ribosomally synthesized, a large number of promising and multifunctional HDPs have been identified within protein precursors, with properties not necessarily related to innate immunity, consolidating the fascinating hypothesis that proteins have a second or even multiple biological mission in the form of one or more bio-active peptides. Among these precursors, enzymes constitute certainly an interesting group, because most of them are mainly globular and characterized by a fine specific internal structure closely related to their catalytic properties and also because they are yet little considered as potential HDP releasing proteins. In this regard, the main aim of the present review is to describe a panel of HDPs, identified in all canonical classes of enzymes, and to provide a detailed description on hydrolases and their corresponding HDPs, as there seems to exist a striking link between these structurally sophisticated catalysts and their high content in cationic and amphipathic cryptic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bosso
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Caserta, Italy
| | - Valeria Cafaro
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Di Donato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Eugenio Notomista
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Elio Pizzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
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13
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Choudhary N, Lodha ML, Baranwal VK. The role of enzymatic activities of antiviral proteins from plants for action against plant pathogens. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:505. [PMID: 33184592 PMCID: PMC7642053 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02495-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral proteins (AVPs) from plants possess multiple activities, such as N-glycosidase, RNase, DNase enzymatic activity, and induce pathogenesis-related proteins, salicylic acid, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase. The N-glycosidase activity releases the adenine residues from sarcin/ricin (S/R) loop of large subunit of ribosomes and interfere the host protein synthesis process and this activity has been attributed for antiviral activity in plant. It has been shown that AVP binds directly to viral genome-linked protein of plant viruses and interfere with protein synthesis of virus. AVPs also possess the RNase and DNase like activity and may be targeting nucleic acid of viruses directly. Recently, the antifungal, antibacterial, and antiinsect properties of AVPs have also been demonstrated. Gene encoding for AVPs has been used for the development of transgenic resistant crops to a broad range of plant pathogens and insect pests. However, the cytotoxicity has been observed in transgenic crops using AVP gene in some cases which can be a limiting factor for its application in agriculture. In this review, we have reviewed various aspects of AVPs particularly their characteristics, possible mode of action and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandlal Choudhary
- Amity Institute of Virology & Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313 India
| | - M. L. Lodha
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - V. K. Baranwal
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, 110012 India
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14
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Salvioni L, Zuppone S, Andreata F, Monieri M, Mazzucchelli S, Di Carlo C, Morelli L, Cordiglieri C, Donnici L, De Francesco R, Corsi F, Prosperi D, Vago R, Colombo M. Nanoparticle‐Mediated Suicide Gene Therapy for Triple Negative Breast Cancer Treatment. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Salvioni
- NanoBioLabDepartment of Biotechnology and BiosciencesUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca Piazza della Scienza 2 Milan 20126 Italy
| | - Stefania Zuppone
- Urologic Research InstituteDivision of Experimental OncologyIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute via Olgettina 60 Milan 20132 Italy
| | - Francesco Andreata
- Nanomedicine LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”Università degli Studi di Milano via G. B. Grassi, 74 Milan 20157 Italy
| | - Matteo Monieri
- Nanomedicine LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”Università degli Studi di Milano via G. B. Grassi, 74 Milan 20157 Italy
| | - Serena Mazzucchelli
- Nanomedicine LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”Università degli Studi di Milano via G. B. Grassi, 74 Milan 20157 Italy
| | - Caterina Di Carlo
- NanoBioLabDepartment of Biotechnology and BiosciencesUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca Piazza della Scienza 2 Milan 20126 Italy
| | - Lucia Morelli
- NanoBioLabDepartment of Biotechnology and BiosciencesUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca Piazza della Scienza 2 Milan 20126 Italy
| | - Chiara Cordiglieri
- INGM – Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Via Francesco Sforza 35 Milan 20122 Italy
| | - Lorena Donnici
- INGM – Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Via Francesco Sforza 35 Milan 20122 Italy
| | - Raffaele De Francesco
- INGM – Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Via Francesco Sforza 35 Milan 20122 Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences via Balzaretti 9 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Fabio Corsi
- Nanomedicine LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”Università degli Studi di Milano via G. B. Grassi, 74 Milan 20157 Italy
- Breast UnitSurgery DepartmentICS Maugeri IRCCS via S. Maugeri 10 Pavia 27100 Italy
| | - Davide Prosperi
- NanoBioLabDepartment of Biotechnology and BiosciencesUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca Piazza della Scienza 2 Milan 20126 Italy
- Breast UnitSurgery DepartmentICS Maugeri IRCCS via S. Maugeri 10 Pavia 27100 Italy
| | - Riccardo Vago
- Urologic Research InstituteDivision of Experimental OncologyIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute via Olgettina 60 Milan 20132 Italy
- Università Vita‐Salute San Raffaele via Olgettina, 58 Milan 20132 Italy
| | - Miriam Colombo
- NanoBioLabDepartment of Biotechnology and BiosciencesUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca Piazza della Scienza 2 Milan 20126 Italy
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15
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Lu JQ, Zhu ZN, Zheng YT, Shaw PC. Engineering of Ribosome-inactivating Proteins for Improving Pharmacological Properties. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030167. [PMID: 32182799 PMCID: PMC7150887 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are N-glycosidases, which depurinate a specific adenine residue in the conserved α-sarcin/ricin loop (α-SRL) of rRNA. This loop is important for anchoring elongation factor (EF-G for prokaryote or eEF2 for eukaryote) in mRNA translocation. Translation is inhibited after the attack. RIPs therefore may have been applied for anti-cancer, and anti-virus and other therapeutic applications. The main obstacles of treatment with RIPs include short plasma half-life, non-selective cytotoxicity and antigenicity. This review focuses on the strategies used to improve the pharmacological properties of RIPs on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cancers. Coupling with polyethylene glycol (PEG) increases plasma time and reduces antigenicity. RIPs conjugated with antibodies to form immunotoxins increase the selective toxicity to target cells. The prospects for future development on the engineering of RIPs for improving their pharmacological properties are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Lu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 99077, China; (J.-Q.L.); (Z.-N.Z.)
| | - Zhen-Ning Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 99077, China; (J.-Q.L.); (Z.-N.Z.)
