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Li AL, Lian L, Chen XN, Cai WH, Fan XB, Fan YJ, Li TT, Xie YY, Zhang JP. The role of mitochondria in myocardial damage caused by energy metabolism disorders: From mechanisms to therapeutics. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:236-251. [PMID: 37567516 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial damage is the most serious pathological consequence of cardiovascular diseases and an important reason for their high mortality. In recent years, because of the high prevalence of systemic energy metabolism disorders (e.g., obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome), complications of myocardial damage caused by these disorders have attracted widespread attention. Energy metabolism disorders are independent of traditional injury-related risk factors, such as ischemia, hypoxia, trauma, and infection. An imbalance of myocardial metabolic flexibility and myocardial energy depletion are usually the initial changes of myocardial injury caused by energy metabolism disorders, and abnormal morphology and functional destruction of the mitochondria are their important features. Specifically, mitochondria are the centers of energy metabolism, and recent evidence has shown that decreased mitochondrial function, caused by an imbalance in mitochondrial quality control, may play a key role in myocardial injury caused by energy metabolism disorders. Under chronic energy stress, mitochondria undergo pathological fission, while mitophagy, mitochondrial fusion, and biogenesis are inhibited, and mitochondrial protein balance and transfer are disturbed, resulting in the accumulation of nonfunctional and damaged mitochondria. Consequently, damaged mitochondria lead to myocardial energy depletion and the accumulation of large amounts of reactive oxygen species, further aggravating the imbalance in mitochondrial quality control and forming a vicious cycle. In addition, impaired mitochondria coordinate calcium homeostasis imbalance, and epigenetic alterations participate in the pathogenesis of myocardial damage. These pathological changes induce rapid progression of myocardial damage, eventually leading to heart failure or sudden cardiac death. To intervene more specifically in the myocardial damage caused by metabolic disorders, we need to understand the specific role of mitochondria in this context in detail. Accordingly, promising therapeutic strategies have been proposed. We also summarize the existing therapeutic strategies to provide a reference for clinical treatment and developing new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao-Lin Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Lu Lian
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Xin-Nong Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300190, China
| | - Wen-Hui Cai
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Xin-Biao Fan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Ya-Jie Fan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Ying-Yu Xie
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Jun-Ping Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China.
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Wang SJ, Liu BR, Zhang F, Li YP, Su XR, Yang CT, Cong B, Zhang ZH. Abnormal fatty acid metabolism and ceramide expression may discriminate myocardial infarction from strangulation death: A pilot study. Tissue Cell 2023; 80:101984. [PMID: 36434828 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Determining myocardial infarction (MI) and mechanical asphyxia (MA) was one of the most challenging tasks in forensic practice. The present study aimed to investigate the potential of fatty acid (FAs) metabolism, and lipid alterations in determining MI and MA. MA and MI mouse models were constructed, and metabolic profiles were obtained by LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics. The metabolic alterations were explored using the PCA, OPLS-DA, the Wilcoxon test, and fold change analysis. The contents of lipid droplets (LDs) were detected by the transmission scanning electron microscope and Oil red O staining. The immunohistochemical assay was performed to detect CD36 and dysferlin. The ceramide was assessed by LC-MS. PCA showed considerable differences in the metabolite profiles, and the well-fitting OPLS-DA model was developed to screen differential metabolites. Thereinto, 9 metabolites in the MA were reduced, while metabolites were up- and down-regulated in MI. The increased CD36 suggested that MI and MA could enhance the intake of FAs and disturb energy metabolism. The increased LDs, decreased dysferlin, and increased ceramide (C18:0, C22:0, and C24:0) were observed in MI groups, confirming the lipid deposition. The present study indicated significant differences in myocardial FAs metabolism and lipid alterations between MI and MA, suggesting that FAs metabolism and related proteins, certain ceramide may harbor the potential as biomarkers for discrimination of MI and MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Jun Wang
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, China.
| | - Bing-Rui Liu
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, China.
| | - Fu Zhang
- Forensic Pathology Lab, Guangdong Public Security Department, China.
| | - Ya-Ping Li
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, China.
| | - Xiao-Rui Su
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, China.
| | - Chen-Teng Yang
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, China.
| | - Bin Cong
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, China.
| | - Zhi-Hua Zhang
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, China; HeBei Chest Hospital, China.
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Soto ME, Pérez-Torres I, Rubio-Ruiz ME, Manzano-Pech L, Guarner-Lans V. Interconnection between Cardiac Cachexia and Heart Failure—Protective Role of Cardiac Obesity. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061039. [PMID: 35326490 PMCID: PMC8946995 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia may be caused by congestive heart failure, and it is then called cardiac cachexia, which leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Cardiac cachexia also worsens skeletal muscle degradation. Cardiac cachexia is the loss of edema-free muscle mass with or without affecting fat tissue. It is mainly caused by a loss of balance between protein synthesis and degradation, or it may result from intestinal malabsorption. The loss of balance in protein synthesis and degradation may be the consequence of altered endocrine mediators such as insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, leptin, ghrelin, melanocortin, growth hormone and neuropeptide Y. In contrast to many other health problems, fat accumulation in the heart is protective in this condition. Fat in the heart can be divided into epicardial, myocardial and cardiac steatosis. In this review, we describe and discuss these topics, pointing out the interconnection between heart failure and cardiac cachexia and the protective role of cardiac obesity. We also set the basis for possible screening methods that may allow for a timely diagnosis of cardiac cachexia, since there is still no cure for this condition. Several therapeutic procedures are discussed including exercise, nutritional proposals, myostatin antibodies, ghrelin, anabolic steroids, anti-inflammatory substances, beta-adrenergic agonists, medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate, cannabinoids, statins, thalidomide, proteasome inhibitors and pentoxifylline. However, to this date, there is no cure for cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Soto
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, México City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Israel Pérez-Torres
- Department of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, México City 14080, Mexico; (I.P.-T.); (L.M.-P.)
| | - María Esther Rubio-Ruiz
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, México City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Linaloe Manzano-Pech
- Department of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, México City 14080, Mexico; (I.P.-T.); (L.M.-P.)
| | - Verónica Guarner-Lans
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, México City 14080, Mexico;
- Correspondence:
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Zhang X, Mao M, Zuo Z. Palmitate Induces Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism Disorder and Cellular Damage via the PPAR Signaling Pathway in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2287-2299. [PMID: 35936050 PMCID: PMC9355343 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s360931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish an in vitro lipotoxicity model with mouse cardiomyocytes (MCMs) and investigate the molecular mechanism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) signaling on mitochondrial energy metabolism disorder and cellular injury in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). METHODS Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of DCM. CCK-8 method was used to detect the proliferation inhibition effect of palmitate (PA) on MCMs. Oil red O staining and mRNA levels of CD36 were used to verify intracellular lipid accumulation. DCFH-DA method was used to determine the content of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ATP levels were detected by the ATP Detection Kit. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to observe the mitochondrial structure. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of PPARα, PPARγ, P-mTOR, mTOR, PGC-1α, UCP2, and BNP. In addition, the expression of PPARγ was also detected by cellular immunofluorescence staining. BNP levels were detected by qRT-PCR and the ELISA Kit. RESULTS KEGG pathway analysis combined with GO analysis has shown that PPAR signaling played a significant regulatory role in mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid metabolism in DCM. Then, MCMs stimulated with PA for 24 h were selected as an in vitro lipotoxicity model. PA decreased cell viability, cell membrane shrinkage, and lipid accumulation. Meanwhile, PA-induced increase in cellular ROS led to ATP generation reduction and mitochondrial damage. Furthermore, the expression levels of p-mTOR- PPARα/γ were decreased, and the expressions of PGC-1α and UCP2 were increased. The levels of BNP were elevated, demonstrating PA impaired cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION Mitochondrial energy metabolism obstacle and cell injury appeared in cardiac lipotoxicity of DCM, associated with lipid accumulation and increased ROS, indicating a crosstalk with the PPAR pathway mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Mao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Zhong Zuo, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1, Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Ramesh P, Yeo JL, Brady EM, McCann GP. Role of inflammation in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2022; 13:20420188221083530. [PMID: 35308180 PMCID: PMC8928358 DOI: 10.1177/20420188221083530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has reached a pandemic scale. Systemic chronic inflammation dominates the diabetes pathophysiology and has been implicated as a causal factor for the development of vascular complications. Heart failure (HF) is regarded as the most common cardiovascular complication of T2D and the diabetic diagnosis is an independent risk factor for HF development. Key molecular mechanisms pivotal to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy include the NF-κB pathway and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, in addition to advanced glycation end product accumulation and inflammatory interleukin overexpression. Chronic myocardial inflammation in T2D mediates structural and metabolic changes, including cardiomyocyte apoptosis, impaired calcium handling, myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, all of which contribute to the diabetic HF phenotype. Advanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has emerged as a gold standard non-invasive tool to delineate myocardial structural and functional changes. This review explores the role of chronic inflammation in diabetic cardiomyopathy and the ability of CMR to identify inflammation-mediated myocardial sequelae, such as oedema and diffuse fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Ramesh
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | | | - Emer M. Brady
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Gerry P. McCann
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
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Yu SR, Zhang CY, Xiong WJ, Chen JT, Song JX, Chen H. An Hypothesis: Disproportion Between Cardiac Troponin and B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels—A High Risk and Poor Prognostic Biomarker in Patients With Fulminant Myocarditis? Heart Lung Circ 2021; 30:837-842. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Kostić M, Korićanac G, Tepavčević S, Stanišić J, Romić S, Ćulafić T, Ivković T, Stojiljković M. Low-intensity exercise diverts cardiac fatty acid metabolism from triacylglycerol synthesis to beta oxidation in fructose-fed rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 2021:1-11. [PMID: 33612014 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2021.1886118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Excessive fructose consumption causes ectopic lipid storage leading to metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases associated with defective substrate utilisation in the heart. OBJECTIVE Examining the preventive impact of low-intensity exercise on alterations related to fructose-rich diet (FRD) on cardiac fatty acid (FA) transport and metabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into control and two groups that received 10% fructose for 9 weeks, one of which was additionally exposed to exercise. RESULTS FRD elevated plasma and cardiac TAG, FATP1 in plasma membrane, Lipin 1 in microsomes and HSL mRNA, while mitochondrial CPT1 was decreased. Exercise decreased plasma free FA level, raised CD36 in plasma membrane and FATP1 in lysate, mitochondrial CPT1 and decreased microsomal Lipin 1 in fructose-fed rats. CONCLUSIONS FRD changed plasma lipids and augmented partitioning of FA to TAG storage in the heart, whereas exercise in FRD rats switched metabolism of FA towards β-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Kostić
