1
|
Fenzl M, Backens M, Bodea S, Wittemann M, Werler F, Brielmaier J, Wolf RC, Reith W. Impact of cannabis use on brain metabolism using 31P and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neuroradiology 2023; 65:1631-1648. [PMID: 37735222 PMCID: PMC10567915 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-023-03220-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This prospective cross-sectional study investigated the influence of regular cannabis use on brain metabolism in young cannabis users by using combined proton and phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. METHODS The study was performed in 45 young cannabis users aged 18-30, who had been using cannabis on a regular basis over a period of at least 2 years and in 47 age-matched controls. We acquired 31P MRS data in different brain regions at 3T with a double-resonant 1H/31P head coil, anatomic images, and 1H MRS data with a standard 20-channel 1H head coil. Absolute concentration values of proton metabolites were obtained via calibration from tissue water as an internal reference, whereas a standard solution of 75 mmol/l KH2PO4 was used as an external reference for the calibration of phosphorus signals. RESULTS We found an overall but not statistically significant lower concentration level of several proton and phosphorus metabolites in cannabis users compared to non-users. In particular, energy-related phosphates such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) were reduced in all regions under investigation. Phosphocreatine (PCr) showed lowered values mainly in the left basal ganglia and the left frontal white matter. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the increased risk of functional brain disorders observed in long-term cannabis users could be caused by an impairment of the energy metabolism of the brain, but this needs to be verified in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Fenzl
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Backens
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Silviu Bodea
- Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, 85748, Munich, Germany
| | - Miriam Wittemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Florian Werler
- Department of General Psychiatry at the Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jule Brielmaier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, RKH Clinic Ludwigsburg, 71640, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - Robert Christian Wolf
- Department of General Psychiatry at the Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Reith
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Perdue MV, DeMayo MM, Bell TK, Boudes E, Bagshawe M, Harris AD, Lebel C. Changes in brain metabolite levels across childhood. Neuroimage 2023; 274:120087. [PMID: 37080345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolites play important roles in brain development and their levels change rapidly in the prenatal period and during infancy. Metabolite levels are thought to stabilize during childhood, but the development of neurochemistry across early-middle childhood remains understudied. We examined the developmental changes of key metabolites (total N-acetylaspartate, tNAA; total choline, tCho; total creatine, tCr; glutamate+glutamine, Glx; and myo-inositol, mI) using short echo-time magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the left temporo-parietal cortex (LTP) using a mixed cross-sectional/longitudinal design in children aged 2-11 years (ACC: N=101 children, 112 observations; LTP: N=95 children, 318 observations). We found age-related effects for all metabolites. tNAA increased with age in both regions, while tCho decreased with age in both regions. tCr increased with age in the LTP only, and mI decreased with age in the ACC only. Glx did not show linear age effects in either region, but a follow-up analysis in only participants with ≥3 datapoints in the LTP revealed a quadratic effect of age following an inverted U-shape. These substantial changes in neurochemistry throughout childhood likely underlie various processes of structural and functional brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan V Perdue
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary
| | - Marilena M DeMayo
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education; Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary
| | - Tiffany K Bell
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary
| | | | - Mercedes Bagshawe
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary
| | - Ashley D Harris
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary
| | - Catherine Lebel
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Valkenborghs SR, Hillman CH, Al‐Iedani O, Nilsson M, Smith JJ, Leahy AA, Harries SK, Ramadan S, Lubans DR. Effect of high-intensity interval training on hippocampal metabolism in older adolescents. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14090. [PMID: 35599295 PMCID: PMC9787522 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although well-evidenced in older adults, the effects of exercise on the hippocampus in youth are relatively unknown. This study examined the impact of a 6-month school-based physical activity intervention on hippocampal metabolism in adolescents using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A subset of lower fit older adolescents [N = 56, 61% female, 16.1 ± 0.4 years] was included from four secondary schools (10 classes) in New South Wales, Australia, who were participating in a larger cluster randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomized to the Burn 2 Learn (B2L) intervention (five classes, 30 participants) or a control group (five classes, 26 participants). Changes in hippocampal metabolism were assessed using linear mixed models adjusted for clustering at the class level. We observed group-by-time effects for the B2L intervention on N-acetylaspartate (NAA) (+2.66 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.20 to 5.11, d = 0.66) and glutamate+glutamine (Glx) (+3.38 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.34 to 6.42, d = 0.67) in the left hippocampus. Increases in left hippocampal NAA and Glx concentrations were associated with improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness (NAA: rs = 0.52, p = .016; Glx: rs = 0.57, p = .007), lower body muscular fitness (NAA: rs = 0.49, p = .018; Glx: rs = 0.59, p = .003), and working memory (NAA: rs = 0.42, p = .032; Glx: rs = 0.43, p = .028) in the intervention group. Our findings suggest physical activity may improve hippocampal metabolism in lower fit older adolescents with implications for working memory. Further studies involving larger samples are needed to replicate our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ruth Valkenborghs
- School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia,Centre for Active Living and LearningThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Charles H. Hillman
- Center for Cognitive & Brain Health, Department of Psychology, Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation SciencesNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Oun Al‐Iedani
- School of Health SciencesThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- Centre for Rehab InnovationsThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain InjuryThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia,School of Medicine and Public HealthThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Jordan J. Smith
- Centre for Active Living and LearningThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia,School of EducationThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Angus Aaron Leahy
- Centre for Active Living and LearningThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia,School of EducationThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Simon K. Harries
- Centre for Active Living and LearningThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia,School of EducationThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Saadallah Ramadan
- School of Health SciencesThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - David Revalds Lubans
- Centre for Active Living and LearningThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia,School of EducationThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Proton MR Spectroscopy of Pediatric Brain Disorders. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12061462. [PMID: 35741272 PMCID: PMC9222059 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo MR spectroscopy is a non -invasive methodology that provides information about the biochemistry of tissues. It is available as a “push-button” application on state-of-the-art clinical MR scanners. MR spectroscopy has been used to study various brain diseases including tumors, stroke, trauma, degenerative disorders, epilepsy/seizures, inborn errors, neuropsychiatric disorders, and others. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of MR spectroscopy findings in the pediatric population and its clinical use.
Collapse
|
5
|
Clinical 1H MRS in childhood neurometabolic diseases-part 1: technique and age-related normal spectra. Neuroradiology 2022; 64:1101-1110. [PMID: 35178593 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-022-02917-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite its vigorous ability to detect and measure metabolic disturbances, 1H MRS remains underutilized in clinical practice. MRS increases diagnostic yield and provides therapeutic measures. Because many inborn metabolic errors are now treatable, early diagnosis is crucial to prevent or curb permanent brain injury. Therefore, patients with known or suspected inborn metabolic errors stand to benefit from the addition of MRS. With education and practice, all neuroradiologists can perform and interpret MRS notwithstanding their training and prior experience. In this two-part review, we cover the requisite concepts for clinical MRS interpretation including technical considerations and normal brain spectral patterns based on age, location, and methodology.