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, National Kunming High level Biosafety Research Center for Non-human Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China;
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 99077, China; (J.-Q.L.); (Z.-N.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Zhao X, Li H, Li J, Liu K, Wang B, Wang Y, Li X, Zhong W. Novel small molecule retrograde transport blocker confers post-exposure protection against ricin intoxication. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:498-511. [PMID: 32140395 PMCID: PMC7049615 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ricin is a highly toxic type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) which is extracted from the seeds of castor beans. Ricin is considered a potential bioterror agent and no effective antidote for ricin exists so far. In this study, by structural modification of a retrograde transport blocker Retro-2cycl, a series of novel compounds were obtained. The primary screen revealed that compound 27 has an improved anti-ricin activity compare to positive control. In vitro pre-exposure evaluation in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells demonstrated that 27 is a powerful anti-ricin compound with an EC50 of 41.05 nmol/L against one LC (lethal concentration, 5.56 ng/mL) of ricin. Further studies surprisingly indicated that 27 confers post-exposure activity against ricin intoxication. An in vivo study showed that 1 h post-exposure administration of 27 can improve the survival rate as well as delay the death of ricin-intoxicated mice. A drug combination of 27 with monoclonal antibody mAb4C13 rescued mice from one LD (lethal dose) ricin challenge and the survival rate of tested animals is 100%. These results represent, for the first time, indication that small molecule retrograde transport blocker confers both in vitro and in vivo post-exposure protection against ricin and therefore provides a promising candidate for the development of anti-ricin medicines.
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17
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Athyala PK, Chitipothu S, Kanwar JR, Krishnakumar S, Narayanan J. Synthesis of saporin-antibody conjugates for targeting EpCAM positive tumour cells. IET Nanobiotechnol 2019; 13:90-99. [PMID: 30964044 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane glycoprotein involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. Ribosomal inactivating proteins derived from plants specifically target ribosomes and irreversibly inhibit protein synthesis. EpCAM antibody and saporin were conjugated using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimide chemistry. The mass of the conjugates were characterised using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI). The saporin-EpCAM (SAP-EpAB) conjugates were tested in-vitro against MCF-7 (breast cancer cells), WERI-Rb1 (retinoblastoma) cells. The flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy were performed to show the binding efficiency of SAP-EpAB conjugate. Whole transcriptome changes of sap-conjugate treated cells were studied using affymetrix microarrays. MALDI-TOF analysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed the conjugation of SAP with EpCAM antibody. Flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy analysis revealed the binding of SAP-EpAB conjugates to the MCF-7, WERI-Rb1 cells. Apoptosis assay by annexin-V has shown an increased apoptotic and necrotic population in conjugate treated cells. MTT assay confirmed the tumour cell death and had shown the IC50 value of 0.8 µg for conjugate in MCF-7 (breast cancer cells), and 1 µg for WERI-Rb1 (retinoblastoma) cells. The microarray analysis revealed downregulation of the tumourigenic genes and upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes leading to apoptosis of tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Kumar Athyala
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Srujana Chitipothu
- Central Research Instrumentation Facility, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai-600006, India
| | - Jagat Rakesh Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Subramanian Krishnakumar
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai-600006, India
| | - Janakiraman Narayanan
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai-600006, India.
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18
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Aitbakieva VR, Ahmad R, Singh S, Domashevskiy AV. Inhibition of ricin A-chain (RTA) catalytic activity by a viral genome-linked protein (VPg). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:645-653. [PMID: 30822539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ricin is a plant derived protein toxin produced by the castor bean plant (Ricinus communis). The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) classifies ricin as a Category B biological agent. Currently, there is neither an effective vaccine that can be used to protect against ricin exposure nor a therapeutic to reverse the effects once exposed. Here we quantitatively characterize interactions between catalytic ricin A-chain (RTA) and a viral genome-linked protein (VPg) from turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). VPg and its N-terminal truncated variant, VPg1-110, bind to RTA and abolish ricin's catalytic depurination of 28S rRNA in vitro and in a cell-free rabbit reticulocyte translational system. RTA and VPg bind in a 1 to 1 stoichiometric ratio, and their binding affinity increases ten-fold as temperature elevates (5 °C to 37 °C). RTA-VPg binary complex formation is enthalpically driven and favored by entropy, resulting in an overall favorable energy, ΔG = -136.8 kJ/mol. Molecular modeling supports our experimental observations and predicts a major contribution of electrostatic interactions, suggesting an allosteric mechanism of downregulation of RTA activity through conformational changes in RTA structure, and/or disruption of binding with the ribosomal stalk. Fluorescence anisotropy studies show that heat affects the rate constant and the activation energy for the RTA-VPg complex, Ea = -62.1 kJ/mol. The thermodynamic and kinetic findings presented here are an initial lead study with promising results and provides a rational approach for synthesis of therapeutic peptides that successfully eliminate toxicity of ricin, and other cytotoxic RIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina R Aitbakieva
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, the City University of New York, New York 10019, NY, United States of America
| | - Rahimah Ahmad
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States of America
| | - Shaneen Singh
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States of America
| | - Artem V Domashevskiy
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, the City University of New York, New York 10019, NY, United States of America.
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19
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Zhou R, Liu ZK, Zhang YN, Wong JH, Ng TB, Liu F. Research Progress of Bioactive Proteins from the Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:196-219. [DOI: 10.2174/1389203719666180613090710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, mushrooms have been widely used as traditional Chinese medicine in Asia.