- Department for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Korićanac
- Department for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snežana Tepavčević
- Department for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Stanišić
- Department for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snježana Romić
- Department for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tijana Ćulafić
- Department for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Ivković
- Department for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mojca Stojiljković
- Department for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Datta T, Lee AJ, Cain R, McCarey M, Whellan DJ. Weighing in on heart failure: the potential impact of bariatric surgery. Heart Fail Rev 2021; 27:755-766. [PMID: 33495937 PMCID: PMC9033699 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-021-10078-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a growing worldwide epidemic with significant economic burden that carries with it impacts on every physiologic system including the cardiovascular system. Specifically, the risk of heart failure has been shown to increase dramatically in obese individuals. The purpose of this review is to provide background on the individual burdens of heart failure and obesity, followed by exploring proposed physiologic mechanisms that interconnect these conditions, and furthermore introduce treatment strategies for weight loss focusing on bariatric surgery. Review of the existing literature on patients with obesity and heart failure who have undergone bariatric surgery is presented, compared, and contrasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuka Datta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Andrew J Lee
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel Cain
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Melissa McCarey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David J Whellan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Zuo A, Zhao X, Li T, Li J, Lei S, Chen J, Xu D, Song C, Liu T, Li C, Guo Y. CTRP9 knockout exaggerates lipotoxicity in cardiac myocytes and high-fat diet-induced cardiac hypertrophy through inhibiting the LKB1/AMPK pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:2635-2647. [PMID: 31930700 PMCID: PMC7028852 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CTRP9 has been reported to regulate lipid metabolism and exert cardioprotective effects, yet its role in high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced cardiac lipotoxicity and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the current study, we established HFD‐induced obesity model in wild‐type (WT) or CTRP9 knockout (CTRP9‐KO) mice and palmitate‐induced lipotoxicity model in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes (NRCMs) to investigate the effects of CTRP9 on cardiac lipotoxicity. Our results demonstrated that the HFD‐fed CTRP9‐KO mice accentuated cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress‐initiated apoptosis and oxidative stress compared with the HFD‐fed WT mice. In vitro, CTRP9 treatment markedly alleviated palmitate‐induced oxidative stress and ER stress‐induced apoptosis in NRCMs in a dose‐dependent manner. Phosphorylated AMPK at Thr172 was reduced, and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was strengthened in the heart of the HFD‐fed CTRP9‐KO mice compared with the HFD‐fed control mice. In vitro, AMPK inhibitor compound C significantly abolished the effects of CTRP9 on the inhibition of the apoptotic pathway in palmitate‐treated NRCMs. In a further mechanistic study, CTRP9 enhanced expression of phosphorylated LKB1 at Ser428 and promoted LKB1 cytoplasmic localization. Besides, silencing of LKB1 gene by lentivirus significantly prohibited activation of AMPK by CTRP9 and partially eliminated the protective effect of CTRP9 on the cardiac lipotoxicity. These results indicate that CTRP9 exerted anti‐myocardial lipotoxicity properties and inhibited cardiac hypertrophy probably through the LKB1/AMPK signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Zuo
- Department of General Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,Department of Clinical Trial Research Center, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of General Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Shengyun Lei
- Department of General Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Jiying Chen
- Department of General Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of General Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Chengxiang Song
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Tianjiao Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Cuigang Li
- Department of General Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Department of General Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
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10
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Gulsin GS, Athithan L, McCann GP. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: prevalence, determinants and potential treatments. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2019; 10:2042018819834869. [PMID: 30944723 PMCID: PMC6437329 DOI: 10.1177/2042018819834869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has reached a pandemic scale. These patients are at a substantially elevated risk of developing cardiovascular disease, with heart failure (HF) being a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Even in the absence of traditional risk factors, diabetes still confers up to a twofold increased risk of developing HF. This has led to identifying diabetes as an independent risk factor for HF and recognition of the distinct clinical entity, diabetic cardiomyopathy. Despite a wealth of research interest, the prevalence and determinants of diabetic cardiomyopathy remain uncertain. This limited understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetic heart disease has also hindered development of effective treatments. Tight blood-glucose and blood-pressure control have not convincingly been shown to reduce macrovascular outcomes in T2D. There is, however, emerging evidence that T2D is reversible and that the metabolic abnormalities can be reversed with weight loss. Increased aerobic exercise capacity is associated with significantly lower cardiovascular and overall mortality in diabetes. Whether such lifestyle modifications as weight loss and exercise may ameliorate the structural and functional derangements of the diabetic heart has yet to be established. In this review, the link between T2D and myocardial dysfunction is explored. Insights into the structural and functional perturbations that typify the diabetic heart are first described. This is followed by an examination of the pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease in T2D. Lastly, the current and emerging therapeutic strategies to prevent or ameliorate cardiac dysfunction in T2D are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav S. Gulsin
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and the Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Lavanya Athithan
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and the Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Gerry P. McCann
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and the Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
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11
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Abstract
Significance: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a frequent complication occurring even in well-controlled asymptomatic diabetic patients, and it may advance to heart failure (HF). Recent Advances: The diabetic heart is characterized by a state of "metabolic rigidity" involving enhanced rates of fatty acid uptake and mitochondrial oxidation as the predominant energy source, and it exhibits mitochondrial electron transport chain defects. These alterations promote redox state changes evidenced by a decreased NAD+/NADH ratio associated with an increase in acetyl-CoA/CoA ratio. NAD+ is a co-substrate for deacetylases, sirtuins, and a critical molecule in metabolism and redox signaling; whereas acetyl-CoA promotes protein lysine acetylation, affecting mitochondrial integrity and causing epigenetic changes. Critical Issues: DCM lacks specific therapies with treatment only in later disease stages using standard, palliative HF interventions. Traditional therapy targeting neurohormonal signaling and hemodynamics failed to improve mortality rates. Though mitochondrial redox state changes occur in the heart with obesity and diabetes, how the mitochondrial NAD+/NADH redox couple connects the remodeled energy metabolism with mitochondrial and cytosolic antioxidant defense and nuclear epigenetic changes remains to be determined. Mitochondrial therapies targeting the mitochondrial NAD+/NADH redox ratio may alleviate cardiac dysfunction. Future Directions: Specific therapies must be supported by an optimal understanding of changes in mitochondrial redox state and how it influences other cellular compartments; this field has begun to surface as a therapeutic target for the diabetic heart. We propose an approach based on an alternate mitochondrial electron transport that normalizes the mitochondrial redox state and improves cardiac function in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Berthiaume
- 1 Department of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jacob G Kurdys
- 2 Department of Foundational Sciences, College of Medicine, Central Michigan University , Mount Pleasant, Michigan
| | - Danina M Muntean
- 3 Department of Functional Sciences-Pathophysiology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mariana G Rosca
- 2 Department of Foundational Sciences, College of Medicine, Central Michigan University , Mount Pleasant, Michigan
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12
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Selthofer-Relatić K, Kibel A, Delić-Brkljačić D, Bošnjak I. Cardiac Obesity and Cardiac Cachexia: Is There a Pathophysiological Link? J Obes 2019; 2019:9854085. [PMID: 31565432 PMCID: PMC6745151 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9854085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for cardiometabolic and vascular diseases like arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2, dyslipidaemia, and atherosclerosis. A special role in obesity-related syndromes is played by cardiac visceral obesity, which includes epicardial adipose tissue and intramyocardial fat, leading to cardiac steatosis; hypertensive heart disease; atherosclerosis of epicardial coronary artery disease; and ischemic cardiomyopathy, cardiac microcirculatory dysfunction, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and atrial fibrillation. Cardiac expression of these changes in any given patient is unique and multimodal, varying in clinical settings and level of expressed changes, with heart failure development depending on pathophysiological mechanisms with preserved, midrange, or reduced ejection fraction. Progressive heart failure with misbalanced metabolic and catabolic processes will change muscle, bone, and fat mass and function, with possible changes in the cardiac fat state from excessive accumulation to reduction and cardiac cachexia with a worse prognosis. The question we address is whether cardiac obesity or cardiac cachexia is to be more feared.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Selthofer-Relatić
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - A. Kibel
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department for Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - D. Delić-Brkljačić
- Department for Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Clinic for Cardiology, University Hospital “Sestre Milosrdnice”, Vinogradska Cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - I. Bošnjak
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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13
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Pipicz M, Demján V, Sárközy M, Csont T. Effects of Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Cardiac STAT3. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113572. [PMID: 30424579 PMCID: PMC6274853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear, mitochondrial and cytoplasmic signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) regulates many cellular processes, e.g., the transcription or opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and its activity depends on the phosphorylation of Tyr705 and/or Ser727 sites. In the heterogeneous network of cardiac cells, STAT3 promotes cardiac muscle differentiation, vascular element formation and extracellular matrix homeostasis. Overwhelming evidence suggests that STAT3 is beneficial for the heart, plays a role in the prevention of age-related and postpartum heart failure, protects the heart against cardiotoxic doxorubicin or ischaemia/reperfusion injury, and is involved in many cardioprotective strategies (e.g., ischaemic preconditioning, perconditioning, postconditioning, remote or pharmacological conditioning). Ischaemic heart disease is still the leading cause of death worldwide, and many cardiovascular risk factors contribute to the development of the disease. This review focuses on the effects of various cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes, aging, obesity, smoking, alcohol, depression, gender, comedications) on cardiac STAT3 under non-ischaemic baseline conditions, and in settings of ischaemia/reperfusion injury with or without cardioprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márton Pipicz
