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Bai Y, Zhang J, Li J, Liao M, Zhang Y, Xia Y, Wei Z, Dai Y. Silibinin, a commonly used therapeutic agent for non-alcohol fatty liver disease, functions through upregulating intestinal expression of fibroblast growth factor 15/19. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38839561 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Silibinin is used to treat non-alcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD) despite having rapid liver metabolism. Therefore, we investigated the role of the intestine in silibinin mechanism of action. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH NAFLD mice model was established by feeding them with a high-fat diet (HFD). Liver pathological were examined using H&E and oil red O staining. Tissue distribution of silibinin was detected by LC-MS/MS. SiRNA was employed for gene silencing and plasmid was used for gene overexpression. ChIP-qPCR assay was performed to detect the levels of histone acetylation. Recombinant adeno-associated virus 9-short hairpin-fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-15 and -farnesoid X receptor (FXR; NR1H4) were used to knockdown expression of FGF-15 and FXR. KEY RESULTS Oral silibinin significantly reversed NAFLD in mice, although liver concentration was insufficient for reduction of lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Among endogenous factors capable of reversing NAFLD, the expression of Fgf-15 was selectively up-regulated by silibinin in ileum and colon of mice. When intestinal expression of Fgf-15 was knocked down, protection of silibinin against lipid accumulation and injury of livers nearly disappeared. Silibinin could reduce activity of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), enhance histone acetylation in the promoter region of FXR and consequently increase intestinal expression of FGF-15/19. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Oral silibinin selectively promotes expression of FGF-15/19 in ileum by enhancing transcription of FXR via reduction of HDAC2 activity, and FGF-15/19 enters into circulation to exert anti-NAFLD action. As the site of action is the intestine this would explain the discrepancy between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of silibinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Bai
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jialin Li
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minghui Liao
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufeng Xia
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhifeng Wei
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Dai
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Zafirovska M, Zafirovski A, Rotovnik Kozjek N. Current Insights Regarding Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease (IFALD): A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3169. [PMID: 37513587 PMCID: PMC10385050 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) is a spectrum of liver disease including cholestasis, biliary cirrhosis, steatohepatitis, and gallbladder disease in patients with intestinal failure (IF). The prevalence of IFALD varies considerably, with ranges of 40-60% in the pediatric population, up to 85% in neonates, and between 15-40% in the adult population. IFALD has a complex and multifactorial etiology; the risk factors can be parenteral nutrition-related or patient-related. Because of this, the approach to managing IFALD is multidisciplinary and tailored to each patient based on the etiology. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the etiology and pathophysiology of IFALD and examines the latest evidence regarding preventative measures, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies for IFALD and its associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Zafirovska
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Association of General Practice/Family Medicine of South-East Europe (AGP/FM SEE), St. Vladimir Komarov No. 40/6, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Aleksandar Zafirovski
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- General Hospital Jesenice, Cesta Maršala Tita 112, 4270 Jesenice, Slovenia
- Clinical Institute of Radiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška Cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nada Rotovnik Kozjek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department for Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška Cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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3
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Wang S, Xu C, Liu H, Wei W, Zhou X, Qian H, Zhou L, Zhang H, Wu L, Zhu C, Yang Y, He L, Li K. Connecting the Gut Microbiota and Neurodegenerative Diseases: the Role of Bile Acids. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03340-9. [PMID: 37121952 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
