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Pan-claudin family interactome analysis reveals shared and specific interactions. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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2
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Pitsalidis C, van Niekerk D, Moysidou CM, Boys AJ, Withers A, Vallet R, Owens RM. Organic electronic transmembrane device for hosting and monitoring 3D cell cultures. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo4761. [PMID: 36112689 PMCID: PMC9481123 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo4761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
3D cell models have made strides in the past decades in response to failures of 2D cultures to translate targets during the drug discovery process. Here, we report on a novel multiwell plate bioelectronic platform, namely, the e-transmembrane, capable of supporting and monitoring complex 3D cell architectures. Scaffolds made of PEDOT:PSS [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate] are microengineered to function as separating membranes for compartmentalized cell cultures, as well as electronic components for real-time in situ recordings of cell growth and function. Owing to the high surface area-to-volume ratio, the e-transmembrane allows generation of deep, stratified tissues within the porous bulk and cell polarization at the apico-basal domains. Impedance spectroscopy measurements carried out throughout the tissue growth identified signatures from different cellular systems and allowed extraction of critical functional parameters. This platform has the potential to become a universal tool for biologists for the next generation of high-throughput drug screening assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics and Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Douglas van Niekerk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Chrysanthi-Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Alexander J. Boys
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Aimee Withers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | | | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
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3
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Tapia R, Hecht GA. Spef1/CLAMP binds microtubules and actin-based structures and regulates cell migration and epithelia cell polarity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1515:97-104. [PMID: 35710871 PMCID: PMC9796845 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
During migration, cells invade, repair, and create barriers leading to the formation of new cellular contacts in target tissues. Cell migration requires many proteins that collectively form the cytoskeleton. The main cytoskeletal elements are actin filaments, microtubules (MTs), and intermediate filaments. These structures work in concert with a large number of accessory proteins that contribute in a variety of ways to regulate filament assembly and turnover, to alter the configuration or arrangement of filaments by bundling or crosslinking, to link the cytoskeleton to other structures in the cell, such as membranes and junctions, and to transport cargo along the filaments. Sperm flagella protein-1 (Spef1), also designated calponin homology and microtubules-associated protein (CLAMP), is a multifunctional protein that interacts with cytoskeletal structures, including MTs, actin filaments, and focal adhesions in epithelia. In this review, we outline Spef1/CLAMP structure and expression in several cellular models. The function of Spef1/CLAMP in flagellar and ciliary motility, MT-binding and stability, regulation of planar cell polarity, and potential contribution to the maintenance of actin-based structures, such as lamellipodia and filopodia during cell migration, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Tapia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of MedicineLoyola University Chicago, Loyola University Medical CenterMaywoodIllinoisUSA
| | - Gail A. Hecht
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of MedicineLoyola University Chicago, Loyola University Medical CenterMaywoodIllinoisUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyLoyola University Chicago, Loyola University Medical CenterMaywoodIllinoisUSA
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4
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Lechuga S, Cartagena‐Rivera AX, Khan A, Crawford BI, Narayanan V, Conway DE, Lehtimäki J, Lappalainen P, Rieder F, Longworth MS, Ivanov AI. A myosin chaperone, UNC-45A, is a novel regulator of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity and repair. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22290. [PMID: 35344227 PMCID: PMC9044500 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200154r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The actomyosin cytoskeleton serves as a key regulator of the integrity and remodeling of epithelial barriers by controlling assembly and functions of intercellular junctions and cell-matrix adhesions. Although biochemical mechanisms that regulate the activity of non-muscle myosin II (NM-II) in epithelial cells have been extensively investigated, little is known about assembly of the contractile myosin structures at the epithelial adhesion sites. UNC-45A is a cytoskeletal chaperone that is essential for proper folding of NM-II heavy chains and myofilament assembly. We found abundant expression of UNC-45A in human intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) lines and in the epithelial layer of the normal human colon. Interestingly, protein level of UNC-45A was decreased in colonic epithelium of patients with ulcerative colitis. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-out of UNC-45A in HT-29cf8 and SK-CO15 IEC disrupted epithelial barrier integrity, impaired assembly of epithelial adherence and tight junctions and attenuated cell migration. Consistently, decreased UNC-45 expression increased permeability of the Drosophila gut in vivo. The mechanisms underlying barrier disruptive and anti-migratory effects of UNC-45A depletion involved disorganization of the actomyosin bundles at epithelial junctions and the migrating cell edge. Loss of UNC-45A also decreased contractile forces at apical junctions and matrix adhesions. Expression of deletion mutants revealed roles for the myosin binding domain of UNC-45A in controlling IEC junctions and motility. Our findings uncover a novel mechanism that regulates integrity and restitution of the intestinal epithelial barrier, which may be impaired during mucosal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Lechuga
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Alexander X. Cartagena‐Rivera
- Section on MechanobiologyNational Institute of Biomedical Imaging and BioengineeringNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Afshin Khan
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Bert I. Crawford