Apart from polysaccharides and some small-molecule components, such as flavones, polyphenols and
terpenes, mushrooms produce a large number of pharmaceutically active proteins, which have become
popular sources of natural antitumor, antimicrobial, immunoenhancing agents. These bioactive proteins
include lectins, laccases, Ribosome Inactivating Proteins (RIPs), nucleases, and Fungal Immunomodulatory
Proteins (FIPs). The review is to summarize the characterstics of structure and bioactivities involved
in antitumor, antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial and immunoenhancing activities of proteins from
edible mushrooms, to better understand their mechanisms, and to direct research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Zhao Kun Liu
- Department of History, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Ye Ni Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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20
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Yu X, Zhao Z, Zheng X, Zhou J, Kong W, Wang P, Bai W, Zheng H, Zhang H, Li J, Liu J, Wang Q, Zhang L, Liu K, Yu Y, Guo X, Wang J, Lin Q, Wu F, Ren Y, Zhu S, Zhang X, Cheng Z, Lei C, Liu S, Liu X, Tian Y, Jiang L, Ge S, Wu C, Tao D, Wang H, Wan J. A selfish genetic element confers non-Mendelian inheritance in rice. Science 2018; 360:1130-1132. [PMID: 29880691 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar4279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Selfish genetic elements are pervasive in eukaryote genomes, but their role remains controversial. We show that qHMS7, a major quantitative genetic locus for hybrid male sterility between wild rice (Oryza meridionalis) and Asian cultivated rice (O. sativa), contains two tightly linked genes [Open Reading Frame 2 (ORF2) and ORF3]. ORF2 encodes a toxic genetic element that aborts pollen in a sporophytic manner, whereas ORF3 encodes an antidote that protects pollen in a gametophytic manner. Pollens lacking ORF3 are selectively eliminated, leading to segregation distortion in the progeny. Analysis of the genetic sequence suggests that ORF3 arose first, followed by gradual functionalization of ORF2 Furthermore, this toxin-antidote system may have promoted the differentiation and/or maintained the genome stability of wild and cultivated rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Yu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoming Zheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiawu Zhou
- Food Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China
| | - Weiyi Kong
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peiran Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenting Bai
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hai Zheng
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Li
- Food Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China
| | - Jiafan Liu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qiming Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Long Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yang Yu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiuping Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiulin Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qibing Lin
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fuqing Wu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yulong Ren
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhijun Cheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Cailin Lei
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shijia Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xi Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunlu Tian
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Song Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Chuanyin Wu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Dayun Tao
- Food Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China.
| | - Haiyang Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jianmin Wan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Castano-Duque L, Helms A, Ali JG, Luthe DS. Plant Bio-Wars: Maize Protein Networks Reveal Tissue-Specific Defense Strategies in Response to a Root Herbivore. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:727-745. [PMID: 29926336 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0972-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study we examined global changes in protein expression in both roots and leaves of maize plants attacked by the root herbivore, Western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera). The changes in protein expression Are indicative of metabolic changes during WCR feeding that enable the plant to defend itself. This is one of the first studies to look above- and below-ground at global protein expression patterns of maize plants grown in soil and infested with a root herbivore. We used advanced proteomic and network analyses to identify metabolic pathways that contribute to global defenses deployed by the insect resistant maize genotype, Mp708, infested with WCR. Using proteomic analysis, 4878 proteins in roots and leaves were detected and of these 863 showed significant changes of abundance during WCR infestation. Protein abundance patterns were analyzed using hierarchical clustering, protein correlation and protein-protein interaction networks. All three data analysis pipelines showed that proteins such as jasmonic acid biosynthetic enzymes, serine proteases, protease inhibitors, proteins involved in biosynthesis and signaling of ethylene, and enzymes producing reactive oxygen species and isopentenyl pyrophosphate, a precursor for volatile production, were upregulated in roots during WCR infestation. In leaves, highly abundant proteins were involved in signal perception suggesting activation of systemic signaling. We conclude that these protein networks contribute to the overall herbivore defense mechanisms in Mp708. Because the plants were grown in potting mix and not sterilized sand, we found that both microbial and insect defense-related proteins were present in the roots. The presence of the high constitutive levels of reduced ascorbate in roots and benzothiazole in the root volatile profiles suggest a tight tri-trophic interaction among the plant, soil microbiomes and WCR-infested roots suggesting that defenses against insects coexist with defenses against bacteria and fungi due to the interaction between roots and soil microbiota. In this study, which is one of the most complete descriptions of plant responses to root-feeding herbivore, we established an analysis pipeline for proteomics data that includes network biology that can be used with different types of "omics" data from a variety of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Castano-Duque
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, French Science Building, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Anjel Helms
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jared Gregory Ali
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Dawn S Luthe
- Department of Plant Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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22
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Zhou Y, Li XP, Kahn JN, Tumer NE. Functional Assays for Measuring the Catalytic Activity of Ribosome Inactivating Proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10060240. [PMID: 29899209 PMCID: PMC6024586 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10060240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are potent toxins that inactivate ribosomes by catalytically removing a specific adenine from the α-sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) of the large rRNA. Direct assays for measuring depurination activity and indirect assays for measuring the resulting translation inhibition have been employed to determine the enzyme activity of RIPs. Rapid and sensitive methods to measure the depurination activity of RIPs are critical for assessing their reaction mechanism, enzymatic properties, interaction with ribosomal proteins, ribotoxic stress signaling, in the search for inhibitors and in the detection and diagnosis of enteric infections. Here, we review the major assays developed for measuring the catalytic activity of RIPs, discuss their advantages and disadvantages and explain how they are used in understanding the catalytic mechanism, ribosome specificity, and dynamic enzymatic features of RIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Zhou
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA.
| | - Xiao-Ping Li
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA.
| | - Jennifer N Kahn
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA.
| | - Nilgun E Tumer
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA.
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23
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Anti-HIV Agents From Nature: Natural Compounds From Hypericum hircinum and Carbocyclic Nucleosides From Iridoids. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64058-1.00006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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Zhu F, Zhou YK, Ji ZL, Chen XR. The Plant Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins Play Important Roles in Defense against Pathogens and Insect Pest Attacks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:146. [PMID: 29479367 PMCID: PMC5811460 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxic N-glycosidases that depurinate eukaryotic and prokaryotic rRNAs, thereby arresting protein synthesis during translation. RIPs are widely found in various plant species and within different tissues. It is demonstrated in vitro and in transgenic plants that RIPs have been connected to defense by antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, and insecticidal activities. However, the mechanism of these effects is still not completely clear. There are a number of reviews of RIPs. However, there are no reviews on the biological functions of RIPs in defense against pathogens and insect pests. Therefore, in this report, we focused on the effect of RIPs from plants in defense against pathogens and insect pest attacks. First, we summarize the three different types of RIPs based on their physical properties. RIPs are generally distributed in plants. Then, we discuss the distribution of RIPs that are found in various plant species and in fungi, bacteria, algae, and animals. Various RIPs have shown unique bioactive properties including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and insecticidal activity. Finally, we divided the discussion into the biological roles of RIPs in defense against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and insects. This review is focused on the role of plant RIPs in defense against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and insect attacks. The role of plant RIPs in defense against pathogens and insects is being comprehended currently. Future study utilizing transgenic technology approaches to study the mechanisms of RIPs will undoubtedly generate a better comprehending of the role of plant RIPs in defense against pathogens and insects. Discovering additional crosstalk mechanisms between RIPs and phytohormones or reactive oxygen species (ROS) against pathogen and insect infections will be a significant subject in the field of biotic stress study. These studies are helpful in revealing significance of genetic control that can be beneficial to engineer crops tolerance to biotic stress.
