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Perera CJ, Hosen SZ, Khan T, Fang H, Mekapogu AR, Xu Z, Falasca M, Chari ST, Wilson JS, Pirola R, Greening DW, Apte MV. Proteomic profiling of small extracellular vesicles derived from mouse pancreatic cancer and stellate cells: Role in pancreatic cancer. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300067. [PMID: 38570832 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are cell-derived vesicles evolving as important elements involved in all stages of cancers. sEVs bear unique protein signatures that may serve as biomarkers. Pancreatic cancer (PC) records a very poor survival rate owing to its late diagnosis and several cancer cell-derived proteins have been reported as candidate biomarkers. However, given the pivotal role played by stellate cells (PSCs, which produce the collagenous stroma in PC), it is essential to also assess PSC-sEV cargo in biomarker discovery. Thus, this study aimed to isolate and characterise sEVs from mouse PC cells and PSCs cultured alone or as co-cultures and performed proteomic profiling and pathway analysis. Proteomics confirmed the enrichment of specific markers in the sEVs compared to their cells of origin as well as the proteins that are known to express in each of the culture types. Most importantly, for the first time it was revealed that PSC-sEVs are enriched in proteins (including G6PI, PGAM1, ENO1, ENO3, and LDHA) that mediate pathways related to development of diabetes, such as glucose metabolism and gluconeogenesis revealing a potential role of PSCs in pancreatic cancer-related diabetes (PCRD). PCRD is now considered a harbinger of PC and further research will enable to identify the role of these components in PCRD and may develop as novel candidate biomarkers of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamini J Perera
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Sm Zahid Hosen
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Tanzila Khan
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Haoyun Fang
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alpha Raj Mekapogu
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Marco Falasca
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Medical School Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Suresh T Chari
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, M. D Anderson Cancer Centre, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeremy S Wilson
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Ron Pirola
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - David W Greening
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Minoti V Apte
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
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2
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Kim GS, Wang T, Sayyid ZN, Fuhriman J, Jones SM, Cheng AG. Repair of surviving hair cells in the damaged mouse utricle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2116973119. [PMID: 35380897 PMCID: PMC9169652 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116973119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory hair cells (HCs) in the utricle are mechanoreceptors required to detect linear acceleration. After damage, the mammalian utricle partially restores the HC population and organ function, although regenerated HCs are primarily type II and immature. Whether native, surviving HCs can repair and contribute to this recovery is unclear. Here, we generated the Pou4f3DTR/+; Atoh1CreERTM/+; Rosa26RtdTomato/+ mouse to fate map HCs prior to ablation. After HC ablation, vestibular evoked potentials were abolished in all animals, with ∼57% later recovering responses. Relative to nonrecovery mice, recovery animals harbored more Atoh1-tdTomato+ surviving HCs. In both groups, surviving HCs displayed markers of both type I and type II subtypes and afferent synapses, despite distorted lamination and morphology. Surviving type II HCs remained innervated in both groups, whereas surviving type I HCs first lacked and later regained calyces in the recovery, but not the nonrecovery, group. Finally, surviving HCs initially displayed immature and subsequently mature-appearing bundles in the recovery group. These results demonstrate that surviving HCs are capable of self-repair and may contribute to the recovery of vestibular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace S. Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Zahra N. Sayyid
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jessica Fuhriman
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sherri M. Jones
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Alan G. Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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Qorri B, Mokhtari RB, Harless WW, Szewczuk MR. Next Generation of Cancer Drug Repurposing: Therapeutic Combination of Aspirin and Oseltamivir Phosphate Potentiates Gemcitabine to Disable Key Survival Pathways Critical for Pancreatic Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061374. [PMID: 35326525 PMCID: PMC8946854 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Drug repurposing in combination with clinical standard chemotherapeutics opens a novel and promising clinical treatment approach for patients with pancreatic cancer. This report presents a novel therapeutic effect of the combination of aspirin and oseltamivir phosphate with chemotherapeutic gemcitabine as a treatment option for pancreatic cancer. The data suggest that targeting mammalian neuraminidase-1 on pancreatic cancer cells with these repurposed drugs is crucial for modulating cell proliferation, invasion, clonogenicity, and migration. These promising results warrant additional investigation to assess the potential of translating into the clinical setting to improve the cancer patient prognosis for an otherwise fatal disease. Abstract Resistance to chemotherapeutics and high metastatic rates contribute to the abysmal survival rate in patients with pancreatic cancer. An alternate approach for treating human pancreatic cancer involves repurposing the anti-inflammatory drug, aspirin (ASA), with oseltamivir phosphate (OP) in combination with the standard chemotherapeutic agent, gemcitabine (GEM). The question is whether treatment with ASA and OP can sensitize cancer cells to the cytotoxicity induced by GEM and limit the development of chemoresistance. To assess the key survival pathways critical for pancreatic cancer progression, we used the AlamarBlue cytotoxicity assay to determine the cell viability and combination index for the drug combinations, flow cytometric analysis of annexin V apoptosis assay to detect apoptotic and necrotic cells, fluorometric QCM™ chemotaxis migration assay to assess cellular migration, fluorometric extracellular matrix (ECM) cell adhesion array kit to assess the expression of the ECM proteins, scratch wound assay using the 96-well WoundMaker™, and the methylcellulose clonogenic assay to assess clonogenic potential. The combination of ASA and OP with GEM significantly upended MiaPaCa-2 and PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cell viability, clonogenic potential, expression of critical extracellular matrix proteins, migration, and promoted apoptosis. ASA in combination with OP significantly improves the effectiveness of GEM in the treatment of pancreatic cancer and disables key survival pathways critical to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bessi Qorri
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (B.Q.); (R.B.M.)
| | - Reza Bayat Mokhtari
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (B.Q.); (R.B.M.)
| | - William W. Harless
- ENCYT Technologies Inc., Membertou, NS B1S 0H1, Canada
- Correspondence: (W.W.H.); (M.R.S.); Tel.: +1-902-574-3540 (W.W.H.); +1-613-533-2457 (M.R.S.); Fax: +1-613-533-6796 (M.R.S.)
| | - Myron R. Szewczuk
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (B.Q.); (R.B.M.)
- Correspondence: (W.W.H.); (M.R.S.); Tel.: +1-902-574-3540 (W.W.H.); +1-613-533-2457 (M.R.S.); Fax: +1-613-533-6796 (M.R.S.)