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Vani Narayanan
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Daniel E. Conway
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Jaakko Lehtimäki
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Pekka Lappalainen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Michelle S. Longworth
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Andrei I. Ivanov
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
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Duodenal Metatranscriptomics to Define Human and Microbial Functional Alterations Associated with Severe Obesity: A Pilot Study. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111811. [PMID: 33213098 PMCID: PMC7698607 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disorder, and the gut microbiome has been suggested to contribute to its onset. In order to better clarify the role of the microbiome in obesity, we evaluated the metatranscriptome in duodenal biopsies from a cohort of 23 adult severely obese and lean control subjects using next generation sequencing. Our aim was to provide a general picture of the duodenal metatranscriptome associated with severe obesity. We found altered expressions of human and microbial genes in the obese compared to lean subjects, with most of the gene alterations being present in the carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolic pathways. Defects were also present in several human genes involved in epithelial intestinal cells differentiation and function, as well as in the immunity/inflammation pathways. Moreover, the microbial taxa abundance inferred by our transcriptomic data differed in part from the data that we previously evaluated by 16S rRNA in 13/23 individuals of our cohort, particularly concerning the Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla abundances. In conclusion, our pilot study provides the first taxonomic and functional characterization of duodenal microbiota in severely obese subjects and lean controls. Our findings suggest that duodenal microbiome and human genes both play a role in deregulating metabolic pathways, likely affecting energy metabolism and thus contributing to the obese phenotype.
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Flora P, Ezhkova E. Regulatory mechanisms governing epidermal stem cell function during development and homeostasis. Development 2020; 147:147/22/dev194100. [PMID: 33191273 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell divisions and cell-fate decisions require stringent regulation for proper tissue development and homeostasis. The mammalian epidermis is a highly organized tissue structure that is sustained by epidermal stem cells (ESCs) that balance self-renewal and cell-fate decisions to establish a protective barrier, while replacing dying cells during homeostasis and in response to injury. Extensive work over past decades has provided insights into the regulatory mechanisms that control ESC specification, self-renewal and maintenance during different stages of the lifetime of an organism. In this Review, we discuss recent findings that have furthered our understanding of key regulatory features that allow ESCs to establish a functional barrier during development and to maintain tissue homeostasis in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Flora
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elena Ezhkova
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Tang VW, Nadkarni AV, Brieher WM. Catastrophic actin filament bursting by cofilin, Aip1, and coronin. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13299-13313. [PMID: 32723865 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cofilin is an actin filament severing protein necessary for fast actin turnover dynamics. Coronin and Aip1 promote cofilin-mediated actin filament disassembly, but the mechanism is somewhat controversial. An early model proposed that the combination of cofilin, coronin, and Aip1 disassembled filaments in bursts. A subsequent study only reported severing. Here, we used EM to show that actin filaments convert directly into globular material. A monomer trap assay also shows that the combination of all three factors produces actin monomers faster than any two factors alone. We show that coronin accelerates the release of Pi from actin filaments and promotes highly cooperative cofilin binding to actin to create long stretches of polymer with a hypertwisted morphology. Aip1 attacks these hypertwisted regions along their sides, disintegrating them into monomers or short oligomers. The results are consistent with a catastrophic mode of disassembly, not enhanced severing alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian W Tang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ambika V Nadkarni
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - William M Brieher
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
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Sun L, Cao X, Lechuga S, Feygin A, Naydenov NG, Ivanov AI. A Septin Cytoskeleton-Targeting Small Molecule, Forchlorfenuron, Inhibits Epithelial Migration via Septin-Independent Perturbation of Cellular Signaling. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010084. [PMID: 31905721 PMCID: PMC7016606 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Septins are GTP-binding proteins that self-assemble into high-order cytoskeletal structures, filaments, and rings. The septin cytoskeleton has a number of cellular functions, including regulation of cytokinesis, cell migration, vesicle trafficking, and receptor signaling. A plant cytokinin, forchlorfenuron (FCF), interacts with septin subunits, resulting in the altered organization of the septin cytoskeleton. Although FCF has been extensively used to examine the roles of septins in various cellular processes, its specificity, and possible off-target effects in vertebrate systems, has not been investigated. In the present study, we demonstrate that FCF inhibits spontaneous, as well as hepatocyte growth factor-induced, migration of HT-29 and DU145 human epithelial cells. Additionally, FCF increases paracellular permeability of HT-29 cell monolayers. These inhibitory effects of FCF persist in epithelial cells where the septin cytoskeleton has been disassembled by either CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout or siRNA-mediated knockdown of septin 7, insinuating off-target effects of FCF. Biochemical analysis reveals that FCF-dependent inhibition of the motility of control and septin-depleted cells is accompanied by decreased expression of the c-Jun transcription factor and inhibited ERK activity. The described off-target effects of FCF strongly suggests that caution is warranted while using this compound to examine the biological functions of septins in cellular systems and model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (L.S.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (N.G.N.)
