1
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Ruberu TLM, Braun D, Parmigiani G, Biswas S. Bayesian meta-analysis of penetrance for cancer risk. Biometrics 2024; 80:ujae038. [PMID: 38819308 PMCID: PMC11140851 DOI: 10.1093/biomtc/ujae038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Multi-gene panel testing allows many cancer susceptibility genes to be tested quickly at a lower cost making such testing accessible to a broader population. Thus, more patients carrying pathogenic germline mutations in various cancer-susceptibility genes are being identified. This creates a great opportunity, as well as an urgent need, to counsel these patients about appropriate risk-reducing management strategies. Counseling hinges on accurate estimates of age-specific risks of developing various cancers associated with mutations in a specific gene, ie, penetrance estimation. We propose a meta-analysis approach based on a Bayesian hierarchical random-effects model to obtain penetrance estimates by integrating studies reporting different types of risk measures (eg, penetrance, relative risk, odds ratio) while accounting for the associated uncertainties. After estimating posterior distributions of the parameters via a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm, we estimate penetrance and credible intervals. We investigate the proposed method and compare with an existing approach via simulations based on studies reporting risks for two moderate-risk breast cancer susceptibility genes, ATM and PALB2. Our proposed method is far superior in terms of coverage probability of credible intervals and mean square error of estimates. Finally, we apply our method to estimate the penetrance of breast cancer among carriers of pathogenic mutations in the ATM gene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle Braun
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Department of Data Science, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Giovanni Parmigiani
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Department of Data Science, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Swati Biswas
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, United States
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2
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Sousa N, Peleteiro B, Fougo JL. Omission of axillary lymph node dissection in breast cancer patients with micrometastasis or isolated tumor cells in sentinel lymph nodes: a 12-year experience in a tertiary breast unit. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 150:1. [PMID: 38153534 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION After the IBCSG 23-01 trial, our breast center no longer performed axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) after detection of isolated tumor cells (ITC) or micrometastasis in the sentinel lymph nodes (SLN). A recent study suggested that up to half of the patients with micrometastasis in the SLN could benefit from ALND in terms of disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). METHODS This retrospective, unicentric, study analyzed 261 consecutive cT1-3 cN0 breast cancer patients with ITC or micrometastasis in their SLN. Primary objective was comparison of ALND vs. SLN biopsy (SLNB) with regard to DFS and OS. Secondary objectives included analysis of factors associated with an increased rate of locoregional recurrence (LRR), distant metastasis (DM) and metachronous contralateral breast cancer (MCBC). RESULTS DFS events occurred in 19 patients (7.3%) and 14 patients died (5.4%). Median follow-up time was 78 months. 251 patients (96.2%) had micrometastasis in their SLN. There was no difference in the OS or DFS of ALND vs. SLNB patients. History of previous contralateral breast cancer and WBI were associated with an increased and decreased rate of LRR, respectively. Larger tumor size was associated with an increased rate of DM. Non-ductal histological types were associated with an increased rate of MCBC. DISCUSSION Avoiding ALND may be safe in pN1mi/pN0(i+) patients. Besides, we strongly encourage clinicians to develop their own follow-up protocols based on the best available evidence, to rapidly identify and treat breast cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Sousa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Bárbara Peleteiro
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Breast Center, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Public Health, EPI Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Luis Fougo
- Breast Center, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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3
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Zhang JQ, Dos Anjos CH, Sevilimedu V, Crown A, Amoroso KA, Pilewskie ML, Robson ME, Gemignani ML. Association of Moderate-Risk Breast Cancer Genes with Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy and Bilateral Disease. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:6990-6999. [PMID: 37661222 PMCID: PMC11005956 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-14141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of ATM, CHEK2, and PALB2, the three most prevalent moderate-risk breast cancer genes, on surgical decision making is not well known. METHODS Our retrospective study included patients with resectable non-metastatic breast cancer who underwent multigene panel testing between July 2014 and January 2020 with at least one genetic alteration (pathogenic or variant of uncertain significance [VUS] in ATM [n = 49], CHEK [n = 57], or PALB2 [n = 27]). Our objectives were to determine the rate of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) and the rate of bilateral breast cancer. Univariable analyses (UVA) and multivariable analyses (MVA) were performed to identify factors associated with CPM and bilateral breast cancer. RESULTS The rate of CPM was 39% (n = 49/127), with 54% (n = 25/46) of patients with a pathogenic mutation and 30% (n = 24/81) of patients with a VUS choosing CPM. On MVA, premenopausal status (odds ratio [OR] 3.46) and a pathogenic alteration (OR 3.01) were associated with increased use of CPM. Bilateral disease was noted in 16% (n = 22/138). Patients with pathogenic mutations had a 22% (n = 11/51) incidence of bilateral breast cancer, while patients with VUS had a 13% (n = 11/87) incidence, although this was not statistically significant on UVA or MVA. On MVA, premenopausal status was associated with a decreased risk of bilateral disease (OR 0.33, p = 0.022). During follow-up, a breast cancer event occurred in 16% (n = 22/138). CONCLUSIONS Our study identified a high rate of CPM among those with ATM, CHEK2, and PALB2 alterations, including VUS. Further studies are needed to clarify reasons for CPM among patients with moderate-risk alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Q Zhang
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | | | - Varadan Sevilimedu
- Biostatistics Service, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angelena Crown
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Breast Surgery, True Family Women's Cancer Center, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kimberly A Amoroso
- Clinical Genetics Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa L Pilewskie
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark E Robson
- Breast Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary L Gemignani
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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4
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Pacheco JHL, Elizondo G. Interplay between Estrogen, Kynurenine, and AHR Pathways: An immunosuppressive axis with therapeutic potential for breast cancer treatment. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 217:115804. [PMID: 37716620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies among women worldwide. Estrogen exposure via endogenous and exogenous sources during a lifetime, together with environmental exposure to estrogenic compounds, represent the most significant risk factor for breast cancer development. As breast tumors establish, multiple pathways are deregulated. Among them is the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling pathway. AHR, a ligand-activated transcription factor associated with the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and estrogens, is overexpressed in breast cancer. Furthermore, AHR and estrogen receptor (ER) cross-talk pathways have been observed. Additionally, the Tryptophan (Trp) catabolizing enzymes indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) are overexpressed in breast cancer. IDO/TDO catalyzes the formation of Kynurenine (KYN) and other tryptophan-derived metabolites, which are ligands of AHR. Once KYN activates AHR, it stimulates the expression of the IDO enzyme, increases the level of KYN, and activates non-canonical pathways to control inflammation and immunosuppression in breast tumors. The interplay between E2, AHR, and IDO/TDO/KYN pathways and their impact on the immune system represents an immunosuppressive axis on breast cancer. The potential modulation of the immunosuppressive E2-AHR-IDO/TDO/KYN axis has aroused great expectations in oncotherapy. The present article will review the mechanisms implicated in generating the immunosuppressive axis E2-AHR-IDO/TDO/KYN in breast cancer and the current state of knowledge as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillermo Elizondo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360 Ciudad de México, México.
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5
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Henkel J, Laner A, Locher M, Wohlfrom T, Neitzel B, Becker K, Neuhann T, Abicht A, Steinke-Lange V, Holinski-Feder E. Diagnostic yield and clinical relevance of expanded germline genetic testing for nearly 7000 suspected HBOC patients. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:925-930. [PMID: 37188824 PMCID: PMC10400578 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report the results of a retrospective germline analysis of 6941 individuals fulfilling the criteria necessary for genetic testing of hereditary breast- and ovarian cancer (HBOC) according to the German S3 or AGO Guidelines. Genetic testing was performed by next-generation sequencing using 123 cancer-associated genes based on the Illumina TruSight® Cancer Sequencing Panel. In 1431 of 6941 cases (20.6%) at least one variant was reported (ACMG/AMP classes 3-5). Of those 56.3% (n = 806) were class 4 or 5 and 43.7% (n = 625) were a class 3 (VUS). We defined a 14 gene HBOC core gene panel and compared this to a national and different internationally recommended gene panels (German Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Consortium HBOC Consortium, ClinGen expert Panel, Genomics England PanelsApp) in regard of diagnostic yield, revealing a diagnostic range of pathogenic variants (class 4/5) from 7.8 to 11.6% depending on the panel evaluated. With the 14 HBOC core gene panel having a diagnostic yield of pathogenic variants (class 4/5) of 10.8%. Additionally, 66 (1%) pathogenic variants (ACMG/AMP class 4 or 5) were found in genes outside the 14 HBOC core gene set (secondary findings) that would have been missed with the restriction to the analysis of HBOC genes. Furthermore, we evaluated a workflow for a periodic re-evaluation of variants of uncertain clinical significance (VUS) for the improvement of clinical validity of germline genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Henkel
- MGZ - Medizinisch Genetisches Zentrum, München, Germany
| | - Andreas Laner
- MGZ - Medizinisch Genetisches Zentrum, München, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Angela Abicht
- MGZ - Medizinisch Genetisches Zentrum, München, Germany
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Verena Steinke-Lange
- MGZ - Medizinisch Genetisches Zentrum, München, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität, München, Germany
| | - Elke Holinski-Feder
- MGZ - Medizinisch Genetisches Zentrum, München, Germany.
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität, München, Germany.