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling (MEDICS) Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér. 9., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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14
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Xu Y, Zhang Y, Ye J. IL-6: A Potential Role in Cardiac Metabolic Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092474. [PMID: 30134607 PMCID: PMC6164544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is implicated in multiple biological functions including immunity, neural development, and haematopoiesis. Recently, mounting evidence indicates that IL-6 plays a key role in metabolism, especially lipid metabolic homeostasis. A working heart requires a high and constant energy input which is largely generated by fatty acid (FA) β-oxidation. Under pathological conditions, the precise balance between cardiac FA uptake and metabolism is perturbed so that excessive FA is accumulated, thereby predisposing to myocardial dysfunction (cardiac lipotoxicity). In this review, we summarize the current evidence that suggests the involvement of IL-6 in lipid metabolism. Cardiac metabolic features and consequences of myocardial lipotoxicity are also briefly analyzed. Finally, the roles of IL-6 in cardiac FA uptake (i.e., serum lipid profile and myocardial FA transporters) and FA metabolism (namely, β-oxidation, mitochondrial function, biogenesis, and FA de novo synthesis) are discussed. Overall, understanding how IL-6 transmits signals to affect lipid metabolism in the heart might allow for development of better clinical therapies for obesity-associated cardiac lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Xu
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W120NN, UK.
| | - Yubin Zhang
- State Key laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210006, China.
| | - Junmei Ye
- State Key laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210006, China.
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15
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Van Wyngene L, Vandewalle J, Libert C. Reprogramming of basic metabolic pathways in microbial sepsis: therapeutic targets at last? EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:e8712. [PMID: 29976786 PMCID: PMC6079534 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a highly lethal and urgent unmet medical need. It is the result of a complex interplay of several pathways, including inflammation, immune activation, hypoxia, and metabolic reprogramming. Specifically, the regulation and the impact of the latter have become better understood in which the highly catabolic status during sepsis and its similarity with starvation responses appear to be essential in the poor prognosis in sepsis. It seems logical that new interventions based on the recognition of new therapeutic targets in the key metabolic pathways should be developed and may have a good chance to penetrate to the bedside. In this review, we concentrate on the pathological changes in metabolism, observed during sepsis, and the presumed underlying mechanisms, with a focus on the level of the organism and the interplay between different organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Van Wyngene
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Vandewalle
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Ueno M, Suzuki J, Hirose M, Sato S, Imagawa M, Zenimaru Y, Takahashi S, Ikuyama S, Koizumi T, Konoshita T, Kraemer FB, Ishizuka T. Cardiac overexpression of perilipin 2 induces dynamic steatosis: prevention by hormone-sensitive lipase. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E699-E709. [PMID: 28851734 PMCID: PMC6415650 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00098.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac intracellular lipid accumulation (steatosis) is a pathophysiological phenomenon observed in starvation and diabetes mellitus. Perilipin 2 (PLIN2) is a lipid droplet (LD)-associated protein expressed in nonadipose tissues, including the heart. To explore the pathophysiological function of myocardial PLIN2, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice by cardiac-specific overexpression of PLIN2. Tg hearts showed accumulation of numerous small LDs associated with mitochondrial chains and high cardiac triacylglycerol (TAG) content [8-fold greater than wild-type (WT) mice]. Despite massive steatosis, cardiac uptake of glucose, fatty acids and VLDL, systolic function, and expression of metabolic genes were comparable in the two genotypes, and no morphological changes were observed by electron microscopy in the Tg hearts. Twenty-four hours of fasting markedly reduced steatosis in Tg hearts, whereas WT mice showed accumulation of LDs. Although activity of adipose triglyceride lipase in heart homogenate was comparable between WT and Tg mice, activity of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) was 40-50% less in Tg than WT mice under both feeding and fasting conditions, suggesting interference of PLIN2 with HSL. Mice generated through crossing of PLIN2-Tg mice and HSL-Tg mice showed cardiac-specific HSL overexpression and complete lack of steatosis. The results suggest that cardiac PLIN2 plays an important pathophysiological role in the development of dynamic steatosis and that the latter was prevented by upregulation of intracellular lipases, including HSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Ueno
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukui, Japan
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; and
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jinya Suzuki
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukui, Japan;
| | | | - Satsuki Sato
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukui, Japan
| | - Michiko Imagawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yasuo Zenimaru
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukui, Japan
| | - Sadao Takahashi
- Division of Diabetes Medicine, Ageo Central General Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Ikuyama
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Oita San-ai Medical Center, Oita, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Koizumi
- Research and Education Program for Life Science, University of Fukui, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tadashi Konoshita
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukui, Japan
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; and
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Tamotsu Ishizuka
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukui, Japan
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17
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Bundalo M, Romic S, Tepavcevic S, Stojiljkovic M, Stankovic A, Zivkovic M, Koricanac G. Fructose-rich diet and insulin action in female rat heart: Estradiol friend or foe? Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 811:141-147. [PMID: 28601616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Increased intake of fructose in humans and laboratory animals is demonstrated to be a risk factor for development of metabolic disorders (insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes) and cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, estradiol is emphasized as a cardioprotective agent. The main goal of this review is to summarize recent findings on damaging cardiac effects of fructose-rich diet in females, mostly experimental animals, and to evaluate protective capacity of estradiol. Published results of our and other research groups indicate mostly detrimental effects of fructose-rich diet on cardiac insulin signaling molecules, glucose and fatty acid metabolism, nitric oxide production and ion transport, as well as renin-angiotensin system and inflammation. Some of these processes are involved in cardiac insulin signal transmission, others are regulated by insulin or have an influence on insulin action. Administration of estradiol to ovariectomized female rats, exposed to increased intake of fructose, was mostly beneficial to the heart, but sometimes it was ineffective or even detrimental, depending on the particular processes. We believe that these data, carefully translated to human population, could be useful for clinicians dealing with postmenopausal women susceptible to metabolic diseases and hormone replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Bundalo
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snjezana Romic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snezana Tepavcevic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mojca Stojiljkovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Stankovic
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Zivkovic
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Koricanac
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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18
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Sokolova M, Vinge LE, Alfsnes K, Olsen MB, Eide L, Kaasbøll OJ, Attramadal H, Torp MK, Fosshaug LE, Rashidi A, Lien E, Finsen AV, Sandanger Ø, Aukrust P, Ranheim T, Yndestad A. Palmitate promotes inflammatory responses and cellular senescence in cardiac fibroblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:234-245. [PMID: 27845246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Palmitate triggers inflammatory responses in several cell types, but its effects on cardiac fibroblasts are at present unknown. The aims of the study were to (1) assess the potential of palmitate to promote inflammatory signaling in cardiac fibroblasts through TLR4 and the NLRP3 inflammasome and (2) characterize the cellular phenotype of cardiac fibroblasts exposed to palmitate. We examined whether palmitate induces inflammatory responses in cardiac fibroblasts from WT, NLRP3-/- and ASC-/-mice (C57BL/6 background). Exposure to palmitate caused production of TNF, IL-6 and CXCL2 via TLR4 activation. NLRP3 inflammasomes are activated in a two-step manner. Whereas palmitate did not prime the NLRP3 inflammasome, it induced activation in LPS-primed cardiac fibroblasts as indicated by IL-1β, IL-18 production and NLRP3-ASC co-localization. Palmitate-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in LPS-primed cardiac fibroblasts was associated with reduced AMPK activity, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial dysfunction. The cardiac fibroblast phenotype caused by palmitate, in an LPS and NLRP3 independent manner, was characterized by decreased cellular proliferation, contractility, collagen and MMP-2 expression, as well as increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, and consistent with a state of cellular senescence. This study establishes that in vitro palmitate exposure of cardiac fibroblasts provides inflammatory responses via TLR4 and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Palmitate also modulates cardiac fibroblast functionality, in a NLRP3 independent manner, resulting in a phenotype related to cellular senescence. These effects of palmitate could be of importance for myocardial dysfunction in obese and diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sokolova
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Inflammation Research, University of Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Leif Erik Vinge
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway; Department of Medicine, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katrine Alfsnes
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Inflammation Research, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Belland Olsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Inflammation Research, University of Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Eide
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway
| | - Ole Jørgen Kaasbøll
- Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Norway; Institute of Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway
| | - Håvard Attramadal
- Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Norway; Institute of Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway
| | - May-Kristin Torp
- Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linn E Fosshaug
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Inflammation Research, University of Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Medicine, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Azita Rashidi
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Inflammation Research, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Egil Lien
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alexandra Vanessa Finsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Inflammation Research, University of Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Sandanger
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Inflammation Research, University of Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Inflammation Research, University of Oslo, Norway; Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway
| | - Trine Ranheim
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Inflammation Research, University of Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Yndestad
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Inflammation Research, University of Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Norway.