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Huijbers EJM, Khan KA, Kerbel RS, Griffioen AW. Tumors resurrect an embryonic vascular program to escape immunity. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabm6388. [PMID: 35030032 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abm6388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth J M Huijbers
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kabir A Khan
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert S Kerbel
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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5
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Dhaouadi S, Ben Abderrazek R, Loustau T, Abou-Faycal C, Ksouri A, Erne W, Murdamoothoo D, Mörgelin M, Kungl A, Jung A, Ledrappier S, Benlasfar Z, Bichet S, Chiquet-Ehrismann R, Hendaoui I, Orend G, Bouhaouala-Zahar B. Novel Human Tenascin-C Function-Blocking Camel Single Domain Nanobodies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635166. [PMID: 33790905 PMCID: PMC8006918 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) molecule Tenascin-C (TNC) is well-known to promote tumor progression by multiple mechanisms. However, reliable TNC detection in tissues of tumor banks remains limited. Therefore, we generated dromedary single-domain nanobodies Nb3 and Nb4 highly specific for human TNC (hTNC) and characterized the interaction with TNC by several approaches including ELISA, western blot, isothermal fluorescence titration and negative electron microscopic imaging. Our results revealed binding of both nanobodies to distinct sequences within fibronectin type III repeats of hTNC. By immunofluroescence and immunohistochemical imaging we observed that both nanobodies detected TNC expression in PFA and paraffin embedded human tissue from ulcerative colitis, solid tumors and liver metastasis. As TNC impairs cell adhesion to fibronectin we determined whether the nanobodies abolished this TNC function. Indeed, Nb3 and Nb4 restored adhesion of tumor and mesangial cells on a fibronectin/TNC substratum. We recently showed that TNC orchestrates the immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment involving chemoretention, causing tethering of CD11c+ myeloid/dendritic cells in the stroma. Here, we document that immobilization of DC2.4 dendritic cells by a CCL21 adsorbed TNC substratum was blocked by both nanobodies. Altogether, our novel TNC specific nanobodies could offer valuable tools for detection of TNC in the clinical practice and may be useful to inhibit the immune-suppressive and other functions of TNC in cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayda Dhaouadi
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rahma Ben Abderrazek
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Thomas Loustau
- Université Strasbourg, INSERM U1109 – The Tumor Microenvironment group, Hôpital Civil, Institut d'Hématologie et d'Immunologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Chérine Abou-Faycal
- Université Strasbourg, INSERM U1109 – The Tumor Microenvironment group, Hôpital Civil, Institut d'Hématologie et d'Immunologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Ayoub Ksouri
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - William Erne
- Université Strasbourg, INSERM U1109 – The Tumor Microenvironment group, Hôpital Civil, Institut d'Hématologie et d'Immunologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Devadarssen Murdamoothoo
- Université Strasbourg, INSERM U1109 – The Tumor Microenvironment group, Hôpital Civil, Institut d'Hématologie et d'Immunologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Andreas Kungl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl Franzens University Graz, Graz, Austria
- Antagonis Biotherapeutics GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Alain Jung
- Tumor Bank Centre Paul Strauss, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Zakaria Benlasfar
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sandrine Bichet
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ismaïl Hendaoui
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gertraud Orend
- Université Strasbourg, INSERM U1109 – The Tumor Microenvironment group, Hôpital Civil, Institut d'Hématologie et d'Immunologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Balkiss Bouhaouala-Zahar
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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6
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Iturrioz-Rodríguez N, Bertorelli R, Ciofani G. Lipid-Based Nanocarriers for The Treatment of Glioblastoma. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021; 1:2000054. [PMID: 33623931 PMCID: PMC7116796 DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and malignant neoplasia having origin in the brain. The current treatments involve surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, being complete surgical resection the best option for the patient survival chances. However, in those cases where a complete removal is not possible, radiation and chemotherapy are applied. Herein, the main challenges of chemotherapy, and how they can be overcome with the help of nanomedicine, are approached. Natural pathways to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are detailed, and different in vivo studies where these pathways are mimicked functionalizing the nanomaterial surface are shown. Later, lipid-based nanocarriers, such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers, are presented. To finish, recent studies that have used lipid-based nanosystems carrying not only therapeutic agents, yet also magnetic nanoparticles, are described. Although the advantages of using these types of nanosystems are explained, including their biocompatibility, the possibility of modifying their surface to enhance the cell targeting, and their intrinsic ability of BBB crossing, it is important to mention that research in this field is still at its early stage, and extensive preclinical and clinical investigations are mandatory in the close future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Iturrioz-Rodríguez
- Smart Bio-Interfaces Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera 56025, Italy
| | - Rosalia Bertorelli
- Translational Pharmacology Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Smart Bio-Interfaces Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera 56025, Italy
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Mund SI, Schittny JC. Tenascin-C deficiency impairs alveolarization and microvascular maturation during postnatal lung development. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:1287-1298. [PMID: 32078464 PMCID: PMC7272747 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00258.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
After the airways have been formed by branching morphogenesis the gas exchange area of the developing lung is enlarged by the formation of new alveolar septa (alveolarization). The septa themselves mature by a reduction of their double-layered capillary networks to single-layered ones (microvascular maturation). Alveolarization in mice is subdivided into a first phase (postnatal days 4-21, classical alveolarization), where new septa are lifted off from immature preexisting septa, and a second phase (day 14 to adulthood, continued alveolarization), where new septa are formed from mature septa. Tenascin-C (TNC) is a multidomain extracellular matrix protein contributing to organogenesis and tumorigenesis. It is highly expressed during classical alveolarization, but afterward its expression is markedly reduced. To study the effect of TNC deficiency on postnatal lung development, the formation and maturation of the alveolar septa were followed stereologically. Furthermore, the number of proliferating (Ki-67-positive) and TUNEL-positive cells was estimated. In TNC-deficient mice for both phases of alveolarization a delay and catch-up were observed. Cell proliferation was increased at days 4 and 6; at day 7, thick septa with an accumulation of capillaries and cells were observed; and the number of TUNEL-positive cells (dying cells or DNA repair) was increased at day 10. Whereas at days 15 and 21 premature microvascular maturation was detected, the microvasculature was less mature at day 60 compared with wild type. No differences were observed in adulthood. We conclude that TNC contributes to the formation of new septa, to microvascular maturation, and to cell proliferation and migration during postnatal lung development.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previously, we showed that the extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C takes part in prenatal lung development by controlling branching morphogenesis. Now we report that tenascin-C is also important during postnatal lung development, because tenascin-C deficiency delays the formation and maturation of the alveolar septa during not only classical but also continued alveolarization. Adult lungs are indistinguishable from wild type because of a catch-up formation of new septa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja I Mund
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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8
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Spurlin JW, Siedlik MJ, Nerger BA, Pang MF, Jayaraman S, Zhang R, Nelson CM. Mesenchymal proteases and tissue fluidity remodel the extracellular matrix during airway epithelial branching in the embryonic avian lung. Development 2019; 146:dev.175257. [PMID: 31371376 DOI: 10.1242/dev.175257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal signaling is essential for morphogenesis, including branching of the lung. In the mouse, mesenchymal cells differentiate into airway smooth muscle that wraps around epithelial branches, but this contractile tissue is absent from the early avian lung. Here, we have found that branching morphogenesis in the embryonic chicken lung requires extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling driven by reciprocal interactions between the epithelium and mesenchyme. Before branching, the basement membrane wraps the airway epithelium as a spatially uniform sheath. After branch initiation, however, the basement membrane thins at branch tips; this remodeling requires mesenchymal expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2, which is necessary for branch extension but for not branch initiation. As branches extend, tenascin C (TNC) accumulates in the mesenchyme several cell diameters away from the epithelium. Despite its pattern of accumulation, TNC is expressed exclusively by epithelial cells. Branch extension coincides with deformation of adjacent mesenchymal cells, which correlates with an increase in mesenchymal fluidity at branch tips that may transport TNC away from the epithelium. These data reveal novel epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that direct ECM remodeling during airway branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Spurlin
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Michael J Siedlik
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Bryan A Nerger
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Mei-Fong Pang
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sahana Jayaraman
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Rawlison Zhang
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA .,Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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9
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Kovacevic KD, Gilbert JC, Jilma B. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of aptamers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 134:36-50. [PMID: 30321620 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are synthetic molecules structured as single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides that can be designed to mimic the functional properties of monoclonal antibodies. They bind to the target molecules (typically soluble or cell-bound proteins) with high affinity (with picomolar to low nanomolar range) and specificity, and therefore can be an alternative to therapeutic antibodies or peptide ligands. This paper reviews published data regarding pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of aptamers from preclinical and clinical studies. Aptamers have been developed for the treatment of a variety of diseases, including cancer, macular degeneration,g cardiovascular disease, diabetes and anaemia of chronic diseases. There are several preclinical studies with unmodified aptamers, but the vast majority of aptamer trials in humans have been conducted with modified aptamers, because unmodified aptamers demonstrate metabolic instability, as well as rapid renal filtration and elimination. Various strategies have been developed to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of aptamers. Aside from chemical modification of nucleotides in order to stabilize them against nuclease degradation, the main modification to extend the half-life is pegylation. Therefore, the process of pegylation as well as its benefits and possible shortcomings will briefly be discussed.