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6
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Monaco ML, Idris OA, Essani K. Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Basic Biology and Immuno-Oncolytic Viruses. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082393. [PMID: 37190321 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most lethal subtype of breast cancer. TNBC diagnoses account for approximately one-fifth of all breast cancer cases globally. The lack of receptors for estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER-2, CD340) results in a lack of available molecular-based therapeutics. This increases the difficulty of treatment and leaves more traditional as well as toxic therapies as the only available standards of care in many cases. Recurrence is an additional serious problem, contributing substantially to its higher mortality rate as compared to other breast cancers. Tumor heterogeneity also poses a large obstacle to treatment approaches. No driver of tumor development has been identified for TNBC, and large variations in mutational burden between tumors have been described previously. Here, we describe the biology of six different subtypes of TNBC, based on differential gene expression. Subtype differences can have a large impact on metastatic potential and resistance to treatment. Emerging antibody-based therapeutics, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, have available targets for small subsets of TNBC patients, leading to partial responses and relatively low overall efficacy. Immuno-oncolytic viruses (OVs) have recently become significant in the pursuit of effective treatments for TNBC. OVs generally share the ability to ignore the heterogeneous nature of TNBC cells and allow infection throughout a treated tumor. Recent genetic engineering has allowed for the enhancement of efficacy against certain tumor types while avoiding the most common side effects in non-cancerous tissues. In this review, TNBC is described in order to address the challenges it presents to potential treatments. The OVs currently described preclinically and in various stages of clinical trials are also summarized, as are their strategies to enhance therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Monaco
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | - Omer A Idris
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | - Karim Essani
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
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7
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Czegle I, Huang C, Soria PG, Purkiss DW, Shields A, Wappler-Guzzetta EA. The Role of Genetic Mutations in Mitochondrial-Driven Cancer Growth in Selected Tumors: Breast and Gynecological Malignancies. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040996. [PMID: 37109525 PMCID: PMC10145875 DOI: 10.3390/life13040996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing understanding of the molecular and cytogenetic background of various tumors that helps us better conceptualize the pathogenesis of specific diseases. Additionally, in many cases, these molecular and cytogenetic alterations have diagnostic, prognostic, and/or therapeutic applications that are heavily used in clinical practice. Given that there is always room for improvement in cancer treatments and in cancer patient management, it is important to discover new therapeutic targets for affected individuals. In this review, we discuss mitochondrial changes in breast and gynecological (endometrial and ovarian) cancers. In addition, we review how the frequently altered genes in these diseases (BRCA1/2, HER2, PTEN, PIK3CA, CTNNB1, RAS, CTNNB1, FGFR, TP53, ARID1A, and TERT) affect the mitochondria, highlighting the possible associated individual therapeutic targets. With this approach, drugs targeting mitochondrial glucose or fatty acid metabolism, reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial biogenesis, mtDNA transcription, mitophagy, or cell death pathways could provide further tailored treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolya Czegle
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Chelsea Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Priscilla Geraldine Soria
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Dylan Wesley Purkiss
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Andrea Shields
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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8
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Kuzbari Z, Bandlamudi C, Loveday C, Garrett A, Mehine M, George A, Hanson H, Snape K, Kulkarni A, Allen S, Jezdic S, Ferrandino R, Westphalen CB, Castro E, Rodon J, Mateo J, Burghel GJ, Berger MF, Mandelker D, Turnbull C. Germline-focused analysis of tumour-detected variants in 49,264 cancer patients: ESMO Precision Medicine Working Group recommendations. Ann Oncol 2023; 34:215-227. [PMID: 36529447 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The European Society for Medical Oncology Precision Medicine Working Group (ESMO PMWG) was reconvened to update its 2018/19 recommendations on follow-up of putative germline variants detected on tumour-only sequencing, which were based on an analysis of 17 152 cancers. METHODS We analysed an expanded dataset including 49 264 paired tumour-normal samples. We applied filters to tumour-detected variants based on variant allele frequency, predicted pathogenicity and population variant frequency. For 58 cancer-susceptibility genes, we then examined the proportion of filtered tumour-detected variants of true germline origin [germline conversion rate (GCR)]. We conducted subanalyses based on the age of cancer diagnosis, specific tumour types and 'on-tumour' status (established tumour-gene association). RESULTS Analysis of 45 472 nonhypermutated solid malignancy tumour samples yielded 21 351 filtered tumour-detected variants of which 3515 were of true germline origin. 3.1% of true germline pathogenic variants were absent from the filtered tumour-detected variants. For genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2 and PALB2, the GCR in filtered tumour-detected variants was >80%; conversely for TP53, APC and STK11 this GCR was <2%. CONCLUSION Strategic germline-focused analysis can prioritise a subset of tumour-detected variants for which germline follow-up will produce the highest yield of most actionable true germline variants. We present updated recommendations around germline follow-up of tumour-only sequencing including (i) revision to 5% for the minimum per-gene GCR, (ii) inclusion of actionable intermediate penetrance genes ATM and CHEK2, (iii) definition of a set of seven 'most actionable' cancer-susceptibility genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and RET) in which germline follow-up is recommended regardless of tumour type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kuzbari
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - C Bandlamudi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - C Loveday
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK. https://twitter.com/LovedayChey
| | - A Garrett
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK. https://twitter.com/DrAliceGarrett
| | - M Mehine
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - A George
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - H Hanson
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - K Snape
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. https://twitter.com/genetikos
| | - A Kulkarni
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. https://twitter.com/Anju__Kulkarni
| | - S Allen
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - S Jezdic
- Scientific and Medical Division, European Society for Medical Oncology, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - R Ferrandino
- Scientific and Medical Division, European Society for Medical Oncology, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - C B Westphalen
- Department of Medicine III and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC Munich LMU) University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - E Castro
- Genitourinary Cancers Translational Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Research in Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain. https://twitter.com/Ecastromarcos
| | - J Rodon
- Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - J Mateo
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona; Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G J Burghel
- North West Genomic Laboratory Hub, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK. https://twitter.com/BurghelG
| | - M F Berger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - D Mandelker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - C Turnbull
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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9
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Yao Q, Gorevic P, Shen B, Gibson G. Genetically transitional disease: a new concept in genomic medicine. Trends Genet 2023; 39:98-108. [PMID: 36564319 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Traditional classification of genetic diseases as monogenic and polygenic has lagged far behind scientific progress. In this opinion article, we propose and define a new terminology, genetically transitional disease (GTD), referring to cases where a large-effect mutation is necessary, but not sufficient, to cause disease. This leads to a working disease nosology based on gradients of four types of genetic architecture: monogenic, polygenic, GTD, and mixed. We present four scenarios under which GTD may occur; namely, subsets of traditionally Mendelian disease, modifiable Tier 1 monogenic conditions, variable penetrance, and situations where a genetic mutational spectrum produces qualitatively divergent pathologies. The implications of the new nosology in precision medicine are discussed, in which therapeutic options may target the molecular cause or the disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Yao
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Peter Gorevic
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Bo Shen
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Greg Gibson
- Center for Integrative Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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10
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Tashatot Simin P, Jafari Marandi S, Behjati Ardakani R. MiR-144 as a novel biomarker in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. BIONATURA 2022. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2022.07.04.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes naturally carry the biomolecules in the body; they perform this task efficiently without compromising the immune system and by breaking through all the biological barriers, so they can be the best choice for designing and introducing a drug and gene transfer system. Extraction of the exosomes from the cell culture medium was performed by precipitation with an Exoquick kit solution. Nanoparticle specificity analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Trizol reagent (Invitrogen) was used for RNA extraction. Single-strand cDNA synthesis was performed from the miRNA and RT-PCR. Data were analyzed using a threshold cycle comparative method and cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry. Exosomes containing miR-144 can dramatically decrease the expression level of crucial TGF-β pathway genes, SMAD4 and TGF-βR2, in breast cancer cells. Botulinum toxin A inhibits cancer cell growth by inhibiting the TGF-β pathway. The simultaneous combination of engineered exosomes containing miR-144 and bacterial botulinum toxin A has increased effects on inhibiting the TGF-β signaling pathway. It causes cell cycle arrest in breast cancer cells. The present study's findings showed that overexpression of miR-144 in breast tumor cells results in the packaging of miRNA in exosomes derived from these cells. As a result, the exosomal platform for nucleic acid transfer to the cell appears to be an effective transducer for gene transfer to the cell. It could be used as a suitable adjunct to cancer therapeutic studies.
Keywords: Breast cancer, botulinum toxin A, exosome, miRNA, biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Tashatot Simin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic Azad University- Tehran North Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayeh Jafari Marandi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic Azad University- Tehran North Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Behjati Ardakani
- Reproductive Immunology Department, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Shahid Beheshti University
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11
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Wang Y, Ma B, Liu X, Gao G, Che Z, Fan M, Meng S, Zhao X, Sugimura R, Cao H, Zhou Z, Xie J, Lin C, Luo Z. ZFP281-BRCA2 prevents R-loop accumulation during DNA replication. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3493. [PMID: 35715464 PMCID: PMC9205938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
R-loops are prevalent in mammalian genomes and involved in many fundamental cellular processes. Depletion of BRCA2 leads to aberrant R-loop accumulation, contributing to genome instability. Here, we show that ZFP281 cooperates with BRCA2 in preventing R-loop accumulation to facilitate DNA replication in embryonic stem cells. ZFP281 depletion reduces PCNA levels on chromatin and impairs DNA replication. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that ZFP281 can interact with BRCA2, and that BRCA2 is enriched at G/C-rich promoters and requires both ZFP281 and PRC2 for its proper recruitment to the bivalent chromatin at the genome-wide scale. Furthermore, depletion of ZFP281 or BRCA2 leads to accumulation of R-loops over the bivalent regions, and compromises activation of the developmental genes by retinoic acid during stem cell differentiation. In summary, our results reveal that ZFP281 recruits BRCA2 to the bivalent chromatin regions to ensure proper progression of DNA replication through preventing persistent R-loops. R-loops are prevalent in mammalian genomes and involved in many fundamental cellular processes. Here, Wang et al. report that ZFP281 cooperates with BRCA2 in preventing R-loop accumulation to facilitate DNA replication in embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Binbin Ma
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaoxu Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Ge Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Che
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Menghan Fan
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Siyan Meng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xiru Zhao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Rio Sugimura
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Hua Cao
- Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation of Non-human primate, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Zhongjun Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chengqi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation of Non-human primate, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China. .,Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China. .,Shenzhen Research Institute, Southeast University, 19 Gaoxin South 4th Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518063, China.
| | - Zhuojuan Luo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China. .,Shenzhen Research Institute, Southeast University, 19 Gaoxin South 4th Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518063, China.
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12
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Haneda E, Sato A, Suganuma N, Sebata Y, Okamoto S, Toda S, Kohagura K, Matsubara Y, Sugawara Y, Yamanaka T, Yamashita T, Shimizu S, Narimatsu H. Efficacy of Clinical Guidelines in Identifying All Japanese Patients with Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106182. [PMID: 35627717 PMCID: PMC9140389 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Clinical screening using the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) testing criteria may fail to identify all patients with hereditary breast and ovarian cancers. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the strategy of expanding target patients for genetic testing among Japanese patients. We reviewed the medical records of 91 breast cancer patients who underwent genetic testing. Among 91 patients, eight were diagnosed with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants: BRCA1 (n = 4) and BRCA2 (n = 4). Among 50 patients meeting the testing criteria of the guidelines, 6 (12%) were diagnosed with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants. The sensitivity and specificity of screening using the testing criteria were 75% and 47%, respectively. Expanding the NCCN criteria to include all women diagnosed with breast cancer aged ≤65 years achieved 88% sensitivity but 8% specificity. The expansion of the NCCN criteria could benefit Japanese patients; however, larger studies are necessary to change clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Haneda
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan; (E.H.); (A.S.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Ann Sato
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan; (E.H.); (A.S.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Nobuyasu Suganuma
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan; (E.H.); (A.S.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan; (S.O.); (S.T.); (K.K.); (Y.M.); (Y.S.); (T.Y.); (T.Y.)
| | - Yoshiko Sebata
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan; (E.H.); (A.S.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
- Department of Nursing, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan
| | - Saki Okamoto
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan; (S.O.); (S.T.); (K.K.); (Y.M.); (Y.S.); (T.Y.); (T.Y.)
| | - Soji Toda
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan; (S.O.); (S.T.); (K.K.); (Y.M.); (Y.S.); (T.Y.); (T.Y.)
| | - Kaori Kohagura
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan; (S.O.); (S.T.); (K.K.); (Y.M.); (Y.S.); (T.Y.); (T.Y.)
| | - Yuka Matsubara
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan; (S.O.); (S.T.); (K.K.); (Y.M.); (Y.S.); (T.Y.); (T.Y.)
| | - Yuko Sugawara
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan; (S.O.); (S.T.); (K.K.); (Y.M.); (Y.S.); (T.Y.); (T.Y.)