| | - Xuelei Cao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (L.S.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (N.G.N.)
| | - Susana Lechuga
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (L.S.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (N.G.N.)
| | - Alex Feygin
- School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Nayden G. Naydenov
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (L.S.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (N.G.N.)
| | - Andrei I. Ivanov
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (L.S.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (N.G.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-216-444-5620
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Tapia R, Perez-Yepez EA, Carlino MJ, Karandikar UC, Kralicek SE, Estes MK, Hecht GA. Sperm Flagellar 1 Binds Actin in Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Contributes to Formation of Filopodia and Lamellipodia. Gastroenterology 2019; 157:1544-1555.e3. [PMID: 31473225 PMCID: PMC7016487 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Sperm flagellar 1 (also called CLAMP) is a microtubule-associated protein that regulates microtubule dynamics and planar cell polarity in multi-ciliated cells. We investigated the localization and function of sperm flagellar 1, or CLAMP, in human intestinal epithelia cells (IECs). METHODS We performed studies with SKCO-15 and human intestinal enteroids established from biopsies from different intestinal segments (duodenal, jejunum, ileal, and colon) of a single donor. Enteroids were induced to differentiation after incubation with growth factors. The distribution of endogenous CLAMP in IECs was analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy using total internal reflection fluorescence-ground state depletion and confocal microscopy. CLAMP localization was followed during the course of intestinal epithelial cell polarization as cells progressed from flat to compact, confluent monolayers. Protein interactions with endogenous CLAMP were determined in SKCO-15 cells using proximity ligation assays and co-immunoprecipitation. CLAMP was knocked down in SKCO-15 monolayers using small hairpin RNAs and cells were analyzed by immunoblot and immunofluorescence microscopy. The impact of CLAMP knock-down in migrating SKCO-15 cells was assessed using scratch-wound assays. RESULTS CLAMP bound to actin and apical junctional complex proteins but not microtubules in IECs. In silico analysis predicted the calponin-homology domain of CLAMP to contain conserved amino acids required for actin binding. During IEC polarization, CLAMP distribution changed from primarily basal stress fibers and cytoplasm in undifferentiated cells to apical membranes and microvilli in differentiated monolayers. CLAMP accumulated in lamellipodia and filopodia at the leading edge of migrating cells in association with actin. CLAMP knock-down reduced the number of filopodia, perturbed filopodia polarity, and altered the organization of actin filaments within lamellipodia. CONCLUSIONS CLAMP is an actin-binding protein, rather than a microtubule-binding protein, in IECs. CLAMP distribution changes during intestinal epithelial cell polarization, regulates the formation of filopodia, and appears to assist in the organization of actin bundles within lamellipodia of migrating IECs. Studies are needed to define the CLAMP domains that interact with actin and whether its loss from IECs affects intestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Tapia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition
| | | | | | | | | | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology,Department of Medicine - Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Gail A. Hecht
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago,Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois
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De Meyer F, Eeckhaut V, Ducatelle R, Dhaenens M, Daled S, Dedeurwaerder A, De Gussem M, Haesebrouck F, Deforce D, Van Immerseel F. Host intestinal biomarker identification in a gut leakage model in broilers. Vet Res 2019; 50:46. [PMID: 31215487 PMCID: PMC6582533 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0663-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal health problems are a major issue in the poultry industry. Quantifiable easy-to-measure biomarkers for intestinal health would be of great value to monitor subclinical intestinal entities that cause performance problems and to evaluate control methods for intestinal health. The aim of the study was to identify host protein biomarkers for intestinal inflammation and intestinal barrier damage. Proteomic analysis was conducted on ileal and colonic content samples of broilers under an experimental gut damage and inflammation model. Effects of the challenge treatment resulted in a worse gut condition based on macroscopic gut appearance (p < 0.0001). Also microscopic changes such as shortening of the villi and increased crypt depth (p < 0.0001) as well as higher infiltration of T-lymphocytes (p < 0.0001) were seen in the duodenal tissue of challenged animals. Several candidate proteins associated with inflammation, serum leakage and/or tissue damage were identified with an increased abundance in intestinal content of challenged animals (p < 0.05). Conversely, brush border enzymes were less abundant in intestinal content of challenged animals (p < 0.05). These candidate biomarkers have potential to be used in the field for detection of gut barrier failure in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fien De Meyer
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Venessa Eeckhaut
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Maarten Dhaenens
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon Daled
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Maarten De Gussem
