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Martel J, Chang SH, Ko YF, Hwang TL, Young JD, Ojcius DM. Gut barrier disruption and chronic disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:247-265. [PMID: 35151560 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier protects the host against gut microbes, food antigens, and toxins present in the gastrointestinal tract. However, gut barrier integrity can be affected by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including genetic predisposition, the Western diet, antibiotics, alcohol, circadian rhythm disruption, psychological stress, and aging. Chronic disruption of the gut barrier can lead to translocation of microbial components into the body, producing systemic, low-grade inflammation. While the association between gut barrier integrity and inflammation in intestinal diseases is well established, we review here recent studies indicating that the gut barrier and microbiota dysbiosis may contribute to the development of metabolic, autoimmune, and aging-related disorders. Emerging interventions to improve gut barrier integrity and microbiota composition are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Martel
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsin Chang
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Fei Ko
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Biotechnology Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan; Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - John D Young
- Chang Gung Biotechnology Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - David M Ojcius
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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2
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Fan L, Lee JH. Enteral feeding and the microbiome in critically ill children: a narrative review. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:2778-2791. [PMID: 34765500 PMCID: PMC8578772 DOI: 10.21037/tp-20-349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This narrative review summarizes our current knowledge on the interplay between enteral nutrition (EN) and gut microbiota in critically ill children, using examples from two commonly encountered diagnoses in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU): severe sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This review will also highlight potential areas of therapeutic interventions that should be explored in future studies. BACKGROUND Critically ill children display extreme dysbiosis in their gut microbiome. Factors within the PICU that are often associated with dysbiosis include the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs), intravenous morphine, and fasting. Dysbiosis can potentially lead to adverse clinical outcomes (e.g., nosocomial infection, and prolonged hospitalization). EN may modulate dysbiosis. The gut microbiota is involved in the breaking down of macronutrients, mainly carbohydrates and proteins. Fermentation of undigestible carbohydrate (e.g., inulin and oligosaccharides), and amino acids by large intestine microbiota produces short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs serve as the main fuel source for enterocytes and help to maintain healthy gut lining. Changes to selected components of macronutrients can result in alterations in gut microbiome and have potentially beneficial effects in patients in the PICU. METHODS A comprehensive search of the MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar databases was conducted using appropriate MESH terms and keywords. In this narrative review, we provide a summary of current knowledge on effect of EN on gut microbiota in pediatric studies, but also describes animal- and lab-based, as well as adult studies where relevant. CONCLUSIONS The gut microbiome can be altered by dietary modifications and common PICU practices and treatment. Although there are strong associations in restoring eubiosis and improvement in clinical outcomes, proving causality remains challenging. Further microbiome research is needed to provide mechanistic insights into the impact of the ever changing gut microbiome. In the future, new microbiota targeted therapies could potentially be the treatment of challenging PICU conditions and restore homeostasis in these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Fan
- Division of Paediatric Critical Care, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jan Hau Lee
- Children's Intensive Care Unit, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Protective effect of glutamine and alanyl-glutamine against zearalenone-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in IPEC-J2 cells. Res Vet Sci 2021; 137:48-55. [PMID: 33932823 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin, has a negative effect on porcine intestine. Glutamine (Gln) and alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln) are nutrients with potential preservation functions similar to those of the intestinal epithelial barrier. The protective role of Gln and Ala-Gln on ZEN-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction was evaluated in this study. Additionally, the ability of Gln and Ala-Gln to protect the intestinal barrier was investigated. Our results showed that lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, paracellular permeability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level were increased by ZEN, while the glutathione (GSH) level was decreased by ZEN. Gln and Ala-Gln promoted the proliferation of cells and attenuated the ZEN-induced increase in cytotoxicity, cell apoptosis and paracellular permeability. Gln and Ala-Gln alleviated barrier function damage, which was additionally induced by ZEN by increasing the antioxidant capacity of cells. In addition, Gln and Ala-Gln upregulated intestinal barrier associated gene expressions including pBD-1, pBD-2, MUC-2, ZO-1, occludin and claudin-3. This study revealed that Gln and Ala-Gln had similar effects in protecting intestinal epithelial barrier function against ZEN exposure in IPEC-J2 cells. A new treatment for alleviating ZEN-induced injury to the intestine through nutritional intervention is provided.