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10
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Mirzaei R, Sarkar S, Dzikowski L, Rawji KS, Khan L, Faissner A, Bose P, Yong VW. Brain tumor-initiating cells export tenascin-C associated with exosomes to suppress T cell activity. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1478647. [PMID: 30288344 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1478647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dismal prognosis of glioblastoma is attributed in part to the existence of stem-like brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs) that are highly radio- and chemo-resistant. New approaches such as therapies that reprogram compromised immune cells against BTICs are needed. Effective immunotherapies in glioblastoma, however, remain elusive unless the mechanisms of immunosuppression by the tumor are better understood. Here, we describe that while the conditioned media of activated T lymphocytes reduce the growth capacity of BTICs, this growth suppression was abrogated in live co-culture of BTICs with T cells. We present evidence that BTICs produce the extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C (TNC) to inhibit T cell activity in live co-culture. In human glioblastoma brain specimens, TNC was widely deposited in the vicinity of T cells. Mechanistically, TNC inhibited T cell proliferation through interaction with α5β1 and αvβ6 integrins on T lymphocytes associated with reduced mTOR signaling. Strikingly, TNC was exported out of BTICs associated with exosomes, and TNC-depleted exosomes suppressed T cell responses to a significantly lesser extent than control. Finally, we found that circulating exosomes from glioblastoma patients contained more TNC and T cell-suppressive activity than those from control individuals. Taken together, our study establishes a novel immunosuppressive role for TNC associated with BTIC-secreted exosomes to affect local and distal T lymphocyte immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Susobhan Sarkar
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Lauren Dzikowski
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Lubaba Khan
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oncology and Surgery, Ohlson Research Initiative and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Pinaki Bose
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oncology and Surgery, Ohlson Research Initiative and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K. Akiyama
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH Research Triangle Park North Carolina
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12
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Li K, Deng J, Jin H, Yang X, Fan X, Li L, Zhao Y, Guan Z, Wu Y, Zhang L, Yang Z. Chemical modification improves the stability of the DNA aptamer GBI-10 and its affinity towards tenascin-C. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:1174-1182. [PMID: 28084479 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02577c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are useful tools in molecular imaging due to their numerous attractive properties, such as excellent affinity and selectivity to diverse types of target molecules and biocompatibility. We carried out structure-activity relationship studies with the tenascin-C (TN-C) binding aptamer GBI-10, which is a promising candidate in tumor imaging. To increase the tumor targeting ability and nuclease resistance under physiological conditions, systematic modifications of GBI-10 with single and multiple 2'-deoxyinosine (2'-dI) or d-/l-isonucleoside (d-/l-isoNA) were performed. Results indicated that sector 3 of the proposed secondary structure is the most important region for specific binding with TN-C. By correlating the affinity of eighty-four GBI-10 derivatives with their predicted secondary structure by Zuker Mfold, we first validated the preferred secondary structure at 37 °C. We found that d-/l-isoNA modified GBI-10 derivatives exhibited improved affinity to the target as well as plasma stability. Affinity measurement and confocal imaging analysis highlighted one potent compound: 4AL/26TL/32TL, which possessed a significantly increased targeting ability to tumor cells. These results revealed the types of modified nucleotides, and the position and number of substituents in GBI-10 that were critical to the TN-C binding ability. Stabilized TN-C-binding DNA aptamers were prepared and they could be further developed for tumor imaging. Our strategy to introduce 2'-dI and d-/l-isoNA modifications after the selection process is likely to be generally applicable to improve the in vivo stability of aptamers without compromising their binding ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China. # #
| | - Jiali Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China. # #
| | - Hongwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China. # #
| | - Xiantao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China. # #
| | - Xinmeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China. # #
| | - Liyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China. # #
| | - Yi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China. # #
| | - Zhu Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China. # #
| | - Yun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China. # #
| | - Lihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China. # #
| | - Zhenjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China. # #
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13
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Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment. CANCER DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78154-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Aptamers and Glioblastoma: Their Potential Use for Imaging and Therapeutic Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122576. [PMID: 29189740 PMCID: PMC5751179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive primary brain tumour, renowned for its infiltrative growth and varied genetic profiles. The current treatment options are insufficient, and their off-target effects greatly reduce patient quality of life. The major challenge in improving glioblastoma diagnosis and treatment involves the development of a targeted imaging and drug delivery platform, capable of circumventing the blood brain barrier and specifically targeting glioblastoma tumours. The unique properties of aptamers demonstrate their capability of bridging the gap to the development of successful diagnosis and treatment options, where antibodies have previously failed. Aptamers possess many characteristics that make them an ideal novel imaging and therapeutic agent for the treatment of glioblastoma and other brain malignancies, and are likely to provide patients with a better standard of care and improved quality of life. Their target sensitivity, selective nature, ease of modification and low immunogenicity make them an ideal drug-delivery platform. This review article summarises the aptamers previously generated against glioblastoma cells or its identified biomarkers, and their potential application in diagnosis and therapeutic targeting of glioblastoma tumours.
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15
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Trembley JH, Kren BT, Abedin MJ, Vogel RI, Cannon CM, Unger GM, Ahmed K. CK2 Molecular Targeting-Tumor Cell-Specific Delivery of RNAi in Various Models of Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:E25. [PMID: 28230733 PMCID: PMC5374429 DOI: 10.3390/ph10010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 demonstrates increased protein expression relative to non-transformed cells in the majority of cancers that have been examined. The elevated levels of CK2 are involved in promoting not only continued proliferation of cancer cells but also their resistance to cell death; thus, CK2 has emerged as a plausible target for cancer therapy. Our focus has been to target CK2 catalytic subunits at the molecular level using RNA interference (RNAi) strategies to achieve their downregulation. The delivery of oligonucleotide therapeutic agents warrants that they are protected and are delivered specifically to cancer cells. The latter is particularly important since CK2 is a ubiquitous signal that is essential for survival. To achieve these goals, we have developed a nanocapsule that has the properties of delivering an anti-CK2 RNAi therapeutic cargo, in a protected manner, specifically to cancer cells. Tenfibgen (TBG) is used as the ligand to target tenascin-C receptors, which are elevated in cancer cells. This strategy is effective for inhibiting growth and inducing death in several types of xenograft tumors, and the nanocapsule elicits no safety concerns in animals. Further investigation of this therapeutic approach for its translation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeen H Trembley
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Betsy T Kren
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Md Joynal Abedin
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Rachel I Vogel
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Claire M Cannon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | | | - Khalil Ahmed
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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16
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Thomas LB, Steindler DA. Review : Glial Boundaries and Scars: Programs for Normal Development and Wound Healing in the Brain. Neuroscientist 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107385849500100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Early studies of glial boundaries, which are composed of immature astrocytes and extracellular matrix mol ecules (which they express), initially offered insight into the partitioning that occurs in the developing nervous system. More recently, however, it has been suggested that similar "boundaries" may have important roles in other processes occurring in the brain, including repair after traumatic brain injury. As more is understood about the expression and function of boundary molecules and glia, their potential importance is becoming apparent in numerous neuropathological conditions, including neurodegeneration and neuroregeneration in Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases as well as in brain neoplasms. Furthermore, before we can hope to fully understand and facilitate regeneration in the compromised brain, our knowledge of the glial boundary, both during development and in the adult, must be more complete. The Neuroscientist 1:142-154, 1995
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Brannon Thomas
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Department of Neurosurgery The University of Tennessee Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Dennis A. Steindler
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Department of Neurosurgery The University of Tennessee Memphis, Tennessee
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17
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Expressed miRNAs target feather related mRNAs involved in cell signaling, cell adhesion and structure during chicken epidermal development. Gene 2016; 591:393-402. [PMID: 27320726 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Previous studies have shown that miRNA regulation contributes to a diverse set of processes including cellular differentiation and morphogenesis which leads to the creation of different cell types in multicellular organisms and is thus key to animal development. Feathers are one of the most distinctive features of extant birds and are important for multiple functions including flight, thermal regulation, and sexual selection. However, the role of miRNAs in feather development has been woefully understudied despite the identification of cell signaling pathways, cell adhesion molecules and structural genes involved in feather development. In this study, we performed a microarray experiment comparing the expression of miRNAs and mRNAs among three embryonic stages of development and two tissues (scutate scale and feather) of the chicken. We combined this expression data with miRNA target prediction tools and a curated list of feather related genes to produce a set of 19 miRNA-mRNA duplexes. These targeted mRNAs have been previously identified as important cell signaling and cell adhesion genes as well as structural genes involved in feather and scale morphogenesis. Interestingly, the miRNA target site of the cell signaling pathway gene, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family, Member A3 (ALDH1A3), is unique to birds indicating a novel role in Aves. The identified miRNA target site of the cell adhesion gene, Tenascin C (TNC), is only found in specific chicken TNC splice variants that are differentially expressed in developing scutate scale and feather tissue indicating an important role of miRNA regulation in epidermal differentiation. Additionally, we found that β-keratins, a major structural component of avian and reptilian epidermal appendages, are targeted by multiple miRNA genes. In conclusion, our work provides quantitative expression data on miRNAs and mRNAs during feather and scale development and has produced a highly diverse, but manageable list of miRNA-mRNA duplexes for future validation experiments.