- Poulpharm BVBA, Prins Albertlaan 112, 8870, Izegem, Belgium.,Vetworks BVBA, Knokstraat 38, 9880, Poeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Rahman MT, Ghosh C, Hossain M, Linfield D, Rezaee F, Janigro D, Marchi N, van Boxel-Dezaire AHH. IFN-γ, IL-17A, or zonulin rapidly increase the permeability of the blood-brain and small intestinal epithelial barriers: Relevance for neuro-inflammatory diseases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 507:274-279. [PMID: 30449598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) precedes lesion formation in the brains of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Since recent data implicate disruption of the small intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) in the pathogenesis of MS, we hypothesized that the increased permeability of the BBB and IEB are mechanistically linked. Zonulin, a protein produced by small intestine epithelium, can rapidly increase small intestinal permeability. Zonulin blood levels are elevated in MS, but it is unknown whether zonulin can also disrupt the BBB. Increased production of IL-17A and IFN-γ has been implicated in the pathogenesis of MS, epilepsy, and stroke, and these cytokines impact BBB integrity after 24 h. We here report that primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells expressed the EGFR and PAR2 receptors necessary to respond to zonulin, and that zonulin increased BBB permeability to a 40 kDa dextran tracer within 1 h. Moreover, both IL-17A and IFN-γ also rapidly increased BBB and IEB permeability. By using confocal microscopy, we found that exposure of the IEB to zonulin, IFN-γ, or IL-17A in vitro rapidly modified the localization of the TJ proteins, ZO-1, claudin-5, and occludin. TJ disassembly was accompanied by marked depolymerization of the peri-junctional F-actin cytoskeleton. Our data indicate that IFN-γ, IL-17A, or zonulin can increase the permeability of the IEB and BBB rapidly in vitro, by modifying TJs and the underlying actin cytoskeleton. These observations may help clarify how the gut-brain axis mediates the pathogenesis of neuro-inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed T Rahman
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Chaitali Ghosh
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Mohammed Hossain
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Debra Linfield
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Fariba Rezaee
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Damir Janigro
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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Hayakawa K, Sekiguchi C, Sokabe M, Ono S, Tatsumi H. Real-Time Single-Molecule Kinetic Analyses of AIP1-Enhanced Actin Filament Severing in the Presence of Cofilin. J Mol Biol 2018; 431:308-322. [PMID: 30439520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rearrangement of actin filaments by polymerization, depolymerization, and severing is important for cell locomotion, membrane trafficking, and many other cellular functions. Cofilin and actin-interacting protein 1 (AIP1; also known as WDR1) are evolutionally conserved proteins that cooperatively sever actin filaments. However, little is known about the biophysical basis of the actin filament severing by these proteins. Here, we performed single-molecule kinetic analyses of fluorescently labeled AIP1 during the severing process of cofilin-decorated actin filaments. Results demonstrated that binding of a single AIP molecule was sufficient to enhance filament severing. After AIP1 binding to a filament, severing occurred with a delay of 0.7 s. Kinetics of binding and dissociation of a single AIP1 molecule to/from actin filaments followed a second-order and a first-order kinetics scheme, respectively. AIP1 binding and severing were detected preferentially at the boundary between the cofilin-decorated and bare regions on actin filaments. Based on the kinetic parameters explored in this study, we propose a possible mechanism behind the enhanced severing by AIP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimihide Hayakawa
- Mechanobiology Laboratory, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Carina Sekiguchi
- Department of Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sokabe
- Mechanobiology Laboratory, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Ono
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hitoshi Tatsumi
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Kanazawa Institute of Technology (KIT), Ishikawa 924-0838, Japan.
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A Serine/Threonine Kinase 16-Based Phospho-Proteomics Screen Identifies WD Repeat Protein-1 As A Regulator Of Constitutive Secretion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13049. [PMID: 30158666 PMCID: PMC6115458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane of polarized hepatocytes is functionally divided into two domains: the apical and basolateral. Our focus is to define the molecular basis of polarized protein sorting of newly-synthesized membrane and secretory proteins in WIF-B cells, an excellent model system for polarized hepatocytes. We determined that MAL2 (myelin and lymphocyte protein 2) and its binding partner, serine/threonine kinase 16 (STK16) regulate basolateral constitutive secretion. Because STK16 is a constitutively active kinase, we reasoned that constitutively phosphorylated substrates must participate in constitutive secretion. To identify either STK16 substrates or other proteins that regulate constitutive secretion, we took a proteomics approach. Post-nuclear supernatants from cells expressing wild type or a kinase-dead (E202A) STK16 were separated on 2D gels and immunoblotted with antibodies against phospho-serine/threonine residues. Sixteen spots were identified from E202A-expressing cells that reproducibly displayed decreased immunoreactivity. From these spots, 28 proteins were identified as possible STK16 substrates. Out of these 28 possible substrates, 25% of them encode predicted STK16 phosphorylation consensus sites, with WD repeat containing protein-1 (WDR1) encoding two such sites. Based on this finding and on the finding that actin remodeling is required for hepatic secretion, we further confirmed that WDR1 is a phosphoprotein that regulates secretion.