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25
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Domashevskiy AV, Williams S, Kluge C, Cheng SY. Plant Translation Initiation Complex eIFiso4F Directs Pokeweed Antiviral Protein to Selectively Depurinate Uncapped Tobacco Etch Virus RNA. Biochemistry 2017; 56:5980-5990. [PMID: 29064680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP) is a ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) that depurinates the sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) of rRNA, inhibiting protein synthesis. PAP depurinates viral RNA, and in doing so, lowers the infectivity of many plant viruses. The mechanism by which PAP accesses uncapped viral RNA is not known, impeding scientists from developing effective antiviral agents for the prevention of the diseases caused by uncapped RNA viruses. Kinetic rates of PAP interacting with tobacco etch virus (TEV) RNA, in the presence and absence of eIFiso4F, were examined, addressing how the eIF affects selective PAP targeting and depurination of the uncapped viral RNA. PAP-eIFs copurification assay and fluorescence resonance energy transfer demonstrate that PAP forms a ternary complex with the eIFiso4G and eIFiso4E, directing the depurination of uncapped viral RNA. eIFiso4F selectively targets PAP to depurinate TEV RNA by increasing PAP's specificity constant for uncapped viral RNA 12-fold, when compared to the depurination of an oligonucleotide RNA that mimics the SRL of large rRNA, and cellular capped luciferase mRNA. This explains how PAP is able to lower infectivity of pokeweed viruses, while preserving its own ribosomes and cellular RNA from depurination: PAP utilizes cellular eIFiso4F in a novel strategy to target uncapped viral RNA. It may be possible to modulate and utilize these PAP-eIFs interactions for their public health benefit; by repurposing them to selectively target PAP to depurinate uncapped viral RNA, many plant and animal diseases caused by these viruses could be alleviated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem V Domashevskiy
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, the City University of New York , New York, New York 10019, United States
| | - Shawn Williams
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, the City University of New York , New York, New York 10019, United States
| | - Christopher Kluge
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, the City University of New York , New York, New York 10019, United States
| | - Shu-Yuan Cheng
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, the City University of New York , New York, New York 10019, United States
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26
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Which Plant Proteins Are Involved in Antiviral Defense? Review on In Vivo and In Vitro Activities of Selected Plant Proteins against Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112300. [PMID: 29104238 PMCID: PMC5713270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved a variety of defense mechanisms to tackle virus attack. Endogenous plant proteins can function as virus suppressors. Different types of proteins mediate defense responses against plant viruses. Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are activated upon pathogen infections or in different stress situations and their production is one of many components in plant defense. Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) suppress translation by enzymatically damaging ribosomes and they have been found to have antiviral activity. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) bind to target RNAs via specialized RNA-binding domain and can directly or indirectly function in plant defense system against RNA viruses. Proteins involved in silencing machinery, namely Dicer-like (DCL) proteins, Argonaute (AGO) proteins, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs) confer innate antiviral defense in plants as they are able to degrade foreign RNA of viral origin. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date picture of plant proteins participating in antiviral defense. As a result we discuss proteins conferring plant antiviral resistance and their potential future applications in different fields of life including agriculture and medicine.
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27
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Qiao Y, Song L, Zhu C, Wang Q, Guo T, Yan Y, Li Q. Development of a phosphorylated Momordica charantia protein system for inhibiting susceptible dose-dependent C. albicans to available antimycotics: An allosteric regulation of protein. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 109:262-268. [PMID: 28834733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A regulatory Momordica charantia protein system was constructed allosterically by in vitro protein phosphorylation, in an attempt to evaluate antimycological pluripotency against dose-dependent susceptibilities in C. albicans. Fungal strain lineages susceptible to ketoconazole, econazole, miconazole, 5-flucytosine, nystatin and amphotericin B were prepared in laboratory, followed by identification via antifungal susceptibility testing. Protein phosphorylation was carried out in reactions with 5'-adenylic, guanidylic, cytidylic and uridylic acids and cyclic adenosine triphosphate, through catalysis of cyclin-dependent kinase 1, protein kinase A and protein kinase C respectively. Biochemical analysis of enzymatic reactions indicated the apparent Michaelis-Menten constants and maximal velocity values of 16.57-91.97mM and 55.56-208.33μM·min-1, together with an approximate 1:1 reactant stoichiometric ratio. Three major protein phosphorylation sites were theoretically predicted at Thr255, Thr102 and Thr24 by a KinasePhos tool. Additionally, circular dichroism spectroscopy demonstrated that upon phosphorylation, protein folding structures were decreased in random coil, β6-sheet and α1-helix partial regions. McFarland equivalence standard testing yielded the concentration-dependent inhibition patterns, while fungus was grown in Sabouraud's dextrose agar. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of 0.16-0.51μM (at 50% response) were obtained for free protein and phosphorylated counterparts. With respect to the 3-cycling susceptibility testing regimen, individuals of total protein forms were administrated in-turn at 0.14μM/cycle. Relative inhibition ratios were retained to 66.13-81.04% of initial ones regarding the ketoconazole-susceptible C. albicans growth. An inhibitory protein system, with an advantage of decreasing antifungal susceptibilities to diverse antimycotics, was proposed because of regulatory pluripotency whereas little contribution to susceptibility in itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbiao Qiao
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Luliang University, Shanxi 033001, PR China.
| | - Li Song
- Department of Bioscience, Luliang University, Shanxi 033001, PR China
| | - Chenchen Zhu
- Department of Bioscience, Luliang University, Shanxi 033001, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Bioscience, Luliang University, Shanxi 033001, PR China
| | - Tianyan Guo
- Department of Bioscience, Luliang University, Shanxi 033001, PR China
| | - Yanhua Yan
- Department of Bioscience, Luliang University, Shanxi 033001, PR China
| | - Qingshan Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi 030619, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030001, PR China.