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18
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Ham SL, Joshi R, Thakuri PS, Tavana H. Liquid-based three-dimensional tumor models for cancer research and drug discovery. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:939-54. [PMID: 27072562 PMCID: PMC4950350 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216643772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are three-dimensional tissues where close contacts between cancer cells, intercellular interactions between cancer and stromal cells, adhesion of cancer cells to the extracellular matrix, and signaling of soluble factors modulate functions of cancer cells and their response to therapeutics. Three-dimensional cultures of cancer cells overcome limitations of traditionally used monolayer cultures and recreate essential characteristics of tumors such as spatial gradients of oxygen, growth factors, and metabolites and presence of necrotic, hypoxic, quiescent, and proliferative cells. As such, three-dimensional tumor models provide a valuable tool for cancer research and oncology drug discovery. Here, we describe different tumor models and primarily focus on a model known as tumor spheroid. We summarize different technologies of spheroid formation, and discuss the use of spheroids to address the influence of stromal fibroblasts and immune cells on cancer cells in tumor microenvironment, study cancer stem cells, and facilitate compound screening in the drug discovery process. We review major techniques for quantification of cellular responses to drugs and discuss challenges ahead to enable broad utility of tumor spheroids in research laboratories, integrate spheroid models into drug development and discovery pipeline, and use primary tumor cells for drug screening studies to realize personalized cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Ham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Ramila Joshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Pradip S Thakuri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Hossein Tavana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
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19
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Afasizheva A, Devine A, Tillman H, Fung KL, Vieira WD, Blehm BH, Kotobuki Y, Busby B, Chen EI, Tanner K. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling causes malignant melanoma cells to differentially alter extracellular matrix biosynthesis to promote cell survival. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:186. [PMID: 26944546 PMCID: PMC4779217 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrinsic and acquired resistance to drug therapies remains a challenge for malignant melanoma patients. Intratumoral heterogeneities within the tumor microenvironment contribute additional complexity to the determinants of drug efficacy and acquired resistance. METHODS We use 3D biomimetic platforms to understand dynamics in extracellular matrix (ECM) biogenesis following pharmaceutical intervention against mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling. We further determined temporal evolution of secreted ECM components by isogenic melanoma cell clones. RESULTS We found that the cell clones differentially secrete and assemble a myriad of ECM molecules into dense fibrillar and globular networks. We show that cells can modulate their ECM biosynthesis in response to external insults. Fibronectin (FN) is one of the key architectural components, modulating the efficacy of a broad spectrum of drug therapies. Stable cell lines engineered to secrete minimal levels of FN showed a concomitant increase in secretion of Tenascin-C and became sensitive to BRAF(V600E) and ERK inhibition as clonally- derived 3D tumor aggregates. These cells failed to assemble exogenous FN despite maintaining the integrin machinery to facilitate cell- ECM cross-talk. We determined that only clones that increased FN production via p38 MAPK and β1 integrin survived drug treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that tumor cells engineer drug resistance by altering their ECM biosynthesis. Therefore, drug treatment may induce ECM biosynthesis, contributing to de novo resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Afasizheva
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Alexus Devine
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Heather Tillman
- Laboratories of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr., Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA.
| | - King Leung Fung
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Wilfred D Vieira
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Benjamin H Blehm
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Yorihisa Kotobuki
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Ben Busby
- National Centers for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA.
| | - Emily I Chen
- Proteomics Shared Resource at the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center & Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, NY, USA.
| | - Kandice Tanner
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Tenascins are a family of extracellular matrix molecules that are mainly expressed in embryonic development and down-regulated in adulthood. A re-expression in the adult occurs under pathological conditions such as inflammation, regeneration or neoplasia. As the most prominent member of the tenascin family, TN-C, is highly expressed in glioma tissue and rising evidence suggests that TN-C plays a crucial role in cell migration or invasion - the most fatal characteristics of glioma - also the other members of this protein family have been investigated with regard to their impact on glioma biology. For all tenascins correlations between the expression levels of the different family members and the degree of malignancy and invasiveness of glial tumors could be detected. Overall, the former and recent results in the research on glioma and tenascins point at distinct roles of each of the molecules in glioma biology and the devastating properties of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Brösicke
- a Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology ; Ruhr-University Bochum ; Bochum , Germany
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21
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Burnik Papler T, Vrtacnik Bokal E, Maver A, Kopitar AN, Lovrečić L. Transcriptomic Analysis and Meta-Analysis of Human Granulosa and Cumulus Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136473. [PMID: 26313571 PMCID: PMC4552299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific gene expression in oocytes and its surrounding cumulus (CC) and granulosa (GC) cells is needed for successful folliculogenesis and oocyte maturation. The aim of the present study was to compare genome-wide gene expression and biological functions of human GC and CC. Individual GC and CC were derived from 37 women undergoing IVF procedures. Gene expression analysis was performed using microarrays, followed by a meta-analysis. Results were validated using quantitative real-time PCR. There were 6029 differentially expressed genes (q < 10−4); of which 650 genes had a log2 FC ≥ 2. After the meta-analysis there were 3156 genes differentially expressed. Among these there were genes that have previously not been reported in human somatic follicular cells, like prokineticin 2 (PROK2), higher expressed in GC, and pregnancy up-regulated nonubiquitous CaM kinase (PNCK), higher expressed in CC. Pathways like inflammatory response and angiogenesis were enriched in GC, whereas in CC, cell differentiation and multicellular organismal development were among enriched pathways. In conclusion, transcriptomes of GC and CC as well as biological functions, are distinctive for each cell subpopulation. By describing novel genes like PROK2 and PNCK, expressed in GC and CC, we upgraded the existing data on human follicular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Burnik Papler
- Department of Human Reproduction, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slajmerjeva 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eda Vrtacnik Bokal
- Department of Human Reproduction, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slajmerjeva 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ales Maver
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre, Slajmerjeva 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Natasa Kopitar
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luca Lovrečić
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre, Slajmerjeva 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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22
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Trembley JH, Unger GM, Korman VL, Abedin MJ, Nacusi LP, Vogel RI, Slaton JW, Kren BT, Ahmed K. Tenfibgen ligand nanoencapsulation delivers bi-functional anti-CK2 RNAi oligomer to key sites for prostate cancer targeting using human xenograft tumors in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109970. [PMID: 25333839 PMCID: PMC4198192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protected and specific delivery of nucleic acids to malignant cells remains a highly desirable approach for cancer therapy. Here we present data on the physical and chemical characteristics, mechanism of action, and pilot therapeutic efficacy of a tenfibgen (TBG)-shell nanocapsule technology for tumor-directed delivery of single stranded DNA/RNA chimeric oligomers targeting CK2αα' to xenograft tumors in mice. The sub-50 nm size TBG nanocapsule (s50-TBG) is a slightly negatively charged, uniform particle of 15 - 20 nm size which confers protection to the nucleic acid cargo. The DNA/RNA chimeric oligomer (RNAi-CK2) functions to decrease CK2αα' expression levels via both siRNA and antisense mechanisms. Systemic delivery of s50-TBG-RNAi-CK2 specifically targets malignant cells, including tumor cells in bone, and at low doses reduces size and CK2-related signals in orthotopic primary and metastatic xenograft prostate cancer tumors. In conclusion, the s50-TBG nanoencapsulation technology together with the chimeric oligomer targeting CK2αα' offer significant promise for systemic treatment of prostate malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeen H. Trembley
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | | | - Vicci L. Korman
- GeneSegues Inc., Chaska, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Md. Joynal Abedin
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Lucas P. Nacusi
- GeneSegues Inc., Chaska, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rachel I. Vogel
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Joel W. Slaton
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Betsy T. Kren
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Khalil Ahmed
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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23
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Bagavandoss P. Temporal expression of tenascin-C and type I collagen in response to gonadotropins in the immature rat ovary. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1125-33. [PMID: 24998028 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian morphogenesis and physiology in mammals take place in the context of hormones, paracrine factors and extracellular matrix molecules. Both fibrillar type I collagen and the multidomain tenascin-C are matrix molecules capable of modulating the behavior of both normal and neoplastic cells in many organs. Therefore, the objective of this qualitative study was to simultaneously examine the distribution of both tenascin-C and type I collagen in ovarian follicles and corpora lutea induced to develop in response to gonadotropin treatments. In preantral follicles both matrix proteins were present in the focimatrix, theca externa and the interstitium. Equine gonadotropin induced the appearance of both proteins in the theca interna. Subsequent to administration with human chorionic gonadotropin, tenascin-C appearance in the thecal capillaries preceded type I collagen expression. Tenascin-C was also observed in the capillaries of functional and regressing corpora lutea, while type I collagen was predominantly present in the interstitium and tunica albuginea. Western blots showed both an increase in and degradation of tenascin-C in the regressing corpora lutea. The ovarian surface epithelium also showed immunoreactivity for both tenascin-C and type I collagen. The study reveals that tenascin-C and type I collagen may participate in the morphogenesis of ovarian follicles, and in the formation and regression of corpora lutea.