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14
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Garcia MA, Nelson WJ, Chavez N. Cell-Cell Junctions Organize Structural and Signaling Networks. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a029181. [PMID: 28600395 PMCID: PMC5773398 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell junctions link cells to each other in tissues, and regulate tissue homeostasis in critical cell processes that include tissue barrier function, cell proliferation, and migration. Defects in cell-cell junctions give rise to a wide range of tissue abnormalities that disrupt homeostasis and are common in genetic abnormalities and cancers. Here, we discuss the organization and function of cell-cell junctions primarily involved in adhesion (tight junction, adherens junction, and desmosomes) in two different epithelial tissues: a simple epithelium (intestine) and a stratified epithelium (epidermis). Studies in these tissues reveal similarities and differences in the organization and functions of different cell-cell junctions that meet the requirements for the specialized functions of each tissue. We discuss cell-cell junction responses to genetic and environmental perturbations that provide further insights into their roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Garcia
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - W James Nelson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Natalie Chavez
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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15
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Roxas JL, Viswanathan VK. Modulation of Intestinal Paracellular Transport by Bacterial Pathogens. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:823-842. [PMID: 29687905 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The passive and regulated movement of ions, solutes, and water via spaces between cells of the epithelial monolayer plays a critical role in the normal intestinal functioning. This paracellular pathway displays a high level of structural and functional specialization, with the membrane-spanning complexes of the tight junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes ensuring its integrity. Tight junction proteins, like occludin, tricellulin, and the claudin family isoforms, play prominent roles as barriers to unrestricted paracellular transport. The past decade has witnessed major advances in our understanding of the architecture and function of epithelial tight junctions. While it has been long appreciated that microbes, notably bacterial and viral pathogens, target and disrupt junctional complexes and alter paracellular permeability, the precise mechanisms remain to be defined. Notably, renewed efforts will be required to interpret the available data on pathogen-mediated barrier disruption in the context of the most recent findings on tight junction structure and function. While much of the focus has been on pathogen-induced dysregulation of junctional complexes, commensal microbiota and their products may influence paracellular permeability and contribute to the normal physiology of the gut. Finally, microbes and their products have become important tools in exploring host systems, including the junctional properties of epithelial cells. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:823-842, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lising Roxas
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - V K Viswanathan
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,BIO5 Institute for Collaborative Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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16
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Attaching-and-Effacing Pathogens Exploit Junction Regulatory Activities of N-WASP and SNX9 to Disrupt the Intestinal Barrier. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018. [PMID: 29675452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Neural Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (N-WASP) is a key regulator of the actin cytoskeleton in epithelial tissues and is poised to mediate cytoskeletal-dependent aspects of apical junction complex (AJC) homeostasis. Attaching-and-effacing (AE) pathogens disrupt this homeostasis through translocation of the effector molecule early secreted antigenic target-6 (ESX)-1 secretion-associated protein F (EspF). Although the mechanisms underlying AJC disruption by EspF are unknown, EspF contains putative binding sites for N-WASP and the endocytic regulator sorting nexin 9 (SNX9). We hypothesized that N-WASP regulates AJC integrity and AE pathogens use EspF to induce junction disassembly through an N-WASP- and SNX9-dependent pathway. METHODS We analyzed mice with intestine-specific N-WASP deletion and generated cell lines with N-WASP and SNX9 depletion for dynamic functional assays. We generated EPEC and Citrobacter rodentium strains complemented with EspF bearing point mutations abolishing N-WASP and SNX9 binding to investigate the requirement for these interactions. RESULTS Mice lacking N-WASP in the intestinal epithelium showed spontaneously increased permeability, abnormal AJC morphology, and mislocalization of occludin. N-WASP depletion in epithelial cell lines led to impaired assembly and disassembly of tight junctions in response to changes in extracellular calcium. Cells lacking N-WASP or SNX9 supported actin pedestals and type III secretion, but were resistant to EPEC-induced AJC disassembly and loss of transepithelial resistance. We found that during in vivo infection with AE pathogens, EspF must bind both N-WASP and SNX9 to disrupt AJCs and induce intestinal barrier dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these studies show that N-WASP critically regulates AJC homeostasis, and the AE pathogen effector EspF specifically exploits both N-WASP and SNX9 to disrupt intestinal barrier integrity during infection.