With the acceleration of global population aging, neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) will become the second leading cause of death in the world, which seriously threatens human life and health. Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are the most common and typical NDs. The exact mechanisms of the NDs occurrence and development remain unclear, which may be related to immune, oxidative stress, and abnormal aggregation of pathogenic proteins. Studies have suggested that gut microbiota (GM) influences brain function and plays an important role in regulating emotional and cognitive function. Recently, bile acids (BAs) have become the "star molecule" in the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis research. BAs have been reported to exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective activities in NDs. However, the role of BAs in the connection between GM and the central nervous system (CNS) is still unclear. In this review, we will review the possible mechanisms of BAs between GM and NDs and explore the function of BAs to provide ideas for the prevention and treatment of NDs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixu Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Chongchong Xu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- The Mental Hospital of Yunnan Province, Mental Health Center affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xuemei Zhou
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Haipeng Qian
- Department of Nursing, AnHui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Li Zhou
- The Mental Hospital of Yunnan Province, Mental Health Center affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Haiqing Zhang
- The Mental Hospital of Yunnan Province, Mental Health Center affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Li Wu
- The Mental Hospital of Yunnan Province, Mental Health Center affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Physical Education, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- Computer Science and Technology of Department of Science and Engineering, Shiyuan College of Nanninng Normal University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Lin He
- The Mental Hospital of Yunnan Province, Mental Health Center affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Kuan Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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Zhang J, Jia Q, Li Y, He J. The Function of Xenobiotic Receptors in Metabolic Diseases. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:237-248. [PMID: 36414407 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases are a series of metabolic disorders that include obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. The increased prevalence of metabolic diseases has resulted in higher mortality and mobility rates over the past decades, and this has led to extensive research focusing on the underlying mechanisms. Xenobiotic receptors (XRs) are a series of xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors that regulate their downstream target genes expression, thus defending the body from xenobiotic and endotoxin attacks. XR activation is associated with the development of a number of metabolic diseases such as obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, thus suggesting an important role for XRs in modulating metabolic diseases. However, the regulatory mechanism of XRs in the context of metabolic disorders under different nutrient conditions is complex and remains controversial. This review summarizes the effects of XRs on different metabolic components (cholesterol, lipids, glucose, and bile acids) in different tissues during metabolic diseases. As chronic inflammation plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of metabolic diseases, we also discuss the impact of XRs on inflammation to comprehensively recognize the role of XRs in metabolic diseases. This will provide new ideas for treating metabolic diseases by targeting XRs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review outlines the current understanding of xenobiotic receptors on nutrient metabolism and inflammation during metabolic diseases. This work also highlights the gaps in this field, which can be used to direct the future investigations on metabolic diseases treatment by targeting xenobiotic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingyi Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinhan He
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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5
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Guthrie G, Vonderohe C, Burrin D. Fibroblast growth factor 15/19 expression, regulation, and function: An overview. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 548:111617. [PMID: 35301051 PMCID: PMC9038700 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-19 over 20 years ago, our understanding of the peptide and its role in human biology has moved forward significantly. A member of a superfamily of paracrine growth factors regulating embryonic development, FGF19 is unique in that it is a dietary-responsive endocrine hormone linked with bile acid homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, energy expenditure, and protein synthesis during the fed to fasted state. FGF19 achieves this through targeting multiple tissues and signaling pathways within those tissues. The diverse functional capabilities of FGF19 is due to the unique structural characteristics of the protein and its receptor binding in various cell types. This review will cover the current literature on the protein FGF19, its target receptors, and the biological pathways they target through unique signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Guthrie
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Caitlin Vonderohe
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Douglas Burrin
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.