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19
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Zlobine I, Gopal K, Ussher JR. Lipotoxicity in obesity and diabetes-related cardiac dysfunction. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1555-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Shengmai San Ameliorates Myocardial Dysfunction and Fibrosis in Diabetic db/db Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:4621235. [PMID: 27200101 PMCID: PMC4856913 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4621235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we mainly investigated the effects of Shengmai San (SMS) on diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) in db/db mice. The db/db mice were randomly divided into model group and SMS group, while C57BLKS/J inbred mice were used as controls. After 24-week treatment, blood glucose, body weight, and heart weight were determined. Hemodynamic changes in the left ventricle were measured using catheterization. The myocardial structure and subcellular structural changes were observed by HE staining and electron microscopy; the myocardium collagen content was quantified by Masson staining. To further explore the protective mechanism of SMS, we analyzed the expression profiles of fibrotic related proteins. Compared to nondiabetic mice, db/db mice exhibited enhanced diastolic myocardial dysfunction and adverse structural remodeling. Higher expression of profibrotic proteins and lower levels of extracellular matrix degradation were also observed. After SMS oral administration for 24 weeks, cardiac dysfunction, hypertrophy, and fibrosis in diabetic mice were greatly improved. Moreover, increased profibrotic protein expression was strongly reversed by SMS treatment in db/db mice. The results demonstrate that SMS exerts a cardioprotective effect against DCM by attenuating myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis via a TGF-β dependent pathway.
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21
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Fukushima A, Lopaschuk GD. Cardiac fatty acid oxidation in heart failure associated with obesity and diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1525-34. [PMID: 26996746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are major public health problems, and are linked to the development of heart failure. Emerging data highlight the importance of alterations in cardiac energy metabolism as a major contributor to cardiac dysfunction related to obesity and diabetes. Increased rates of fatty acid oxidation and decreased rates of glucose utilization are two prominent changes in cardiac energy metabolism that occur in obesity and diabetes. This metabolic profile is probably both a cause and consequence of a prominent cardiac insulin resistance, which is accompanied by a decrease in both cardiac function and efficiency, and by the accumulation of potentially toxic lipid metabolites in the heart that can further exaggerate insulin resistance and cardiac dysfunction. The high cardiac fatty acid oxidation rates seen in obesity and diabetes are attributable to several factors, including: 1) increased fatty acid supply and uptake into the cardiomyocyte, 2) increased transcription of fatty acid metabolic enzymes, 3) decreased allosteric control of mitochondrial fatty acid uptake and fatty acid oxidation, and 4) increased post-translational acetylation control of various fatty acid oxidative enzymes. Emerging evidence suggests that therapeutic approaches aimed at switching the balance of cardiac energy substrate preference from fatty acid oxidation to glucose use can prevent cardiac dysfunction associated with obesity and diabetes. Modulating acetylation control of fatty acid oxidative enzymes is also a potentially attractive strategy, although presently this is limited to precursors of nicotinamide adenine or nonspecific activators of deacetylation such as resveratrol. This review will focus on the metabolic alterations in the heart that occur in obesity and diabetes, as well as on the molecular mechanisms controlling these metabolic changes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heart Lipid Metabolism edited by G.D. Lopaschuk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arata Fukushima
- Cardiovascular Translational Science Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gary D Lopaschuk
- Cardiovascular Translational Science Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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22
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Chiu APL, Wan A, Rodrigues B. Cardiomyocyte-endothelial cell control of lipoprotein lipase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1434-41. [PMID: 26995461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In people with diabetes, inadequate pharmaceutical management predisposes the patient to heart failure, which is the leading cause of diabetes related death. One instigator for this cardiac dysfunction is change in fuel utilization by the heart. Thus, following diabetes, when cardiac glucose utilization is impaired, the heart undergoes metabolic transformation wherein it switches to using fats as an exclusive source of energy. Although this switching is geared to help the heart initially, in the long term, this has detrimental effects on cardiac function. These include the generation of noxious byproducts, which damage the cardiomyocytes, and ultimately result in increased morbidity and mortality. A key perpetrator that may be responsible for organizing this metabolic disequilibrium is lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the enzyme responsible for providing fat to the hearts. Either exaggeration or reduction in its activity following diabetes could lead to heart dysfunction. Given the disturbing news that diabetes is rampant across the globe, gaining more insight into the mechanism(s) by which cardiac LPL is regulated may assist other researchers in devising new therapeutic strategies to restore metabolic equilibrium, to help prevent or delay heart disease seen during diabetes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heart Lipid Metabolism edited by G.D. Lopaschuk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Pei-Ling Chiu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Andrea Wan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Brian Rodrigues
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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23
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Lipid metabolism and signaling in cardiac lipotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1513-24. [PMID: 26924249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The heart balances uptake, metabolism and oxidation of fatty acids (FAs) to maintain ATP production, membrane biosynthesis and lipid signaling. Under conditions where FA uptake outpaces FA oxidation and FA sequestration as triacylglycerols in lipid droplets, toxic FA metabolites such as ceramides, diacylglycerols, long-chain acyl-CoAs, and acylcarnitines can accumulate in cardiomyocytes and cause cardiomyopathy. Moreover, studies using mutant mice have shown that dysregulation of enzymes involved in triacylglycerol, phospholipid, and sphingolipid metabolism in the heart can lead to the excess deposition of toxic lipid species that adversely affect cardiomyocyte function. This review summarizes our current understanding of lipid uptake, metabolism and signaling pathways that have been implicated in the development of lipotoxic cardiomyopathy under conditions including obesity, diabetes, aging, and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heart Lipid Metabolism edited by G.D. Lopaschuk.
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24
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Liao PA, Lin G, Tsai SY, Wang CH, Juan YH, Lin YC, Wu MT, Yang LY, Liu MH, Chang TC, Lin YC, Huang YC, Huang PC, Wang JJ, Ng SH, Ng KK. Myocardial triglyceride content at 3 T cardiovascular magnetic resonance and left ventricular systolic function: a cross-sectional study in patients hospitalized with acute heart failure. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2016; 18:9. [PMID: 26850626 PMCID: PMC4744377 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-016-0228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased myocardial triglyceride (TG) content has been recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, its relation with cardiac function in patients on recovery from acute heart failure (HF) remains unclear. In this cross-sectional study, we sought to investigate the association between myocardial TG content measured on magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) and left ventricular (LV) function assessed on cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in patients who were hospitalized with HF. METHODS A total of 50 patients who were discharged after hospitalization for acute HF and 21 age- and sex-matched controls were included in the study. Myocardial TG content and LV parameters (function and mass) were measured on a 3.0 T MR scanner. Fatty acid (FA) and unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content was normalized against water (W) using the LC-Model algorithm. The patient population was dichotomized according to the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, <50% or ≥ 50%). RESULTS H-MRS data were available for 48 patients and 21 controls. Of the 48 patients, 25 had a LVEF <50% (mean, 31.2%), whereas the remaining 23 had a normal LVEF (mean, 60.2%). Myocardial UFA/W ratio was found to differ significantly in patients with low LVEF, normal LVEF, and controls (0.79% vs. 0.21% vs. 0.14%, respectively, p = 0.02). The myocardial UFA/TG ratio was associated with LV mass (r = 0.39, p < 0.001) and modestly related to LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV; r = 0.24, p = 0.039). We also identified negative correlations of the myocardial FA/TG ratio with both LV mass (r = -0.39, p < 0.001) and LVEDV (r = -0.24, p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS As compared with controls, patients who were discharged after hospitalization for acute HF had increased myocardial UFA content; furthermore, UFA was inversely related with LVEF, LV mass and, to a lesser extent, LVEDV. Our study may stimulate further research on the measure of myocardial UFA content by (1)H-MRS for outcome prediction. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT02378402 . Registered 27/02/2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pen-An Liao
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and Chang Gung University, 5 Fuhsing Street, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.
| | - Gigin Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and Chang Gung University, 5 Fuhsing Street, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.
- Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Shang-Yueh Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Physics, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Hung Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Heart Failure Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Hsiang Juan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and Chang Gung University, 5 Fuhsing Street, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ching Lin
- Department of Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung and Chang Gung University, Keelung, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Ting Wu
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Lan-Yan Yang
- Clinical Trial Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Min-Hui Liu
- Department of Cardiology and Heart Failure Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.
| | - Tsun-Ching Chang
- Department of Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung and Chang Gung University, Keelung, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and Chang Gung University, 5 Fuhsing Street, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chieh Huang
- Department of Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung and Chang Gung University, Keelung, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Ching Huang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and Chang Gung University, 5 Fuhsing Street, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.
| | - Jiun-Jie Wang
- Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Hang Ng
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and Chang Gung University, 5 Fuhsing Street, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.
| | - Koon-Kwan Ng
- Department of Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung and Chang Gung University, Keelung, Taiwan.
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25
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Egorova MV, Kutsykova TV, Afanas’ev SA, Popov SV. Effect of Arachidonic Acid on the Rate of Oxygen Consumption in Isolated Cardiomyocytes from Intact Rats and Animals with Ischemic or Diabetic Injury to the Heart. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 160:190-2. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-3124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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26
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Tepavčević S, Milutinović DV, Macut D, Stojiljković M, Nikolić M, Božić-Antić I, Ćulafić T, Bjekić-Macut J, Matić G, Korićanac G. Cardiac fatty acid uptake and metabolism in the rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrine 2015; 50:193-201. [PMID: 25702158 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with an altered plasma lipid profile and increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. We hypothesized that molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac pathology in PCOS involve changes in expression and subcellular localization of several key proteins involved in cardiac lipid transport and metabolism, such as fatty acid transporter CD36, lipin 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 (PGC1), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1). We used the animal model of PCOS obtained by treating female rats with dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Protein levels of CD36, lipin 1, PPARα, PGC1, and antioxidative enzymes were assessed by Western blot in different cardiac cell compartments. Cardiac triglycerides (TG) and lipid peroxidation were also measured. The content of CD36 was decreased in both the cardiac plasma membranes and intracellular pool. On the other hand, total content of cardiac lipin 1 in DHT-treated rats was elevated, in contrast to decreased microsomal lipin 1 content. An increase in nuclear content of lipin 1 was observed together with elevation of nuclear PPARα and PGC1, and an increase in CPT1 expression. However, lipid peroxidation was reduced in the heart, without alterations in antioxidative enzymes expression and cardiac TG content. The results indicate that treatment of female rats with DHT is accompanied by a decrease of fatty acid uptake and a reduction of lipid peroxidation in the heart. The observed elevation of lipin 1, PPARα, PGC1, and CPT1 expression suggests that cardiac fatty acid metabolism is shifted toward mitochondrial beta oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snežana Tepavčević
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, PO Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
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27
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Xia J, Zhang Y, Xin L, Kong S, Chen Y, Yang S, Li K. Global Transcriptomic Profiling of Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fatty Heart Induced by Long-Term High-Energy Diet in Bama Miniature Pigs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132420. [PMID: 26161779 PMCID: PMC4498776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-term high-energy diet affects human health and leads to obesity and metabolic syndrome in addition to cardiac steatosis and hypertrophy. Ectopic fat accumulation in the heart has been demonstrated to be a risk factor for heart disorders, but the molecular mechanism of heart disease remains largely unknown. Bama miniature pigs were fed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFHSD) for 23 months. These pigs developed symptoms of metabolic syndrome and showed cardiac steatosis and hypertrophy with a greatly increased body weight (2.73-fold, P<0.01), insulin level (4.60-fold, P<0.01), heart weight (1.82-fold, P<0.05) and heart volume (1.60-fold, P<0.05) compared with the control pigs. To understand the molecular mechanisms of cardiac steatosis and hypertrophy, nine pig heart cRNA samples were hybridized to porcine GeneChips. Microarray analyses revealed that 1,022 genes were significantly differentially expressed (P<0.05, ≥1.5-fold change), including 591 up-regulated and 431 down-regulated genes in the HFHSD group relative to the control group. KEGG analysis indicated that the observed heart disorder involved the signal transduction-related MAPK, cytokine, and PPAR signaling pathways, energy metabolism-related fatty acid and oxidative phosphorylation signaling pathways, heart function signaling-related focal adhesion, axon guidance, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and actin cytoskeleton signaling pathways, inflammation and apoptosis pathways, and others. Quantitative RT-PCR assays identified several important differentially expressed heart-related genes, including STAT3, ACSL4, ATF4, FADD, PPP3CA, CD74, SLA-8, VCL, ACTN2 and FGFR1, which may be targets of further research. This study shows that a long-term, high-energy diet induces obesity, cardiac steatosis, and hypertrophy and provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of hypertrophy and fatty heart to facilitate further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Leilei Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shulin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Agricultural Genomes Institute at Shenzhen, CAAS, Shenzhen, 518120, P.R. China
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28
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Sung MM, Hamza SM, Dyck JRB. Myocardial metabolism in diabetic cardiomyopathy: potential therapeutic targets. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1606-30. [PMID: 25808033 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Cardiovascular complications in diabetes are particularly serious and represent the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Despite early observations of cardiac dysfunction in diabetic humans, cardiomyopathy unique to diabetes has only recently been recognized. RECENT ADVANCES Research has focused on understanding the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the initiation and development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Emerging data highlight the importance of altered mitochondrial function as a major contributor to cardiac dysfunction in diabetes. Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs by several mechanisms involving altered cardiac substrate metabolism, lipotoxicity, impaired cardiac insulin and glucose homeostasis, impaired cellular and mitochondrial calcium handling, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial uncoupling. CRITICAL ISSUES Currently, treatment is not specifically tailored for diabetic patients with cardiac dysfunction. Given the multifactorial development and progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy, traditional treatments such as anti-diabetic agents, as well as cellular and mitochondrial fatty acid uptake inhibitors aimed at shifting the balance of cardiac metabolism from utilizing fat to glucose may not adequately target all aspects of this condition. Thus, an alternative treatment such as resveratrol, which targets multiple facets of diabetes, may represent a safe and promising supplement to currently recommended clinical therapy and lifestyle changes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy is essential for development of effective and targeted treatment strategies. Of particular interest is the investigation of alternative therapies such as resveratrol, which can function as both preventative and mitigating agents in the management of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda M Sung
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Shereen M Hamza
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jason R B Dyck
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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29
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Gao H, Feng XJ, Li ZM, Li M, Gao S, He YH, Wang JJ, Zeng SY, Liu XP, Huang XY, Chen SR, Liu PQ. Downregulation of adipose triglyceride lipase promotes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by triggering the accumulation of ceramides. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 565:76-88. [PMID: 25436917 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), the rate-limiting enzyme of triglyceride (TG) hydrolysis, plays an important role in TG metabolism. ATGL knockout mice suffer from TG accumulation and die from heart failure. However, the mechanisms underlying cardiac hypertrophy caused by ATGL dysfunction remain unknown. In this study, we found that ATGL expression declined in pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in vivo and phenylephrine (PE)-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro. ATGL knockdown led to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, while ATGL overexpression prevented PE-induced hypertrophy. In addition, ATGL downregulation increased but ATGL overexpression reduced the contents of ceramide, which has been proved to be closely associated with cardiac hypertrophy. Moreover, the accumulation of ceramide was due to elevation of free fatty acids in ATGL-knockdown cardiomyocytes, which could be explained by the reduced activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α leading to imbalance of fatty acid uptake and oxidation. These observations suggest that downregulation of ATGL causes the decreased PPARα activity which results in the imbalance of FA uptake and oxidation, elevating intracellular FFA contents to promote the accumulation of ceramides, and finally inducing cardiac hypertrophy. Upregulation of ATGL could be a strategy for ameliorating lipotoxic damage in cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, PR China
| | - Xiao-jun Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhuo-ming Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Si Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yan-hong He
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiao-jiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Si-yu Zeng
- Pharmaceutical Department, The Second's People Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xue-ping Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao-yang Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shao-rui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Pei-qing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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30
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Intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of cardiac lipoprotein lipase following diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:163-71. [PMID: 25463481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a pivotal enzyme controlling heart metabolism by providing the majority of fatty acids required by this organ. From activation in cardiomyocytes to secretion to the vascular lumen, cardiac LPL is regulated by multiple pathways, which are altered during diabetes. Hence, dimerization/activation of LPL is modified following diabetes, a process controlled by lipase maturation factor 1. The role of AMP-activated protein kinase, protein kinase D, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans, intrinsic factors that regulate the intracellular transport of LPL is also shifted, and is discussed. More recent studies have identified several exogenous factors released from endothelial cells (EC) and adipose tissue that are required for proper functioning of LPL. In response to hyperglycemia, both active and latent heparanase are released from EC to facilitate LPL secretion. Diabetes also increased the expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1) in EC, which mediates the transport of LPL across EC. Angiopoietin-like protein 4 secreted from the adipose tissue has the potential to reduce coronary LPL activity. Knowledge of these intrinsic and extrinsic factors could be used develop therapeutic targets to normalize LPL function, and maintain cardiac energy homeostasis after diabetes.