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4
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Bindels LB, Neyrinck AM, Loumaye A, Catry E, Walgrave H, Cherbuy C, Leclercq S, Van Hul M, Plovier H, Pachikian B, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Langella P, Cani PD, Thissen JP, Delzenne NM. Increased gut permeability in cancer cachexia: mechanisms and clinical relevance. Oncotarget 2018; 9:18224-18238. [PMID: 29719601 PMCID: PMC5915068 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal disorders often occur in cancer patients, in association with body weight loss, and this alteration is commonly attributed to the chemotherapy. Here, using a mouse model of cancer cachexia induced by ectopic transplantation of C26 cancer cells, we discovered a profound alteration in the gut functions (gut permeability, epithelial turnover, gut immunity, microbial dysbiosis) independently of any chemotherapy. These alterations occurred independently of anorexia and were driven by interleukin 6. Gut dysfunction was found to be resistant to treatments with an anti-inflammatory bacterium (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii) or with gut peptides involved in intestinal cell renewal (teduglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 2 analogue). The translational value of our findings was evaluated in 152 colorectal and lung cancer patients with or without cachexia. The serum level of the lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, often presented as a reflection of the bacterial antigen load, was not only increased in cachectic mice and cancer patients, but also strongly correlated with the serum IL-6 level and predictive of death and cachexia occurrence in these patients. Altogether, our data highlight profound alterations of the intestinal homeostasis in cancer cachexia occurring independently of any chemotherapy and food intake reduction, with potential relevance in humans. In addition, we point out the lipopolysaccharide-binding protein as a new biomarker of cancer cachexia related to gut dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure B Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey M Neyrinck
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey Loumaye
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition Department, Institut de Recherches Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emilie Catry
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hannah Walgrave
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claire Cherbuy
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sophie Leclercq
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Pôle Clinique, Psychiatrie, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Hul
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hubert Plovier
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Barbara Pachikian
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Philippe Langella
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Thissen
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition Department, Institut de Recherches Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Asparagine reduces the mRNA expression of muscle atrophy markers via regulating protein kinase B (Akt), AMP-activated protein kinase α, toll-like receptor 4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain protein signalling in weaning piglets after lipopolysaccharide challenge. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:1188-1198. [PMID: 27572423 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451600297x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines are critical in mechanisms of muscle atrophy. In addition, asparagine (Asn) is necessary for protein synthesis in mammalian cells. We hypothesised that Asn could attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced muscle atrophy in a piglet model. Piglets were allotted to four treatments (non-challenged control, LPS-challenged control, LPS+0·5 % Asn and LPS+1·0 % Asn). On day 21, the piglets were injected with LPS or saline. At 4 h post injection, piglet blood and muscle samples were collected. Asn increased protein and RNA content in muscles, and decreased mRNA expression of muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) and muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1). However, Asn had no effect on the protein abundance of MAFbx and MuRF1. In addition, Asn decreased muscle AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) α phosphorylation, but increased muscle protein kinase B (Akt) and Forkhead Box O (FOXO) 1 phosphorylation. Moreover, Asn decreased the concentrations of TNF-α, cortisol and glucagon in plasma, and TNF-α mRNA expression in muscles. Finally, Asn decreased mRNA abundance of muscle toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain protein (NOD) signalling-related genes, and regulated their negative regulators. The beneficial effects of Asn on muscle atrophy may be associated with the following: (1) inhibiting muscle protein degradation via activating Akt and inactivating AMPKα and FOXO1; and (2) decreasing the expression of muscle pro-inflammatory cytokines via inhibiting TLR4 and NOD signalling pathways by modulation of their negative regulators.