Collapse
|
6
|
Schultz JL, Brinker AN, Xu J, Ernst SE, Tayyari F, Liu L, Uc EY, Taylor EB, Simmering JE, Magnotta VA, Welsh MJ, Narayanan NS, Narayanan NS. A pilot to assess target engagement of terazosin in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2022; 94:79-83. [PMID: 34894470 PMCID: PMC8862665 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired brain energy metabolism is a key feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Terazosin (TZ) binds phosphoglycerate kinase 1 and stimulates its activity, which enhances glycolysis and increases ATP levels. Preclinical and epidemiologic data suggest that TZ may be neuroprotective in PD. We aimed to assess target engagement and safety of TZ in people with PD. METHODS We performed a 12-week pilot study in people with PD. Participants were randomized to receive 5 mg TZ or placebo. Participants and study personnel were blinded. We assessed TZ target engagement by measuring brain ATP with 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and whole blood ATP with a luminescence assay. Robust linear regression models compared changes between groups controlling for baseline brain and blood ATP levels, respectively. We also assessed clinical measures of PD and adverse events. RESULTS Thirteen participants were randomized. Mild dizziness/lightheadedness was more common in the TZ group, and three participants taking TZ dropped out because of dizziness and/or orthostatic hypotension. Compared to the placebo group, the TZ group had a significant increase in the ratio of βATP to inorganic phosphate in the brain. The TZ group also had a significant increase in blood ATP levels compared to the placebo group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This pilot study suggests that TZ may engage its target and change ATP levels in the brain and blood of people with PD. Further studies may be warranted to test the disease-modifying potential of TZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L. Schultz
- Department of Psychiatry, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242,Division of Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242,Department of Neurology, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Alivia N. Brinker
- Department of Psychiatry, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Radiology, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Sarah E. Ernst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Fariba Tayyari
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ergun Y. Uc
- Department of Neurology, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242,Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, 601 US-6 W, Iowa City, IA 52246
| | - Eric B. Taylor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242,Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, (EBT, JES, VAM, MJW, NSN)
| | - Jacob E. Simmering
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242,Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, (EBT, JES, VAM, MJW, NSN)
| | - Vincent A. Magnotta
- Department of Neurology, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242,Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, (EBT, JES, VAM, MJW, NSN)
| | - Michael J. Welsh
- Department of Neurology, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242,Department of Internal Medicine, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242,Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, (EBT, JES, VAM, MJW, NSN),Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Nandakumar S. Narayanan
- Department of Neurology, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242,Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, (EBT, JES, VAM, MJW, NSN)
| | - Nandakumar S Narayanan
- Department of Neurology, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rietzler A, Steiger R, Mangesius S, Walchhofer LM, Gothe RM, Schocke M, Gizewski ER, Grams AE. Energy metabolism measured by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the healthy human brain. J Neuroradiol 2021; 49:370-379. [PMID: 34871672 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Phosphorous magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) allows a non-invasive analysis of phosphorus-containing compounds in vivo. The present study investigated the influence of brain region, hemisphere, age, sex and brain volume on 31P-MRS metabolites in healthy adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS Supratentorial brain 31P-MRS spectra of 125 prospectively recruited healthy volunteers (64 female, 61 male) aged 20 to 85 years (mean: 49.4 ± 16.9 years) were examined with a 3D-31P-MRS sequence at 3T, and the compounds phosphocreatine (PCr), inorganic phosphate (Pi) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were measured. From this data, the metabolite ratios PCr/ATP, Pi/ATP and PCr/Pi were calculated for different brain regions. In addition, volumes of gray matter, white matter and cerebrospinal fluid were determined. RESULTS For all metabolite ratios significant regional differences and in several regions sex differences were found. In some brain regions and for some metabolites hemispheric differences were detected. In addition, changes with aging were found, which differed between women and men. CONCLUSIONS The present results indicate that 31P-MRS metabolism varies throughout the brain, with age and between sexes, and therefore have important practical implications for the design and the interpretation of future 31P-MRS studies under physiological conditions and in patients with various cerebral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Rietzler
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Neuroimaging Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Ruth Steiger
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Neuroimaging Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Stephanie Mangesius
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Neuroimaging Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | - Raffaella Matteucci Gothe
- UMIT - Center of Statistical Consulting and Continuing Education, Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall, Austria.
| | - Michael Schocke
- RKU - University and Rehabilitation Clinics Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Elke Ruth Gizewski
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Neuroimaging Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Astrid Ellen Grams
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Neuroimaging Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Whitehead MT, Bluml S. Proton and Multinuclear Spectroscopy of the Pediatric Brain. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2021; 29:543-555. [PMID: 34717844 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a valuable adjunct to structural brain imaging. State-of-the-art MRS has benefited greatly from recent technical advancements. Neurometabolic alterations in pediatric brain diseases have implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Herein, the authors discuss MRS technical considerations and applications in the setting of various pediatric disease processes including tumors, metabolic diseases, hypoxic/ischemic encephalopathy/stroke, epilepsy, demyelinating disease, and infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Whitehead
- Department of Radiology, Children's National Hospital, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Stefan Bluml
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 450 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Rudi Schulte Research Institute, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
van Biljon N, Robertson F, Holmes M, Cotton MF, Laughton B, van der Kouwe A, Meintjes E, Little F. Multivariate approach for longitudinal analysis of brain metabolite levels from ages 5-11 years in children with perinatal HIV infection. Neuroimage 2021; 237:118101. [PMID: 33961998 PMCID: PMC8295244 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment guidelines recommend that children with perinatal HIV infection (PHIV) initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) early in life and remain on it lifelong. As part of a longitudinal study examining the long-term consequences of PHIV and early ART on the developing brain, 89 PHIV children and a control group of 85 HIV uninfected children (HIV-) received neuroimaging at ages 5, 7, 9 and 11 years, including single voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in three brain regions, namely the basal ganglia (BG), midfrontal gray matter (MFGM) and peritrigonal white matter (PWM). We analysed age-related changes in absolute metabolite concentrations using a multivariate approach traditionally applied to ecological data, the Correlated Response Model (CRM) and compared these to results obtained from a multilevel mixed effect modelling (MMEM) approach. Both approaches produce similar outcomes in relation to HIV status and age effects on longitudinal trajectories. Both methods found similar age-related increases in both PHIV and HIV- children in almost all metabolites across regions. We found significantly elevated GPC+PCh across regions (95% CI=[0.033; 0.105] in BG; 95% CI=[0.021; 0.099] in PWM; 95% CI=[0.059; 0.137] in MFGM) and elevated mI in MFGM (95% CI=[0.131; 0.407]) among children living with PHIV compared to HIV- children; additionally the CRM model also indicated elevated mI in BG (95% CI=[0.008; 0.248]). These findings suggest persistent inflammation across the brain in young children living with HIV despite early ART initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noëlle van Biljon
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rhodes Gift, 7707 Cape Town, South Africa; Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frances Robertson
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Cape Universities Body Imaging Centre, Cape Town, South Africa; Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martha Holmes
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark F Cotton
- FAMCRU, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health and Tygerberg Children's Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Barbara Laughton
- FAMCRU, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health and Tygerberg Children's Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre van der Kouwe
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Ernesta Meintjes
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Cape Universities Body Imaging Centre, Cape Town, South Africa; Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Francesca Little
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rhodes Gift, 7707 Cape Town, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zacharopoulos G, Emir U, Cohen Kadosh R. The cross-sectional interplay between neurochemical profile and brain connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:2722-2733. [PMID: 33835605 PMCID: PMC8127145 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurochemical profile and brain connectivity are both critical aspects of brain function. However, our knowledge of their interplay across development is currently poor. We combined single-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy and resting functional magnetic resonance imaging in a cross-sectional sample spanning from childhood to adulthood which was reassessed in ~1.5 years (N = 293). We revealed the developmental trajectories of 20 neurochemicals in two key developmental brain regions (the intraparietal sulcus, IPS, and the middle frontal gyrus, MFG). We found that certain neurochemicals exhibited similar developmental trajectories across the two regions, while other trajectories were region-specific. Crucially, we mapped the connectivity of the brain regions IPS and MFG to the rest of the brain across development as a function of regional glutamate and GABA concentration. We demonstrated that glutamate concentration within the IPS is modulated by age in explaining IPS connectivity with frontal, temporal and parietal regions. In mature participants, higher glutamate within the IPS was related to more negative connectivity while the opposite pattern was found for younger participants. Our findings offer specific developmental insights on the interplay between the brain's resting activity and the glutamatergic system both of which are crucial for regulating normal functioning and are dysregulated in several clinical conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Zacharopoulos