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28
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Ballinger MJ, Perlman SJ. Generality of toxins in defensive symbiosis: Ribosome-inactivating proteins and defense against parasitic wasps in Drosophila. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006431. [PMID: 28683136 PMCID: PMC5500355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
While it has become increasingly clear that multicellular organisms often harbor microbial symbionts that protect their hosts against natural enemies, the mechanistic underpinnings underlying most defensive symbioses are largely unknown. Spiroplasma bacteria are widespread associates of terrestrial arthropods, and include strains that protect diverse Drosophila flies against parasitic wasps and nematodes. Recent work implicated a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) encoded by Spiroplasma, and related to Shiga-like toxins in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, in defense against a virulent parasitic nematode in the woodland fly, Drosophila neotestacea. Here we test the generality of RIP-mediated protection by examining whether Spiroplasma RIPs also play a role in wasp protection, in D. melanogaster and D. neotestacea. We find strong evidence for a major role of RIPs, with ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from the larval endoparasitic wasps, Leptopilina heterotoma and Leptopilina boulardi, exhibiting the hallmarks of RIP activity. In Spiroplasma-containing hosts, parasitic wasp ribosomes show abundant site-specific depurination in the α-sarcin/ricin loop of the 28S rRNA, with depurination occurring soon after wasp eggs hatch inside fly larvae. Interestingly, we found that the pupal ectoparasitic wasp, Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae, escapes protection by Spiroplasma, and its ribosomes do not show high levels of depurination. We also show that fly ribosomes show little evidence of targeting by RIPs. Finally, we find that the genome of D. neotestacea's defensive Spiroplasma encodes a diverse repertoire of RIP genes, which are differ in abundance. This work suggests that specificity of defensive symbionts against different natural enemies may be driven by the evolution of toxin repertoires, and that toxin diversity may play a role in shaping host-symbiont-enemy interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve J. Perlman
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
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29
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Zhang Y, Yang Q, Li C, Ding M, Lv X, Tao C, Yu H, Chen F, Xu Y. Curcin C, a novel type I ribosome-inactivating protein from the post-germinating cotyledons of Jatropha curcas. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1619-1631. [PMID: 28664270 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel type I ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP), designated as curcin C, was purified from Jatropha curcas, an important feedback source of bio-fuel. Molecular mass and isoelectric point of curcin C were 31.398 kDa and 7.12 as detected by MALTI-TOF assay and capillary electrophoresis assay, respectively. N-terminal sequence and LC-MS/MS analyses confirmed that curcin C is a type I RIP having high homology, but not the exactly the same with curcin, another type 1 RIP isolated from the endosperm of J. curcas. It exhibited N-glycosidase activity and in vitro translation inhibition activity. Moreover, curcin C displayed a strong selectively anti-tumor activity on human cancer cells. Its cytotoxicity against osteosarcoma cell line U20S is even higher than that of Paclitaxel with IC50 of 0.019 μM. Purification and identification of curcin C not only suggested its potential in natural anticancer drug development, but also provide chance to understanding different cytotoxic action among different RIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengqiu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Hussain W, Haleem KS, Khan I, Tauseef I, Qayyum S, Ahmed B, Riaz MN. Medicinal plants: a repository of antiviral metabolites. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The global disease burden caused by viral infection has persuaded scientists to develop novel and more effective antiviral drugs. Synthetic antiviral drugs contain substances other than viruses, which have the ability to offer defensive or therapeutic effects in favor of virus-infected host. Medicinal plants, on the other hand, have proven to be potent sources of antiviral agents with some major advantages over conventional drug therapy due to their broad therapeutic potency and limited side effects. Medicinal plants synthesize and preserve a variety of biochemical products possessing potential therapeutic index, aiding elimination/inhibition of viruses. This mini-review provides an insight into medicinal plants and their metabolites explaining their potential role as major alternatives in the treatment of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajid Hussain
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, 21300 Mansehra, Pakistan
| | | | - Ibrar Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, 21300 Mansehra, Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science & Technology, 22010 Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Isfahan Tauseef
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, 21300 Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Qayyum
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, 21300 Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Abasyn University, 25000 Peshawar, Pakistan
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31
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Gonzales-Salazar R, Cecere B, Ruocco M, Rao R, Corrado G. A comparison between constitutive and inducible transgenic expression of the PhRIP I gene for broad-spectrum resistance against phytopathogens in potato. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:1049-1058. [PMID: 28365881 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To engineer broad spectrum resistance in potato using different expression strategies. RESULTS The previously identified Ribosome-Inactivating Protein from Phytolacca heterotepala was expressed in potato under a constitutive or a wound-inducible promoter. Leaves and tubers of the plants constitutively expressing the transgene were resistant to Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani, respectively. The wound-inducible promoter was useful in driving the expression upon wounding and fungal damage, and conferred resistance to B. cinerea. The observed differences between the expression strategies are discussed considering the benefits and features offered by the two systems. CONCLUSIONS Evidence is provided of the possible impact of promoter sequences to engineer BSR in plants, highlighting that the selection of a suitable expression strategy has to balance specific needs and target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romel Gonzales-Salazar
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Bianca Cecere
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Michelina Ruocco
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Rosa Rao
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Giandomenico Corrado
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Portici, NA, Italy.
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32
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Glycosylated Triterpenoids as Endosomal Escape Enhancers in Targeted Tumor Therapies. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5020014. [PMID: 28536357 PMCID: PMC5489800 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-based targeted toxins play an increasingly important role in targeted tumor therapies. In spite of their high intrinsic toxicity, their efficacy in animal models is low. A major reason for this is the limited entry of the toxin into the cytosol of the target cell, which is required to mediate the fatal effect. Target receptor bound and internalized toxins are mostly either recycled back to the cell surface or lysosomally degraded. This might explain why no antibody-targeted protein toxin has been approved for tumor therapeutic applications by the authorities to date although more than 500 targeted toxins have been developed within the last decades. To overcome the problem of insufficient endosomal escape, a number of strategies that make use of diverse chemicals, cell-penetrating or fusogenic peptides, and light-induced techniques were designed to weaken the membrane integrity of endosomes. This review focuses on glycosylated triterpenoids as endosomal escape enhancers and throws light on their structure, the mechanism of action, and on their efficacy in cell culture and animal models. Obstacles, challenges, opportunities, and future prospects are discussed.