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Liu Y, Wang X, Wu H, Chen S, Zhu H, Zhang J, Hou Y, Hu CAA, Zhang G. Glycine enhances muscle protein mass associated with maintaining Akt-mTOR-FOXO1 signaling and suppressing TLR4 and NOD2 signaling in piglets challenged with LPS. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R365-73. [PMID: 27225947 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00043.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines play a critical role in the pathophysiology of muscle atrophy. We hypothesized that glycine exerted an anti-inflammatory effect and alleviated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced muscle atrophy in piglets. Pigs were assigned to four treatments including the following: 1) nonchallenged control, 2) LPS-challenged control, 3) LPS+1.0% glycine, and 4) LPS+2.0% glycine. After receiving the control, 1.0 or 2.0% glycine-supplemented diets, piglets were treated with either saline or LPS. At 4 h after treatment with saline or LPS, blood and muscle samples were harvested. We found that 1.0 or 2.0% glycine increased protein/DNA ratio, protein content, and RNA/DNA ratio in gastrocnemius or longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles. Glycine also resulted in decreased mRNA expression of muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) and muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1) in gastrocnemius muscle. In addition, glycine restored the phosphorylation of Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), and Forkhead Box O 1 (FOXO1) in gastrocnemius or LD muscles. Furthermore, glycine resulted in decreased plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentration and muscle TNF-α mRNA abundance. Moreover, glycine resulted in decreased mRNA expresson of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 2 (NOD2), and their respective downstream molecules in gastrocnemius or LD muscles. These results indicate glycine enhances muscle protein mass under an inflammatory condition. The beneficial roles of glycine on the muscle are closely associated with maintaining Akt-mTOR-FOXO1 signaling and suppressing the activation of TLR4 and/or NOD2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China;
| | - Xiuying Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanting Wu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaokui Chen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiling Zhu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chien-An Andy Hu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China; Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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7
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Fish oil enhances intestinal barrier function and inhibits corticotropin-releasing hormone/corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 signalling pathway in weaned pigs after lipopolysaccharide challenge. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:1947-57. [PMID: 27080003 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516001100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Stress induces injury in intestinal barrier function in piglets. Long-chain n-3 PUFA have been shown to exhibit potential immunomodulatory and barrier protective effects in animal models and clinical trials. In addition, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)/CRH receptor (CRHR) signalling pathways play an important role in stress-induced alterations of intestinal barrier function. We hypothesised that fish oil could affect intestinal barrier function and CRH/CRHR signalling pathways. In total, thirty-two weaned pigs were allocated to one of four treatments. The experiment consisted of a 2×2 factorial design, and the main factors included immunological challenge (saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) and diet (5 % maize oil or 5 % fish oil). On d 19 of the trial, piglets were treated with saline or LPS. At 4 h after injection, all pigs were killed, and the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), liver, spleen and intestinal samples were collected. Fish oil decreased bacterial translocation incidence and the number of translocated micro-organisms in the MLN. Fish oil increased intestinal claudin-1 protein relative concentration and villus height, as well as improved the intestinal morphology. In addition, fish oil supplementation increased intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte number and prevented elevations in intestinal mast cell and neutrophil numbers induced by LPS challenge. Moreover, fish oil tended to decrease the mRNA expression of intestinal CRHR1, CRH and glucocorticoid receptors. These results suggest that fish oil supplementation improves intestinal barrier function and inhibits CRH/CRHR1 signalling pathway and mast cell tissue density.
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Whey protein concentrate enhances intestinal integrity and influences transforming growth factor-β1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways in piglets after lipopolysaccharide challenge. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:984-93. [PMID: 26810899 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515005085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Whey protein concentrate (WPC) has been reported to have protective effects on the intestinal barrier. However, the molecular mechanisms involved are not fully elucidated. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is an important component in the WPC, but whether TGF-β1 plays a role in these processes is not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of WPC on the intestinal epithelial barrier as well as whether TGF-β1 is involved in these protection processes in a piglet model after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. In total, eighteen weanling pigs were randomly allocated to one of the following three treatment groups: (1) non-challenged control and control diet; (2) LPS-challenged control and control diet; (3) LPS+5 %WPC diet. After 19 d of feeding with control or 5 %WPC diets, pigs were injected with LPS or saline. At 4 h after injection, pigs were killed to harvest jejunal samples. The results showed that WPC improved (P<0·05) intestinal morphology, as indicated by greater villus height and villus height:crypt depth ratio, and intestinal barrier function, which was reflected by increased transepithelial electrical resistance and decreased mucosal-to-serosal paracellular flux of dextran (4 kDa), compared with the LPS group. Moreover, WPC prevented the LPS-induced decrease (P<0·05) in claudin-1, occludin and zonula occludens-1 expressions in the jejunal mucosae. WPC also attenuated intestinal inflammation, indicated by decreased (P<0·05) mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1β. Supplementation with WPC also increased (P<0·05) TGF-β1 protein, phosphorylated-Smad2 expression and Smad4 and Smad7 mRNA expressions and decreased (P<0·05) the ratios of the phosphorylated to total c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 (phospho-JNK:JNK and p-p38:p38), whereas it increased (P<0·05) the ratio of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) (phospho-ERK:ERK). Collectively, these results suggest that dietary inclusion of WPC attenuates the LPS-induced intestinal injury by improving mucosal barrier function, alleviating intestinal inflammation and influencing TGF-β1 canonical Smad and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways.