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan; (S.O.); (S.T.); (K.K.); (Y.M.); (Y.S.); (T.Y.); (T.Y.)
| | - Toshinari Yamashita
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan; (S.O.); (S.T.); (K.K.); (Y.M.); (Y.S.); (T.Y.); (T.Y.)
| | - Satoru Shimizu
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan; (E.H.); (A.S.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Hiroto Narimatsu
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan; (E.H.); (A.S.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
- Cancer Prevention and Control Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan
- Graduate School of Health Innovation, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
- Correspondence:
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13
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Kedmi A, Kadouri L, Sagy I, Hamburger T, Levin G, Zimhony-Nissim N, Peretz T. Genetic anticipation of breast cancer among BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers: A retrospective study. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2022; 159:537-543. [PMID: 35278219 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.14179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the anticipation phenomenon among hereditary breast cancer patients, by evaluating trends in age at diagnosis and phenotype of breast cancer across two successive generation pairs of BRCA1/2 mutation carriers/non-carriers with breast cancer after reports of an earlier age of diagnosis in successive generations among BRCA1/2 mutation carrier families. METHOD A retrospective cohort study. Patient characteristics, pathologic data and survival were compared between mothers and daughters and between carriers and non-carriers. RESULTS Overall, 126 patients were found, who formed 67 pairs of mothers and daughters diagnosed with breast cancer and genetically tested for BRCA mutations. Age at diagnosis was significantly younger in the daughter versus mother generation, in both groups of BRCA carriers/non-carriers. Tumor characteristics were not different between mothers and daughters. Survival analysis revealed a not significant better outcome for the daughter generation versus the mother generation. CONCLUSIONS Breast cancer appeared to be diagnosed at an earlier age in successive generations among BRCA mutation carriers and non-carriers. The fact that we also observed a downshift at age of diagnosis in non-carrier pairs emphasizes that other factors (environmental, lifestyle, or social) may influence the age at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviya Kedmi
- Joyce and Irving Medical School of the Faculty of Health Sciences at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Luna Kadouri
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Iftach Sagy
- Soroka Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Tamar Hamburger
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gabriel Levin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Noa Zimhony-Nissim
- Soroka Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Tamar Peretz
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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14
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Stark RT, Pye DR, Chen W, Newton OJ, Deadman BJ, Miller PW, Panayides JL, Riley DL, Hellgardt K, Hii KK(M. Assessing a sustainable manufacturing route to lapatinib. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00267a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic route to an anti-cancer drug, lapatinib, was devised to support the development of a sustainable manufacturing process in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick T. Stark
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Dominic R. Pye
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Wenyi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Oliver J. Newton
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Benjamin J. Deadman
- Centre for Rapid Online Analysis of Reactions (ROAR), Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Philip W. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Jenny-Lee Panayides
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Future Production: Chemicals, Council for Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Meiring Naude Rd, Brummeria, Pretoria, 0184, South Africa
| | - Darren L. Riley
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Rd, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Klaus Hellgardt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - King Kuok (Mimi) Hii
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
- Centre for Rapid Online Analysis of Reactions (ROAR), Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
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15
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Malik JA, Ahmed S, Jan B, Bender O, Al Hagbani T, Alqarni A, Anwar S. Drugs repurposed: An advanced step towards the treatment of breast cancer and associated challenges. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112375. [PMID: 34863612 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is mostly observed in women and is responsible for huge mortality in women subjects globally. Due to the continued development of drug resistance and other contributing factors, the scientific community needs to look for new alternatives, and drug repurposing is one of the best opportunities. Here we light upon the drug repurposing with a major focus on breast cancer. BC is a division of cancer known as the leading cause of death of 2.3 million women globally, with 685,000 fatalities. This number is steadily rising, necessitating the development of a treatment that can extend survival time. All available treatments for BC are very costly as well as show side effects. This unfulfilled requirement of the anti-cancer drugs ignited an enthusiasm for drug repositioning, which means finding out the anti-cancer use of already marketed drugs for other complications. With the advancement in proteomics, genomics, and computational approaches, the drug repurposing process hastens. So many drugs are repurposed for the BC, including alkylating agents, antimetabolite, anthracyclines, an aromatase inhibitor, mTOR, and many more. The drug resistance in breast cancer is rising, so reviewing how the challenges in breast cancer can be combated with drug repurposing. This paper provides the updated information on all the repurposed drugs candidates for breast cancer with the molecular mechanism responsible for their anti-tumor activity. Additionally, all the challenges that occur during the repurposing of the drugs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonaid Ahmad Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India; Department of Biomedical engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ropar, Punjab, India
| | - Sakeel Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali, India
| | - Bisma Jan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Onur Bender
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Turki Al Hagbani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aali Alqarni
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmacology unit, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Al Baha University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sirajudheen Anwar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
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16
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Landry KK, Seward DJ, Dragon JA, Slavik M, Xu K, McKinnon WC, Colello L, Sweasy J, Wallace SS, Cuke M, Wood ME. Investigation of discordant sibling pairs from hereditary breast cancer families and analysis of a rare PMS1 variant. Cancer Genet 2021; 260-261:30-36. [PMID: 34852986 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is likely that additional genes for hereditary breast cancer can be identified using a discordant sib pair design. Using this design we identified individuals harboring a rare PMS1 c.605G>A variant previously predicted to result in loss of function. OBJECTIVES A family-based design and predictive algorithms were used to prioritize candidate variants possibly associated with an increased risk of hereditary breast cancer. Functional analyses were performed for one of the candidate variants, PMS1 c.605G>A. METHODS 1) 14 discordant sister-pairs from hereditary breast cancer families were identified. 2) Whole exome sequencing was performed and candidate risk variants identified. 3) A rare PMS variant was identified in 2 unrelated affected sisters but no unaffected siblings. 4) Functional analysis of this variant was carried out using targeted mRNA sequencing. RESULTS Genotype-phenotype correlation did not demonstrate tracking of the variant with cancer in the family. Functional analysis revealed no difference in exon 6 incorporation, which was validated by analyzing PMS1 allele specific expression. CONCLUSIONS The PMS1 c.605G>A variant did not segregate with disease, and there was no variant-dependent impact on PMS1 exon 6 splicing, supporting this variant is likely benign. Functional analyses are imperative to understanding the clinical significance of predictive algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Landry
- Department of Medicine Hematology-Oncology, UVM Medical Center, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - D J Seward
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, U-VM Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - J A Dragon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UVM Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - M Slavik
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UVM Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - K Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, U-VM Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - W C McKinnon
- Department of Medicine Hematology-Oncology, UVM Medical Center, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - L Colello
- Department of Medicine Hematology-Oncology, UVM Medical Center, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - J Sweasy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - S S Wallace
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UVM Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - M Cuke
- Department of Medicine Hematology-Oncology, UVM Medical Center, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - M E Wood
- Department of Medicine Hematology-Oncology, UVM Medical Center, Burlington, VT, USA
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17
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Mc Auley MT. DNA methylation in genes associated with the evolution of ageing and disease: A critical review. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101488. [PMID: 34662746 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is characterised by a physical decline in biological functioning which results in a progressive risk of mortality with time. As a biological phenomenon, it is underpinned by the dysregulation of a myriad of complex processes. Recently, however, ever-increasing evidence has associated epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation (DNAm) with age-onset pathologies, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease. These diseases compromise healthspan. Consequently, there is a medical imperative to understand the link between epigenetic ageing, and healthspan. Evolutionary theory provides a unique way to gain new insights into epigenetic ageing and health. This review will: (1) provide a brief overview of the main evolutionary theories of ageing; (2) discuss recent genetic evidence which has revealed alleles that have pleiotropic effects on fitness at different ages in humans; (3) consider the effects of DNAm on pleiotropic alleles, which are associated with age related disease; (4) discuss how age related DNAm changes resonate with the mutation accumulation, disposable soma and programmed theories of ageing; (5) discuss how DNAm changes associated with caloric restriction intersect with the evolution of ageing; and (6) conclude by discussing how evolutionary theory can be used to inform investigations which quantify age-related DNAm changes which are linked to age onset pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Tomás Mc Auley
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Chester, Exton Park, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK.
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18
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Saif I, Bouziyane A, Benhessou M, Karroumi ME, Ennaji MM. Detection of hypermethylation BRCA1/2 gene promoter in breast tumours among Moroccan women. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7147-7152. [PMID: 34591267 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06705-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The promoter region is a key element of gene expression regulation. In mammals, most of the genes present, at the level of their promoter, a large number of islands CpG. Age also is seen as another factor for developing breast cell cancer reaching the tumour stage. AIM This study aimed to explore the hypermethylation of the BRCA1/2 promoter gene in women breast cancer and correlation with age and tumour stage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty biopsies were derived from Moroccan women treated for breast carcinoma, the DNA extracted was treated by bisulphite and the targeted BRCA1/2 Amplicons were amplified by specific methylation primers (MSP). RESULTS The result shows that 62% of the samples were BRCA1 methylated in addition and negative result for BRCA2, these positive epigenetic factor were remarkable in women over 47 years and at the stage of malignant tumour. CONCLUSION These results show that half of the methylated samples are positive with a majority of over 47 years old, and confirms that age might be an additional factor for breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Saif
- Team of Virology, Oncology and Medical Biotechnologies, Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology, Quality and Biotechnologies/ETB, Faculty of Sciences and Technics-Mohammedia, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Po Box 146, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Amal Bouziyane
- Team of Virology, Oncology and Medical Biotechnologies, Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology, Quality and Biotechnologies/ETB, Faculty of Sciences and Technics-Mohammedia, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Po Box 146, Mohammedia, Morocco.,Department of Gynecological Obstetrics, University Mohamed VI of Health Sciences of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Benhessou
- Team of Virology, Oncology and Medical Biotechnologies, Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology, Quality and Biotechnologies/ETB, Faculty of Sciences and Technics-Mohammedia, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Po Box 146, Mohammedia, Morocco.,Department of Gynecological Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine of Casablanca, Hospital University Center (CHU) Ibn Rochd Casablanca, University Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mohamed El Karroumi
- Department of Gynecological Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine of Casablanca, Hospital University Center (CHU) Ibn Rochd Casablanca, University Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Moulay Mustapha Ennaji
- Team of Virology, Oncology and Medical Biotechnologies, Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology, Quality and Biotechnologies/ETB, Faculty of Sciences and Technics-Mohammedia, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Po Box 146, Mohammedia, Morocco.