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Uzay Emir
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Roi Cohen Kadosh
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Janjic T, Pereverzyev S, Hammerl M, Neubauer V, Lerchner H, Wallner V, Steiger R, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U, Zimmermann M, Buchheim A, Grams AE, Gizewski ER. Feed-forward neural networks using cerebral MR spectroscopy and DTI might predict neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm neonates. Eur Radiol 2020; 30:6441-6451. [PMID: 32683551 PMCID: PMC7599175 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-020-07053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to evaluate the ability of feed-forward neural networks (fNNs) to predict the neurodevelopmental outcome (NDO) of very preterm neonates (VPIs) at 12 months corrected age by using biomarkers of cerebral MR proton spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) at term-equivalent age (TEA). Methods In this prospective study, 300 VPIs born before 32 gestational weeks received an MRI scan at TEA between September 2013 and December 2017. Due to missing or poor-quality spectroscopy data and missing neurodevelopmental tests, 173 VPIs were excluded. Data sets consisting of 103 and 115 VPIs were considered for prediction of motor and cognitive developmental delay, respectively. Five metabolite ratios and two DTI characteristics in six different areas of the brain were evaluated. A feature selection algorithm was developed for receiving a subset of characteristics prevalent for the VPIs with a developmental delay. Finally, the predictors were constructed employing multiple fNNs and fourfold cross-validation. Results By employing the constructed fNN predictors, we were able to predict cognitive delays of VPIs with 85.7% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value (PPV) and 99.1% negative predictive value (NPV). For the prediction of motor delay, we achieved a sensitivity of 76.9%, a specificity of 98.9%, a PPV of 90.9% and an NPV of 96.7%. Conclusion FNNs might be able to predict motor and cognitive development of VPIs at 12 months corrected age when employing biomarkers of cerebral 1H-MRS and DTI quantified at TEA. Key Points • A feed-forward neuronal network is a promising tool for outcome prediction in premature infants. • Cerebral proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion tensor imaging can be used for the construction of early prognostic biomarkers. • Premature infants that would most benefit from early intervention services can be spotted at the time of optimal neuroplasticity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00330-020-07053-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Janjic
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Neuroimaging Research Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - S Pereverzyev
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Neuroimaging Research Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Hammerl
- Department of Paediatrics II, Neonatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - V Neubauer
- Department of Paediatrics II, Neonatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H Lerchner
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Neuroimaging Research Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - V Wallner
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R Steiger
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Neuroimaging Research Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - U Kiechl-Kohlendorfer
- Department of Paediatrics II, Neonatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Zimmermann
- Department of Paediatrics II, Neonatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Buchheim
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A E Grams
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Neuroimaging Research Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - E R Gizewski
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Neuroimaging Research Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pradhan S, Kapse K, Jacobs M, Niforatos-Andescavage N, Quistorff JL, Lopez C, Bannantine KL, Andersen NR, Vezina G, Limperopoulos C. Non-invasive measurement of biochemical profiles in the healthy fetal brain. Neuroimage 2020; 219:117016. [PMID: 32526384 PMCID: PMC7491254 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) of the fetal brain can be used to study emerging metabolite profiles in the developing brain. Identifying early deviations in brain metabolic profiles in high-risk fetuses may offer important adjunct clinical information to improve surveillance and management during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subechhya Pradhan
- Center for the Developing Brain, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA; Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA; Department of Radiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20052, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Kushal Kapse
- Center for the Developing Brain, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Marni Jacobs
- Department of Biostatistics and Study Methodology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nickie Niforatos-Andescavage
- Center for the Developing Brain, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20052, USA; Division of Neonatology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Jessica Lynn Quistorff
- Center for the Developing Brain, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Catherine Lopez
- Center for the Developing Brain, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Kathryn Lee Bannantine
- Center for the Developing Brain, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | | | - Gilbert Vezina
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Catherine Limperopoulos
- Center for the Developing Brain, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA; Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA; Department of Radiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20052, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP), defined as a group of nonprogressive disorders of movement and posture, is the most common cause of severe neurodisability in children. The prevalence of CP is the same across the globe, affecting approximately 17 million people worldwide. Cerebral Palsy is an umbrella term used to describe the disease due to its inherent heterogeneity. For instance, CP has multiple (1) causes; (2) clinical types; (3) patterns of neuropathology on brain imaging and (4) it's associated with several developmental pathologies such as intellectual disability, autism, epilepsy, and visual impairment. Understanding its physiopathology is crucial to developing protective strategies. Despite its importance, there is still insufficient progress in the areas of CP prediction, early diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Herein we describe the current risk factors and biomarkers used for the diagnosis and prediction of CP. With the advancement in biomarker discovery, we predict that our understanding of the etiopathophysiology of CP will also increase, lending to more opportunities for developing novel treatments and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Alpay Savasan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, United States; Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, United States.
| | - Sun Kwon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, United States; Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, United States
| | - Kyung Joon Oh
- Beaumont Research Institute, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Stewart F Graham
- Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, United States; Beaumont Research Institute, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Number, time, and space are not singularly represented: Evidence against a common magnitude system beyond early childhood. Psychon Bull Rev 2019; 26:833-854. [PMID: 30684249 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-018-1561-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Our ability to represent temporal, spatial, and numerical information is critical for understanding the world around us. Given the prominence of quantitative representations in the natural world, numerous cognitive, neurobiological, and developmental models have been proposed as a means of describing how we track quantity. One prominent theory posits that time, space, and number are represented by a common magnitude system, or a common neural locus (i.e., Bonn & Cantlon in Cognitive Neuropsychology, 29(1/2), 149-173, 2012; Cantlon, Platt, & Brannon in Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(2), 83-91, 2009; Meck & Church in Animal Behavior Processes, 9(3), 320, 1983; Walsh in Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(11), 483-488, 2003). Despite numerous similarities in representations of time, space, and number, an increasing body of literature reveals striking dissociations in how each quantity is processed, particularly later in development. These findings have led many researchers to consider the possibility that separate systems may be responsible for processing each quantity. This review will analyze evidence in favor of a common magnitude system, particularly in infancy, which will be tempered by counter evidence, the majority of which comes from experiments with children and adult participants. After reviewing the current data, we argue that although the common magnitude system may account for quantity representations in infancy, the data do not provide support for this system throughout the life span. We also identify future directions for the field and discuss the likelihood of the developmental divergence model of quantity representation, like that of Newcombe (Ecological Psychology, 2, 147-157, 2014), as a more plausible account of quantity development.
Collapse
|
15
|
Cichocka M, Bereś A. From fetus to older age: A review of brain metabolic changes across the lifespan. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 46:60-73. [PMID: 29864489 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The knowledge of metabolic changes across the lifespan is poorly understood. Thus we systematically reviewed the available literature to determine the changes in brain biochemical composition from fetus to older age and tried to explain them in the context of neural, cognitive, and behavioural changes. METHODS The search identified 1262 articles regarding proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) examinations through December 2017. The following data was extracted: age range of the subjects, number of subjects studied, brain regions studied, MRS sequence used, echo time, MR system, method of statistical analysis, metabolites analyzed, significant differences in metabolites concentrations with age as well as the way of presentation of the results. RESULTS 82 studies that described brain metabolite changes with age were identified. Reports on metabolic changes related to healthy aging were analyzed and discussed among six basic age groups: fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly as well as between groups and during the whole lifetime. DISCUSSION The results presented in the reviewed papers provide evidence that normal aging is associated with a number of metabolic changes characteristic for every period of life. Therefore, it can be concluded that the age matching is essential for comparative studies of disease states using 1H MRS.