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Kim DH, Hwang JS, Lee IH, Nam ST, Hong J, Zhang P, Lu LF, Lee J, Seok H, Pothoulakis C, Lamont JT, Kim H. The Insect Peptide CopA3 Increases Colonic Epithelial Cell Proliferation and Mucosal Barrier Function to Prevent Inflammatory Responses in the Gut. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3209-23. [PMID: 26655716 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.682856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cells of the gut form a physical barrier against the luminal contents. The collapse of this barrier causes inflammation, and its therapeutic restoration can protect the gut against inflammation. EGF enhances mucosal barrier function and increases colonocyte proliferation, thereby ameliorating inflammatory responses in the gut. Based on our previous finding that the insect peptide CopA3 promotes neuronal growth, we herein tested whether CopA3 could increase the cell proliferation of colonocytes, enhance mucosal barrier function, and ameliorate gut inflammation. Our results revealed that CopA3 significantly increased epithelial cell proliferation in mouse colonic crypts and also enhanced colonic epithelial barrier function. Moreover, CopA3 treatment ameliorated Clostridium difficile toxin As-induced inflammation responses in the mouse small intestine (acute enteritis) and completely blocked inflammatory responses and subsequent lethality in the dextran sulfate sodium-induced mouse model of chronic colitis. The marked CopA3-induced increase of colonocyte proliferation was found to require rapid protein degradation of p21(Cip1/Waf1), and an in vitro ubiquitination assay revealed that CopA3 directly facilitated ubiquitin ligase activity against p21(Cip1/Waf1). Taken together, our findings indicate that the insect peptide CopA3 prevents gut inflammation by increasing epithelial cell proliferation and mucosal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hong Kim
- From the Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Daejin University, Pocheon, Gyeonggido, 487-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sam Hwang
- the Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik Hwan Lee
- From the Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Daejin University, Pocheon, Gyeonggido, 487-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Taek Nam
- From the Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Daejin University, Pocheon, Gyeonggido, 487-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hong
- From the Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Daejin University, Pocheon, Gyeonggido, 487-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Peng Zhang
- From the Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Daejin University, Pocheon, Gyeonggido, 487-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Li Fang Lu
- From the Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Daejin University, Pocheon, Gyeonggido, 487-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Junguee Lee
- the Department of Pathology, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daeheung-ro 64, Jung-gu, Daejeon 301-723, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Seok
- the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jungwon University, Goesan, Chungcheongbukdo, 367-700, South Korea
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- the Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, and
| | - John Thomas Lamont
- the Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ho Kim
- From the Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Daejin University, Pocheon, Gyeonggido, 487-711, Republic of Korea,
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10
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Nam ST, Hwang JH, Kim DH, Park MJ, Lee IH, Nam HJ, Kang JK, Kim SK, Hwang JS, Chung HK, Shong M, Lee CH, Kim H. Role of NADH: quinone oxidoreductase-1 in the tight junctions of colonic epithelial cells. BMB Rep 2015; 47:494-9. [PMID: 24393524 PMCID: PMC4206724 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.9.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NADH:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is known to be involved in the regulation of energy synthesis and metabolism, and the functional studies of NQO1 have largely focused on metabolic disorders. Here, we show for the first time that compared to NQO1-WT mice, NQO1-KO mice exhibited a marked increase of permeability and spontaneous inflammation in the gut. In the DSS-induced colitis model, NQO1-KO mice showed more severe inflammatory responses than NQO1-WT mice. Interestingly, the transcript levels of claudin and occludin, the major tight junction molecules of gut epithelial cells, were significantly decreased in NQO1-KO mice. The colons of NQO1-KO mice also showed high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, which are known to affect transcriptional regulation. Taken together, these novel findings indicate that NQO1 contributes to the barrier function of gut epithelial cells by regulating the transcription of tight junction molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Taek Nam
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Daejin University, Pocheon 487-711, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Hwang
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Dae Hong Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Daejin University, Pocheon 487-711, Korea
| | - Mi Jung Park
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Daejin University, Pocheon 487-711, Korea
| | - Ik Hwan Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Daejin University, Pocheon 487-711, Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Nam
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Daejin University, Pocheon 487-711, Korea
| | - Jin Ku Kang
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Daejin University, Pocheon 487-711, Korea
| | - Sung Kuk Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Daejin University, Pocheon 487-711, Korea
| | - Jae Sam Hwang
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - Hyo Kyun Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejon 301-721, Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejon 301-721, Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejon 301-721, Korea
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11