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19
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Arancibia T, Morales-Pison S, Maldonado E, Jara L. Association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms in miRNA and breast cancer risk: an updated review. Biol Res 2021; 54:26. [PMID: 34454612 PMCID: PMC8401249 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-021-00349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC), a heterogeneous, aggressive illness with high mortality, is essentially a genomic disease. While the high-penetrance genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 play important roles in tumorigenesis, moderate- and low-penetrance genes are also involved. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in microRNA (miRNA) genes have recently been identified as BC risk factors. miRNA genes are currently classified as low-penetrance. SNPs are the most common variations in the human genome. While the role of miRNA SNPs in BC susceptibility has been studied extensively, results have been inconsistent. This review analyzes the results of association studies between miRNA SNPs and BC risk from countries around the world. We conclude that: (a) By continent, the largest proportion of studies to date were conducted in Asia (65.0 %) and the smallest proportion in Africa (1.8 %); (b) Association studies have been completed for 67 different SNPs; (c) 146a, 196a2, 499, 27a, and 423 are the most-studied miRNAs; (d) The SNPs rs2910164 (miRNA-146a), rs11614913 (miRNA-196a2), rs3746444 (miRNA-499) and rs6505162 (miRNA-423) were the most widely associated with increased BC risk; (e) The majority of studies had small samples, which may affect the precision and power of the results; and (f) The effect of an SNP on BC risk depends on the ethnicity of the population. This review also discusses potential explanations for controversial findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinidad Arancibia
- Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencia Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 8380453, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Morales-Pison
- Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencia Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 8380453, Santiago, Chile
| | - Edio Maldonado
- Programa Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 8380453, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lilian Jara
- Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencia Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 8380453, Santiago, Chile.
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20
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Dan VM, Raveendran RS, Baby S. Resistance to Intervention: Paclitaxel in Breast Cancer. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:1237-1268. [PMID: 33319669 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520999201214234421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer stands as the most prevalent cancer in women globally, and contributes to the highest percentage of mortality due to cancer-related deaths in women. Paclitaxel (PTX) is heavily relied on as a frontline chemotherapy drug in breast cancer treatment, especially in advanced metastatic cancer. Generation of resistance to PTX often derails clinical management and adversely affects patient outcomes. Understanding the molecular mechanism of PTX resistance is necessary to device methods to aid in overcoming the resistance. Recent studies exploring the mechanism of development of PTX resistance have led to unveiling of a range novel therapeutic targets. PTX resistance pathways that involve major regulatory proteins/RNAs like RNF8/Twist/ROR1, TLR, ErbB3/ErbB2, BRCA1- IRIS, MENA, LIN9, MiRNA, FoxM1 and IRAK1 have expanded the complexity of resistance mechanisms, and brought newer insights into the development of drug targets. These resistance-related targets can be dealt with synthetic/natural therapeutics in combination with PTX. The present review encompasses the recent understanding of PTX resistance mechanisms in breast cancer and possible therapeutic combinations to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Mohan Dan
- Microbiology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode 695562, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Reji Saradha Raveendran
- Microbiology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode 695562, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Sabulal Baby
- Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode 695562, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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21
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Wiggins GAR, Black MA, Dunbier A, Morley-Bunker AE, Pearson JF, Walker LC. Increased gene expression variability in BRCA1-associated and basal-like breast tumours. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 189:363-375. [PMID: 34287743 PMCID: PMC8357684 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Inherited variants in the cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for up to 5% of breast cancers. Multiple gene expression studies have analysed gene expression patterns that maybe associated with BRCA12 pathogenic variant status; however, results from these studies lack consensus. These studies have focused on the differences in population means to identified genes associated with BRCA1/2-carriers with little consideration for gene expression variability, which is also under genetic control and is a feature of cellular function. Methods We measured differential gene expression variability in three of the largest familial breast cancer datasets and a 2116 breast cancer meta-cohort. Additionally, we used RNA in situ hybridisation to confirm expression variability of EN1 in an independent cohort of more than 500 breast tumours. Results BRCA1-associated breast tumours exhibited a 22.8% (95% CI 22.3–23.2) increase in transcriptome-wide gene expression variability compared to BRCAx tumours. Additionally, 40 genes were associated with BRCA1-related breast cancers that had ChIP-seq data suggestive of enriched EZH2 binding. Of these, two genes (EN1 and IGF2BP3) were significantly variable in both BRCA1-associated and basal-like breast tumours. RNA in situ analysis of EN1 supported a significant (p = 6.3 × 10−04) increase in expression variability in BRCA1-associated breast tumours. Conclusion Our novel results describe a state of increased gene expression variability in BRCA1-related and basal-like breast tumours. Furthermore, genes with increased variability may be driven by changes in DNA occupancy of epigenetic effectors. The variation in gene expression is replicable and led to the identification of novel associations between genes and disease phenotypes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10549-021-06328-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A R Wiggins
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Michael A Black
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Anita Dunbier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Arthur E Morley-Bunker
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - John F Pearson
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Biostatistics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Logan C Walker
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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22
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Guglielmi C, Scarpitta R, Gambino G, Conti E, Bellè F, Tancredi M, Cervelli T, Falaschi E, Cosini C, Aretini P, Congregati C, Marino M, Patruno M, Pilato B, Spina F, Balestrino L, Tenedini E, Carnevali I, Cortesi L, Tagliafico E, Tibiletti MG, Tommasi S, Ghilli M, Vivanet C, Galli A, Caligo MA. Detection of Germline Variants in 450 Breast/Ovarian Cancer Families with a Multi-Gene Panel Including Coding and Regulatory Regions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147693. [PMID: 34299313 PMCID: PMC8305371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the progress of sequencing technologies, an ever-increasing number of variants of unknown functional and clinical significance (VUS) have been identified in both coding and non-coding regions of the main Breast Cancer (BC) predisposition genes. The aim of this study is to identify a mutational profile of coding and intron-exon junction regions of 12 moderate penetrance genes (ATM, BRIP1, CDH1, CHEK2, NBN, PALB2, PTEN, RAD50, RAD51C, RAD51D, STK11, TP53) in a cohort of 450 Italian patients with Hereditary Breast/Ovarian Cancer Syndrome, wild type for germline mutation in BRCA1/2 genes. The analysis was extended to 5′UTR and 3′UTR of all the genes listed above and to the BRCA1 and BRCA2 known regulatory regions in a subset of 120 patients. The screening was performed through NGS target resequencing on the Illumina platform MiSeq. 8.7% of the patients analyzed is carriers of class 5/4 coding variants in the ATM (3.6%), BRIP1 (1.6%), CHEK2 (1.8%), PALB2 (0.7%), RAD51C (0.4%), RAD51D (0.4%), and TP53 (0.2%) genes, while variants of uncertain pathological significance (VUSs)/class 3 were identified in 9.1% of the samples. In intron-exon junctions and in regulatory regions, variants were detected respectively in 5.1% and in 32.5% of the cases analyzed. The average age of disease onset of 44.4 in non-coding variant carriers is absolutely similar to the average age of disease onset in coding variant carriers for each proband’s group with the same cancer type. Furthermore, there is not a statistically significant difference in the proportion of cases with a tumor onset under age of 40 between the two groups, but the presence of multiple non-coding variants in the same patient may affect the aggressiveness of the tumor and it is worth underlining that 25% of patients with an aggressive tumor are carriers of a PTEN 3′UTR-variant. This data provides initial information on how important it might be to extend mutational screening to the regulatory regions in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Guglielmi
- SOD Molecular Genetics, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (C.G.); (E.C.); (M.T.); (E.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Rosa Scarpitta
- Division of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Gaetana Gambino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Conti
- SOD Molecular Genetics, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (C.G.); (E.C.); (M.T.); (E.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Francesca Bellè
- Functional Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Physiology, IFC-CNR, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (T.C.)
| | - Mariella Tancredi
- SOD Molecular Genetics, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (C.G.); (E.C.); (M.T.); (E.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Tiziana Cervelli
- Functional Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Physiology, IFC-CNR, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (T.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Falaschi
- SOD Molecular Genetics, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (C.G.); (E.C.); (M.T.); (E.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Cinzia Cosini
- SOD Molecular Genetics, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (C.G.); (E.C.); (M.T.); (E.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Paolo Aretini
- Section of Oncological Genomics, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, 56017 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Caterina Congregati
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Marco Marino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.M.); (E.T.); (E.T.)
| | - Margherita Patruno
- IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.P.); (B.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Brunella Pilato
- IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.P.); (B.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Francesca Spina
- SC Medical Genetics, ASSL Cagliari, 09126 Cagliari, Italy; (F.S.); (L.B.); (C.V.)
| | - Luisa Balestrino
- SC Medical Genetics, ASSL Cagliari, 09126 Cagliari, Italy; (F.S.); (L.B.); (C.V.)
| | - Elena Tenedini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.M.); (E.T.); (E.T.)
| | - Ileana Carnevali
- Ospedale di Circolo ASST Settelaghi, 21100 Varese, Italy; (I.C.); (M.G.T.)
| | - Laura Cortesi
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Enrico Tagliafico
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.M.); (E.T.); (E.T.)
| | | | - Stefania Tommasi
- IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.P.); (B.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Matteo Ghilli
- Breast Cancer Center, University Hospital, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Caterina Vivanet
- SC Medical Genetics, ASSL Cagliari, 09126 Cagliari, Italy; (F.S.); (L.B.); (C.V.)
| | - Alvaro Galli
- Functional Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Physiology, IFC-CNR, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (T.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Maria Adelaide Caligo
- SOD Molecular Genetics, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (C.G.); (E.C.); (M.T.); (E.F.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (M.A.C.)
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BRCA1 and BRCA2 whole cDNA analysis in unsolved hereditary breast/ovarian cancer patients. Cancer Genet 2021; 258-259:10-17. [PMID: 34237702 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Germline pathogenic variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes (BRCA1/2) explain an important fraction of hereditary breast/ovarian cancer (HBOC) cases. Genetic testing generally involves examining coding regions and exon/intron boundaries, thus the frequency of deleterious variants in non-coding regions is unknown. Here we analysed BRCA1/2 whole cDNA in a large cohort of 320 unsolved high-risk HBOC cases in order to identify potential splicing alterations explained by variants in BRCA1/2 deep intronic regions. Whole RNA splicing profiles were analysed by RT-PCR using Sanger sequencing or high-resolution electrophoresis in a QIAxcel instrument. Known predominant BRCA1/2 alternative splicing events were detected, together with two novel events BRCA1 ▼21 and BRCA2 Δ18q_27p. BRCA2 exon 3 skipping was detected in one patient (male) affected with breast cancer, caused by a known Portuguese founder mutation (c.156_157insAluYa5). An altered BRCA2 splicing pattern was detected in three patients, consisting in the up-regulation of ▼20A, Δ22 and ▼20A+Δ22 transcripts. In silico analysis and semi-quantitative data identified the polymorphism BRCA2 c.8755-66T>C as a potential modifier of Δ22 levels. Our findings suggest that mRNA alterations in BRCA1/2 caused by deep intronic variants are rare in Spanish population. However, RNA analysis complements DNA-based strategies allowing the identification of alterations that could go undetected by conventional testing.