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31
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Abdurrachim D, Ciapaite J, Wessels B, Nabben M, Luiken JJ, Nicolay K, Prompers JJ. Cardiac diastolic dysfunction in high-fat diet fed mice is associated with lipotoxicity without impairment of cardiac energetics in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1842:1525-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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32
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Singh A, Steadman CD, McCann GP. Advances in the Understanding of the Pathophysiology and Management of Aortic Stenosis: Role of Novel Imaging Techniques. Can J Cardiol 2014; 30:994-1003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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33
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Hall ME, Maready MW, Hall JE, Stec DE. Rescue of cardiac leptin receptors in db/db mice prevents myocardial triglyceride accumulation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E316-25. [PMID: 24939734 PMCID: PMC4121577 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00005.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased leptin levels have been suggested to contribute to cardiac hypertrophy and attenuate cardiac lipid accumulation in obesity, although it has been difficult to separate leptin's direct effects from those caused by changes in body weight and adiposity. To determine whether leptin attenuates cardiac lipid accumulation in obesity or directly causes left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), we generated a novel mouse model in which the long form of the leptin receptor (LepR) was "rescued" only in cardiomyocytes of obese db/db mice. Reexpression of cardiomyocyte leptin receptors in db/db mice did not cause LVH but reduced cardiac triglycerides and improved cardiac function. Compared with lean wild-type (WT) or db/db-cardiac LepR rescue mice, db/db mice exhibited significantly lower E/A ratio, a measurement of early to late diastolic filling, which averaged 1.5 ± 0.07 in db/db vs. 1.9 ± 0.08 and 1.8 ± 0.11 in WT and db/db-cardiac LepR rescue mice, respectively. No differences in systolic function were observed. Although db/db and db/db-cardiac LepR rescue mice exhibited similar increases in plasma triglycerides, insulin, glucose, and body weight, cardiac triglycerides were significantly higher in db/db compared with WT and db/db cardiac LepR rescue mice, averaging 13.4 ± 4.2 vs. 3.8 ± 1.6 vs. 3.8 ± 0.7 mg/g, respectively. These results demonstrate that despite significant obesity and increases in plasma glucose and triglycerides, db/db cardiac LepR rescue mice are protected against myocardial lipid accumulation. However, we found no evidence that leptin directly causes LVH.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Crosses, Genetic
- Heart Ventricles/metabolism
- Heart Ventricles/physiopathology
- Heterozygote
- Hyperglycemia/etiology
- Hyperinsulinism/etiology
- Hypertriglyceridemia/etiology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/etiology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/prevention & control
- Leptin/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/physiopathology
- Receptors, Leptin/agonists
- Receptors, Leptin/deficiency
- Receptors, Leptin/genetics
- Receptors, Leptin/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Triglycerides/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; and Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Matthew W Maready
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; and
| | - John E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; and
| | - David E Stec
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; and
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Khan JN, Wilmot EG, Leggate M, Singh A, Yates T, Nimmo M, Khunti K, Horsfield MA, Biglands J, Clarysse P, Croisille P, Davies M, McCann GP. Subclinical diastolic dysfunction in young adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a multiparametric contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance pilot study assessing potential mechanisms. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 15:1263-9. [PMID: 24970723 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeu121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To assess the cardiac, vascular, anthropometric, and biochemical determinants of subclinical diastolic dysfunction in younger adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using multiparametric contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty adults <40 years with T2DM [mean age 31.8(6.6) years, T2DM duration 4.7(4.0) years] and 20 age and sex-matched controls [10 obese non-diabetic controls and 10 lean controls (LC)] were studied. Cardiac volumes and function, circumferential strain and peak early diastolic strain rate (PEDSR), myocardial perfusion reserve, aortic stiffness (distensibility, pulse-wave velocity), focal fibrosis on late gadolinium enhancement, and pre- and post-contrast T1 mapping for contrast agent partition coefficient (subset, n = 26) were determined by CMR. In the T2DM cohort, mean aortic distensibility correlated with PEDSR (r = 0.564, P = 0.023) and diabetes duration correlated inversely with PEDSR (r = -0.534, P = 0.015) on univariate analysis. There was a close association between PEDSR and peak systolic strain (r = -0.580, P = 0.007). CONCLUSION In young adults with T2DM, diabetes duration and aortic distensibility were associated with diastolic dysfunction. Interventional studies are required to assess whether cardiac dysfunction can be reversed in this phenotype of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Nasir Khan
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK The NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Emma Gwyn Wilmot
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK The NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK Diabetes Research Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK The NIHR Leicester Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Melanie Leggate
- The NIHR Leicester Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, Leicester, UK
| | - Anvesha Singh
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK The NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Thomas Yates
- Diabetes Research Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK The NIHR Leicester Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Myra Nimmo
- The NIHR Leicester Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, Leicester, UK
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK The NIHR Leicester Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Mark A Horsfield
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK The NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - John Biglands
- Cardiovascular Research Department, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | | | | | - Melanie Davies
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK The NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK Diabetes Research Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK The NIHR Leicester Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Gerry Patrick McCann
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK The NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
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35
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Romić S, Tepavčević S, Žakula Z, Milosavljević T, Kostić M, Petković M, Korićanac G. Gender differences in the expression and cellular localization of lipin 1 in the hearts of fructose-fed rats. Lipids 2014; 49:655-63. [PMID: 24788483 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3909-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
To give new insight to alterations of cardiac lipid metabolism accompanied by a fructose-rich diet (FRD), rats of both sexes were exposed to 10 % fructose in drinking water during 9 weeks. The protein level and subcellular localization of the main regulators of cardiac lipid metabolism, such as lipin 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 α (PGC-1α), carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPTI), and CD36 were studied. Caloric intake in fructose-fed rats (FFR) of both sexes was increased. Circulating triacylglyceroles (TAG) and non-esterified fatty acids were increased in male FFR, while females increased visceral adiposity and blood TAG. Total expression of lipin 1 in cardiac cell lysate and its cytosolic and microsomal level were increased in the hearts of male FFR. PPARα and PGC-1α content were decreased in the nuclear extract. In addition, cardiac deposition of TAG in male FFR was elevated, as well as inhibitory phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1). In contrast, in female FFR, lipin 1 level was increased in nuclear extract only, while overall CPTI expression and phosphorylation of IRS-1 at serine 307 were decreased. The results of our study suggest that fructose diet causes gender-dependent alterations in cardiac lipid metabolism. Potentially detrimental effects of FRD seem to be limited to male rats. Most of the observed changes might be a consequence of elevated expression and altered localization of lipin 1. Increased inhibitory phosphorylation of IRS-1 is possible link between cardiac lipid metabolism and insulin resistance in FFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snježana Romić
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
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Granér M, Pentikäinen MO, Nyman K, Siren R, Lundbom J, Hakkarainen A, Lauerma K, Lundbom N, Nieminen MS, Petzold M, Taskinen MR. Cardiac steatosis in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart 2014; 100:1107-12. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Nakanishi T, Kato S. Impact of diabetes mellitus on myocardial lipid deposition: an autopsy study. Pathol Res Pract 2014; 210:1018-25. [PMID: 24836730 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lipid accumulation in the cardiac parenchyma has historically been known as fatty heart. Myocardial lipotoxicity and cardiac steatosis have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetic mellitus (DM). Mutated adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), a key catalytic enzyme of triglyceride, has been found to cause human triglyceride deposit cardiomyovasculopathy (TGCV). Nevertheless, the significance of fatty heart in the disease process is still unclear. Here, we investigated myocardial lipid deposition (LD) in 73 autopsy cases. Nile blue staining revealed seven cases (9.5%) showing LD with elevated tissue triglyceride content, all of which suffered from DM. Immunohistochemically, ATGL expression was preserved in all tested cases. Rates of myocardial infarction and heart failure were higher in LD/DM cases than in non-LD cases. Semi-quantitative histological analysis revealed no significant differences in the degree of myocardial hypertrophy, myofibrillar loss, fibrosis, small vascular disease, inflammation or fat invasion between LD/DM and non-LD cases. However, more severe histological damage was seen in DM cases than in non-DM cases. Our data suggest that DM is a major risk for fatty heart with myocardial LD based on recent autopsy cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Nakanishi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Seiya Kato
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
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Baktır AO, Şarlı B, Altekin RE, Karaman A, Arınç H, Sağlam H, Doğan Y, Erden A, Karaman H. Non alcoholic steatohepatitis is associated with subclinical impairment in left ventricular function measured by speckle tracking echocardiography. Anatol J Cardiol 2014; 15:137-42. [PMID: 25252298 PMCID: PMC5336999 DOI: 10.5152/akd.2014.5212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a part of histological spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Higher incidence of cardiovascular mortality has been reported in studies including patients with NAFLD. Impaired myocardial function can be detected by a novel echocardiographic method called speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) when conventional methods were normal. Methods: Twenty-eight biopsy-proven NASH patients (mean age 41.6±9.8, 16 male) without hypertension and diabetes mellitus were included in study. All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography. Offline analyses of images was performed and strain (S), strain rate (SR) parameters compared between NASH patients and controls. Statistical analysis were done by independent samples t test between groups and a multiple linear regression model was used to identify the statistical significance of relationships between selected variables. Results: RSR-S values were similar but RS, RSR-E, RSR-E/A values were significantly lower and RSR-A was higher in the NASH patients. There were no significant differences in CS, CSR-S, CSR-E, CSR-A and CSR-E/A values among the two groups. The most impressive results were obtained from longitudinal strain and strain rate parameters. LS, LSR-S, LSR-E, LSR-A, values were significantly lower in NASH group when compared with healty controls. Linear regression analysis showed that RS and LS was not associated with diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Conclusion: The LV longitudinal and radial systolic functions may be deteriorated in patients with NASH even in the absence of apparent decrease in the LV ejection fraction. STE may be useful in detecting preclinical LV impairment in patients with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Oğuz Baktır
- Department of Cardiology, Kayseri Education and Research Hospital; Kayseri-Turkey.