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Gao X, Hao S, Yan H, Ding W, Li K, Li J. Neutrophil extracellular traps contribute to the intestine damage in endotoxemic rats. J Surg Res 2014; 195:211-8. [PMID: 25575734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is one of the most troublesome problems in critically ill patients and often accompanied with multiple organ dysfunction and high mortality. Gut injury or dysfunction may contribute to the pathogenesis of sepsis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) do not only kill microorganisms but also damage host cells during inflammatory response to infection. The aim of this study was to investigate whether NETs are capable of promoting the impairment of the gut in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis. METHODS The sepsis model was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 mg/kg). All rats were divided into three groups as follows: 1) control group; 2) LPS group; and 3) LPS + DNase I group. The DNase I solution (10 mg/kg) was injected intravenously to disrupt NETs 30 min after the LPS treatment. The animals were sacrificed at 3 h and 24 h after LPS or saline challenge. The intestinal cell apoptosis was examined by detecting the level of cleaved caspase-3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assays. The length and morphology of Villi were assessed histologically through hematoxylin and eosin stain. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 in serum and intestine were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Intestinal injury was evaluated with Chiu scoring system. RESULTS A large number of neutrophils infiltrated were activated to release NETs in the intestine of LPS-induced septic rats. The disruption of NETs reduced the acute systemic inflammatory response and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells and alleviated histologic pathogenesis. Removal of NETs provided a beneficial effect on intestinal injury. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the release of NETs may contribute to the intestinal damage during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuangying Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huiying Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weiwei Ding
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Kuanyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jieshou Li
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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12
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Baghel K, Raj S, Awasthi I, Gupta V, Chandra A, Srivastava RN. A comparative analysis of nasogastric and intravenous fluid resuscitation in patients with malignant obstructive jaundice prior to endoscopic biliary drainage. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 5:523-8. [PMID: 24251269 PMCID: PMC3818824 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.118932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: An alternative to intravenous is nasogastric fluid administration through normal functioning gut. Though not common, this practice has significance in mass causalities and elective situations. Aim: The study was designed to compare nasogastric and intravenous fluid resuscitation in malignant obstructive jaundice (OJ) and their effect on endotoxemia. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients with malignant OJ undergoing endoscopic biliary drainage were randomized into two groups. A total of 4 l of fluid (Ringer's lactate) was administered to Group A through nasogastric tube and to Group B through intravenous route for 48 h. Vital parameters, serum bilirubin, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance rate, electrolytes, and endotoxemia were monitored. Results: Significant improvement in blood pressure (Group A, P = 0.014; Group B, P = 0.020) and significant decrease in serum bilirubin level (Group A, P = 0.001; Group B, P > 0.0001) was observed in both groups after resuscitation. Significantly decreased (P = 0.036) post hydration endotoxin level was observed in Group A as compared to Group B. Febrile events were significantly higher (P = 0.023) in Group B as compared to Group A (6 vs 0). Electrolyte abnormalities were found more in Group B, however statistically insignificant. Conclusion: In OJ patient undergoing biliary drainage, preoperative fluid resuscitation through nasogastric tube may be helpful in reducing postoperative septic complications and endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Baghel
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
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13
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Liu Y, Chen F, Odle J, Lin X, Zhu H, Shi H, Hou Y, Yin J. Fish oil increases muscle protein mass and modulates Akt/FOXO, TLR4, and NOD signaling in weanling piglets after lipopolysaccharide challenge. J Nutr 2013; 143:1331-9. [PMID: 23739309 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.176255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines play a key role in the pathophysiology of muscle atrophy. In addition, n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exert an inhibitory effect on proinflammatory cytokines affecting many inflammatory diseases. We hypothesized that dietary supplementation of fish oil could attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced muscle atrophy. Weanling pigs were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design and the main factors included diet (5% corn oil or 5% fish oil) and immunological challenge (LPS or saline). After 21 d of treatment with either fish oil or corn oil, pigs received an i.p. injection of either saline or LPS. At 4 h postinjection, blood and muscle samples were obtained. Fish oil led to enrichment of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and total n3 PUFAs in muscles. Fish oil increased muscle protein mass, indicated by a higher protein:DNA ratio in gastrocnemius and longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles. In addition, fish oil increased Akt1 mRNA abundance and decreased Forkhead Box O (FOXO) 1 and FOXO4 mRNA abundance. Fish oil also increased phosphorylation of Akt and FOXO1 in gastrocnemius and LD muscles. Fish oil decreased the mRNA abundance of muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) and muscle RING finger 1 in gastrocnemius and LD muscles. Moreover, fish oil reduced the plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, muscle TNFα, and prostaglandin E2 concentrations, and muscle TNFα and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) mRNA abundance. Finally, fish oil downregulated the mRNA abundance of muscle toll-like receptor (TLR4) and its downstream signaling molecules [myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), TNFα receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and NF-κB p65], and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein (NOD1), NOD2, and their adaptor molecule [receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (RIPK2)]. These results indicate fish oil may suppress muscle proinflammatory cytokine production via regulation of TLR and NOD signaling pathways and therefore improve muscle protein mass, possibly through maintenance of Akt/FOXO signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.