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Key Words
- ADF, actin depolymerization factor
- AE, attaching-and-effacing
- AJ, adherens junction
- AJC, apical junction complex
- Arp, actin-related protein
- CR, Citrobacter rodentium
- Crb, Crumbs
- Cytoskeleton
- DBS100, David B. Schauer 100
- EHEC, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
- EM, electron microscopy
- EPEC, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
- EcoRI, E. coli RY13 I
- EspF
- EspF, early secreted antigenic target-6 (ESX)-1 secretion-associated protein F
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- Junction Regulation
- KO, knockout
- N-WASP
- N-WASP, Neural Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein
- NWKD, Neural Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein knockdown
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- SNX9, sorting nexin 9
- SNX9KD, sorting nexin 9 knockdown
- TER, transepithelial electrical resistance
- TJ, tight junction
- Tir, translocated intimin receptor
- ZO-1, zonula occludens-1
- iNWKO, intestine Neural Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein knockout
- shRNA, short hairpin RNA
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Rodiño-Janeiro BK, Martínez C, Fortea M, Lobo B, Pigrau M, Nieto A, González-Castro AM, Salvo-Romero E, Guagnozzi D, Pardo-Camacho C, Iribarren C, Azpiroz F, Alonso-Cotoner C, Santos J, Vicario M. Decreased TESK1-mediated cofilin 1 phosphorylation in the jejunum of IBS-D patients may explain increased female predisposition to epithelial dysfunction. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2255. [PMID: 29396473 PMCID: PMC5797119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbed intestinal epithelial barrier and mucosal micro-inflammation characterize irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Despite intensive research demonstrating ovarian hormones modulation of IBS severity, there is still limited knowledge on the mechanisms underlying female predominance in this disorder. Our aim was to identify molecular pathways involved in epithelial barrier dysfunction and female predominance in diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) patients. Total RNA and protein were obtained from jejunal mucosal biopsies from healthy controls and IBS-D patients meeting the Rome III criteria. IBS severity was recorded based on validated questionnaires. Gene and protein expression profiles were obtained and data integrated to explore biological and molecular functions. Results were validated by western blot. Tight junction signaling, mitochondrial dysfunction, regulation of actin-based motility by Rho, and cytoskeleton signaling were differentially expressed in IBS-D. Decreased TESK1-dependent cofilin 1 phosphorylation (pCFL1) was confirmed in IBS-D, which negatively correlated with bowel movements only in female participants. In conclusion, deregulation of cytoskeleton dynamics through TESK1/CFL1 pathway underlies epithelial intestinal dysfunction in the small bowel mucosa of IBS-D, particularly in female patients. Further understanding of the mechanisms involving sex-mediated regulation of mucosal epithelial integrity may have significant preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic implications for IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno K Rodiño-Janeiro
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Martínez
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Fortea
- Translational Mucosal Immunology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Lobo
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Pigrau
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adoración Nieto
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana María González-Castro
- Translational Mucosal Immunology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eloísa Salvo-Romero
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain.,Translational Mucosal Immunology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Danila Guagnozzi
- Translational Mucosal Immunology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Pardo-Camacho
- Translational Mucosal Immunology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Iribarren
- Translational Mucosal Immunology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Azpiroz
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Investigación Sanitaria, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Alonso-Cotoner
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Investigación Sanitaria, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Santos
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Investigación Sanitaria, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Vicario
- Translational Mucosal Immunology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Facultat de Medicina), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Investigación Sanitaria, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Garber JJ, Mallick EM, Scanlon KM, Turner JR, Donnenberg MS, Leong JM, Snapper SB. Attaching-and-Effacing Pathogens Exploit Junction Regulatory Activities of N-WASP and SNX9 to Disrupt the Intestinal Barrier. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 5:273-288. [PMID: 29675452 PMCID: PMC5904039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Neural Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (N-WASP) is a key regulator of the actin cytoskeleton in epithelial tissues and is poised to mediate cytoskeletal-dependent aspects of apical junction complex (AJC) homeostasis. Attaching-and-effacing (AE) pathogens disrupt this homeostasis through translocation of the effector molecule early secreted antigenic target-6 (ESX)-1 secretion-associated protein F (EspF). Although the mechanisms underlying AJC disruption by EspF are unknown, EspF contains putative binding sites for N-WASP and the endocytic regulator sorting nexin 9 (SNX9). We hypothesized that N-WASP regulates AJC integrity and AE pathogens use EspF to induce junction disassembly through an N-WASP- and SNX9-dependent pathway. METHODS We analyzed mice with intestine-specific N-WASP deletion and generated cell lines with N-WASP and SNX9 depletion for dynamic functional assays. We generated EPEC and Citrobacter rodentium strains complemented with EspF bearing point mutations abolishing N-WASP and SNX9 binding to investigate the requirement for these interactions. RESULTS Mice lacking N-WASP in the intestinal epithelium showed spontaneously increased permeability, abnormal AJC morphology, and mislocalization of occludin. N-WASP depletion in epithelial cell lines led to impaired assembly and disassembly of tight junctions in response to changes in extracellular calcium. Cells lacking N-WASP or SNX9 supported actin pedestals and type III secretion, but were resistant to EPEC-induced AJC disassembly and loss of transepithelial resistance. We found that during in vivo infection with AE pathogens, EspF must bind both N-WASP and SNX9 to disrupt AJCs and induce intestinal barrier dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these studies show that N-WASP critically regulates AJC homeostasis, and the AE pathogen effector EspF specifically exploits both N-WASP and SNX9 to disrupt intestinal barrier integrity during infection.