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Jellis CL, Sacre JW, Wright J, Jenkins C, Haluska B, Jeffriess L, Martin J, Marwick TH. Biomarker and imaging responses to spironolactone in subclinical diabetic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 15:776-86. [PMID: 24472731 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeu013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subclinical diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is frequent in asymptomatic subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We sought the response of functional and fibrosis markers to therapy in a trial of aldosterone antagonism for treatment of DCM. METHODS Biochemical, anthropometric, and echocardiographic data were measured in 225 subjects with T2DM. Myocardial function was evaluated with standard echocardiography and myocardial deformation; ischaemia was excluded by exercise echocardiography. Calibrated integrated backscatter and post-contrast T1 mapping from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging were used to assess myocardial structure. Amino-terminal propeptides of pro-collagen type I (PINP) and III (PIIINP), the carboxy-terminal propeptide of pro-collagen type I (PICP) and transforming growth factor beta-1 were measured from peripheral blood or urine to assess myocardial collagen turnover. RESULTS Diastolic dysfunction was identified in 81 individuals, of whom 49 (25 male, age 60 ± 10 years) were randomized to spironolactone 25 mg/day or placebo therapy for 6 months. Groups were well-matched at baseline. Spironolactone therapy was associated with improvements in diastolic filling profile (Δpeak E wave velocity -4 ± 15 vs. 9 ± 10 ms, P = 0.001; ΔE/A ratio -0.1 ± 0.3 vs. 0.2 ± 0.2, P < 0.001) and cIB values (-21.2 ± 4.5 dB vs. -18.0 ± 5.2 dB, P = 0.026; ΔcIB -5.1 ± 6.8 vs. -1.3 ± 5.2, P = 0.030). ΔcIB was independently associated with spironolactone therapy (β = 0.320, P = 0.026) but not Δblood pressure. With intervention, pro-collagen biomarkers (ΔPINP P = 0.92, ΔPICP P = 0.25, ΔPIIINP P = 0.52, and ΔTGF-β1 P = 0.71) and T1 values (P = 0.54) remained similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS Spironolactone-induced changes in myocardial structure and diastolic properties in DCM are small, and are unassociated with changes in collagen biomarkers or T1 values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian W Sacre
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jeremy Wright
- Heart's 1st, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carly Jenkins
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brian Haluska
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Leanne Jeffriess
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jennifer Martin
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thomas H Marwick
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Menzies Research Institute of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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Rider OJ, Lewis AJ, Neubauer S. Structural and Metabolic Effects of Obesity on the Myocardium and the Aorta. Obes Facts 2014; 7:329-338. [PMID: 25342107 PMCID: PMC5644846 DOI: 10.1159/000368429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity per se is a recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease exerting independent adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. Despite this well documented link, the mechanisms by which obesity modulates cardiovascular risk are not well understood. Obesity is linked to a wide variety of cardiac changes, from subclinical diastolic dysfunction to end stage systolic heart failure. In addition, obesity causes changes in cardiac metabolism that make ATP production and utilization less efficient producing functional consequences that are linked to the increased rate of heart failure in this population. This review focuses on the cardiovascular structural and metabolic remodelling that occurs in obesity with and without co-morbidities and the potential links to increased mortality in this population. © 2014 S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J. Rider
- *Dr. Oliver J Rider, University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Level 0, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU (UK),
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41
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Wende AR, Young ME. APpEaLINg therapeutic target for obesity cardiomyopathy? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 63:165-8. [PMID: 23948484 PMCID: PMC4327932 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Wende
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Rider OJ, Cox P, Tyler D, Clarke K, Neubauer S. Myocardial substrate metabolism in obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 37:972-9. [PMID: 23069666 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is linked to a wide variety of cardiac changes, from subclinical diastolic dysfunction to end-stage systolic heart failure. Obesity causes changes in cardiac metabolism, which make ATP production and utilization less efficient, producing functional consequences that are linked to the increased rate of heart failure in this population. As a result of the increases in circulating fatty acids and insulin resistance that accompanies excess fat storage, several of the proteins and genes that are responsible for fatty acid uptake and metabolism are upregulated, and the metabolic machinery responsible for glucose utilization and oxidation are inhibited. The resultant increase in fatty acid metabolism, and the inherent alterations in the proteins of the electron transport chain used to create the gradient needed to drive mitochondrial ATP production, results in a decrease in efficiency of cardiac work and a relative increase in oxygen usage. These changes in cardiac mitochondrial metabolism are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of obesity-related heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Rider
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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43
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Nielsen R, Nørrelund H, Kampmann U, Kim WY, Ringgaard S, Schär M, Møller N, Bøtker HE, Wiggers H. Failing heart of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus can adapt to extreme short-term increases in circulating lipids and does not display features of acute myocardial lipotoxicity. Circ Heart Fail 2013; 6:845-52. [PMID: 23733915 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.113.000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating lipid levels and myocardial lipid content (MyLC) is increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus. This may cause a state of lipotoxicity that compromises left ventricular function and aggravate heart failure. We investigated the relationship among circulating lipid levels, MyLC, and cardiac function together with the acute cardiac effects of high as opposed to low circulating free fatty acid (FFA) and triglyceride levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS Eighteen patients underwent 8-hour intralipid/heparin-infusion (high FFA) and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamping (low FFA) in a randomized crossover-designed study. We applied magnetic resonance proton spectroscopy to measure MyLC. Cardiac function was assessed by advanced echocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise, and MRI. MyLC correlated positively with circulating triglyceride (r=0.47; r(2)=0.22; P=0.003) and FFA (r=0.45; r(2)=0.20; P=0.001) levels and inversely with left ventricular ejection fraction (r=-0.54; r(2)=0.29; P=0.004). Circulating FFA concentrations differed between study arms (0.05 ± 0.04 mmol/L [low FFA] versus 1.04 ± 0.27 mmol/L [high FFA]; P<0.001) and MyLC increased from 0.78 ± 0.59% (low FFA) to 1.16 ± 0.73% (high FFA; P<0.01). Resting left ventricular ejection fraction and global strain did not differ between high and low FFA, whereas resting systolic mitral plane velocity (S'max) was highest during high FFA (3.6±0.8 cm/s [low FFA] versus 3.8±0.7 cm/s [high FFA]; P=0.02). Peak exercise capacity and oxygen consumption did not differ between the study arms, and neither did postexercise measurements of left ventricular ejection fraction, global strain, and S'max. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the failing heart of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus can adapt to short-term extreme changes in circulating substrates and does not display features of acute myocardial lipotoxicity. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01192373.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Nielsen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Parra V, Moraga F, Kuzmicic J, López-Crisosto C, Troncoso R, Torrealba N, Criollo A, Díaz-Elizondo J, Rothermel BA, Quest AFG, Lavandero S. Calcium and mitochondrial metabolism in ceramide-induced cardiomyocyte death. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1334-44. [PMID: 23602992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides are important intermediates in the biosynthesis and degradation of sphingolipids that regulate numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, cell growth, differentiation and death. In cardiomyocytes, ceramides induce apoptosis by decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential and promoting cytochrome-c release. Ca(2+) overload is a common feature of all types of cell death. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ceramides on cytoplasmic Ca(2+) levels, mitochondrial function and cardiomyocyte death. Our data show that C2-ceramide induces apoptosis and necrosis in cultured cardiomyocytes by a mechanism involving increased Ca(2+) influx, mitochondrial network fragmentation and loss of the mitochondrial Ca(2+) buffer capacity. These biochemical events increase cytosolic Ca(2+) levels and trigger cardiomyocyte death via the activation of calpains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Parra
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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45
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Beneficial cardiac effects of caloric restriction are lost with age in a murine model of obesity. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2013; 6:436-45. [PMID: 23456569 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-013-9453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased diastolic stiffness and myocardial steatosis and dysfunction. The impact of aging on the protective effects of caloric restriction (CR) is not clear. We studied 2-month (younger) and 6-7-month (older)-old ob/ob mice and age-matched C57BL/6J controls (WT). Ob/ob mice were assigned to diet ad libitum or CR for 4 weeks. We performed echocardiograms, myocardial triglyceride assays, Oil Red O staining, and measured free fatty acids, superoxide, NOS activity, ceramide levels, and Western blots. In younger mice, CR restored diastolic function, reversed myocardial steatosis, and upregulated Akt phosphorylation. None of these changes was observed in the older mice; however, CR decreased oxidative stress and normalized NOS activity in these animals. Interestingly, myocardial steatosis was not associated with increased ceramide, but CR altered the composition of ceramides. In this model of obesity, aging attenuates the benefits of CR on myocardial structure and function.