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24
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Rahman S, Kumar V, Kumar A, Abdullah TS, Rather IA, Jan AT. Molecular Perspective of Nanoparticle Mediated Therapeutic Targeting in Breast Cancer: An Odyssey of Endoplasmic Reticulum Unfolded Protein Response (UPR ER) and Beyond. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060635. [PMID: 34199484 PMCID: PMC8229605 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the second most frequent cause of death among women. Representing a complex and heterogeneous type of cancer, its occurrence is attributed by both genetic (gene mutations, e.g., BRCA1, BRCA2) and non-genetic (race, ethnicity, etc.) risk factors. The effectiveness of available treatment regimens (small molecules, cytotoxic agents, and inhibitors) decreased due to their poor penetration across biological barriers, limited targeting, and rapid body clearance along with their effect on normal resident cells of bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, and hair follicles. This significantly reduced their clinical outcomes, which led to an unprecedented increase in the number of cases worldwide. Nanomedicine, a nano-formulation of therapeutics, emerged as a versatile delivering module for employment in achieving the effective and target specific delivery of pharmaceutical payloads. Adoption of nanotechnological approaches in delivering therapeutic molecules to target cells ensures not only reduced immune response and toxicity, but increases the stability of therapeutic entities in the systemic circulation that averts their degradation and as such increased extravasations and accumulation via enhanced permeation and the retention (EPR) effect in target tissues. Additionally, nanoparticle (NP)-induced ER stress, which enhances apoptosis and autophagy, has been utilized as a combative strategy in the treatment of cancerous cells. As nanoparticles-based avenues have been capitalized to achieve better efficacy of the new genera of therapeutics with enhanced specificity and safety, the present study is aimed at providing the fundamentals of BC, nanotechnological modules (organic, inorganic, and hybrid) employed in delivering different therapeutic molecules, and mechanistic insights of nano-ER stress induced apoptosis and autophagy with a perspective of exploring this avenue for use in the nano-toxicological studies. Furthermore, the current scenario of USA FDA approved nano-formulations and the future perspective of nanotechnological based interventions to overcome the existing challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safikur Rahman
- Department of Botany, Munshi Singh College, BR Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur 845401, India;
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - Anuj Kumar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - Tasduq S. Abdullah
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research–Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR–IIIM), Jammu 180001, India;
| | - Irfan A. Rather
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (I.A.R.); (A.T.J.)
| | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, India
- Correspondence: (I.A.R.); (A.T.J.)
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25
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Houghton SC, Hankinson SE. Cancer Progress and Priorities: Breast Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021; 30:822-844. [PMID: 33947744 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Serena C Houghton
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts.
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
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26
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Singh V, Reddy R, Sinha A, Marturi V, Panditharadyula SS, Bala A. A Review on Phytopharmaceuticals having Concomitant Experimental Anti-diabetic and Anti-cancer Effects as Potential Sources for Targeted Therapies Against Insulin-mediated Breast Cancer Cell Invasion and Migration. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394716999200831113335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes and breast cancer are pathophysiologically similar and clinically established
diseases that co-exist with a wider complex similar molecular signalling and having a similar set of
risk factors. Insulin plays a pivotal role in the invasion and migration of breast cancer cells. Several
ethnopharmacological evidences shed light on the concomitant anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activity
of medicinal plant and phytochemicals against breast tumors of patients with diabetes. This present
article reviewed the findings on medicinal plants and phytochemicals with concomitant antidiabetic
and anti-cancer effects reported in scientific literature to facilitate the development of dual-
acting therapies against diabetes and breast cancer. The schematic tabular form of published literature
on medicinal plants (63 plants belongs to 45 families) concluded the dynamics of phytochemicals
against diabetes and breast tumors that could be explored further for the discovery of therapies
for controlling of breast cancer cell invasion and migration in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhavana Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, (NIPER) Hajipur, Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP) Hajipur, Bihar 844102, India
| | - Rakesh Reddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, (NIPER) Hajipur, Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP) Hajipur, Bihar 844102, India
| | - Antarip Sinha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, (NIPER) Hajipur, Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP) Hajipur, Bihar 844102, India
| | - Venkatesh Marturi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, (NIPER) Hajipur, Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP) Hajipur, Bihar 844102, India
| | - Shravani S. Panditharadyula
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, (NIPER) Hajipur, Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP) Hajipur, Bihar 844102, India
| | - Asis Bala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, (NIPER) Hajipur, Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP) Hajipur, Bihar 844102, India
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27
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Arif KMT, Bradshaw G, Nguyen TTN, Smith RA, Okolicsanyi RK, Youl PH, Haupt LM, Griffiths LR. Genetic Association Analysis Implicates Six MicroRNA-Related SNPs With Increased Risk of Breast Cancer in Australian Caucasian Women. Clin Breast Cancer 2021; 21:e694-e703. [PMID: 33952417 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer (BC), a heterogeneous disease, features microRNA-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (miRSNPs) as underlying factors of BC development, thus providing targets for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This study investigated miRSNPs in BC susceptibility in Australian Caucasian women. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study population included patients 33 to 80 years of age stratified by molecular subtypes of breast tumors (luminal A, 47.59%), stage (stage I, 36.96%), tumor-type (ductal, 44.95%), grading (intermediate, 35.52%), size (10.1-25 mm, 31.14%), and lymph node (sentinel negative, 38.93%). Sixty-five miRSNPs underwent allelic analysis in two independent case-control cohorts (GU-CCQ-BB, 377 cases and 521 controls; GRC-BC, 267 cases and 201 controls) using a MassARRAY platform. GU-CCQ-BB, GRC-BC, and the combined populations (BC-CA) (644 cases and 722 controls) underwent independent statistical analysis. RESULTS In the GU-CCQ-BB population, miRSNPs TET2-rs7670522, ESR1-rs2046210, FGFR2-rs1219648, MIR210-rs1062099, HIF1A-rs2057482, and CASC16-rs4784227 were found to be associated with increased BC risk (P ≤ .05). Only ESR1-rs2046210 was also significantly associated (P ≤ .05) when replicated in the GRC-BC and BC-CA populations. No significant association was correlated with BC-clinical features (pathological types and ER/PR/HER2 status); however, MIR210-rs1062099 was found to be significantly associated (P ≤ .05) with age (>50 years) in the GU-CCQ-BB cohort. CONCLUSION This is the first study to demonstrate the association of MIR210-rs1062099 and TET2-rs7670522 with increased BC risk. Additionally, four previously reported SNPs (ESR1-rs2046210, FGFR2-rs1219648, HIF1A-rs2057482, and CASC16-rs4784227) were confirmed as BC risk variants. Replication and functional studies in larger Caucasian cohorts are necessary to elucidate the role of these miRSNPS in the development of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Taufiqul Arif
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Gabrielle Bradshaw
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Thanh T N Nguyen
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Robert A Smith
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Rachel K Okolicsanyi
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | | | - Larisa M Haupt
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
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Sato A, Haneda E, Suganuma N, Narimatsu H. Preliminary Screening for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Using a Chatbot Augmented Intelligence Genetic Counselor: Development and Feasibility Study. JMIR Form Res 2021; 5:e25184. [PMID: 33544084 PMCID: PMC7895643 DOI: 10.2196/25184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in Japan; genetic background and hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) are implicated. The key to HBOC diagnosis involves screening to identify high-risk individuals. However, genetic medicine is still developing; thus, many patients who may potentially benefit from genetic medicine have not yet been identified. OBJECTIVE This study's objective is to develop a chatbot system that uses augmented intelligence for HBOC screening to determine whether patients meet the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) BRCA1/2 testing criteria. METHODS The system was evaluated by a doctor specializing in genetic medicine and certified genetic counselors. We prepared 3 scenarios and created a conversation with the chatbot to reflect each one. Then we evaluated chatbot feasibility, the required time, the medical accuracy of conversations and family history, and the final result. RESULTS The times required for the conversation were 7 minutes for scenario 1, 15 minutes for scenario 2, and 16 minutes for scenario 3. Scenarios 1 and 2 met the BRCA1/2 testing criteria, but scenario 3 did not, and this result was consistent with the findings of 3 experts who retrospectively reviewed conversations with the chatbot according to the 3 scenarios. A family history comparison ascertained by the chatbot with the actual scenarios revealed that each result was consistent with each scenario. From a genetic medicine perspective, no errors were noted by the 3 experts. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that chatbot systems could be applied to preliminary genetic medicine screening for HBOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Sato
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eri Haneda
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyasu Suganuma
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroto Narimatsu
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Cancer Prevention and Cancer Control Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Health Innovation, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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29
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Analysis of Italian BRCA1/2 Pathogenic Variants Identifies a Private Spectrum in the Population from the Bergamo Province in Northern Italy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030532. [PMID: 33573335 PMCID: PMC7866799 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Italian population is characterized by a high genetic heterogeneity mostly due to its long history of migration and colonization and to its geographical conformation. Consistently, several BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants (PVs) have been reported to be recurrent or even founder in defined geographical areas including the Bergamo province in Northern Italy. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the data from 1019 women affected with breast cancer with BRCA1/2 PVs. We compared the BRCA1/2 PVs spectrum found in the carrier individuals from the Bergamo province (BGP) with that of the general Italian population. We found that the majority of the BGP PVs had a local origin and remained confined to the BGP or to the surrounding Lombardy region. We also observed that the BGP BRCA1/2 PV spectrum is private and conserved comprising a smaller number of variants with an average higher frequency with respect to that of carrier individuals from the rest of Italy. Abstract Germline pathogenic variants (PVs) in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes cause high breast cancer risk. Recurrent or founder PVs have been described worldwide including some in the Bergamo province in Northern Italy. The aim of this study was to compare the BRCA1/2 PV spectra of the Bergamo and of the general Italian populations. We retrospectively identified at five Italian centers 1019 BRCA1/2 PVs carrier individuals affected with breast cancer and representative of the heterogeneous national population. Each individual was assigned to the Bergamo or non-Bergamo cohort based on self-reported birthplace. Our data indicate that the Bergamo BRCA1/2 PV spectrum shows less heterogeneity with fewer different variants and an average higher frequency compared to that of the rest of Italy. Consistently, four PVs explained about 60% of all carriers. The majority of the Bergamo PVs originated locally with only two PVs clearly imported. The Bergamo BRCA1/2 PV spectrum appears to be private. Hence, the Bergamo population would be ideal to study the disease risk associated with local PVs in breast cancer and other disease-causing genes. Finally, our data suggest that the Bergamo population is a genetic isolate and further analyses are warranted to prove this notion.