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24
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Unger GM, Kren BT, Korman VL, Kimbrough TG, Vogel RI, Ondrey FG, Trembley JH, Ahmed K. Mechanism and efficacy of sub-50-nm tenfibgen nanocapsules for cancer cell-directed delivery of anti-CK2 RNAi to primary and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2018-29. [PMID: 24867250 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Improved survival for patients with head and neck cancers (HNC) with recurrent and metastatic disease warrants that cancer therapy is specific, with protected delivery of the therapeutic agent to primary and metastatic cancer cells. A further objective should be that downregulation of the intracellular therapy target leads to cell death without compensation by an alternate pathway. To address these goals, we report the utilization of a sub-50-nm tenfibgen (s50-TBG) nanocapsule that delivers RNAi oligonucleotides directed against the essential survival signal protein kinase CK2 (RNAi-CK2) in a cancer cell-specific manner. We have evaluated mechanism and efficacy of using s50-TBG-RNAi-CK2 nanocapsules for therapy of primary and metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). s50-TBG nanocapsules enter cancer cells via the lipid raft/caveolar pathway and deliver their cargo (RNAi-CK2) preferentially to malignant but not normal tissues in mice. Our data suggest that RNAi-CK2, a unique single-stranded oligonucleotide, co-opts the argonaute 2/RNA-induced silencing complex pathway to target the CK2αα' mRNAs. s50-TBG-RNAi-CK2 inhibited cell growth corresponding with reduced CK2 expression in targeted tumor cells. Treatment of three xenograft HNSCC models showed that primary tumors and metastases responded to s50-TBG-RNAi-CK2 therapy, with tumor shrinkage and 6-month host survival that was achieved at relatively low doses of the therapeutic agent without any adverse toxic effect in normal tissues in the mice. We suggest that our nanocapsule technology and anti-CK2 targeting combine into a therapeutic modality with a potential of significant translational promise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Betsy T Kren
- Medicine, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Janeen H Trembley
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota; and Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry Research Laboratory (151), Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Khalil Ahmed
- Otolaryngology, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota; and Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry Research Laboratory (151), Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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25
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Matrikine and matricellular regulators of EGF receptor signaling on cancer cell migration and invasion. J Transl Med 2014; 94:31-40. [PMID: 24247562 PMCID: PMC4038324 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer invasion is a complex process requiring, among other events, extensive remodeling of the extracellular matrix including deposition of pro-migratory and pro-proliferative moieties. In recent years, it has been described that while invading through matrices cancer cells can change shape and adapt their migration strategies depending on the microenvironmental context. Although intracellular signaling pathways governing the mesenchymal to amoeboid migration shift and vice versa have been mostly elucidated, the extracellular signals promoting these shifts are largely unknown. In this review, we summarize findings that point to matrikines that bind specifically to the EGF receptor as matricellular molecules that enable cancer cell migrational plasticity and promote invasion.
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Tenascin-C is an innate broad-spectrum, HIV-1-neutralizing protein in breast milk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18220-5. [PMID: 24145401 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307336110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving an AIDS-free generation will require elimination of postnatal transmission of HIV-1 while maintaining the nutritional and immunologic benefits of breastfeeding for infants in developing regions. Maternal/infant antiretroviral prophylaxis can reduce postnatal HIV-1 transmission, yet toxicities and the development of drug-resistant viral strains may limit the effectiveness of this strategy. Interestingly, in the absence of antiretroviral prophylaxis, greater than 90% of infants exposed to HIV-1 via breastfeeding remain uninfected, despite daily mucosal exposure to the virus for up to 2 y. Moreover, milk of uninfected women inherently neutralizes HIV-1 and prevents virus transmission in animal models, yet the factor(s) responsible for this anti-HIV activity is not well-defined. In this report, we identify a primary HIV-1-neutralizing protein in breast milk, Tenascin-C (TNC). TNC is an extracellular matrix protein important in fetal development and wound healing, yet its antimicrobial properties have not previously been established. Purified TNC captured and neutralized multiclade chronic and transmitted/founder HIV-1 variants, and depletion of TNC abolished the HIV-1-neutralizing activity of milk. TNC bound the HIV-1 Envelope protein at a site that is induced upon engagement of its primary receptor, CD4, and is blocked by V3 loop- (19B and F39F) and chemokine coreceptor binding site-directed (17B) monoclonal antibodies. Our results demonstrate the ability of an innate mucosal host protein found in milk to neutralize HIV-1 via binding to the chemokine coreceptor site, potentially explaining why the majority of HIV-1-exposed breastfed infants are protected against mucosal HIV-1 transmission.
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Li Y, Qiao H, Yan W, Zhang J, Xing C, Wang H, Zhang B, Tang J. Molecular recognition force spectroscopy study of the dynamic interaction between aptamer GBI-10 and extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C on human glioblastoma cell. J Mol Recognit 2013; 26:46-50. [PMID: 23280617 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Molecular recognition force spectroscopy (MR-FS) was applied to investigate the dynamic interaction between aptamer GBI-10 and tenascin-C (TN-C) on human glioblastoma cell surface at single-molecule level. The unbinding force between aptamer GBI-10 and TN-C was 39 pN at the loading rate of 0.3 nN sec⁻¹. A series of kinetic parameters concerning interaction process such as the unbinding force f(u) , the association rate constant k(on) , dissociation rate constant at zero force k(off) , and dissociation constant K(D) for aptamer GBI-10/TN-C complexes were acquired. In addition, the interaction of aptamer GBI-10 with TN-C depended on the presence of Mg²⁺. This work demonstrates that MR-FS can be used as an attractive tool for exploring the interaction forces and dynamic process of aptamer and ligand at the single-molecule level. As a future perspective, MR-FS may be used as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic tool by combining with other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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Predicting rates of cell state change caused by stochastic fluctuations using a data-driven landscape model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:19262-7. [PMID: 23115330 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1207544109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We develop a potential landscape approach to quantitatively describe experimental data from a fibroblast cell line that exhibits a wide range of GFP expression levels under the control of the promoter for tenascin-C. Time-lapse live-cell microscopy provides data about short-term fluctuations in promoter activity, and flow cytometry measurements provide data about the long-term kinetics, because isolated subpopulations of cells relax from a relatively narrow distribution of GFP expression back to the original broad distribution of responses. The landscape is obtained from the steady state distribution of GFP expression and connected to a potential-like function using a stochastic differential equation description (Langevin/Fokker-Planck). The range of cell states is constrained by a force that is proportional to the gradient of the potential, and biochemical noise causes movement of cells within the landscape. Analyzing the mean square displacement of GFP intensity changes in live cells indicates that these fluctuations are described by a single diffusion constant in log GFP space. This finding allows application of the Kramers' model to calculate rates of switching between two attractor states and enables an accurate simulation of the dynamics of relaxation back to the steady state with no adjustable parameters. With this approach, it is possible to use the steady state distribution of phenotypes and a quantitative description of the short-term fluctuations in individual cells to accurately predict the rates at which different phenotypes will arise from an isolated subpopulation of cells.