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6
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Wichman BE, Nilson J, Govindan S, Chen A, Jain A, Arun V, Derdoy J, Krebs J, Jain AK. Beyond lipids: Novel mechanisms for parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. Nutr Clin Pract 2022; 37:265-273. [PMID: 35124837 PMCID: PMC8930621 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a therapy that delivers essential nutrients intravenously to patients who are unable to meet their nutrition requirements via standard enteral feeding. This methodology is often referred to as PN when accompanied by minimal or no enteral nutrition (EN). Although PN is lifesaving, significant complications can arise, such as intestinal failure-associated liver disease and gut-mucosal atrophy. The exact mechanism of injury remains ill defined. This review was designed to explore the available literature related to the drivers of injury mechanisms. The Farnesoid X receptor and fibroblast growth factor 19 signaling pathway seems to play an important role in gut-systemic signaling, and its alteration during PN provides insights into mechanistic links. Central line infections also play a key role in mediating PN-associated injury. Although lipid reduction strategies, as well as the use of multicomponent lipid emulsions and vitamin E, have shown promise, the cornerstone of preventing injury is the early establishment of EN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E Wichman
- Department of Pediatrics, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jamie Nilson
- Department of Pediatrics, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Srinivas Govindan
- Department of Pediatrics, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Aditya Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Varsha Arun
- Department of Pediatrics, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Juana Derdoy
- Department of Pediatrics, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joseph Krebs
- Department of Pediatrics, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ajay K Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Liu L, Yang Y, Li W, Li Y, Jiang X, Wang L. Tanshinone IIA alleviate rifampicin-induced cholestasis by regulating the expression and function of bile salt export pump. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221097365. [PMID: 35544702 DOI: 10.1177/09603271221097365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Rifampicin (RFP) induces cholestasis due to long-term tubercular therapy. Impairment of the canalicular bile acids efflux via the bile salt export pump (BSEP) is a well-recognized cause of cholestasis. Tanshinone IIA (TAN IIA) has a protective effect on the liver. However, there are limited studies on the effects of RFP and TAN IIA on BSEP. In present study, we aimed to elucidate the effects of RFP and TAN IIA on BSEP and provide evidence to support the treatment of RFP-induced cholestasis with TAN IIA. Methods: Firstly, liver histopathological examination and serum biochemical tests were evaluated in rats. Secondly, we evaluated BSEP expression by qRT-PCR and western blotting to explore whether RFP and TAN IIA influence liver function through BSEP. Thirdly, the accumulation of BSEP substrate taurocholic acid (TCA) in bile ducts was determined to investigate the effects of RFP and TAN IIA on BSEP function. Results: Apparent histopathological alterations and significantly increased serum biomarkers were observed in the RFP group (200 mg/kg), while these changes were attenuated in the combination groups. The mRNA and protein levels of BSEP were decreased by RFP. Whereas TAN IIA reversed the downward regulation of BSEP caused by RFP. And RFP primarily inhibited TCA excretion but co-administration of TAN IIA markedly induced TCA excretion mediated by BSEP. Conclusion: Our findings collectively demonstrated that RFP-induced cholestasis could be related to the inhibition of BSEP, and TAN IIA had the potential to prevent RFP-induced cholestasis by regulating BSEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, 575842Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, 535321Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, 535321Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, 159411The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - W Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, 575842Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Y Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, 575842Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - X Jiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, 535321Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, 535321Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Guthrie G, Stoll B, Chacko S, Mohammad M, Style C, Verla M, Olutoye O, Schady D, Lauridsen C, Tataryn N, Burrin D. Depletion and enrichment of phytosterols in soybean oil lipid emulsions directly associate with serum markers of cholestasis in preterm parenteral nutrition-fed pigs. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2022; 46:160-171. [PMID: 33581699 PMCID: PMC8361868 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical reports show a positive correlation between phytosterol concentrations and severity of cholestatic liver disease markers in infants during long-term administration of parenteral lipid emulsions. Establishing a causal link between phytosterols and cholestasis has been complicated by confounding factors of lipid emulsion load, fatty acid composition, and vitamin E in many of these studies. The goal of this study is to determine whether altering the phytosterol concentration within a common soybean oil-based emulsion will alter the onset and severity of cholestasis in parenterally fed preterm piglets. METHODS Preterm piglets were administered, for 21 days, either enteral nutrition (ENT) or parenteral nutrition (PN) prepared from a soybean oil-based emulsion containing either 24.0% (depleted [DEP]), 100% (Intralipid; normal phytosterol [NP] concentration), or 144% (enriched [ENR]) total phytosterol concentration. RESULTS At the end of the study, plasma and liver phytosterol concentrations were highest in the ENR group, followed by NP and then DEP and ENT. Serum direct bilirubin, serum bile acids, and γ-glutamyltransferase were higher in the ENR and NP groups compared with either DEP or ENT groups. All PN lipid groups showed evidence of mild hepatic steatosis but no change in hepatic expression of proinflammatory cytokines or Farnesoid X receptor target genes. CONCLUSION The increase in serum direct bilirubin was lower in the DEP group vs the lipid emulsions with normal or ENR phytosterols. Our results provide additional evidence that phytosterols are linked to an increase in serum markers of cholestasis in preterm PN-fed pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Guthrie