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33
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Secondary Metabolite Production in Transgenic Hairy Root Cultures of Cucurbits. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017. [PMCID: PMC7123301 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28669-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cucurbits are important group of vegetables due to their nutritional significance and are also used for valuable traditional medicine. The infection of plants by Agrobacterium rhizogenes results in a hairy root (HR) phenotype characterized by rapid growth in hormone-free medium, an unusual ageotropism and extensive lateral branching. These genetically transformed root cultures (hairy roots) can produce levels of secondary metabolites comparable to that of intact plants. Hairy root cultures offer promise for high production and productivity of valuable secondary metabolites in many plants. High stability and productivity features allow the exploitation of HRs as valuable biotechnological tool for the production of plant secondary metabolites. While these chemical compounds are employed by plants for interactions with their environment, humans have long since explored and exploited plant secondary metabolites for medicinal and practical uses. The main constraint for commercial exploitation of hairy root cultivations is the development and scaling up of appropriate reactor vessels (bioreactors) that permit the growth of interconnected tissues normally unevenly distributed throughout the vessel. Emphasis has focused on designing appropriate bioreactors suitable to culture the delicate and sensitive plant hairy roots. To this end, hairy root culture presents an excellent platform for producing valuable secondary metabolites. For these reasons, this chapter describes the establishment of hairy roots and production of secondary metabolites from hairy roots of cucurbits and also phytochemicals uses for biological activity.
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Pizzo E, Di Maro A. A new age for biomedical applications of Ribosome Inactivating Proteins (RIPs): from bioconjugate to nanoconstructs. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:54. [PMID: 27439918 PMCID: PMC4955249 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are enzymes (3.2.2.22) that possess N-glycosilase activity that irreversibly inhibits protein synthesis. RIPs have been found in plants, fungi, algae, and bacteria; their biological role is still under investigation, even if it has been recognized their role in plant defence against predators and viruses. Nevertheless, several studies on these toxins have been performed to evaluate their applicability in the biomedical field making RIPs selectively toxic towards target cells. Indeed, these molecules are extensively used to produce chimeric biomolecules, such as immunotoxins or protein/peptides conjugates. However, to date, clinical use of most of these bioconiujates has been limited by toxicity and immunogenicity. More recently, material sciences have provided a wide range of nanomaterials to be used as excellent vehicles for toxin-delivery, since they are characterized by improved stability, solubility, and in vivo pharmacokinetics. This review discusses progresses in the development of RIPs bioconjugates, with particular attention to the recent use of nanomaterials, whose appropriate design opens up a broad range of different possibilities to the use of RIPs in novel therapeutic approaches in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elio Pizzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy.
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Piña MJ, Girotti A, Santos M, Rodríguez-Cabello JC, Arias FJ. Biocompatible ELR-Based Polyplexes Coated with MUC1 Specific Aptamers and Targeted for Breast Cancer Gene Therapy. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:795-808. [PMID: 26815223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The search for new and biocompatible materials with high potential for improvement is a challenge in gene delivery applications. A cell type specific vector made of elastin-like recombinamer (ELR) and aptamers has been specifically designed for the intracellular delivery of therapeutic material for breast cancer therapy. A lysine-enriched ELR was constructed and complexed with plasmid DNA to give positively charged and stable polyplexes. Physical characterization of these polyplexes showed a particle size of around 140 nm and a zeta potential of approximately +40 mV. The incorporation of MUC1-specific aptamers into the polyplexes resulted in a slight decrease in zeta potential but increased cell transfection specificity for MCF-7 breast cancer cells with respect to a MUC1-negative tumor line. After showing the transfection ability of this aptamer-ELR vector which is facilitated mainly by macropinocytosis uptake, we demonstrated its application for suicide gene therapy using a plasmid containing the gene of the toxin PAP-S. The strategy developed in this work about using ELR as polymeric vector and aptamers as supplier of specificity to deliver therapeutic material into MUC1-positive breast cancer cells shows promising potential and continues paving the way for ELRs in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Piña
- Bioforge Research Group, CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid , LUCIA, Paseo de Belén 19, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alessandra Girotti
- Bioforge Research Group, CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid , LUCIA, Paseo de Belén 19, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Santos
- Bioforge Research Group, CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid , LUCIA, Paseo de Belén 19, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - J Carlos Rodríguez-Cabello
- Bioforge Research Group, CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid , LUCIA, Paseo de Belén 19, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - F Javier Arias
- Bioforge Research Group, CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid , LUCIA, Paseo de Belén 19, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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Rekha K, Thiruvengadam M. Secondary Metabolite Production in Transgenic Hairy Root Cultures of Cucurbits. TRANSGENESIS AND SECONDARY METABOLISM 2016:1-27. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27490-4_6-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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Wang S, Li Z, Li S, Di R, Ho CT, Yang G. Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) and their important health promoting property. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02946a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), widely present in plants, certain fungi and bacteria, can inhibit protein synthesis by removing one or more specific adenine residues from the large subunit of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains
- College of Life Science
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang
| | - Zhiliang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains
- College of Life Science
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang
| | - Shiming Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains
- College of Life Science
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang
| | - Rong Di
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology
- Rutgers University
- New Brunswick
- USA
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science
- Rutgers University
- New Brunswick
- USA
| | - Guliang Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains
- College of Life Science
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang
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Olombrada M, García-Ortega L, Lacadena J, Oñaderra M, Gavilanes JG, Martínez-del-Pozo Á. Involvement of loop 5 lysine residues and the N-terminal β-hairpin of the ribotoxin hirsutellin A on its insecticidal activity. Biol Chem 2016; 397:135-45. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2015-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ribotoxins are cytotoxic members of the family of fungal extracellular ribonucleases best represented by RNase T1. They share a high degree of sequence identity and a common structural fold, including the geometric arrangement of their active sites. However, ribotoxins are larger, with a well-defined N-terminal β-hairpin, and display longer and positively charged unstructured loops. These structural differences account for their cytotoxic properties. Unexpectedly, the discovery of hirsutellin A (HtA), a ribotoxin produced by the invertebrate pathogen Hirsutella thompsonii, showed how it was possible to accommodate these features into a shorter amino acid sequence. Examination of HtA N-terminal β-hairpin reveals differences in terms of length, charge, and spatial distribution. Consequently, four different HtA mutants were prepared and characterized. One of them was the result of deleting this hairpin [Δ(8-15)] while the other three affected single Lys residues in its close spatial proximity (K115E, K118E, and K123E). The results obtained support the general conclusion that HtA active site would show a high degree of plasticity, being able to accommodate electrostatic and structural changes not suitable for the other previously known larger ribotoxins, as the variants described here only presented small differences in terms of ribonucleolytic activity and cytotoxicity against cultured insect cells.