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46
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Granér M, Siren R, Nyman K, Lundbom J, Hakkarainen A, Pentikäinen MO, Lauerma K, Lundbom N, Adiels M, Nieminen MS, Taskinen MR. Cardiac steatosis associates with visceral obesity in nondiabetic obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:1189-97. [PMID: 23418318 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver fat and visceral adiposity are involved in the development of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Ectopic fat accumulation within and around the heart has been related to increased risk of heart disease. The aim of this study was to explore components of cardiac steatosis and their relationship to intra-abdominal ectopic fat deposits and cardiometabolic risk factors in nondiabetic obese men. METHODS Myocardial and hepatic triglyceride (TG) contents were measured with 1.5 T magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and visceral adipose (VAT), abdominal subcutaneous tissue (SAT), epicardial and pericardial fat by magnetic resonance imaging in 37 men with the MetS and in 40 men without the MetS. RESULTS Myocardial and hepatic TG contents, VAT, SAT, epicardial fat volumes, and pericardial fat volumes were higher in men with the MetS compared with subjects without the MetS (P < .001). All components of cardiac steatosis correlated with SAT, VAT, and hepatic TG content and the correlations seemed to be strongest with VAT. Myocardial TG content, epicardial fat, pericardial fat, VAT, and hepatic TG content correlated with waist circumference, body mass index, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol TGs, very low-density lipoprotein-1 TGs, and the insulin-resistance homeostasis model assessment index. VAT was a predictor of TGs, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and measures of glucose metabolism, whereas age and SAT were determinants of blood pressure parameters. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that visceral obesity is the best predictor of epicardial and pericardial fat in abdominally obese subjects. Myocardial TG content may present a separate entity that is influenced by factors beyond visceral adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Granér
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, FIN-00290 HUCH, Finland.
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Wang H, Sreenivasan U, Gong DW, O'Connell KA, Dabkowski ER, Hecker PA, Ionica N, Konig M, Mahurkar A, Sun Y, Stanley WC, Sztalryd C. Cardiomyocyte-specific perilipin 5 overexpression leads to myocardial steatosis and modest cardiac dysfunction. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:953-65. [PMID: 23345411 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m032466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Presence of ectopic lipid droplets (LDs) in cardiac muscle is associated to lipotoxicity and tissue dysfunction. However, presence of LDs in heart is also observed in physiological conditions, such as when cellular energy needs and energy production from mitochondria fatty acid β-oxidation are high (fasting). This suggests that development of tissue lipotoxicity and dysfunction is not simply due to the presence of LDs in cardiac muscle but due at least in part to alterations in LD function. To examine the function of cardiac LDs, we obtained transgenic mice with heart-specific perilipin 5 (Plin5) overexpression (MHC-Plin5), a member of the perilipin protein family. Hearts from MHC-Plin5 mice expressed at least 4-fold higher levels of plin5 and exhibited a 3.5-fold increase in triglyceride content versus nontransgenic littermates. Chronic cardiac excess of LDs was found to result in mild heart dysfunction with decreased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α target genes, decreased mitochondria function, and left ventricular concentric hypertrophia. Lack of more severe heart function complications may have been prevented by a strong increased expression of oxidative-induced genes via NF-E2-related factor 2 antioxidative pathway. Perilipin 5 regulates the formation and stabilization of cardiac LDs, and it promotes cardiac steatosis without major heart function impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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48
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Mizuno Y, Harada E, Katoh D, Kashiwagi Y, Morikawa Y, Nakagawa H, Yoshimura M, Saito Y, Yasue H. Cardiac production of B-type natriuretic peptide is inversely related to the plasma level of free fatty acids in obese individuals - possible involvement of the insulin resistance -. Endocr J 2013; 60:87-95. [PMID: 23006812 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej12-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is produced by the heart and its plasma level is increased with the severity of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction/hypertrophy. The normal heart preferentially utilizes fatty acids as energy substrates. Plasma BNP levels are reported to be lower in obese individuals. We examined the relationship between BNP production and plasma free fatty acids (FFA), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and LV dysfunction/ hypertrophy. We examined the plasma BNP levels and FFA at the aortic root (AO) and coronary sinus (CS) as well as hemodynamic parameters in 62 patients (38 men and 24 women, 62.5±11.7 yrs) who underwent cardiac catheterization. Log BNP (AO) had a significant positive correlation with log BNP (CS-AO) (r=0.877, P<0.001). Log BNP(CS-AO) had a significant negative correlation with BMI (r=-0.558, P<0.001), waist circumference (WC) (r=-0.574, P<0.001), log FFA(AO) (r=-0.643, P<0.001), log triglyceride (r=-0.431, P<0.001), and log HOMA-IR (r=-0.463, P<0.001) and a significant positive correlation with left ventricular mass index (LVMI) (r=0.403, P=0.001). The multivariable regression analyses including log HOMA-IR, LVMI, and age as an independent variable revealed that HOMA-IR and LVMI were significant predictors of log BNP (CS-AO) or BNP production (P=0.001 and 0.004, respectively). We conclude that plasma BNP levels are determined primarily by cardiac production and that insulin resistance is a significant predictor of cardiac BNP production independent of LV hypertrophy in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Mizuno
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kumamoto Aging Research Institute / Kumamoto Kinoh Hospital, Kumamoto 860-8518, Japan.
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Abstract
Cellular energy homeostasis is a crucial function of oxidative tissues but becomes altered with obesity, a major health problem that is rising unabated and demands attention. Maintaining cardiac lipid homeostasis relies on complex processes and pathways that require concerted actions between lipid droplets (LDs) and mitochondria to prevent intracellular accumulation of bioactive or toxic lipids while providing an efficient supply of lipid for conversion into ATP. While cardiac mitochondria have been extensively studied, cardiac LDs and their role in heart function have not been fully characterized. The cardiac LD compartment is highly dynamic and individual LD is small, making their study challenging. Here, we describe a simple procedure to isolate cardiac LDs that provide sufficient amounts of highly enriched material to allow subsequent protein and lipid biochemical characterization. We also present a detailed protocol to image cardiac LDs by conventional transmission electronic microscopy to provide two-dimensional (2D) analyses of cardiac LDs and mitochondria. Finally, we discuss the potential advantages of dual ion beam and electron beam platform (FIB-SEM) technology to study the cardiac LDs and mitochondria by allowing 3D imaging analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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50
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Activation of Liver X receptors in the heart leads to accumulation of intracellular lipids and attenuation of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 108:323. [PMID: 23266787 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-012-0323-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptor (LXR)-α and -β play a major role in lipid and glucose homeostasis. Their expression and function in the heart is not well characterized. Our aim was to describe the expression of LXRs in the murine heart, and to determine effects of cardiac LXR activation on target gene expression, lipid homeostasis and ischemia. Both LXRα and -β were expressed in heart tissues, HL-1 cells and isolated cardiomyocytes as determined by qRT-PCR. Elevated cardiac expression of LXR target genes and LXRβ was observed 24 h after in vivo permanent coronary artery ligation. The synthetic LXR agonist GW3965 induced mRNA expression of the LXR target genes in HL-1 cells and isolated cardiomyocytes. This was associated with a buildup of intracellular triglycerides and expanding lipid droplets as quantified by confocal microscopy. Mice injected with GW3965 had cardiac LXR activation as judged by increased target gene expression and lipid droplet accumulation. GW3965 in vivo and in vitro increased expression of genes inducing triglyceride synthesis, and altered expression of lipid droplet-binding protein genes. GW3965 protected HL-1 cells against hypoxia-reoxygenation induced apoptosis. LXR activation by GW3965 in vivo prior to heart isolation and perfusion with induced global ischemia and reperfusion improved left ventricular contractile function and decreased infarct size. In conclusion, LXRs are expressed in the murine heart in the basal state, and are activated by myocardial infarction. Activation of LXR by the synthetic agonist GW3965 is associated with intracardiac accumulation of lipid droplets and protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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