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Microarray-based copy number analysis of neurofibromatosis type-1 (NF1)-associated malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors reveals a role for Rho-GTPase pathway genes in NF1 tumorigenesis. Hum Mutat 2012; 33:763-76. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Ni X, Castanares M, Mukherjee A, Lupold SE. Nucleic acid aptamers: clinical applications and promising new horizons. Curr Med Chem 2012; 18:4206-14. [PMID: 21838685 DOI: 10.2174/092986711797189600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are a special class of nucleic acid molecules that are beginning to be investigated for clinical use. These small RNA/DNA molecules can form secondary and tertiary structures capable of specifically binding proteins or other cellular targets; they are essentially a chemical equivalent of antibodies. Aptamers have the advantage of being highly specific, relatively small in size, and non-immunogenic. Since the discovery of aptamers in the early 1990s, great efforts have been made to make them clinically relevant for diseases like cancer, HIV, and macular degeneration. In the last two decades, many aptamers have been clinically developed as inhibitors for targets such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and thrombin. The first aptamer based therapeutic was FDA approved in 2004 for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration and several other aptamers are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. With advances in targeted-therapy, imaging, and nanotechnology, aptamers are readily considered as potential targeting ligands because of their chemical synthesis and ease of modification for conjugation. Preclinical studies using aptamer-siRNA chimeras and aptamer targeted nanoparticle therapeutics have been very successful in mouse models of cancer and HIV. In summary aptamers are in several stages of development, from pre-clinical studies to clinical trials and even as FDA approved therapeutics. In this review, we will discuss the current state of aptamers in clinical trials as well as some promising aptamers in pre-clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Ni
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 600 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Abstract
Despite advances in surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, malignant gliomas are still highly lethal tumors. Traditional treatments that rely on nonspecific, cytotoxic approaches have a marginal impact on patient survival. However, recent advances in the molecular cancer biology underlying glioma pathogenesis have revealed that abnormalities in common cell surface receptors, including receptor tyrosine kinase and other cytokines, mediate the abnormal cellular signal pathways and aggressive biological behavior among the majority of these tumors. Some cell surface receptors have been targeted by novel agents in preclinical and clinical development. Such cancer-specific targeted agents might offer the promise of improved cancer control without substantial toxicity. Here, we review these common cell surface receptors with clinical significance for malignant glioma and discuss the molecular characteristics, pathological significance, and potential therapeutic application of these cell surface receptors. We also summarize the clinical trials of drugs targeting these cell surface receptors in malignant glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Michael Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Kobayashi N, Odaka K, Uehara T, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Kato Y, Oyama H, Tadokoro H, Akizawa H, Tanada S, Hiroe M, Fukumura T, Komuro I, Arano Y, Yoshida T, Irie T. Toward in vivo imaging of heart disease using a radiolabeled single-chain Fv fragment targeting tenascin-C. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9123-30. [PMID: 22074352 DOI: 10.1021/ac202159p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies specific to a particular target molecule can be used as analytical reagents, not only for in vitro immunoassays but also for noninvasive in vivo imaging, e.g., immunoscintigraphies. In the latter case, it is important to reduce the size of antibody molecules in order to achieve suitable in vivo "diagnostic kinetics" and generate higher-resolution images. For these purposes, single-chain Fv fragments (scFvs; M(r) < 30 kDa) have greater potential than intact immunoglobulins (~150 kDa) or Fab (or Fab') fragments (~50 kDa). Our recent observation of enhanced tenascin-C (Tnc) expression at sites of cardiac repair after myocardial infarction prompted us to develop a radiolabeled scFv against Tnc for in vivo imaging of heart disease. We cloned the genes encoding the heavy and light chain variable domains of the mouse anti-Tnc monoclonal antibody 4F10, and combined them to create a single gene. The resulting scFv-4F10 gene was expressed in E. coli cells to produce soluble scFv proteins. scFv-4F10 has an affinity for Tnc (K(a) = 3.5 × 10(7) M(-1)), similar to the Fab fragment of antibody 4F10 (K(a) = 1.3 × 10(7) M(-1)) and high enough to be of practical use. A cysteine residue was then added to the C-terminus to achieve site-specific (111)In labeling via a chelating group. The resulting (111)In-labeled scFv was administered to a rat model of acute myocardial infarction. Biodistribution and quantitative autoradiographic studies indicated higher uptake of the radioactivity at the infarcted myocardium than the noninfarcted one. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) provided in vivo cardiac images that coincided with the ex vivo observations. Our results will promote advances in diagnostic strategies for heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Kobayashi
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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Trembley JH, Unger GM, Korman VL, Tobolt DK, Kazimierczuk Z, Pinna LA, Kren BT, Ahmed K. Nanoencapsulated anti-CK2 small molecule drug or siRNA specifically targets malignant cancer but not benign cells. Cancer Lett 2011; 315:48-58. [PMID: 22050909 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CK2, a pleiotropic Ser/Thr kinase, is an important target for cancer therapy. We tested our novel tenfibgen-based nanocapsule for delivery of the inhibitor 2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole (DMAT) and an siRNA directed against both CK2α and α' catalytic subunits to prostate cancer cells. We present data on the TBG nanocapsule itself and on CK2 inhibition or downregulation in treated cells, including effects on Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65. By direct comparison of two CK2-directed cargos, our data provide proof that the TBG encapsulation design for delivery of drugs specifically to cancer cells has strong potential for small molecule- and nucleic acid-based cancer therapy.
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Paron I, Berchtold S, Vörös J, Shamarla M, Erkan M, Höfler H, Esposito I. Tenascin-C enhances pancreatic cancer cell growth and motility and affects cell adhesion through activation of the integrin pathway. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21684. [PMID: 21747918 PMCID: PMC3126842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer (PDAC) is characterized by an abundant fibrous tissue rich in Tenascin-C (TNC), a large ECM glycoprotein mainly synthesized by pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). In human pancreatic tissues, TNC expression increases in the progression from low-grade precursor lesions to invasive cancer. Aim of this study was the functional characterization of the effects of TNC on biologic relevant properties of pancreatic cancer cells. METHODS Proliferation, migration and adhesion assays were performed on pancreatic cancer cell lines treated with TNC or grown on a TNC-rich matrix. Stable transfectants expressing the large TNC splice variant were generated to test the effects of endogenous TNC. TNC-dependent integrin signaling was investigated by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and pharmacological inhibition. RESULTS Endogenous TNC promoted pancreatic cancer cell growth and migration. A TNC-rich matrix also enhanced migration as well as the adhesion to the uncoated growth surface of poorly differentiated cell lines. In contrast, adhesion to fibronectin was significantly decreased in the presence of TNC. The effects of TNC on cell adhesion were paralleled by changes in the activation state of paxillin and Akt. CONCLUSION TNC affects proliferation, migration and adhesion of poorly differentiated pancreatic cancer cell lines and might therefore play a role in PDAC spreading and metastasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Paron
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja Berchtold
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Vörös
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Madhavi Shamarla
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mert Erkan
- Department of General Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Heinz Höfler
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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OSTEOBLAST AND GINGIVAL FIBROBLAST MARKERS IN DENTAL IMPLANT STUDIES. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2011; 155:109-16. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2011.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Guttery DS, Shaw JA, Lloyd K, Pringle JH, Walker RA. Expression of tenascin-C and its isoforms in the breast. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 29:595-606. [PMID: 20814719 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-010-9249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TNC) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein which is frequently up-regulated in a variety of pathological conditions including chronic inflammation and cancer. TNC has been implicated in the modulation of cell migration, proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis. Multiple isoforms of TNC can be generated through the alternative splicing of nine exons located in the fibronectin type III region of the molecule. The profile of isoforms expressed differs between cancers and normal breast, with the fully truncated TNC isoform being predominant in normal and benign tissues and higher molecular weight isoforms induced predominantly in cancer. The addition of extra domains within the fibronectin type III repeat domain greatly affects TNC function with multiple exon combinations available for splicing. Exons 14 and 16 are considered to be tumour-associated and have been shown to affect breast cell line invasion and growth in vitro to a greater extent than the full-length TNC isoform. This mini review will provide a summary of the literature to date regarding the expression of TNC isoforms in the breast and also discuss more recent developments in the field regarding exon AD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Guttery
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK.