Collapse
|
16
|
Shimizu M, Suzuki Y, Yamada K, Ueki S, Watanabe M, Igarashi H, Nakada T. Maturational decrease of glutamate in the human cerebral cortex from childhood to young adulthood: a 1H-MR spectroscopy study. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:749-752. [PMID: 28388602 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to investigate maturational changes in glutamate (Glu) in the human cerebral cortex from childhood to young adulthood using 3.0-Tesla proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), which is capable of quantifying Glu in vivo.MethodsNormal volunteers comprising 11 children (aged 4-13 years) and 11 young adults (aged 18-33 years) participated in the study. Single-voxel point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS, repetition time/echo time=2,000/80 ms) was performed on the frontal and occipital cortices, and the Glu-to-creatine ratio (Glu/Cr) and N-acetylaspartate-to-creatine ratio (NAA/Cr) were determined.ResultsIn both the frontal and occipital cortices, Glu/Cr was significantly lower during young adulthood relative to that during childhood. NAA/Cr did not differ significantly between the two age groups.ConclusionThis study has provided objective evidence that cerebral cortical Glu/Cr decreases between childhood and young adulthood. The observed decrease in Glu/Cr may reflect the simultaneous occurrence of maturational changes, such as changes in cortical microstructure and the intercellular compartmentation of Glu metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mami Shimizu
- Center for Integrated Human Brain Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuji Suzuki
- Center for Integrated Human Brain Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yamada
- Center for Integrated Human Brain Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueki
- Center for Integrated Human Brain Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaki Watanabe
- Center for Integrated Human Brain Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hironaka Igarashi
- Center for Integrated Human Brain Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nakada
- Center for Integrated Human Brain Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Longitudinal increases of brain metabolite levels in 5-10 year old children. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180973. [PMID: 28700727 PMCID: PMC5507439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies reveal significant changes in brain structure and structural networks that occur together with cognitive and behavioral maturation in childhood. However, the underlying cellular changes accompanying brain maturation are less understood. Examining regional age-related changes in metabolite levels provides insight into the physiology of neurodevelopment. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measures localize brain metabolism. The majority of neuroimaging studies of healthy development are from the developed world. In a longitudinal MRS study of 64 South African children aged 5 to 10 years old (29 female; 29 HIV exposed, uninfected), we examined the age-related trajectories of creatine (Cr+PCr), N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), the combined NAA+N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG), choline (GPC+PCh), glutamate (Glu) and the combined Glu+glutamine (Glu+Gln) in voxels within gray and white matter, as well as subcortically in the basal ganglia (BG). In frontal gray matter, we found age-related increases in Cr+PCr, NAA, NAA+NAAG and Glu+Gln levels pointing to synaptic activity likely related to learning. In the BG we observed increased levels of Glu, Glu+Gln and NAA+NAAG with age that point to subcortical synaptic reorganization. In white matter, we found increased levels of Cr+PCr, NAA, NAA+NAAG, Glu and Glu+Gln with age, implicating these metabolites in ongoing myelination. We observed no sex-age or HIV exposure-age interactions, indicating that physiological changes are independent of sex during this time period. The metabolite trajectories presented, therefore, provide a critical benchmark of normal cellular growth for a low socioeconomic pediatric population in the developing world against which pathology and abnormal development may be compared.
Collapse
|
18
|
Bültmann E, Nägele T, Lanfermann H, Klose U. Changes of brain metabolite concentrations during maturation in different brain regions measured by chemical shift imaging. Neuroradiology 2016; 59:31-41. [PMID: 27889838 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-016-1763-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We examined the effect of maturation on the regional distribution of brain metabolite concentrations using multivoxel chemical shift imaging. METHODS From our pool of pediatric MRI examinations, we retrospectively selected patients showing a normal cerebral MRI scan or no pathologic signal abnormalities at the level of the two-dimensional 1H MRS-CSI sequence and an age-appropriate global neurological development, except for focal neurological deficits. Seventy-one patients (4.5 months-20 years) were identified. Using LC Model, spectra were evaluated from voxels in the white matter, caudate head, and corpus callosum. RESULTS The concentration of total N-acetylaspartate increased in all regions during infancy and childhood except in the right caudate head where it remained constant. The concentration of total creatine decreased in the caudate nucleus and splenium and minimally in the frontal white matter and genu. It remained largely constant in the parietal white matter. The concentration of choline-containing compounds had the tendency to decrease in all regions except in the parietal white matter where it remained constant. The concentration of myoinositol decreased slightly in the splenium and right frontal white matter, remained constant on the left side and in the caudate nucleus, and rose slightly in the parietal white matter and genu. CONCLUSION CSI determined metabolite concentrations in multiple cerebral regions during routine MRI. The obtained data will be helpful in future pediatric CSI measurements deciding whether the ratios of the main metabolites are within the range of normal values or have to be considered as probably pathologic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bültmann
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Thomas Nägele
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Radiological University Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Lanfermann
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Uwe Klose
- Section of Experimental MR of the CNS, Department of Neuroradiology, Radiological University Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Magnetization Transfer and Amide Proton Transfer MRI of Neonatal Brain Development. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3052723. [PMID: 27885356 PMCID: PMC5112326 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3052723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. This study aims to evaluate the process of brain development in neonates using combined amide proton transfer (APT) imaging and conventional magnetization transfer (MT) imaging. Materials and Methods. Case data were reviewed for all patients hospitalized in our institution's neonatal ward. Patients underwent APT and MT imaging (a single protocol) immediately following the routine MR examination. Single-slice APT/MT axial imaging was performed at the level of the basal ganglia. APT and MT ratio (MTR) measurements were performed in multiple brain regions of interest (ROIs). Data was statistically analyzed in order to assess for significant differences between the different regions of the brain or correlation with patient gestational age. Results. A total of 38 neonates were included in the study, with ages ranging from 27 to 41 weeks' corrected gestational age. There were statistically significant differences in both APT and MTR measurements between the frontal lobes, basal ganglia, and occipital lobes (APT: frontal lobe versus occipital lobe P = 0.031 and other groups P = 0.00; MTR: frontal lobe versus occipital lobe P = 0.034 and other groups P = 0.00). Furthermore, APT and MTR in above brain regions exhibited positive linear correlations with patient gestational age. Conclusions. APT/MT imaging can provide valuable information about the process of the neonatal brain development at the molecular level.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
MR spectroscopy (MRS) offers unique possibilities for non-invasive evaluation of biochemistry in vivo. During recent years there has been a growing body of evidence from clinical research studies on human beings using 31P and 1H MRS. The results indicate that it is possible to evaluate phosphorous energy metabolism, loss of neurones, and lactate production in a large number of brain diseases. Furthermore, 31P and 1H MRS may be particularly clinically useful in evaluation of various disorders in skeletal muscle. In the heart 31P MRS seems at the moment the most suitable for evaluation of global affections of the myocardium. In the liver 31P MRS appears to be rather insensitive and non-specific, but absolute quantification of metabolite concentrations and using metabolic “stress models” may prove useful in the future. The clinical role of MRS in oncology is still unclear, but it may be useful for noninvasive follow-up of treatment. Taken together, the evidence obtained so far certainly shows some trends for clinical applications of MRS. Methods are now available for the clinical research necessary for establishing routine clinical MRS examinations.