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30
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Koivuluoma S, Tervasmäki A, Kauppila S, Winqvist R, Kumpula T, Kuismin O, Moilanen J, Pylkäs K. Exome sequencing identifies a recurrent variant in SERPINA3 associating with hereditary susceptibility to breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 2020; 143:46-51. [PMID: 33279852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is strongly influenced by hereditary risk factors. Yet, the known susceptibility genes and genomic loci explain only about half of the familial component of the disease. To identify novel breast cancer predisposing gene defects, here we have performed massive parallel sequencing for Northern Finnish breast cancer cases. METHODS Ninety-eight breast cancer cases with indication of hereditary disease susceptibility were exome sequenced. Data filtering strategy focused on predictably deleterious rare variants that were still enriched in the sequenced cohort. Findings were confirmed with additional, geographically matched breast cancer cohorts. RESULTS A recurrent heterozygous splice acceptor variant, c.918-1G>C, in SERPINA3, was identified, and it was significantly enriched both in the hereditary (6/201, 3.0%, p = 0.006, OR 5.1, 95% CI 1.7-14.8) and unselected breast cancer cohort (26/1569, 1.7%, p = 0.009, OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.3-6.2). SERPINA3 c.918-1G>C carriers were also significantly more likely to have a rare tumor subtype, medullary breast cancer, than the non-carriers (4/26, 15.4%, p = 0.000014, OR 42.9, 95% CI 11.7-157.1). CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that c.918-1G>C germline variant in SERPINA3 gene, encoding a member of the serine protease inhibitor class, is a novel breast cancer predisposing allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Koivuluoma
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, NordLab Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna Tervasmäki
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, NordLab Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Saila Kauppila
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Robert Winqvist
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, NordLab Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Timo Kumpula
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, NordLab Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Outi Kuismin
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center Oulu and PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jukka Moilanen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center Oulu and PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Katri Pylkäs
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, NordLab Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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Danladi CD, Serakinci N. Risk Prediction Model Development for Late On-Set Breast Cancer Screening in Low- and Middle-Income Societies: A Model Study for North Cyprus. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:healthcare8030213. [PMID: 32708661 PMCID: PMC7551407 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8030213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Early detection of breast cancer alters the prognosis and tools that can predict the risk for breast cancer in women will have a significant impact on healthcare systems in low- and middle-income regions, such as North Cyprus. Objective: In this study, we developed a simple breast cancer risk model for the women of North Cyprus. Methods: Data from 655 women, consisting of 318 breast cancer cases and 337 hospital-based controls, was used to develop and internally validate the model, external validation was carried out using, 653 women consisting of 126 cases and 527 controls. Data were obtained from medical records and interviews after informed consent. Results: A model was derived that consisted of age ≥50 years and <50 years and the presence and absence of >1 first-degree relatives (FDR) with breast cancer. From internal and external validations the model’s AUCs were, 0.66 (95% CI = 0.62–0.70) and 0.69 (95% CI = 0.63–0.74) respectively. Conclusions: A unique model for risk prediction of breast cancer was developed to aid in identifying high-risk women from North Cyprus that can benefit from mammogram screening. Further study on a large scale that includes environmental risk factors is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceasar Dubor Danladi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Health Sciences, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Turkish Republic of North Cyprus;
| | - Nedime Serakinci
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Turkish Republic of North Cyprus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Turkish Republic of North Cyprus
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-392-675-1000
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Knerr S, Bowles EJA, Leppig KA, Buist DSM, Gao H, Wernli KJ. Trends in BRCA Test Utilization in an Integrated Health System, 2005-2015. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 111:795-802. [PMID: 30753636 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic testing to determine BRCA status has been available for over two decades, but there are few population-based studies of test diffusion. We report 10-year trends in BRCAtesting in an integrated health-care system with long-standing access to genetic services. METHODS A cohort of women aged 18 years and older was created to ascertain BRCA testing (n = 295 087). Annual testing rates between 2005 and 2015 were calculated in all women with and without incident (ie, newly diagnosed) breast and ovarian cancers and in clinically eligible subgroups by family cancer history, personal cancer history, and age at diagnosis. Secular trends were assessed using Poisson regression. Women tested early (2005-2008), midway (2009-2012), and late (2013-2015) in the study period were compared in cross-sectional analyses. RESULTS Between 2005 and 2015, annual testing rates increased from 0.6/1000 person-years (pys) (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.4 to 0.7/1000 pys) to 0.8/1000 pys (95% CI = 0.6 to 1.0/1000 pys) in women without incident breast or ovarian cancers. Rates decreased from 71.5/1000 pys (95% CI = 42.4 to 120.8/1000 pys) to 44.4/1000 pys (95% CI = 35.5 to 55.6/1000 pys) in women with incident diagnoses, despite improvements in provision of timely BRCA testing during this time frame. We found no evidence of secular trends in clinically eligible subgroups including women with family history indicating increased hereditary cancer risk, but no personal cancer history. At the end of the study period, 97.0% (95% CI = 96.6% to 97.3%) of these women remained untested. CONCLUSION Many eligible women did not receive BRCA testing despite having insurance coverage and access to specialty genetic services, underscoring challenges to primary and secondary hereditary cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Knerr
- See the Notes section for the authors' affiliations
| | | | | | | | - Hongyuan Gao
- See the Notes section for the authors' affiliations
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Oak N, Cherniack AD, Mashl RJ, Hirsch FR, Ding L, Beroukhim R, Gümüş ZH, Plon SE, Huang KL. Ancestry-specific predisposing germline variants in cancer. Genome Med 2020; 12:51. [PMID: 32471518 PMCID: PMC7260738 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-020-00744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distinct prevalence of inherited genetic predisposition may partially explain the difference of cancer risks across ancestries. Ancestry-specific analyses of germline genomes are required to inform cancer genetic risk and prognosis of diverse populations. METHODS We conducted analyses using germline and somatic sequencing data generated by The Cancer Genome Atlas. Collapsing pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants to cancer predisposition genes (CPG), we analyzed the association between CPGs and cancer types within ancestral groups. We also identified the predisposition-associated two-hit events and gene expression effects in tumors. RESULTS Genetic ancestry analysis classified the cohort of 9899 cancer cases into individuals of primarily European (N = 8184, 82.7%), African (N = 966, 9.8%), East Asian (N = 649, 6.6%), South Asian (N = 48, 0.5%), Native/Latin American (N = 41, 0.4%), and admixed (N = 11, 0.1%) ancestries. In the African ancestry, we discovered a potentially novel association of BRCA2 in lung squamous cell carcinoma (OR = 41.4 [95% CI, 6.1-275.6]; FDR = 0.002) previously identified in Europeans, along with a known association of BRCA2 in ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma (OR = 8.5 [95% CI, 1.5-47.4]; FDR = 0.045). In the East Asian ancestry, we discovered one previously known association of BRIP1 in stomach adenocarcinoma (OR = 12.8 [95% CI, 1.8-90.8]; FDR = 0.038). Rare variant burden analysis further identified 7 suggestive associations in African ancestry individuals previously described in European ancestry, including SDHB in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, ATM in prostate adenocarcinoma, VHL in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma, FH in kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma, and PTEN in uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma. Most predisposing variants were found exclusively in one ancestry in the TCGA and gnomAD datasets. Loss of heterozygosity was identified for 7 out of the 15 African ancestry carriers of predisposing variants. Further, tumors from the SDHB or BRCA2 carriers showed simultaneous allelic-specific expression and low gene expression of their respective affected genes, and FH splice-site variant carriers showed mis-splicing of FH. CONCLUSIONS While several CPGs are shared across patients, many pathogenic variants are found to be ancestry-specific and trigger somatic effects. Studies using larger cohorts of diverse ancestries are required to pinpoint ancestry-specific genetic predisposition and inform genetic screening strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninad Oak
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Andrew D Cherniack
- The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - R Jay Mashl
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Fred R Hirsch
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Center for Thoracic Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63108,, USA
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zeynep H Gümüş
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sharon E Plon
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kuan-Lin Huang
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Laner A, Benet-Pages A, Neitzel B, Holinski-Feder E. Analysis of 3297 individuals suggests that the pathogenic germline 5'-UTR variant BRCA1 c.-107A > T is not common in south-east Germany. Fam Cancer 2020; 19:211-213. [PMID: 32200540 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-020-00175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study we aim to determine the prevalence of the recently identified pathogenic BRCA1 variant c.-107A > T in the south-east German population. This variant causes the epigenetic silencing of the BRCA1 promotor and has been detected in two independent families from the UK without a germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 pathogenic variant. A total of 3297 individuals with suspicion of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer and fulfilling the clinical criteria necessary for genetic testing in Germany were analyzed for presence of the variant by a Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) assay or direct Sanger sequencing. Since we did not detect an individual carrying the variant we conclude that BRCA1 c.-107A > T is not a common variant in the south-east German population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Laner
- MGZ - Medizinisch Genetisches Zentrum, Bayerstr. 3-5, 80035, Munich, Germany.
| | - A Benet-Pages
- MGZ - Medizinisch Genetisches Zentrum, Bayerstr. 3-5, 80035, Munich, Germany.
| | - B Neitzel
- MGZ - Medizinisch Genetisches Zentrum, Bayerstr. 3-5, 80035, Munich, Germany
| | - E Holinski-Feder
- MGZ - Medizinisch Genetisches Zentrum, Bayerstr. 3-5, 80035, Munich, Germany.