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Key Words
- ADF, actin depolymerization factor
- AE, attaching-and-effacing
- AJ, adherens junction
- AJC, apical junction complex
- Arp, actin-related protein
- CR, Citrobacter rodentium
- Crb, Crumbs
- Cytoskeleton
- DBS100, David B. Schauer 100
- EHEC, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
- EM, electron microscopy
- EPEC, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
- EcoRI, E. coli RY13 I
- EspF
- EspF, early secreted antigenic target-6 (ESX)-1 secretion-associated protein F
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- Junction Regulation
- KO, knockout
- N-WASP
- N-WASP, Neural Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein
- NWKD, Neural Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein knockdown
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- SNX9, sorting nexin 9
- SNX9KD, sorting nexin 9 knockdown
- TER, transepithelial electrical resistance
- TJ, tight junction
- Tir, translocated intimin receptor
- ZO-1, zonula occludens-1
- iNWKO, intestine Neural Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein knockout
- shRNA, short hairpin RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Garber
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Division of Gastroenterology/Nutrition and Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment and Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emily M. Mallick
- Department of Medicine Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Karen M. Scanlon
- Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael S. Donnenberg
- Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John M. Leong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scott B. Snapper
- Division of Gastroenterology/Nutrition and Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment and Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Scott B. Snapper, MD, PhD, Division of Gastroenterology/Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Enders 676, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115. fax: (617) 730-0498.
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19
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Functions of actin-interacting protein 1 (AIP1)/WD repeat protein 1 (WDR1) in actin filament dynamics and cytoskeletal regulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 506:315-322. [PMID: 29056508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin and actin-interacting protein 1 (AIP1), also known as WD-repeat protein 1 (WDR1), are conserved among eukaryotes and play critical roles in dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. AIP1 preferentially promotes disassembly of ADF/cofilin-decorated actin filaments but exhibits minimal effects on bare actin filaments. Therefore, AIP1 has been often considered to be an ancillary co-factor of ADF/cofilin that merely boosts ADF/cofilin activity level. However, genetic and cell biological studies show that AIP1 deficiency often causes lethality or severe abnormalities in multiple tissues and organs including muscle, epithelia, and blood, suggesting that AIP1 is a major regulator of many biological processes that depend on actin dynamics. This review summarizes recent progress in studies on the biochemical mechanism of actin filament severing by AIP1 and in vivo functions of AIP1 in model organisms and human diseases.
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20
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Fredriksson-Lidman K, Van Itallie CM, Tietgens AJ, Anderson JM. Sorbin and SH3 domain-containing protein 2 (SORBS2) is a component of the acto-myosin ring at the apical junctional complex in epithelial cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185448. [PMID: 28961272 PMCID: PMC5621683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SORBS2 is a scaffolding protein associated with Abl/Arg non-receptor tyrosine kinase pathways and is known to interact with actin and several other cytoskeletal proteins in various cell types. Previous BioID proximity labeling of tight and adherens junction proteins suggested that SORBS2 is a component of the apical junction complex of epithelial cells. We asked whether SORBS2 plays a previously unappreciated role in controlling perijunctional actin and tight junction barrier function. Using super resolution imaging we confirmed that SORBS2 is localized at the apical junction complex but farther from the membrane than ZO-1 and located partially overlapping both the tight- and adherens junctions with a periodic concentration that alternates with myosin IIB in polarized epithelial cells. Overexpression of GFP-SORBS2 recruited alpha-actinin, vinculin and N-WASP, and possibly CIP4 to cellular junctions. However, CRISPR-Cas9 knock-out of SORBS2 did not alter the localization- or immunofluorescent staining intensity of these or several other junctional- and cytoskeletal proteins. SORBS2 knock-out also did not affect the barrier function as measured by TER and dextran flux; nor did it change actin-dependent junction re-assembly as measured by Ca2+-switch and Latrunculin-B wash-out assays. The kinetics of HGF-induced cell scattering and wound healing, and dextran flux increase induced by PDGF also were unaffected by SORBS2 knock-out. SORBS2 concentrates with apical junctional actin that accumulates in response to knock-down of ZO-1 and ZO-2. In spite of our finding that SORBS2 is clearly a component of the apical junction complex, it does not appear to be required for either normal tight- or adherens junction assembly, structure or function or for growth factor-mediated changes in tight junction dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Fredriksson-Lidman
- Laboratory of Tight Junction Structure and Function, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christina M. Van Itallie
- Laboratory of Tight Junction Structure and Function, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amber J. Tietgens
- Laboratory of Tight Junction Structure and Function, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James M. Anderson
- Laboratory of Tight Junction Structure and Function, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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21