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14
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Liu Y, Chen F, Odle J, Lin X, Jacobi SK, Zhu H, Wu Z, Hou Y. Fish oil enhances intestinal integrity and inhibits TLR4 and NOD2 signaling pathways in weaned pigs after LPS challenge. J Nutr 2012; 142:2017-24. [PMID: 23014495 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.164947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain (n-3) PUFA exert beneficial effects on inflammatory bowel diseases in animal models and clinical trials. In addition, pattern recognition receptors such as toll-like receptors (TLR) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins (NOD) play a critical role in intestinal inflammation. We hypothesized that fish oil could alleviate Escherichia coli LPS-induced intestinal injury via modulation of TLR4 and NOD signaling pathways. Twenty-four weaned piglets were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design and the main factors included a dietary treatment (5% corn oil or 5% fish oil) and immunological challenge (LPS or saline). After feeding fish oil or corn oil diets for 21 d, pigs were injected with LPS or saline. At 4 h postinjection, blood samples were collected and pigs were killed. EPA, DHA, and total (n-3) PUFA were enriched in intestinal mucosa through fish supplementation. Fish oil improved intestinal morphology, indicated by greater villus height and villus height:crypt depth ratio, and intestinal barrier function, indicated by decreased plasma diamine oxidase (DAO) activity and increased mucosal DAO activity as well as enhanced protein expression of intestinal tight junction proteins including occludin and claudin-1. Moreover, fish oil decreased intestinal TNFα and PGE(2) concentrations and caspase-3 and heat shock protein 70 protein expression. Finally, fish oil downregulated the mRNA expression of intestinal TLR4 and its downstream signals myeloid differentiation factor 88, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1, TNFα receptor-associated factor 6, and NOD2, and its adaptor molecule, receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2. Fish oil decreased the protein expression of intestinal NFκB p65. These results indicate that fish oil supplementation is associated with inhibition of TLR4 and NOD2 signaling pathways and concomitant improvement of intestinal integrity under an inflammatory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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15
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Li HM, Wang YY, Wang HD, Cao WJ, Yu XH, Lu DX, Qi RB, Hu CF, Yan YX. Berberine protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal injury in mice via alpha 2 adrenoceptor-independent mechanisms. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:1364-72. [PMID: 21963898 PMCID: PMC4002724 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the mechanisms responsible for the protective action of berberine (Ber) against gut damage in endotoxemic mice. METHODS Male BALB/c mice were administered intragastrically with distilled water (0.1 mL/10 g), Ber (50 mg/kg) alone, yohimbine (2 mg/kg) alone, or Ber (50 mg/kg) in combination with yohimbine (2 mg/kg) for 3 d. On the third day, lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 18 mg/kg) or normal saline was intraperitoneally injected one hour after the intragastric administration. Following the treatment, intestinal injury in the ileum was histopathologically accessed; enterocyte apoptosis was examined using TUNEL method; Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA expression was measured using RT-PCR assay; inhibitor protein-κBα (I-κBα) phosphorylation and myeloperoxidase content were examined using Western blloting. The macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) production was measured using ELISA assay. RESULTS Mice challenged with LPS caused extensive ileum injury, including a significantly increased injury score, decreased intestinal villus height, reduced gut mucosal weight and increased intestinal permeability. Furthermore, LPS significantly induced enterocyte apoptosis, increased TLR4 mRNA expression, I-κBα phosphorylation, MIP-2 production and myeloperoxidase content in the ileum. Pretreatment with Ber significantly alleviated all the alterations in the ileum in the endotoxemic mice. Pretreatment with the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine did not block the protective action of Ber against LPS-induced intestinal injury. In addition, treatment with yohimbine alone did not prevent LPS-induced intestinal injury. CONCLUSION Pretreatment with Ber provides significant protection against LPS-induced intestinal injury in mice, via reducing enterocyte apoptosis, inhibiting the TLR4-nuclear factor κB-MIP-2 pathway and decreasing neutrophil infiltration that are independent of α2-adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-mei Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Ji-nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yi-yang Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Ji-nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hua-dong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Ji-nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Ji-nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- E-mail
| | - Wen-juan Cao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Ji-nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao-hui Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Ji-nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Da-xiang Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Ji-nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Ji-nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ren-bin Qi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Ji-nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Ji-nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chao-feng Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Ji-nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yu-xia Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ji-nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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OGURA J, FUJIKAWA A, MARUYAMA H, KOBAYASHI M, ITAGAKI S, ISEKI K. Alteration of P-gp Expression after Intestinal Ischemia-reperfusion Following 16-h Fasting in Rats. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2011; 131:453-62. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.131.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiro OGURA
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Asuka FUJIKAWA
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Hajime MARUYAMA
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Masaki KOBAYASHI
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Shirou ITAGAKI
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Ken ISEKI
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
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Jiang K, Chen XZ, Xia Q, Tang WF, Wang L. Early nasogastric enteral nutrition for severe acute pancreatitis: A systematic review. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:5253-60. [PMID: 17876897 PMCID: PMC4171308 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i39.5253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of early nasogastric enteral nutrition (NGEN) for patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).