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Kwong A, Shin VY, Chen J, Cheuk IWY, Ho CYS, Au CH, Chan KKL, Ngan HYS, Chan TL, Ford JM, Ma ESK. Germline Mutation in 1338 BRCA-Negative Chinese Hereditary Breast and/or Ovarian Cancer Patients: Clinical Testing with a Multigene Test Panel. J Mol Diagn 2020; 22:544-554. [PMID: 32068069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in the mutation spectrum across ethnicities suggest the importance of identifying genes in addition to common high penetrant genes to estimate the associated breast cancer risk in China. A total of 1338 high-risk breast cancer patients who tested negative for germline BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, and PTEN mutations between 2007 and 2017 were selected from the Hong Kong Hereditary Breast Cancer Family Registry. Patient samples were subjected to next-generation DNA sequencing using a multigene panel (Color Genomics). All detected pathogenic variants were validated by bidirectional DNA sequencing. The sequencing data were coanalyzed by a bioinformatics pipeline developed in-house. Sixty-one pathogenic variants (4.6%) were identified in this cohort in 11 cancer predisposition genes. Most carriers (77.1%) had early onset of breast cancer (age <45 years), 32.8% had family members with breast cancer, and 11.5% had triple-negative breast cancer. The most common mutated genes were PALB2 (1.4%), RAD51D (0.8%), and ATM (0.8%). A total of 612 variants of unknown significance were identified in 494 patients, and 87.4% of the variants of unknown significance were missense mutations. Pathogenic variants in cancer predisposition genes beyond BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, and PTEN were detected in an additional 4.6% of patients using the multigene panel. PALB2 (1.4%) and RAD51D (0.8%) were the most commonly mutated genes in patients who tested mutation negative by a four-gene panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Kwong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong and The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Surgery, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Hong Kong Hereditary Breast Cancer Family Registry, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Vivian Y Shin
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong and The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong and The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Isabella W Y Cheuk
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong and The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Cecilia Y S Ho
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Chun H Au
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Karen K L Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Hextan Y S Ngan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Tsun L Chan
- Hong Kong Hereditary Breast Cancer Family Registry, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - James M Ford
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Edmond S K Ma
- Hong Kong Hereditary Breast Cancer Family Registry, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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Germline Variants in Driver Genes of Breast Cancer and Their Association with Familial and Early-Onset Breast Cancer Risk in a Chilean Population. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010249. [PMID: 31968594 PMCID: PMC7016585 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic variations responsible for tumorigenesis are called driver mutations. In breast cancer (BC), two studies have demonstrated that germline mutations in driver genes linked to sporadic tumors may also influence BC risk. The present study evaluates the association between SNPs and SNP-SNP interaction in driver genes TTN (rs10497520), TBX3 (rs2242442), KMT2D (rs11168827), and MAP3K1 (rs702688 and rs702689) with BC risk in BRCA1/2-negative Chilean families. The SNPs were genotyped in 489 BC cases and 1078 controls by TaqMan Assay. Our data do not support an association between rs702688: A>G or rs702689: G>A and BC risk. The rs10497520-T allele was associated with a decreased risk in patients with family history of BC or early-onset BC (OR = 0.6, p < 0.0001 and OR = 0.7, p = 0.05, respectively). rs2242442-G was associated with a protective effect and rs11168827-C was associated with increased BC risk in families with a strong history of BC (OR = 0.6, p = 0.02 and OR = 1.4, p = 0.05, respectively). As rs10497520-T and rs2242442-G seemed to protect against BC risk, we then evaluated their combined effect. Familial BC risk decreased in a dose-dependent manner with the protective allele count, reflecting an additive effect (p-trend < 10−4). To our knowledge, this is the first association study of BC driver gene germline variations in a Chilean population.
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Grešner P, Jabłońska E, Gromadzińska J. Rad51 paralogs and the risk of unselected breast cancer: A case-control study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226976. [PMID: 31905201 PMCID: PMC6944361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A case-control study was conducted in which we evaluated the association between genetic variability of DNA repair proteins belonging to the Rad51 family and breast cancer (BrC) risk. In the study, 132 female BrC cases and 189 healthy control females were genotyped for a total of 14 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within Rad51 and Xrcc3. Moreover, our previously reported Rad51C genetic data were involved to explore the nonlinear interactions among SNPs within the three genes and effect of such interactions on BrC risk. The rare rs5030789 genotype (-4601AA) in Rad51 was found to significantly decrease the BrC risk (OR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-1.0, p<0.05). An interaction between this SNP, rs2619679 and rs2928140 (both in Rad51), was found to result in a two three-locus genotypes -4719AA/-4601AA/2972CG and -4719AT/-4601GA/2972CC, both of which were found to increase the risk of BrC (OR = 8.4, 95% CI: 1.8-38.6, p<0.0001), instead. Furthermore, rare Rad51 rs1801320 (135CC) and heterozygous Xrcc3 rs3212057 (10343GA) genotypes were found to respectively increase (OR = 10.6, 95% CI: 1.9-198, p<0.02) and decrease (OR = 0.0, 95% CI: 0.0-NA, p<0.05) the risk of BrC. Associations between these SNPs and BrC risk were further supported by outcomes of employed machine learning analyses. In Xrcc3, the 4541A/9685A haplotype was found to be significantly associated with reduced BrC risk (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3-0.9; p<0.05). Concluding, our study indicates a complex role of SNPs within Rad51 (especially rs5030789) and Xrcc3 in BrC, although their significance with respect to the disease needs to be further clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Grešner
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Ewa Jabłońska
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jolanta Gromadzińska
- Department of Biological and Environmental Monitoring, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
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Breast Cancer in Young Women: Status Quo and Advanced Disease Management by a Predictive, Preventive, and Personalized Approach. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111791. [PMID: 31739537 PMCID: PMC6896106 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Why does healthcare of breast cancer (BC) patients, especially in a young population, matter and why are innovative strategies by predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) strongly recommended to replace current reactive medical approach in BC management? Permanent increase in annual numbers of new BC cases with particularly quick growth of premenopausal BC patients, an absence of clearly described risk factors for those patients, as well as established screening tools and programs represent important reasons to focus on BC in young women. Moreover, "young" BC cases are frequently "asymptomatic", difficult to diagnose, and to treat effectively on time. The objective of this article is to update the knowledge on BC in young females, its unique molecular signature, newest concepts in diagnostics and therapy, and to highlight the concepts of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine with a well-acknowledged potential to advance the overall disease management.
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Abstract
Early-onset breast cancer may be due to Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS). Current national and international guidelines recommend that TP53 genetic testing should be considered for women with breast cancer diagnosed before the age of 31 years. However, large studies investigating TP53 mutation prevalence in this population are scarce. We collected nationwide laboratory records for all young breast cancer patients tested for TP53 mutations in the Netherlands. Between 2005 and 2016, 370 women diagnosed with breast cancer younger than 30 years of age were tested for TP53 germline mutations, and eight (2.2%) were found to carry a (likely) pathogenic TP53 sequence variant. Among BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation negative women without a family history suggestive of LFS or a personal history of multiple LFS-related tumours, the TP53 mutation frequency was < 1% (2/233). Taking into consideration that TP53 mutation prevalence was comparable or even higher in some studies selecting patients with breast cancer onset at older ages or HER2-positive breast cancers, raises the question of whether a very early age of onset is an appropriate single TP53 genetic testing criterion.
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Bakhuizen JJ, Velthuizen ME, Stehouwer S, Bleiker EM, Ausems MG. Genetic counselling of young women with breast cancer for Li-Fraumeni syndrome: a nationwide survey on the experiences and attitudes of genetics professionals. Fam Cancer 2019; 18:231-239. [PMID: 30238178 PMCID: PMC6449299 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-018-0103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Germline TP53 mutations are associated with an increased risk of early-onset breast cancer. Traditionally, it was not standard practice to offer TP53 genetic testing due to the low mutation detection rate and limited options regarding preventive screening. Recent guidelines recommend that all women diagnosed with breast cancer before the age of 31, irrespective of family history, should be offered TP53 genetic testing. This study aims to gain more knowledge on the attitudes and experiences among genetics professionals regarding the timing and content of genetic counselling of young breast cancer patients for Li–Fraumeni syndrome (LFS). We conducted a nationwide online survey among genetics professionals who provide cancer genetic counselling in the Netherlands. Fifty-seven professionals completed the questionnaire (response rate overall 54%, clinical geneticists 70%). Most respondents reported that they discuss the option of TP53 genetic testing—simultaneously with BRCA 1/2—during the initial counselling visit, especially in case of referral for treatment-focused genetic counselling. There was a general consensus about ten information items that should be discussed during counselling. Sixty-one percent of genetics professionals did not encounter difficulties in providing genetic counselling for LFS, but a substantial minority (29%) did. This study offers valuable insight, which will be useful for clinical practice. Studies which address young breast cancer patients’ attitudes and preferences regarding the timing and content of counselling are warranted to further determine the most appropriate genetic counselling strategy for these women.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Bakhuizen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85090, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - M E Velthuizen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85090, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S Stehouwer
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85090, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E M Bleiker
- Family Cancer Clinic, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M G Ausems
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85090, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Lima ZS, Ghadamzadeh M, Arashloo FT, Amjad G, Ebadi MR, Younesi L. Recent advances of therapeutic targets based on the molecular signature in breast cancer: genetic mutations and implications for current treatment paradigms. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:38. [PMID: 30975222 PMCID: PMC6460547 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women all over the world. Genetic background of women contributes to her risk of having breast cancer. Certain inherited DNA mutations can dramatically increase the risk of developing certain cancers and are responsible for many of the cancers that run in some families. Regarding the widespread multigene panels, whole exome sequencing is capable of providing the evaluation of genetic function mutations for development novel strategy in clinical trials. Targeting the mutant proteins involved in breast cancer can be an effective therapeutic approach for developing novel drugs. This systematic review discusses gene mutations linked to breast cancer, focusing on signaling pathways that are being targeted with investigational therapeutic strategies, where clinical trials could be potentially initiated in the future are being highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Safarpour Lima
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghadamzadeh
- Departement of Radiology, Hasheminejad Kidney Centre (HKC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ghazaleh Amjad
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ebadi
- Shohadaye Haft-e-tir Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Younesi
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Coughlin SS. Epidemiology of Breast Cancer in Women. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1152:9-29. [PMID: 31456177 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have contributed importantly to current knowledge of environmental and genetic risk factors for breast cancer. Worldwide, breast cancer is an important cause of human suffering and premature mortality among women. In the United States, breast cancer accounts for more cancer deaths in women than any site other than lung cancer. A variety of risk factors for breast cancer have been well-established by epidemiologic studies including race, ethnicity, family history of cancer, and genetic traits, as well as modifiable exposures such as increased alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, exogenous hormones, and certain female reproductive factors. Younger age at menarche, parity, and older age at first full-term pregnancy may influence breast cancer risk through long-term effects on sex hormone levels or by other biological mechanisms. Recent studies have suggested that triple negative breast cancers may have a distinct etiology. Genetic variants and mutations in genes that code for proteins having a role in DNA repair pathways and the homologous recombination of DNA double stranded breaks (APEX1, BRCA1, BRCA2, XRCC2, XRCC3, ATM, CHEK2, PALB2, RAD51, XPD), have been implicated in some cases of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Coughlin
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Hoyer J, Vasileiou G, Uebe S, Wunderle M, Kraus C, Fasching PA, Thiel CT, Hartmann A, Beckmann MW, Lux MP, Reis A. Addition of triple negativity of breast cancer as an indicator for germline mutations in predisposing genes increases sensitivity of clinical selection criteria. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:926. [PMID: 30257646 PMCID: PMC6158817 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4821-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. 12–15% of all tumors are triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC). So far, TNBC has been mainly associated with mutations in BRCA1. The presence of other predisposing genes seems likely since DNA damage repair is a complex process that involves several genes. Therefore we investigated if mutations in other genes are involved in cancer development and whether TNBC is an additional indicator of mutational status besides family history and age of onset. Methods We performed a germline panel-based screening of 10 high and low-moderate penetrance breast cancer susceptibility genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, CDH1, CHEK2, NBN, PALB2, RAD51C, RAD51D and TP53) in 229 consecutive individuals affected with TNBC unselected for age, family history or bilateral disease. Within this cohort we compared the number of mutation carriers fulfilling clinical selection criteria with the total number of carriers identified. Results Age at diagnosis ranged from 23 to 80 years with an average age of 50.2 years. In 57 women (24.9%) we detected a pathogenic mutation, with a higher frequency (29.7%) in the group manifesting cancer before 60 years. Deleterious BRCA1 mutations occurred in 14.8% of TNBC patients. These were predominantly recurrent frameshift mutations (24/34, 70.6%). Deleterious BRCA2 mutations occurred in 5.7% of patients, all but one (c.1813dupA) being unique. While no mutations were found in CDH1 and TP53, 10 mutations were detected in one of the six other predisposition genes. Remarkably, neither of the ATM, RAD51D, CHEK2 and PALB2 mutation carriers had a family history. Furthermore, patients with non-BRCA1/2 mutations were not significantly younger than mutation negative women (p = 0.3341). Most importantly, among the 57 mutation carriers, ten (17.5%) would be missed using current clinical testing criteria including five (8%) with BRCA1/2 mutations. Conclusions In summary, our data confirm and expand previous studies of a high frequency of germline mutations in genes associated with ineffective repair of DNA damage in women with TNBCs. Neither age of onset, contralateral disease nor family history were able to discern all mutation positive individuals. Therefore, TNBC should be considered as an additional criterion for panel based genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Hoyer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Georgia Vasileiou
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Uebe
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marius Wunderle
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstr. 21-23, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Kraus
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter A Fasching
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstr. 21-23, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian T Thiel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstr. 21-23, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael P Lux
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstr. 21-23, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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Cancer genetics, precision prevention and a call to action. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1212-1218. [PMID: 30158684 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
More than 15 years have passed since the identification, through linkage, of 'first-wave' susceptibility genes for common cancers (BRCA1, BRCA2, MLH1 and MSH2). These genes have strong frequency-penetrance profiles, such that the associated clinical utility probably remains relevant regardless of the context of ascertainment. 'Second-wave' genes, not tractable by linkage, were subsequently identified by mutation screening of candidate genes (PALB2, ATM, CHEK2, BRIP1, RAD51C and RAD51D). Their innately weaker frequency-penetrance profiles have rendered delineation of cancer associations, risks and variant pathogenicity challenging, thereby compromising their clinical application. Early germline exome-sequencing endeavors for common cancers did not yield the long-anticipated slew of 'next-wave' genes but instead implied a highly polygenic genomic architecture requiring much larger experiments to make any substantive inroads into gene discovery. As such, the 'genetic economics' of frequency penetrance clearly indicates that focused identification of carriers of first-wave-gene mutations is most impactful for cancer control. With screening, prevention and early detection at the forefront of the cancer management agenda, we propose that the time is nigh for the initiation of national population-testing programs to identify carriers of first-wave gene mutation carriers. To fully deliver a precision prevention program, long-term, large-scale mutation studies that capture longitudinal clinical data and serial biosamples are required.