Collapse
|
21
|
Basic Principles and Clinical Applications of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Neuroradiology. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2016; 40:1-13. [PMID: 26484954 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a powerful tool to assist daily clinical diagnostics. This review is intended to give an overview on basic principles of the technology, discuss some of its technical aspects, and present typical applications in daily clinical routine in neuroradiology.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abdelsalam EM, Ashamallah GA, Lateef MA, Fathy K. Proton MR Spectroscopy in leukodystrophies. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrnm.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
|
23
|
Feng Y, Zhu H, Zhang X, Wang X, Xu F, Tang H, Ye C, Liu M. NMR Based Cerebrum Metabonomic Analysis Reveals Simultaneous Interconnected Changes during Chick Embryo Incubation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139948. [PMID: 26485040 PMCID: PMC4618859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To find out if content changes of the major functional cerebrum metabolites are interconnected and formed a network during the brain development, we obtained high-resolution magic-angle-spinning (HR-MAS) 1H NMR spectra of cerebrum tissues of chick embryo aged from incubation day 10 to 20, and postnatal day 1, and analyzed the data with principal component analysis (PCA). Within the examined time window, 26 biological important molecules were identified and 12 of them changed their relative concentration significantly in a time-dependent manner. These metabolites are generally belonged to three categories, neurotransmitters, nutrition sources, and neuronal or glial markers. The relative concentration changes of the metabolites were interconnected among/between the categories, and, more interestingly, associated with the number and size of Nissl-positive neurons. These results provided valuable biochemical and neurochemical information to understand the development of the embryonic brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, United States of America
| | - Hang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Xuxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Huiru Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Chaohui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Maili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Contributions of magnetic resonance spectroscopy to understanding development: potential applications in the study of adolescent alcohol use and abuse. Dev Psychopathol 2014; 26:405-23. [PMID: 24621605 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research has documented structural and functional brain development during adolescence, yet little is known about neurochemical changes that occur during this important developmental period. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a well-developed technology that permits the in vivo quantification of multiple brain neurochemicals relevant to neuronal health and functioning. However, MRS technology has been underused in exploring normative developmental changes during adolescence and the onset of alcohol and drug use and abuse during this developmental period. This review begins with a brief overview of normative cognitive and neurobiological development during adolescence, followed by an introduction to MRS principles. The subsequent sections provide a comprehensive review of the existing MRS studies of development and cognitive functioning in healthy children and adolescents. The final sections of this article address the potential application of MRS in identifying neurochemical predictors and consequences of alcohol use and abuse in adolescence. MRS studies of adolescent populations hold promise for advancing our understanding of neurobiological risk factors for psychopathology by identifying the biochemical signatures associated with healthy brain development, as well as neurobiological and cognitive correlates of alcohol and substance use and abuse.
Collapse
|
25
|
Öz G, Alger JR, Barker PB, Bartha R, Bizzi A, Boesch C, Bolan PJ, Brindle KM, Cudalbu C, Dinçer A, Dydak U, Emir UE, Frahm J, González RG, Gruber S, Gruetter R, Gupta RK, Heerschap A, Henning A, Hetherington HP, Howe FA, Hüppi PS, Hurd RE, Kantarci K, Klomp DWJ, Kreis R, Kruiskamp MJ, Leach MO, Lin AP, Luijten PR, Marjańska M, Maudsley AA, Meyerhoff DJ, Mountford CE, Nelson SJ, Pamir MN, Pan JW, Peet AC, Poptani H, Posse S, Pouwels PJW, Ratai EM, Ross BD, Scheenen TWJ, Schuster C, Smith ICP, Soher BJ, Tkáč I, Vigneron DB, Kauppinen RA. Clinical proton MR spectroscopy in central nervous system disorders. Radiology 2014; 270:658-79. [PMID: 24568703 PMCID: PMC4263653 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13130531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A large body of published work shows that proton (hydrogen 1 [(1)H]) magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy has evolved from a research tool into a clinical neuroimaging modality. Herein, the authors present a summary of brain disorders in which MR spectroscopy has an impact on patient management, together with a critical consideration of common data acquisition and processing procedures. The article documents the impact of (1)H MR spectroscopy in the clinical evaluation of disorders of the central nervous system. The clinical usefulness of (1)H MR spectroscopy has been established for brain neoplasms, neonatal and pediatric disorders (hypoxia-ischemia, inherited metabolic diseases, and traumatic brain injury), demyelinating disorders, and infectious brain lesions. The growing list of disorders for which (1)H MR spectroscopy may contribute to patient management extends to neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, and stroke. To facilitate expanded clinical acceptance and standardization of MR spectroscopy methodology, guidelines are provided for data acquisition and analysis, quality assessment, and interpretation. Finally, the authors offer recommendations to expedite the use of robust MR spectroscopy methodology in the clinical setting, including incorporation of technical advances on clinical units.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gülin Öz
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Jeffry R. Alger
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Peter B. Barker
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Robert Bartha
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Alberto Bizzi
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Chris Boesch
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Patrick J. Bolan
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Kevin M. Brindle
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Alp Dinçer
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Ulrike Dydak
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Uzay E. Emir
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Jens Frahm
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Ramón Gilberto González
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Stephan Gruber
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Rakesh K. Gupta
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Arend Heerschap
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Anke Henning
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Hoby P. Hetherington
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Franklyn A. Howe
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Petra S. Hüppi
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Ralph E. Hurd
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Kejal Kantarci
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Dennis W. J. Klomp
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Roland Kreis
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Marijn J. Kruiskamp
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Martin O. Leach
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Alexander P. Lin
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Peter R. Luijten
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Małgorzata Marjańska
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Andrew A. Maudsley
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Dieter J. Meyerhoff
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Carolyn E. Mountford
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Sarah J. Nelson
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - M. Necmettin Pamir
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Jullie W. Pan
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Andrew C. Peet
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Harish Poptani
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Stefan Posse
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Petra J. W. Pouwels
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Eva-Maria Ratai
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Brian D. Ross
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Tom W. J. Scheenen
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Christian Schuster
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Ian C. P. Smith
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Brian J. Soher
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Ivan Tkáč
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Daniel B. Vigneron
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Uria-Avellanal C, Robertson NJ. Na⁺/H⁺ exchangers and intracellular pH in perinatal brain injury. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 5:79-98. [PMID: 24452957 PMCID: PMC3913853 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Encephalopathy consequent on perinatal hypoxia–ischemia occurs in 1–3 per 1,000 term births in the UK and frequently leads to serious and tragic consequences that devastate lives and families, with huge financial burdens for society. Although the recent introduction of cooling represents a significant advance, only 40 % survive with normal neurodevelopmental function. There is thus a significant unmet need for novel, safe, and effective therapies to optimize brain protection following brain injury around birth. The Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) is a membrane protein present in many mammalian cell types. It is involved in regulating intracellular pH and cell volume. NHE1 is the most abundant isoform in the central nervous system and plays a role in cerebral damage after hypoxia–ischemia. Excessive NHE activation during hypoxia–ischemia leads to intracellular Na+ overload, which subsequently promotes Ca2+ entry via reversal of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. Increased cytosolic Ca2+ then triggers the neurotoxic cascade. Activation of NHE also leads to rapid normalization of pHi and an alkaline shift in pHi. This rapid recovery of brain intracellular pH has been termed pH paradox as, rather than causing cells to recover, this rapid return to normal and overshoot to alkaline values is deleterious to cell survival. Brain pHi changes are closely involved in the control of cell death after injury: an alkalosis enhances excitability while a mild acidosis has the opposite effect. We have observed a brain alkalosis in 78 babies with neonatal encephalopathy serially studied using phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy during the first year after birth (151 studies throughout the year including 56 studies of 50 infants during the first 2 weeks after birth). An alkaline brain pHi was associated with severely impaired outcome; the degree of brain alkalosis was related to the severity of brain injury on MRI and brain lactate concentration; and a persistence of an alkaline brain pHi was associated with cerebral atrophy on MRI. Experimental animal models of hypoxia–ischemia show that NHE inhibitors are neuroprotective. Here, we review the published data on brain pHi in neonatal encephalopathy and the experimental studies of NHE inhibition and neuroprotection following hypoxia–ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Uria-Avellanal
- Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 74 Huntley Street, 4th floor, Room 401, London, WC1E 6AU, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Adleman NE, Barnea-Goraly N, Chang KD. Review of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy studies in children with bipolar disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 4:69-77. [PMID: 15853617 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.4.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric bipolar disorder is a serious condition that affects a child's ability to function normally during important developmental stages. Pediatric bipolar disorder often presents with a different symptom complex than adult-onset bipolar disorder, including higher rates of irritability and rapid cycling. Due to these differences, it is important to understand the neural substrates of the disease as it presents in children, especially when compared with adults. Understanding the brain abnormalities associated with pediatric bipolar disorder may provide much needed markers useful in diagnosing childhood-onset bipolar disorder, give insight into the neurobiological etiology of the disorder and lead to more effective treatments. Currently, there has been little neuroimaging research into pediatric bipolar disorder, specifically with regards to brain function. This review summarizes the neurobiological research that has been conducted on childhood- and adolescent-onset bipolar disorder using magnetic resonance technology. Future directions of research needed in this area also are discussed in the context of the existing literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Adleman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305 5719, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tomiyasu M, Aida N, Endo M, Shibasaki J, Nozawa K, Shimizu E, Tsuji H, Obata T. Neonatal brain metabolite concentrations: an in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy study with a clinical MR system at 3 Tesla. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82746. [PMID: 24312433 PMCID: PMC3842974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metabolite concentrations change dynamically throughout development, especially during early childhood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the brain metabolite concentrations of neonates (postconceptional age (PCA): 30 to 43 weeks) using single-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and to discuss the relationships between the changes in the concentrations of such metabolites and brain development during the neonatal period. A total of 83 neonatal subjects were included using the following criteria: the neonates had to be free of radiological abnormalities, organic illness, and neurological symptoms; the MR spectra had to have signal-to-noise ratios ≥ 4; and the estimated metabolite concentrations had to display Cramér-Rao lower bounds of ≤ 30%. MRS data (echo time/repetition time, 30/5000 ms; 3T) were acquired from the basal ganglia (BG), centrum semiovale (CS), and the cerebellum. The concentrations of five metabolites were measured: creatine, choline, N-acetylaspartate, myo-inositol, and glutamate/glutamine complex (Glx). One hundred and eighty-four MR spectra were obtained (83 BG, 77 CS, and 24 cerebellum spectra). Creatine, N-acetylaspartate, and Glx displayed increases in their concentrations with PCA. Choline was not correlated with PCA in any region. As for myo-inositol, its concentration decreased with PCA in the BG, whereas it increased with PCA in the cerebellum. Quantitative brain metabolite concentrations and their changes during the neonatal period were assessed. Although the observed changes were partly similar to those detected in previous reports, our results are with more subjects (n = 83), and higher magnetic field (3T). The metabolite concentrations examined in this study and their changes are clinically useful indices of neonatal brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moyoko Tomiyasu
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Noriko Aida
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mamiko Endo
- Department of Neonatology, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jun Shibasaki
- Department of Neonatology, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kumiko Nozawa
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Eiji Shimizu
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsuji
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Obata
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The present review describes brain imaging technologies that can be used to assess the effects of nutritional interventions in human subjects. Specifically, we summarise the biological relevance of their outcome measures, practical use and feasibility, and recommended use in short- and long-term nutritional studies. The brain imaging technologies described consist of MRI, including diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and functional MRI, as well as electroencephalography/magnetoencephalography, near-IR spectroscopy, positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computerised tomography. In nutritional interventions and across the lifespan, brain imaging can detect macro- and microstructural, functional, electrophysiological and metabolic changes linked to broader functional outcomes, such as cognition. Imaging markers can be considered as specific for one or several brain processes and as surrogate instrumental endpoints that may provide sensitive measures of short- and long-term effects. For the majority of imaging measures, little information is available regarding their correlation with functional endpoints in healthy subjects; therefore, imaging markers generally cannot replace clinical endpoints that reflect the overall capacity of the brain to behaviourally respond to specific situations and stimuli. The principal added value of brain imaging measures for human nutritional intervention studies is their ability to provide unique in vivo information on the working mechanism of an intervention in hypothesis-driven research. Selection of brain imaging techniques and target markers within a given technique should mainly depend on the hypothesis regarding the mechanism of action of the intervention, level (structural, metabolic or functional) and anticipated timescale of the intervention's effects, target population, availability and costs of the techniques.
Collapse
|
30
|
Decreased frontal N-acetylaspartate levels in adolescents concurrently using both methamphetamine and marijuana. Behav Brain Res 2013; 246:154-61. [PMID: 23466689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The potential neurochemical toxicity associated with methamphetamine (MA) or marijuana (MJ) use on the developing adolescent brain is unclear, particularly with regard to individuals with concomitant use of MA and MJ (MA+MJ). In this study, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was utilized to measure in vivo brain N-acetylaspartate plus N-acetylaspartyl glutamate (tNAA, an indicator of intact neuronal integrity) levels. METHODS Three adolescent groups from Cape Town, South Africa completed MRS scans as well as clinical measures including a drug use history. Subjects included (1) nine MA (age=15.7±1.37), (2) eight MA+MJ (age=16.2±1.16) using adolescents and (3) ten healthy controls (age=16.8±0.62). Single voxel spectra were acquired from midfrontal gray matter using a point-resolved spectroscopy sequence (PRESS). The MRS data were post-processed in the fully automated approach for quantitation of metabolite ratios to phosphocreatine plus creatine (PCr+Cr). RESULTS A significant reduction in frontal tNAA/PCr+Cr ratios was seen in the MA+MJ group compared to the healthy controls (p=0.01, by 7.2%) and to the MA group (p=0.04, by 6.9%). Significant relationships were also observed between decreased tNAA/PCr+Cr ratios and drug use history of MA or MJ (total cumulative lifetime dose, age of onset, and duration of MA and MJ exposure) only in the MA+MJ group (all p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that in adolescents, concomitant heavy MA+MJ use may contribute to altered brain metabolites in frontal gray matter. The significant associations between the abnormal tNAA/PCr+Cr ratios and the drug use history suggest that MA+MJ abuse may induce neurotoxicity in a dose-responsive manner in adolescent brain.
Collapse
|
31
|
Lionetto L, Capi M, Vignaroli G, Negro A, Martelletti P. Deciphering the task of N-acetyl aspartate in migraine. Expert Rev Neurother 2013; 12:1057-9. [PMID: 23039385 DOI: 10.1586/ern.12.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a common neurological disorder producing significant personal and societal burden. In the evaluated study, serum concentrations of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), a biomarker of neuronal integrity, was found to be decreased in patients suffering from migraine with aura. These interesting results suggest a dual clinical readout. Since migraine-with-aura patients show an increased risk for stroke; the evaluation of serum levels of NAA is crucial in the control of the conventional risk factors. In addition, the therapeutic metabolite monitoring of NAA may be helpful in the assessment of the chronicization process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luana Lionetto
- NESMOS Department, Advanced Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Sapienza University, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Baruth JM, Wall CA, Patterson MC, Port JD. Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Probe into the Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): A Review. Autism Res 2013; 6:119-33. [DOI: 10.1002/aur.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Baruth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester; Minnesota
| | | | - Marc C. Patterson
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine and Medical Genetics; Mayo Clinic Children's Center; Rochester; Minnesota
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a powerful clinical tool for investigating the metabolic characteristics of neurologic diseases. Proton ((1)H)-MRS is the most commonly used and widely available method. In this article, a brief introduction regarding technical issues of (1)H-MRS applied to the study of metabolic diseases is followed by a description of findings in some of the most common entities in this large, heterogeneous group of neurologic disorders. The aim was to provide a focused representation of the most common applications of (1)H-MRS to metabolic disorders in a routine clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rossi
- Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa 16147, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Brown MS, Singel D, Hepburn S, Rojas DC. Increased glutamate concentration in the auditory cortex of persons with autism and first-degree relatives: a (1)H-MRS study. Autism Res 2012; 6:1-10. [PMID: 23166003 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Increased glutamate levels have been reported in the hippocampal and frontal regions of persons with autism using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS). Although autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are highly heritable, MRS studies have not included relatives of persons with ASD. We therefore conducted a study to determine if glutamate levels are elevated in people with autism and parents of children with autism. Single-voxel, point-resolved spectroscopy data were acquired at 3T for left and right hemisphere auditory cortical voxels in 13 adults with autism, 15 parents of children with autism, and 15 adult control subjects. The primary measure was glutamate + glutamine (Glx). Additional measures included n-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), myoinositol (mI), and creatine (Cr). The autism group had significantly higher Glx, NAA, and Cr concentrations than the control subjects. Parents did not differ from control subjects on any measures. No significant differences in Cho or mI levels were seen among groups. No reliable correlations between autism symptom measures, and MRS variables were seen after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. The elevation in Glx in autism is consistent with prior MRS data in the hippocampus and frontal lobe and may suggest increased cortical excitability. Increased NAA and Cr may indicate brain metabolism disturbances in autism. In the current study, we found no reliable evidence of a familial effect for any spectroscopy measure. This may indicate that these metabolites have no heritable component in autism, the presence of a compensatory factor in parents, or sample-specific limitations such as the participation of singleton families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Brown
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Blüml S, Wisnowski JL, Nelson MD, Paquette L, Gilles FH, Kinney HC, Panigrahy A. Metabolic maturation of the human brain from birth through adolescence: insights from in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Cereb Cortex 2012; 23:2944-55. [PMID: 22952278 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Between birth and late adolescence, the human brain undergoes exponential maturational changes. Using in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we determined the developmental profile for 6 metabolites in 5 distinct brain regions based on spectra from 309 children from 0 to 18 years of age. The concentrations of N-acetyl-aspartate (an indicator for adult-type neurons and axons), creatine (energy metabolite), and glutamate (excitatory neurotransmitter) increased rapidly between birth and 3 months, a period of rapid axonal growth and synapse formation. Myo-inositol, implicated in cell signaling and a precursor of membrane phospholipid, as well as an osmolyte and astrocyte marker, declined rapidly during this period. Choline, a membrane metabolite and indicator for de novo myelin and cell membrane synthesis, peaked from birth until approximately 3 months, and then declined gradually, reaching a plateau at early childhood. Similarly, taurine, involved in neuronal excitability, synaptic potentiation, and osmoregulation, was high until approximately 3 months and thereafter declined. These data indicate that the first 3 months of postnatal life are a critical period of rapid metabolic changes in the development of the human brain. This study of the developmental profiles of the major brain metabolites provides essential baseline information for future analyses of the pediatric health and disease.