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Gu K, Tian D, Mao H, Wu L, Yin Z. Development of marker-free transgenic Jatropha curcas producing curcin-deficient seeds through endosperm-specific RNAi-mediated gene silencing. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:242. [PMID: 26450182 PMCID: PMC4599812 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0625-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jatropha curcas L. is a potential biofuel plant and its seed oil is suitable for biodiesel production. Despite this promising application, jatropha seeds contain two major toxic components, namely phorbol esters and curcins. These compounds would reduce commercial value of seed cake and raise safety and environment concerns on jatropha plantation and processing. Curcins are Type I ribosome inactivating proteins. Several curcin genes have been identified in the jatropha genome. Among which, the Curcin 1 (C1) gene is identified to be specifically expressed in endosperm, whereas the Curcin 2A (C2A) is mainly expressed in young leaves. RESULTS A marker-free RNAi construct carrying a β-estradiol-regulated Cre/loxP system and a C1 promoter-driven RNAi cassette for C1 gene was made and used to generate marker-free transgenic RNAi plants to specifically silence the C1 gene in the endosperm of J. curcas. Plants of transgenic line L1, derived from T0-1, carry two copies of marker-free RNAi cassette, whereas plants of L35, derived from T0-35, harbored one copy of marker-free RNAi cassette and three copies of closely linked and yet truncated Hpt genes. The C1 protein content in endosperm of L1 and L35 seeds was greatly reduced or undetectable, while the C2A proteins in young leaves of T0-1 and T0-35 plants were unaffected. In addition, the C1 mRNA transcripts were undetectable in the endosperm of T3 seeds of L1 and L35. The results demonstrated that the expression of the C1 gene was specifically down-regulated or silenced by the double-stranded RNA-mediated RNA interference generated from the RNAi cassette. CONCLUSION The C1 promoter-driven RNAi cassette for the C1 gene in transgenic plants was functional and heritable. Both C1 transcripts and C1 proteins were greatly down-regulated or silenced in the endosperm of transgenic J. curcas. The marker-free transgenic plants and curcin-deficient seeds developed in this study provided a solution for the toxicity of curcins in jatropha seeds and addressed the safety concerns of the marker genes in transgenic plants on the environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Gu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Dongsheng Tian
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Huizhu Mao
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Lifang Wu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Republic of Singapore.
- Present address: Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Zhongchao Yin
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Republic of Singapore.
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore.
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore.
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40
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Sánchez M, Scirè A, Tanfani F, Ausili A. The thermal unfolding of the ribosome-inactivating protein saporin-S6 characterized by infrared spectroscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1357-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kumar MS, Karande AA. A monoclonal antibody to an abrin chimera recognizing a unique epitope on abrin A chain confers protection from abrin-induced lethality. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 12:124-31. [PMID: 26379120 PMCID: PMC4962719 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1067741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abrin, obtained from the seeds of Abrus precatorius plant, is a potent toxin belonging to the family of type II ribosome-inactivating proteins. Recently, a recombinant vaccine consisting of the A subunits of abrin and its homolog Abrus precatorius agglutinin (APA) was demonstrated to protect mice from abrin lethality. Toward identifying neutralizing epitopes recognized during this response, we generated monoclonal antibodies against the proposed vaccine candidate. One antibody, namely A7C4, the corresponding epitope of which was found to be distal to the active site of the enzymatic A chain, prevented abrin-mediated toxicity on cells and abrin-induced lethality in mice but did not inhibit the catalytic activity of the A chain. The in vivo protection conferred by monoclonal antibody A7C4 highlights the potential use of this antibody as a promising immunotherapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Sundaram Kumar
- Undergraduate Studies and Department of Biochemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Anjali A Karande
- Department of Biochemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Wu Y, Mao Y, Jin S, Hou J, Du H, Yang M, Wu L. Identification, characterization and structure analysis of a type I ribosome-inactivating protein from Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:557-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zeng M, Zheng M, Lu D, Wang J, Jiang W, Sha O. Anti-tumor activities and apoptotic mechanism of ribosome-inactivating proteins. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2015; 34:325-34. [PMID: 26184404 PMCID: PMC4593346 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-015-0030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) belong to a family of enzymes that attack eukaryotic ribosomes and potently inhibit cellular protein synthesis. RIPs possess several biomedical properties, including anti-viral and anti-tumor activities. Multiple RIPs are known to inhibit tumor cell proliferation through inducing apoptosis in a variety of cancers, such as breast cancer, leukemia/lymphoma, and hepatoma. This review focuses on the anti-tumor activities of RIPs and their apoptotic effects through three closely related pathways: mitochondrial, death receptor, and endoplasmic reticulum pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Zeng
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Manyin Zheng
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Desheng Lu
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenqi Jiang
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ou Sha
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Pervaiz A, Adwan H, Berger MR. Riproximin: A type II ribosome inactivating protein with anti-neoplastic potential induces IL24/MDA-7 and GADD genes in colorectal cancer cell lines. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:981-90. [PMID: 26151662 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Riproximin (Rpx) is a type II ribosome inactivating protein, which was extracted and purified from the seeds of Ximenia americana. Previous studies demonstrated cytotoxicity of Rpx against a variety of cell lines originating from solid and non-solid cancers. In this study, we investigated the mechanistic aspects of Rpx in selected human and rat colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines. Cytotoxic levels of Rpx were determined by MTT assay, while cytostatic and apoptotic effects were investigated by flow cytometry and nuclear staining procedures. Effects of Rpx exposure on colony formation/migration of CRC cells and expressional modulations in anticancer/stress-related genes were also studied. Rpx showed significant and comparable levels of cytotoxicity in CRC cells as determined by inhibitory concentration (IC) values. Similar inhibitory effects were found for clonogenicity, while more pronounced inhibition of migration was observed in response to Rpx exposure. Profound arrest in S phases of the cell cycle was noted especially in primary CRC cells. Apoptotic effects were more prominent in rat CRC cells as indicated by Annexin V-FITC assay and Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining. Rpx exposure induced significantly increased levels of the IL24/MDA-7, a well characterized anticancer gene, in all CRC cells. In addition, following Rpx treatment, high expression levels of growth arrest and DNA damage (GADD family) genes were also observed. Increased expression of two additional GADD genes (34 and 153) only in rat CRC cells (CC531) conferred higher sensitivity towards Rpx and subsequent anti-proliferative/apoptotic effects as compared to human CRC cells (SW480 and SW620). The present investigation indicates the anticancer potential of Rpx in CRC and favor further evaluation of this natural compound as therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Pervaiz