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Rajendran BK, Deng CX. Characterization of potential driver mutations involved in human breast cancer by computational approaches. Oncotarget 2018; 8:50252-50272. [PMID: 28477017 PMCID: PMC5564847 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second most frequently occurring form of cancer and is also the second most lethal cancer in women worldwide. A genetic mutation is one of the key factors that alter multiple cellular regulatory pathways and drive breast cancer initiation and progression yet nature of these cancer drivers remains elusive. In this article, we have reviewed various computational perspectives and algorithms for exploring breast cancer driver mutation genes. Using both frequency based and mutational exclusivity based approaches, we identified 195 driver genes and shortlisted 63 of them as candidate drivers for breast cancer using various computational approaches. Finally, we conducted network and pathway analysis to explore their functions in breast tumorigenesis including tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barani Kumar Rajendran
- Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
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Adams BD, Arem H, Hubal MJ, Cartmel B, Li F, Harrigan M, Sanft T, Cheng CJ, Pusztai L, Irwin ML. Exercise and weight loss interventions and miRNA expression in women with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 170:55-67. [PMID: 29511965 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity and weight gain are associated with comorbidities including a higher risk of tumor recurrence and cancer-related deaths among breast cancer (BC) survivors; however, the underlying mechanisms linking obesity and cancer are poorly understood. Given the lack of clinically validated BC biomarkers, obesity and weight-loss studies utilize serum biomarkers as the intermediary outcomes of tumor recurrence. Studies have indicated microRNAs (miRNA)s are reliable biomarkers for cancer. We hypothesized that miRNA expression correlates with obesity and weight loss amongst BC survivors. This would yield insight into the biological pathways by which this association occurs, enabling more precise development of therapeutics. PATIENTS AND METHODS We correlated baseline body mass index (BMI) with serum miRNA expression in 121 BC survivors enrolled in the Hormones and Physical Exercise (HOPE) trial. We then analyzed expression of the 35 most abundant miRNAs from HOPE in a six-month randomized controlled weight-loss trial (Lifestyle, Exercise, and Nutrition; LEAN) in 100 BC survivors. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software was used to identify biological pathway targets of the BMI-associated and intervention-responsive miRNAs using predictive biomarkers. RESULTS Pearson correlations in HOPE identified eight miRNAs associated with BMI, including miR-191-5p (r = - 0.22, p = 0.016) and miR-122-5p (r = 0.25, p = 0.0048). In the LEAN validation study, levels of miR-191-5p significantly increased during the six-month intervention (p = 0.082). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified "Estrogen-mediated S-phase entry" (HOPE p = 0.003; LEAN p < 0.001) and "Molecular mechanisms of cancer" (HOPE p = 0.02; LEAN p < 0.001) as the top canonical pathways that significantly correlated with BMI-associated and intervention-responsive miRNAs and contain obesity and cancer-relevant genes including the E2F family of transcription factors and CCND1, which have been implicated in sporadic BC. CONCLUSION While the association between obesity and BC recurrence and mortality has been demonstrated in the literature, mechanisms underlying the link between weight gain and cancer are unclear. Using two independent clinical trials, we identified novel miRNAs associative to BMI and weight loss that contribute to the development of cancer. Predictive modeling of miRNA targets identified multiple canonical pathways associated with cancer, highlighting potential mechanisms explaining the link between BMI and increased cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Adams
- The RNA Institute, University at Albany State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.,Investigative Medicine Program, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Department of RNA Sciences, The Brain Institute of America, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Hannah Arem
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute of Public Health George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Monica J Hubal
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute of Public Health George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | | | - Fangyong Li
- Yale Center for Analytical Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | | | - Tara Sanft
- Yale Medical Oncology, Smilow Cancer Center at Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Christopher J Cheng
- Division of Nucleic Acid Technology, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Cheshire, CT, 06410, USA
| | - Lajos Pusztai
- Yale Medical Oncology, Smilow Cancer Center at Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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Joo JE, Dowty JG, Milne RL, Wong EM, Dugué PA, English D, Hopper JL, Goldgar DE, Giles GG, Southey MC. Heritable DNA methylation marks associated with susceptibility to breast cancer. Nat Commun 2018; 9:867. [PMID: 29491469 PMCID: PMC5830448 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mendelian-like inheritance of germline DNA methylation in cancer susceptibility genes has been previously reported. We aimed to scan the genome for heritable methylation marks associated with breast cancer susceptibility by studying 25 Australian multiple-case breast cancer families. Here we report genome-wide DNA methylation measured in 210 peripheral blood DNA samples provided by family members using the Infinium HumanMethylation450. We develop and apply a new statistical method to identify heritable methylation marks based on complex segregation analysis. We estimate carrier probabilities for the 1000 most heritable methylation marks based on family structure, and we use Cox proportional hazards survival analysis to identify 24 methylation marks with corresponding carrier probabilities significantly associated with breast cancer. We replicate an association with breast cancer risk for four of the 24 marks using an independent nested case-control study. Here, we report a novel approach for identifying heritable DNA methylation marks associated with breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon E Joo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - James G Dowty
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Roger L Milne
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Ee Ming Wong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Pierre-Antoine Dugué
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Dallas English
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - David E Goldgar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Graham G Giles
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
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Kroupa M, Polivkova Z, Rachakonda S, Schneiderova M, Vodenkova S, Buchler T, Jiraskova K, Urbanova M, Vodickova L, Hemminki K, Kumar R, Vodicka P. Bleomycin‐induced chromosomal damage and shortening of telomeres in peripheral blood lymphocytes of incident cancer patients. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2017; 57:61-69. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kroupa
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles UniversityPilsen30605 Czech Republic
- Department of Molecular Biology of CancerInstitute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of SciencesPrague14220 Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Polivkova
- Department of Medical GeneticsThird Faculty of Medicine, Charles UniversityPrague10000 Czech Republic
| | | | - Michaela Schneiderova
- Department of SurgeryGeneral University Hospital in PraguePrague12800 Czech Republic
| | - Sona Vodenkova
- Department of Molecular Biology of CancerInstitute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of SciencesPrague14220 Czech Republic
- Department of Medical GeneticsThird Faculty of Medicine, Charles UniversityPrague10000 Czech Republic
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles UniversityPrague12800 Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Buchler
- Department of OncologyFirst Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer HospitalPrague, 14059 Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Jiraskova
- Department of Molecular Biology of CancerInstitute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of SciencesPrague14220 Czech Republic
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles UniversityPrague12800 Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Urbanova
- Department of Molecular Biology of CancerInstitute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of SciencesPrague14220 Czech Republic
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles UniversityPrague12800 Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Vodickova
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles UniversityPilsen30605 Czech Republic
- Department of Molecular Biology of CancerInstitute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of SciencesPrague14220 Czech Republic
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles UniversityPrague12800 Czech Republic
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic EpidemiologyGerman Cancer Research CenterHeidelberg69120 Germany
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic EpidemiologyGerman Cancer Research CenterHeidelberg69120 Germany
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles UniversityPilsen30605 Czech Republic
- Department of Molecular Biology of CancerInstitute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of SciencesPrague14220 Czech Republic
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles UniversityPrague12800 Czech Republic
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Sigl V, Jones LP, Penninger JM. RANKL/RANK: from bone loss to the prevention of breast cancer. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160230. [PMID: 27881737 PMCID: PMC5133443 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RANK and RANKL, a receptor ligand pair belonging to the tumour necrosis factor family, are the critical regulators of osteoclast development and bone metabolism. Besides their essential function in bone, RANK and RANKL have also been identified as the key factors for the formation of a lactating mammary gland in pregnancy. Mechanistically, RANK and RANKL link the sex hormone progesterone with stem cell expansion and proliferation of mammary epithelial cells. Based on their normal physiology, RANKL/RANK control the onset of hormone-induced breast cancer through the expansion of mammary progenitor cells. Recently, we and others were able to show that RANK and RANKL are also critical regulators of BRCA1-mutation-driven breast cancer. Currently, the preventive strategy for BRCA1-mutation carriers includes preventive mastectomy, associated with wide-ranging risks and psychosocial effects. The search for an alternative non-invasive prevention strategy is therefore of paramount importance. As our work strongly implicates RANK and RANKL as key molecules involved in the initiation of BRCA1-associated breast cancer, we propose that anti-RANKL therapy could be a feasible preventive strategy for women carrying BRCA1 mutations, and by extension to other women with high risk of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Sigl
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr Bohrgasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laundette P Jones
- School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr Bohrgasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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