METHODS: We searched Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Issue 2, 2006), Pub-Medline (1966-2006), and references from relevant articles. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) only, which reported the mortality of SAP patients at least. Two reviewers assessed the quality of each trial and collected data independently. The Cochrane Collaboration’s RevMan 4.2.9 software was used for statistical analysis.
RESULTS: Three RCTs were included, involving 131 patients. The baselines of each trial were comparable. Meta-analysis showed no significant differences in mortality rate of SAP patients between nasogastric and conventional routes (RR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.37 and 1.55, P = 0.45), and in other outcomes, including time of hospital stay (weighted mean difference = -5.87, 95% CI = -20.58 and 8.84, P = 0.43), complication rate of infection (RR = 1.41, 95% CI = 0.62 and 3.23, P = 0.41) or multiple organ deficiency syndrome (RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.27 and 3.47, P = 0.97), rate of admission to ICU (RR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.48 and 2.09, P = 0.99) or conversion to surgery (RR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.12 and 3.69, P = 0.64), as well as recurrence of re-feeding pain and adverse events associated with nutrition.
CONCLUSION: Early NGEN is a breakthrough in the management of SAP. Based on current studies, early NGEN appears effective and safe. Since the available evidence is poor in quantity, it is hard to make an accurate evaluation of the role of early NGEN in SAP. Before recommendation to clinical practice, further high qualified, large scale, randomized controlled trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Jiang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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18
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McDuffie E, Obert L, Chupka J, Sigler R. Detection of cytokine protein expression in mouse lung homogenates using suspension bead array. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2006; 3:15. [PMID: 17134510 PMCID: PMC1681346 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-3-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective for this present study was to determine whether or not suspension bead array is a feasible method to detect changes in cytokine protein expression in mouse lung tissue homogenates. Here, we report on suspension bead array as a feasible method for detection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-evoked changes in cytokine protein expression in mouse lung tissue homogenates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were treated (0.2 ml, intraperitoneal, i.p.) with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or LPS (0.25 mg/ml) and sacrificed at either 2- or 24-hours post treatment. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded lung sections were evaluated by light microscopy. Flash frozen lung tissues were homogenized for measurement of various cytokine protein expression levels using suspension bead array, antibody array and ELISA. Comparison between groups was performed using a Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS Pulmonary perivascular edema and an accumulation of mixed cell infiltrates within blood and lymphatic vessels, as well as in the adjacent interstitium, were present at both 2- and 24-hours following LPS treatment. A minimal increase in the number of alveolar macrophages was also observed in the 24-hour LPS-treated mice only. The suspension bead array assay revealed statistically significant increases in mouse lung tissue homogenate levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) proteins and a decrease in IL-2 protein at 24-hours post LPS-treatment only. Similar cytokine protein expression patterns were observed using antibody array. Significantly increased IL-6 protein expression levels were also detected using ELISA, which correlated with the suspension bead array data. CONCLUSION The present study shows that suspension bead array is a feasible method to detect changes in cytokine protein expression in mouse lung tissue homogenates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric McDuffie
- Drug Safety Evaluation Department, Esperion, a Division of Pfizer Research and Development, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48108 USA
| | - Leslie Obert
- Worldwide Safety Sciences Department, Pathology Section, Pfizer Research and Development, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105 USA
| | - Jonathan Chupka
- Drug Safety Evaluation Department, Esperion, a Division of Pfizer Research and Development, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48108 USA
| | - Robert Sigler
- Drug Safety Evaluation Department, Esperion, a Division of Pfizer Research and Development, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48108 USA
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19