Collapse
|
36
|
Aeby A, Van Bogaert P, David P, Balériaux D, Vermeylen D, Metens T, De Tiège X. Nonlinear microstructural changes in the right superior temporal sulcus and lateral occipitotemporal gyrus between 35 and 43 weeks in the preterm brain. Neuroimage 2012; 63:104-10. [PMID: 22713672 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), we explored microstructural brain maturation in a population of 65 preterm neonates who underwent magnetic resonance imaging between 35 and 43 weeks of corrected gestational age. A voxel-based analysis approach, statistical parametric mapping (SPM8), was used to evidence the nonlinear changes with the corrected gestational age in the regional distribution of mean diffusivity (MD), fractional anisotropy (FA), longitudinal and transverse diffusivities (λ//and λ⊥). We found that FA changes nonlinearly with age around the right superior temporal sulcus and in the right lateral occipitotemporal gyrus, with FA decrease between 34 and 39 weeks followed by FA increase from 40 weeks to 43 weeks. Considering the key role of these brain areas in verbal and non-verbal communicative behaviors, the effect of these microstructural changes in terms of early social network functional maturation needs to be assessed by joint functional and anatomical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alec Aeby
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Supratentorial Neurometabolic Alterations in Pediatric Survivors of Posterior Fossa Tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 82:1135-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
38
|
Abstract
Positron emission tomography, single-photon emission tomography, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) are powerful tools for the monitoring of diverse neurochemical functions. Neuroimaging studies targeting neurotransmitter systems in autism have provided clues about how differences in development of these systems might lead to new intervention approaches. Direct measurement of diverse neurochemicals with MRS provides unique probes of neuronal integrity in vivo. Future directions include the combination of imaging modalities made possible by advances in software and hardware. Many tracers have not been applied in autism, and new molecules and signaling pathways might be targeted as genes associated with autism are identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane C Chugani
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3901 Beaubien Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48201 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ghirri P, Vuerich M, Ferdinandusse S, Waterham HR, Guzzetta A, Bianchi MC, Boldrini A, Wanders RJA. A case of D-bifunctional protein deficiency: clinical, biochemical and molecular investigations. Pediatr Int 2011; 53:583-7. [PMID: 21851493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2010.03255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ghirri
- Neonatology Unit, Department of Neuroradiology, S. Chiara Hospital, AOUP, Pisa, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cady EB, Penrice J, Robertson NJ. Improved reproducibility of MRS regional brain thermometry by 'amplitude-weighted combination'. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2011; 24:865-872. [PMID: 21834009 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Brain temperature is important in stroke and trauma. In birth asphyxia, hypothermia improves outcome, but local brain temperature information is needed to optimise therapy. The proton MRS water chemical shift (δ(water) ) is temperature dependent, and the in vivo brain temperature has often been estimated by measuring δ(water) relative to the N-acetylaspartate (NAA) singlet methyl resonance. However, the NAA peak amplitude may be reduced if cerebrospinal fluid occupies part of the MRS voxel and because of the lower concentration in immaturity, pathology and neonatal white matter. These factors can increase random and systematic δ(NAA) errors and also, therefore, MRS brain temperature errors. The aim of this study was to improve MRS brain temperature reproducibility and resilience to pathological, developmental and regional peak amplitude variations by amplitude-weighted combination (AWC) of brain temperatures (T(Cho) , T(Cr) and T(NAA) ) determined using the prominent choline (Cho), total creatine (Cr) and NAA resonances separately as chemical shift references. δ(water) - δ(Cho) , δ(water) - δ(Cr) and δ(water) - δ(NAA) were calibrated against tympanic temperature in piglet brain at 7 T (2.5-cm-diameter surface coil over the parietal lobes; binomial water suppression spin-echo sequence; TE = 540 ms; TR = 5 s). Eight normal human infants underwent thalamic region (Thal) and five occipito-parietal (OP) cerebral MRS at 2.4 T [point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) localisation; cubic voxel, 8 mL; water suppression off; TE = 270 ms; TR = 2 s]. AWC with T(Cho) , T(Cr) and T(NAA) weighted by the squared Cho, Cr and NAA peak amplitudes provided the smallest intersubject standard deviations: Thal, 0.45°C; OP, 0.33°C (for T(NAA) values of 0.65°C and 1.12°C, respectively). AWC provided resilience against simulated pathological alterations in Cho, Cr and NAA peak amplitudes, with Thal and OP T(AWC) changing by less than 0.04°C. AWC improves both intersubject reproducibility of MRS temperature estimation and resilience against pathological, anatomical and developmental variation of Cho, Cr and NAA peak amplitudes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest B Cady
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Image evaluation of HIV encephalopathy: a multimodal approach using quantitative MR techniques. Neuroradiology 2011; 53:899-908. [PMID: 21584675 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-011-0869-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A multimodal approach of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy using quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) techniques can demonstrate brain changes not detectable only with conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The aim of this study was to compare conventional MRI and MR quantitative techniques, such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and relaxometry and to determine whether quantitative techniques are more sensitive than conventional imaging for brain changes caused by HIV infection. METHODS We studied prospectively nine HIV positive children (mean age 6 years, from 5 to 8 years old) and nine controls (mean age 7.3 years; from 3 to 10 years), using MRS and relaxometry. Examinations were carried on 1.5-T equipment. RESULTS HIV-positive patients presented with only minor findings and all control patients had normal conventional MR findings. MRS findings showed an increase in choline to creatine (CHO/CRE) ratios bilaterally in both frontal gray and white matter, in the left parietal white matter, and in total CHO/CRE ratio. In contrast, N-acetylaspartate to creatine (NAA/CRE) ratios did not present with any significant difference between both groups. Relaxometry showed significant bilateral abnormalities, with lengthening of the relaxation time in HIV positive in many regions. CONCLUSION Conventional MRI is not sensitive for early brain changes caused by HIV infection. Quantitative techniques such as MRS and relaxometry appear as valuable tools in the diagnosis of these early changes. Therefore, a multimodal quantitative study can be useful in demonstrating and understanding the physiopathology of the disease.