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Yamamoto M, Okui N, Tatebe M, Shinohara T, Hirata H. Regeneration of the perineurium after microsurgical resection examined with immunolabeling for tenascin-C and alpha smooth muscle actin. J Anat 2011; 218:413-25. [PMID: 21265831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerative process of the perineurium and nerve function were examined using an in vivo model of perineurium resection in the rat sciatic nerve. Our hypothesis is that the regenerative process of the perineurium can be demonstrated by immunolabeling for tenascin-C and alpha smooth muscle actin after microsurgical resection of the perineurium in vivo. A total of 38 Lewis rats were used. Eight-week-old animals were assigned to one of two groups: the epi-perineurium removal group or the sham group. Under operative microscopy, the sciatic nerve was dissected from surrounding tissues at the thigh level from the ischial tuberosity to the fossa poplitea. The epi-perineurium was carefully removed by cutting circumferentially and stripping distally for 15 mm. For CatWalk® dynamic gait analysis, only right sciatic nerves underwent surgery; the left sciatic nerves were left intact. For pathological and electrophysiological tests, both the right and left sciatic nerves underwent surgery. Analysis of data was performed at each time interval with a two-group t-test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. After resection of a 15-mm section of the epi-perineurium, immediate endoneurial swelling occurred in the outer portion and spread into the central portion. Although demyelination and axonal degeneration were found in the swollen area, remyelination and recovery of electrophysiological function were seen after regeneration of the perineurium. An immunohistological and electron microscopic study revealed that the perineurium regenerated via fusion of the residual interfascicular perineurium and endoneurial fibroblast-like cells of mesenchymal origin. CatWalk gait analysis showed not only motor paresis but also neuropathic pain during the early phases of this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiro Yamamoto
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
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Yokoyama M. Alterations in Stromal Reaction During Tumor Progression in Oral Mucosa. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.20.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Nucleic acid aptamers are in vitro-selected small, single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides that can specifically recognize their target on the basis of their unique 3-dimensional structures. Recent advances in the development of escort aptamers to deliver and enhance the efficacy of other therapeutic agents have drawn enthusiasm in exploiting cell-type-specific aptamers as drug delivery vehicles. This review mainly focuses on the recent developments of aptamer-mediated targeted delivery systems. We also place particular emphasis on aptamers evolved against cell membrane receptors and possibilities for translation to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehua Zhou
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
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Aptamers for Targeted Drug Delivery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1761-1778. [PMID: 27713328 PMCID: PMC4033951 DOI: 10.3390/ph3061761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are a class of therapeutic oligonucleotides that form specific three-dimensional structures that are dictated by their sequences. They are typically generated by an iterative screening process of complex nucleic acid libraries employing a process termed Systemic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX). SELEX has traditionally been performed using purified proteins, and cell surface receptors may be challenging to purify in their properly folded and modified conformations. Therefore, relatively few aptamers have been generated that bind cell surface receptors. However, improvements in recombinant fusion protein technology have increased the availability of receptor extracellular domains as purified protein targets, and the development of cell-based selection techniques has allowed selection against surface proteins in their native configuration on the cell surface. With cell-based selection, a specific protein target is not always chosen, but selection is performed against a target cell type with the goal of letting the aptamer choose the target. Several studies have demonstrated that aptamers that bind cell surface receptors may have functions other than just blocking receptor-ligand interactions. All cell surface proteins cycle intracellularly to some extent, and many surface receptors are actively internalized in response to ligand binding. Therefore, aptamers that bind cell surface receptors have been exploited for the delivery of a variety of cargoes into cells. This review focuses on recent progress and current challenges in the field of aptamer-mediated delivery.
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A tumor-specific cellular environment at the brain invasion border of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. Virchows Arch 2010; 456:287-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-009-0873-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Hirata E, Arakawa Y, Shirahata M, Yamaguchi M, Kishi Y, Okada T, Takahashi JA, Matsuda M, Hashimoto N. Endogenous tenascin-C enhances glioblastoma invasion with reactive change of surrounding brain tissue. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1451-9. [PMID: 19459858 PMCID: PMC11158953 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenascin-C is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein implicated in embryogenesis, wound healing and tumor progression. We previously revealed that tenascin-C expression is correlated with the prognosis of patients with glioblastoma. However, the exact role of endogenous tenascin-C in regulation of glioblastoma proliferation and invasion remains to be established. We show here that endogenous tenascin-C facilitates glioblastoma invasion, followed by reactive change of the surrounding brain tissue. Although shRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous tenascin-C does not affect proliferation of glioblastoma cells, it abolishes cell migration on a two-dimensional substrate and tumor invasion with brain tissue changes in a xenograft model. The tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that associates with integrins, was decreased in tenascin-C-knockdown cells. In the analysis of clinical samples, tenascin-C expression correlates with the volume of peritumoral reactive change detected by magnetic resonance imaging. Interestingly, glioblastoma cells with high tenascin-C expression infiltrate brain tissue in an autocrine manner. Our results suggest that endogenous tenascin-C contributes the invasive nature of glioblastoma and the compositional change of brain tissue, which renders tenascin-C as a prime candidate for anti-invasion therapy for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eishu Hirata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Sriramarao P, Bourdon MA. Melanoma Cell Invasive and Metastatic Potential Correlates with Endothelial Cell Reorganization and Tenascin Expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 4:85-97. [DOI: 10.3109/10623329609024685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Liu A, Mosher DF, Murphy-Ullrich JE, Goldblum SE. The counteradhesive proteins, thrombospondin 1 and SPARC/osteonectin, open the tyrosine phosphorylation-responsive paracellular pathway in pulmonary vascular endothelia. Microvasc Res 2009; 77:13-20. [PMID: 18952113 PMCID: PMC3022346 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Counteradhesive proteins are a group of genetically and structurally distinct multidomain proteins that have been grouped together for their ability to inhibit cell-substrate interactions. Three counteradhesive proteins that influence endothelial cell behavior include thrombospondin (TSP)1, (SPARC) (Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine), also known as osteonectin, and tenascin. More recently, these proteins have been shown to regulate not only cell-matrix interactions but cell-cell interactions as well. TSP1 increases tyrosine phosphorylation of components of the cell-cell adherens junctions or zonula adherens (ZA) and opens the paracellular pathway in human lung microvascular endothelia. The epidermal growth factor (EGF)-repeats of TSP1 activate the (EGF) receptor (EGFR) and ErbB2, and these two receptor protein tyrosine kinases (PTK)s participate in ZA protein tyrosine phosphorylation and barrier disruption in response to the TSP1 stimulus. For the barrier response to TSP1, EGFR/ErbB2 activation is necessary but insufficient. Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)mu counter-regulates phosphorylation of selected tyrosine residues within the cytoplasmic domain of EGFR. Although tenascin, like TSP1, also contains EGF-like repeats and is known to activate EGFR, whether it also opens the paracellular pathway is unknown. In addition to TSP1, tenascin, and the other TSP family members, there are numerous other proteins that also contain EGF-like repeats and participate in hemostasis, wound healing, and tissue remodeling. EGFR not only responds to direct binding of EGF motif-containing ligands but can also be transactivated by a wide range of diverse stimuli. In fact, several established mediators of increased vascular permeability and/or lung injury, including thrombin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, platelet-activating factor, bradykinin, angiopoietin, and H(2)O(2), transactivate EGFR. It is conceivable that EGFR serves a pivotal signaling role in a final common pathway for the pulmonary response to selected injurious stimuli. SPARC/Osteonectin also increases tyrosine phosphorylation of ZA proteins and opens the endothelial paracellular pathway in a PTK-dependent manner. The expression of the counteradhesive proteins is increased in response to a wide range of injurious stimuli. It is likely that these same molecules participate in the host response to acute lung injury and are operative during the barrier response within the pulmonary microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anguo Liu