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Barbara Stoll
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Shaji Chacko
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Mahmoud Mohammad
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Candace Style
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Columbus, United States
| | - Mariatu Verla
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Columbus, United States
| | - Oluyinka Olutoye
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Columbus, United States
| | - Deborah Schady
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Houston, United States
| | | | - Nick Tataryn
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Douglas Burrin
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Section Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
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Impact of Parenteral Lipid Emulsion Components on Cholestatic Liver Disease in Neonates. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020508. [PMID: 33557154 PMCID: PMC7913904 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a life-saving intervention for infants that are unable to feed by mouth. Infants that remain on TPN for extended periods of time are at risk for the development of liver injury in the form of parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis (PNAC). Current research suggests the lipid component of TPN is a factor in the development of PNAC. Most notably, the fatty acid composition, vitamin E concentration, and presence of phytosterols are believed key mediators of lipid emulsion driven PNAC development. New emulsions comprised of fish oil and medium chain triglycerides show promise for reducing the incidence of PNAC in infants. In this review we will cover the current clinical studies on the benefit of fish oil and medium chain triglyceride containing lipid emulsions on the development of PNAC, the current constituents of lipid emulsions that may modulate the prevalence of PNAC, and potential new supplements to TPN to further reduce the incidence of PNAC.
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Parenteral Fish-Oil Containing Lipid Emulsions Limit Initial Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Host Immune Responses in Preterm Pigs. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010205. [PMID: 33445698 PMCID: PMC7828127 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent lipid emulsions are available for critical care of preterm infants. We sought to determine the impact of different lipid emulsions on early priming of the host and its response to an acute stimulus. Pigs delivered 7d preterm (n = 59) were randomized to receive different lipid emulsions for 11 days: 100% soybean oil (SO), mixed oil emulsion (SO, medium chain olive oil and fish oil) including 15% fish oil (MO15), or 100% fish oil (FO100). On day 11, pigs received an 8-h continuous intravenous infusion of either lipopolysaccharide (LPS—lyophilized Escherichia coli) or saline. Plasma was collected for fatty acid, oxylipin, metabolomic, and cytokine analyses. At day 11, plasma omega-3 fatty acid levels in the FO100 groups showed the highest increase in eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA (0.1 ± 0.0 to 9.7 ± 1.9, p < 0.001), docosahexaenoic acid, DHA (day 0 = 2.5 ± 0.7 to 13.6 ± 2.9, p < 0.001), EPA and DHA-derived oxylipins, and sphingomyelin metabolites. In the SO group, levels of cytokine IL1β increased at the first hour of LPS infusion (296.6 ± 308 pg/mL) but was undetectable in MO15, FO100, or in the animals receiving saline instead of LPS. Pigs in the SO group showed a significant increase in arachidonic acid (AA)-derived prostaglandins and thromboxanes in the first hour (p < 0.05). No significant changes in oxylipins were observed with either fish-oil containing group during LPS infusion. Host priming with soybean oil in the early postnatal period preserves a higher AA:DHA ratio and the ability to acutely respond to an external stimulus. In contrast, fish-oil containing lipid emulsions increase DHA, exacerbate a deficit in AA, and limit the initial LPS-induced inflammatory responses in preterm pigs.
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Rasmussen MK. Porcine cytochrome P450 3A: current status on expression and regulation. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1899-1914. [PMID: 32172306 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450s (CYPs) constitute a family of enzymes maintaining vital functions in the body and are mostly recognized for their significant role in detoxification. Of the CYP subfamilies, CYP3A, is one of the most active in the clearance of drugs and other xenobiotics. During the last decades, much focus has been on exploring different models for human CYP3A regulation, expression and activity. In that respect, the growing knowledge of the porcine CYP3As is of great interest. Although many aspects of porcine CYP3A regulation and activity are still unknown, the current literature provides a basic understanding of the porcine CYP3As that can be used e.g., when translating results from studies done in the porcine model into human settings. In this review, the current knowledge about porcine CYP3A expression, regulation, activity and metabolic significance are highlighted. Future research needs are also identified.
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