Collapse
|
42
|
Erschbamer M, Oberg J, Westman E, Sitnikov R, Olson L, Spenger C. 1H-MRS in spinal cord injury: acute and chronic metabolite alterations in rat brain and lumbar spinal cord. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 33:678-88. [PMID: 21251091 PMCID: PMC3072523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A variety of tests of sensorimotor function are used to characterize outcome after experimental spinal cord injury (SCI). These tests typically do not provide information about chemical and metabolic processes in the injured CNS. Here, we used (1) H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to monitor long-term and short-term chemical changes in the CNS in vivo following SCI. The investigated areas were cortex, thalamus/striatum and the spinal cord distal to injury. In cortex, glutamate (Glu) decreased 1 day after SCI and slowly returned towards normal levels. The combined glutamine (Gln) and Glu signal was similarly decreased in cortex, but increased in the distal spinal cord, suggesting opposite changes of the Glu/Gln metabolites in cortex and distal spinal cord. In lumbar spinal cord, a marked increase of myo-inositol was found 3 days, 14 days and 4 months after SCI. Changes in metabolite concentrations in the spinal cord were also found for choline and N-acetylaspartate. No significant changes in metabolite concentrations were found in thalamus/striatum. Multivariate data analysis allowed separation between rats with SCI and controls for spectra acquired in cortex and spinal cord, but not in thalamus/striatum. Our findings suggest MRS could become a helpful tool to monitor spatial and temporal alterations of metabolic conditions in vivo in the brain and spinal cord after SCI. We provide evidence for dynamic temporal changes at both ends of the neuraxis, cortex cerebri and distal spinal cord, while deep brain areas appear less affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Erschbamer
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Enormous progress has been made in assessing the neonatal brain, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this review, we will describe the use of MRI and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in detecting different patterns of brain injury in (full-term) human neonates following hypoxic–ischaemic brain injury and indicate the relevance of these findings in predicting neurodevelopmental outcome.
Collapse
|
44
|
Menuel C, Guillevin R, Costalat R, Perrin M, Sahli-Amor M, Martin-Duverneuil N, Chiras J. Spectroscopie du phosphore 31 par résonance magnétique : applications en pathologies cérébrales. J Neuroradiol 2010; 37:73-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
45
|
Abstract
Enormous progress has been made in assessing the neonatal brain, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this review, we will describe the use of MRI and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in detecting different patterns of brain injury in (full-term) human neonates following hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury and indicate the relevance of these findings in predicting neurodevelopmental outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda S de Vries
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Forester BP, Berlow YA, Harper DG, Jensen JE, Lange N, Froimowitz MP, Ravichandran C, Iosifescu DV, Lukas SE, Renshaw PF, Cohen BM. Age-related changes in brain energetics and phospholipid metabolism. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2010; 23:242-250. [PMID: 19908224 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that mitochondria undergo functional and morphological changes with age. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of brain energy metabolism to healthy aging by assessing tissue specific differences in metabolites observable by phosphorus ((31)P) MRS. (31)P MRSI at 4 Tesla (T) was performed on 34 volunteers, aged 21-84, screened to exclude serious medical and psychiatric diagnoses. Linear mixed effects models were used to analyze the effects of age on phosphorus metabolite concentrations, intracellular magnesium and pH estimates in brain tissue. A significant age associated decrease in brain pH (-0.53% per decade), increase in PCr (1.1% per decade) and decrease in PME (1.7% per decade) were found in total tissue, with PCr effects localized to the gray matter. An increase in beta NTP as a function of age (1% per decade) approached significance (p = 0.052). There were no effects demonstrated with increasing age for intracellular magnesium, PDE or inorganic phosphate. This study reports the effects of healthy aging on brain chemistry in the gray matter versus white matter using (31)P MRS measures of high energy phosphates, pH and membrane metabolism. Increased PCr, increased beta NTP (reflecting ATP) and reduced pH may reflect altered energy production with healthy aging. Unlike some previous studies of aging and brain chemistry, this study examined healthy, non-demented and psychiatrically stable older adults and specifically analyzed gray-white matter differences in brain metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brent P Forester
- Geriatric Psychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Tau GZ, Peterson BS. Normal development of brain circuits. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:147-68. [PMID: 19794405 PMCID: PMC3055433 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 825] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Spanning functions from the simplest reflex arc to complex cognitive processes, neural circuits have diverse functional roles. In the cerebral cortex, functional domains such as visual processing, attention, memory, and cognitive control rely on the development of distinct yet interconnected sets of anatomically distributed cortical and subcortical regions. The developmental organization of these circuits is a remarkably complex process that is influenced by genetic predispositions, environmental events, and neuroplastic responses to experiential demand that modulates connectivity and communication among neurons, within individual brain regions and circuits, and across neural pathways. Recent advances in neuroimaging and computational neurobiology, together with traditional investigational approaches such as histological studies and cellular and molecular biology, have been invaluable in improving our understanding of these developmental processes in humans in both health and illness. To contextualize the developmental origins of a wide array of neuropsychiatric illnesses, this review describes the development and maturation of neural circuits from the first synapse through critical periods of vulnerability and opportunity to the emergent capacity for cognitive and behavioral regulation, and finally the dynamic interplay across levels of circuit organization and developmental epochs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Z Tau
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Research applications of magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate psychiatric disorders. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2009; 19:81-96. [PMID: 19363431 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0b013e318181e0be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Advances in magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) methodology and related analytic strategies allow sophisticated testing of neurobiological models of disease pathology in psychiatric disorders. An overview of principles underlying MRS, methodological considerations, and investigative approaches is presented. A review of recent research is presented that highlights innovative approaches applying MRS, in particular, hydrogen MRS, to systematically investigate specific psychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, panic disorder, major depression, and bipolar disorder.
Collapse
|
49
|
Grachev ID, Swarnkar A, Szeverenyi NM, Ramachandran TS, Apkarian AV. Aging alters the multichemical networking profile of the human brain: an in vivo1H-MRS study of young versus middle-aged subjects. J Neurochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
50
|
Lentz MR, Westmoreland SV, Lee V, Ratai EM, Halpern EF, González RG. Metabolic markers of neuronal injury correlate with SIV CNS disease severity and inoculum in the macaque model of neuroAIDS. Magn Reson Med 2008; 59:475-84. [PMID: 18306400 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In vivo MR spectroscopy (MRS) studies have shown reductions in NAA/Cr levels in patients with severe neurocognitive deficits due to AIDS dementia complex (ADC), also known as neuroAIDS. The relationship between the cellular changes within the brain during neuroAIDS and the role of NAA/Cr as a metabolic marker remains unclear. In order to clarify the relationship between NAA/Cr and disease severity we utilized the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/macaque model of encephalitis. High-field proton MRS was performed on extracted metabolites from frontal cortex tissue samples of 29 rhesus macaques (6 healthy, 23 moribund with AIDS). Neuropathologic determination of encephalitis severity for each animal was completed and was found to correlate with NAA/Cr levels. Decreases in Glu/Cr and GABA/Cr may indicate that both excitatory and inhibitory neurons are affected. Highly significant correlations between NAA/Cr, Glu/Cr, and GABA/Cr were observed. These neuronal metabolites were also decreased in the absence of classical SIV encephalitis (SIVE). At any disease classification, animals inoculated with SIVmac251 were found to have lower levels of NAA/Cr than animals inoculated with SIVmac239. In considering therapy for neuroAIDS the findings here support prevention of the encephalitic process, but suggest that suppressing the formation of multinucleated giant cells alone would be insufficient to prevent neuronal injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R Lentz
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neuroradiology, Boston, Massachusetts 02114-2696, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|