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Mucosal Biology Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Abstract
Diffusion in the extracellular space (ECS) of the brain is constrained by the volume fraction and the tortuosity and a modified diffusion equation represents the transport behavior of many molecules in the brain. Deviations from the equation reveal loss of molecules across the blood-brain barrier, through cellular uptake, binding, or other mechanisms. Early diffusion measurements used radiolabeled sucrose and other tracers. Presently, the real-time iontophoresis (RTI) method is employed for small ions and the integrative optical imaging (IOI) method for fluorescent macromolecules, including dextrans or proteins. Theoretical models and simulations of the ECS have explored the influence of ECS geometry, effects of dead-space microdomains, extracellular matrix, and interaction of macromolecules with ECS channels. Extensive experimental studies with the RTI method employing the cation tetramethylammonium (TMA) in normal brain tissue show that the volume fraction of the ECS typically is approximately 20% and the tortuosity is approximately 1.6 (i.e., free diffusion coefficient of TMA is reduced by 2.6), although there are regional variations. These parameters change during development and aging. Diffusion properties have been characterized in several interventions, including brain stimulation, osmotic challenge, and knockout of extracellular matrix components. Measurements have also been made during ischemia, in models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and in human gliomas. Overall, these studies improve our conception of ECS structure and the roles of glia and extracellular matrix in modulating the ECS microenvironment. Knowledge of ECS diffusion properties is valuable in contexts ranging from understanding extrasynaptic volume transmission to the development of paradigms for drug delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Syková
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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46
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Keeling J, Herrera GA. Human matrix metalloproteinases: characteristics and pathologic role in altering mesangial homeostasis. Microsc Res Tech 2008; 71:371-9. [PMID: 18300288 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases are zinc dependent endopeptidases belonging to the M10 family of the metalloproteinase superfamily. They are ubiquitous enzymes, structurally and functionally related, with a high degree of sequence homology. They are primarily involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) turn-over and cell migration through their expanding repertoire of substrate affinities. Twenty three different forms of human MMPs have been described to be arranged in eight distinct structural classes. Their interactions with tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and other indigenous inhibitors have been well documented. This manuscript reviews pertinent information available on matrix metalloproteinases and TIMPs in the literature. Light chain-mediated glomerular injury represents an excellent example of how metalloproteinases participate in altering mesangial homeostasis. Investigations regarding these conditions have shown that the physico-chemical characteristics of the light chains govern the pattern of renal damage that will ensue with the mesangium representing the critical site where pathological alterations are centered. The mesangium is either replaced or expanded depending on the light chains involved in the pathologic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Keeling
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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Abstract
This unit describes the purification of the multifunctional adhesive glycoprotein fibronectin from plasma or of cell-derived fibronectin from cell surfaces and from conditioned medium. Fibronectin can be used in cell adhesion and migration assays, and can be obtained in relatively high purity using simple affinity chromatography techniques.
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Kääriäinen E, Nummela P, Soikkeli J, Yin M, Lukk M, Jahkola T, Virolainen S, Ora A, Ukkonen E, Saksela O, Hölttä E. Switch to an invasive growth phase in melanoma is associated with tenascin-C, fibronectin, and procollagen-I forming specific channel structures for invasion. J Pathol 2007; 210:181-91. [PMID: 16924594 DOI: 10.1002/path.2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanomas are characterized by their high propensity to invade and metastasize, but the molecular mechanisms of these traits have remained elusive. Our DNA microarray analyses of benign nevi and melanoma tissue specimens revealed that the genes encoding extracellular matrix proteins tenascin-C (TN-C), fibronectin (FN), and procollagen-I (PCOL-I) are highly upregulated in invasive and metastatic melanomas. The expression and distribution of these proteins were further studied by immunohistochemistry in benign nevi, radially and vertically growing melanomas, sentinel node micrometastases, and macrometastases. TN-C was increased in all invasive tumours and metastases, especially at invasion fronts, but not in benign nevi or non-invasive melanomas. Significantly, the intensity of TN-C staining correlated with metastasis to sentinel lymph nodes, better than tumour thickness (Breslow). Moreover, TN-C, FN, and PCOL-I appeared to co-localize in the tumours and form tubular meshworks and channels ensheathing the melanoma cells. Our data suggest that melanoma invasion is associated with the formation of special channel-like structures, providing a new concept, structured tumour cell spreading. Altogether, these data provide potential new prognostic markers and therapeutic targets/strategies for preventing melanoma dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kääriäinen
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Yang Y, Yang D, Schluesener HJ, Zhang Z. Advances in SELEX and application of aptamers in the central nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 24:583-92. [PMID: 17681489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) is a screening technique that involves the progressive selection of highly specific ligands by repeated rounds of partition and amplification from a large combinatorial nucleic acid library. The products of the selection are called aptamers, which are short single stranded DNA or RNA molecules, binding with high affinity, attributed to their specific three-dimensional shapes, to a large variety of targets, ranging from small molecules to complex mixtures. Various improvement of the original SELEX method described in 1990 have been obtained recently, such as capillary electrophoresis SELEX, Toggle-SELEX, Tailored-SELEX, Photo-SELEX, and others. These new variants greatly shorten time of selection and improve aptamer affinity and specificity. Such aptamers have great potential as detecting and/or diagnostic reagents. Furthermore, some aptamers specifically inhibit biological functions of targeted proteins, and are considered as potent therapeutic lead structures evaluated in preclinical disease models. Recently, one aptamer has been approved by Food and Drug Administration of US for treating age-related macular degeneration. This review presents recent advances in the field of SELEX with special emphasis on applications of aptamers as analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic tools in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Experimental Medical Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Expression, processing and transcriptional regulation of granulysin in short-term activated human lymphocytes. BMC Immunol 2007; 8:9. [PMID: 17596262 PMCID: PMC1914365 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-8-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Granulysin, a cytotoxic protein expressed in human natural killer cells and activated T lymphocytes, exhibits cytolytic activity against a variety of intracellular microbes. Expression and transcription have been partially characterised in vitro and four transcripts (NKG5, 519, 520, and 522) were identified. However, only a single protein product of 15 kDa was found, which is subsequently processed to an active 9 kDa protein. Results In this study we investigated generation of granulysin in lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells and antigen (Listeria) specific T-cells. Semiquantitative RT-PCR revealed NKG5 to be the most prominent transcript. It was found to be up-regulated in a time-dependent manner in LAK cells and antigen specific T-cells and their subsets. Two isoforms of 519 mRNA were up-regulated under IL-2 and antigen stimulation. Moreover, two novel transcripts, without any known function, comprising solely parts of the 5 prime region of the primary transcript, were detected. A significant increase of granulysin expressing LAK cells as well as antigen specific T-cells was shown by fluorescence microscopy. On the subset level, increase in CD4+ granulysin expressing cells was found only under antigen stimulation. Immunoblotting showed the 15 kDa form of granulysin to be present in the first week of stimulation either with IL-2 or with bacterial antigen. Substantial processing to the 9 kDa form was detected during the first week in LAK cells and in the second week in antigen specific T-cells. Conclusion This first comprehensive study of granulysin gene regulation in primary cultured human lymphocytes shows that the regulation of granulysin synthesis in response to IL-2 or bacterial antigen stimulation occurs at several levels: RNA expression, extensive alternative splicing and posttranslational processing.
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