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hassan Adwan
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin R Berger
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Recombinant expression and purification of a MAP30-cell penetrating peptide fusion protein with higher anti-tumor bioactivity. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 111:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schrot J, Weng A, Melzig MF. Ribosome-inactivating and related proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1556-615. [PMID: 26008228 PMCID: PMC4448163 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxins that act as N-glycosidases (EC 3.2.2.22). They are mainly produced by plants and classified as type 1 RIPs and type 2 RIPs. There are also RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be grouped into the classical type 1 and type 2 RIPs because of their different sizes, structures or functions. In addition, there is still not a uniform nomenclature or classification existing for RIPs. In this review, we give the current status of all known plant RIPs and we make a suggestion about how to unify those RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be classified as type 1 or type 2 RIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schrot
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexander Weng
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias F Melzig
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Basu D, Tumer NE. Do the A subunits contribute to the differences in the toxicity of Shiga toxin 1 and Shiga toxin 2? Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1467-85. [PMID: 25938272 PMCID: PMC4448158 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (STEC) is one of the leading causes of food-poisoning around the world. Some STEC strains produce Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) and/or Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) or variants of either toxin, which are critical for the development of hemorrhagic colitis (HC) or hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Currently, there are no therapeutic treatments for HC or HUS. E. coli O157:H7 strains carrying Stx2 are more virulent and are more frequently associated with HUS, which is the most common cause of renal failure in children in the US. The basis for the increased potency of Stx2 is not fully understood. Shiga toxins belong to the AB5 family of protein toxins with an A subunit, which depurinates a universally conserved adenine residue in the α-sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) of the 28S rRNA and five copies of the B subunit responsible for binding to cellular receptors. Recent studies showed differences in the structure, receptor binding, dependence on ribosomal proteins and pathogenicity of Stx1 and Stx2 and supported a role for the B subunit in differential toxicity. However, the current data do not rule out a potential role for the A1 subunits in the differential toxicity of Stx1 and Stx2. This review highlights the recent progress in understanding the differences in the A1 subunits of Stx1 and Stx2 and their role in defining toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debaleena Basu
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA.
| | - Nilgun E Tumer
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA.
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Mishra R, Kumar MS, Karande AA. Inhibition of protein synthesis leading to unfolded protein response is the major event in abrin-mediated apoptosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 403:255-65. [PMID: 25753921 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abrin obtained from the plant Abrus precatorius inhibits protein synthesis and also triggers apoptosis in cells. Previous studies from our laboratory suggested a link between these two events. Using an active site mutant of abrin A-chain which exhibits 225-fold lower protein synthesis inhibitory activity than the wild-type abrin A-chain, we demonstrate in this study that inhibition of protein synthesis induced by abrin is the major factor triggering unfolded protein response leading to apoptosis. Since abrin A-chain requires the B-chain for internalization into cells, the wild-type and mutant recombinant abrin A-chains were conjugated to native ricin B-chain to generate hybrid toxins, and the toxic effects of the two conjugates were compared. The rate of inhibition of protein synthesis mediated by the mutant ricin B-rABRA (R167L) conjugate was slower than that of the wild-type ricin B-rABRA conjugate as expected. The mutant conjugate activated p38MAPK and caspase-3 similar to its wild-type counterpart although at later time points. Overall, these results confirm that inhibition of protein synthesis is the major event contributing to abrin-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India
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Srivastava S, Luqman S. Immune-O-Toxins as the magic bullet for therapeutic purposes. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND THERAPY 2015. [DOI: 10.7603/s40730-015-0002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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50
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Tomé-Amat J, Ruiz-de-la-Herrán J, Martínez-del-Pozo Á, Gavilanes JG, Lacadena J. α-sarcin and RNase T1 based immunoconjugates: the role of intracellular trafficking in cytotoxic efficiency. FEBS J 2014; 282:673-84. [PMID: 25475209 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Toxins have been thoroughly studied for their use as therapeutic agents in search of an improvement in toxic efficiency together with a minimization of their undesired side effects. Different studies have shown how toxins can follow different intracellular pathways which are connected with their cytotoxic action inside the cells. The work herein presented describes the different pathways followed by the ribotoxin α-sarcin and the fungal RNase T1, as toxic domains of immunoconjugates with identical binding domain, the single chain variable fragment of a monoclonal antibody raised against the glycoprotein A33. According to the results obtained both immunoconjugates enter the cells via early endosomes and, while α-sarcin can translocate directly into the cytosol to exert its deathly action, RNase T1 follows a pathway that involves lysosomes and the Golgi apparatus. These facts contribute to explaining the different cytotoxicity observed against their targeted cells, and reveal how the innate properties of the toxic domain, apart from its catalytic features, can be a key factor to be considered for immunotoxin optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Tomé-Amat
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain; Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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