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Lechuga S, Ivanov AI. Disruption of the epithelial barrier during intestinal inflammation: Quest for new molecules and mechanisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1183-1194. [PMID: 28322932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium forms a key protective barrier that separates internal organs from the harmful environment of the gut lumen. Increased permeability of the gut barrier is a common manifestation of different inflammatory disorders contributing to the severity of disease. Barrier permeability is controlled by epithelial adherens junctions and tight junctions. Junctional assembly and integrity depend on fundamental homeostatic processes such as cell differentiation, rearrangements of the cytoskeleton, and vesicle trafficking. Alterations of intestinal epithelial homeostasis during mucosal inflammation may impair structure and remodeling of apical junctions, resulting in increased permeability of the gut barrier. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of how altered epithelial homeostasis affects the structure and function of adherens junctions and tight junctions in the inflamed gut. Specifically, we focus on the transcription reprogramming of the cell, alterations in the actin cytoskeleton, and junctional endocytosis and exocytosis. We pay special attention to knockout mouse model studies and discuss the relevance of these mechanisms to human gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Lechuga
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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22
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Dasgupta SK, Le A, Da Q, Cruz M, Rumbaut RE, Thiagarajan P. Wdr1-Dependent Actin Reorganization in Platelet Activation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162897. [PMID: 27627652 PMCID: PMC5023164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In resting platelets, the integrin αIIbβ3 is present in a low-affinity “bent” state. During platelet aggregation, intracytoplasmic signals induce conformational changes (inside-out signaling) that result in a “swung-out” conformation competent to bind ligands such as fibrinogen. The cytoskeleton plays an essential role in αIIbβ3 activation. We investigated the role of the actin interacting protein Wdr1 in αIIbβ3 activation. Wdr1-hypomorphic mice had a prolonged bleeding time (> 10 minutes) compared to that of wild-type mice (2.1 ± 0.7 minutes). Their platelets had impaired aggregation to collagen and thrombin. In a FeCl3 induced carotid artery thrombosis model, vessel occlusion in Wdr1-hypomorphic mice was prolonged significantly compared to wild-type mice (9.0 ± 10.5 minutes versus 5.8 ± 12.6 minutes (p = 0.041). Activation-induced binding of JON/A (a conformation-specific antibody to activated αIIbβ3) was significantly less in Wdr1-hypomorphic platelets at various concentrations of collagen, indicating impaired inside-out activation of αIIbβ3, despite a normal calcium response. Actin turnover, assessed by measuring F-actin and G-actin ratios during collagen- and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, was highly impaired in Wdr1-hypomorphic platelets. Furthermore, talin failed to redistribute and translocate to the cytoskeleton following activation in Wdr1-hypomorphic platelets. These studies show that Wdr1 is essential for talin-induced activation of αIIbβ3 during platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K. Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Anhquyen Le
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Qi Da
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Miguel Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rolando E. Rumbaut
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Perumal Thiagarajan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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23
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Wang D, Naydenov NG, Feygin A, Baranwal S, Kuemmerle JF, Ivanov AI. Actin-Depolymerizing Factor and Cofilin-1 Have Unique and Overlapping Functions in Regulating Intestinal Epithelial Junctions and Mucosal Inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:844-58. [PMID: 26878213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is a crucial regulator of the intestinal mucosal barrier, controlling the assembly and function of epithelial adherens and tight junctions (AJs and TJs). Junction-associated actin filaments are dynamic structures that undergo constant turnover. Members of the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) and cofilin protein family play key roles in actin dynamics by mediating filament severing and polymerization. We examined the roles of ADF and cofilin-1 in regulating the structure and functions of AJs and TJs in the intestinal epithelium. Knockdown of either ADF or cofilin-1 by RNA interference increased the paracellular permeability of human colonic epithelial cell monolayers to small ions. Additionally, cofilin-1, but not ADF, depletion increased epithelial permeability to large molecules. Loss of either ADF or cofilin-1 did not affect the steady-state morphology of AJs and TJs but attenuated de novo junctional assembly. The observed defects in AJ and TJ formation were accompanied by delayed assembly of the perijunctional filamentous actin belt. A total loss of ADF expression in mice did not result in a defective mucosal barrier or in spontaneous gut inflammation. However, ADF-null mice demonstrated increased intestinal permeability and exaggerated inflammation during dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Our findings demonstrate novel roles for ADF and cofilin-1 in regulating the remodeling and permeability of epithelial junctions, as well as the role of ADF in limiting the severity of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Nayden G Naydenov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Alex Feygin
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Somesh Baranwal
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - John F Kuemmerle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
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