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Heinrich S, Schäfer M, Rousson V, Clavien PA. Evidence-based treatment of acute pancreatitis: a look at established paradigms. Ann Surg 2006; 243:154-68. [PMID: 16432347 PMCID: PMC1448904 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000197334.58374.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of acute pancreatitis (AP) is still based on speculative and unproven paradigms in many centers. Therefore, we performed an evidence-based analysis to assess the best available treatment. METHODS A comprehensive Medline and Cochrane Library search was performed evaluating the indication and timing of interventional and surgical approaches, and the value of aprotinin, lexipafant, gabexate mesylate, and octreotide treatment. Each study was ranked according to the evidence-based methodology of Sackett; whenever feasible, we performed new meta-analyses using the random-effects model. Recommendations were based on the available level of evidence (A=large randomized; B=small randomized; C=prospective trial). RESULTS None of the evaluated medical treatments is recommended (level A). Patients with AP should receive early enteral nutrition (level B). While mild biliary AP is best treated by primary cholecystectomy (level B), patients with severe biliary AP require emergency endoscopic papillotomy followed by interval cholecystectomy (level A). Patients with necrotizing AP should receive imipenem or meropenem prophylaxis to decrease the risk of infected necrosis and mortality (level A). Sterile necrosis per se is not an indication for surgery (level C), and not all patients with infected necrosis require immediate surgery (level B). In general, early necrosectomy should be avoided (level B), and single necrosectomy with postoperative lavage should be preferred over "open-packing" because of fewer complications with comparable mortality rates (level C). CONCLUSIONS While providing new insights into key aspects of AP management, this evidence-based analysis highlights the need for further clinical trials, particularly regarding the indications for antibiotic prophylaxis and surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Heinrich
- Swiss HPB Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Lu J, Caplan MS, Saraf AP, Li D, Adler L, Liu X, Jilling T. Platelet-activating factor-induced apoptosis is blocked by Bcl-2 in rat intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 286:G340-50. [PMID: 14512286 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00182.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plateletactivating factor (PAF) is a key mediator in pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) but mechanisms of PAF-induced mucosal injury are poorly understood. To determine whether apoptosis and the Bcl-2-family of apoptosis regulatory gene products play a role in PAF-induced mucosal injury, we stably and conditionally overexpressed bcl-2 in rat small intestinal epithelial cells-6 under the control of a lactose-inducible promoter. Western blot analysis and immuno-histochemistry were used to verify inducible Bcl-2 and to analyze Bcl-2 and a proapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, Bax, subcellular distribution. DNA fragmentation was quantified by ELISA, caspase activity was measured by using fluorogenic peptide substrates, and mitochondrial membrane potential was assayed by 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) and fluorescence digital imaging. Bcl-2 expression was highly inducible by lactose analog isopropyl-beta-(d)-thiogalactoside (IPTG) and was localized predominantly to mitochondria. In the absence of bcl-2 overexpression and after treatment with PAF, Bax translocated to mitochondria, and mitochondrial membrane potential collapsed within 1 h, followed by caspase-3 activation, which peaked at 6 h with an ensuing DNA fragmentation maximizing at 18 h. After IPTG-induction of bcl-2 expression, PAF failed to induce DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activation, Bax translocation, or a collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential. These data are the first to show that PAF can activate apoptotic machinery in enterocytes via a mechanism involving Bax translocation and collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and that both of these events are under control by bcl-2 expression levels. A better understanding of the role of PAF and Bcl-2 family of apoptosis regulators in epithelial cell death might aid design of better therapeutic or preventive strategies for IBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 2650 Ridge Ave., Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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21
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Lahti AM, Cassuto J, Yregård L, Lindblom L, Sinclair R, Tarnow P. Effect of α-trinositol on secretion induced by Escherichia coli
ST-toxin in rat jejunum. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2003; 179:373-9. [PMID: 14656375 DOI: 10.1046/j.0001-6772.2003.01180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM d-myo-inositol-1,2,6-trisphosphate (alpha-trinositol, PP56), is a synthetic isomer of the intracellular second messenger, d-myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphospahate. The pharmacological actions of alpha-trinositol include potent anti-inflammatory properties and inhibition of the secretion induced by cholera toxin and obstructive ileus. In the present study, we investigated whether alpha-trinositol was able to influence the secretion induced by heat-stable ST-toxin from Escherichia coli in the rat jejunum. METHODS A midline abdominal incision was performed in anaesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats and a 6-7 cm long jejunal segment was isolated with intact vascular supply and placed in a chamber suspended from a force displacement transducer connected to a Grass(R) polygraph. Intestinal net fluid transport was continuously monitored gravimetrically. Crystalline ST-toxin (120 mouse units) was introduced into the intestinal lumen and left there for the rest of the experiment. When a stable secretion was observed, alpha-trinositol (60 mg kg-1 h-1) or saline were infused during 2 h, followed by a 2-h control period. RESULTS alpha-Trinositol induced a significant (P < 0.001) inhibition of ST-toxin secretion within 30 min, lasting until 2 h after infusion had stopped. The agent also moderately increased (P < 0.05) net fluid absorption in normal jejunum. Mean arterial pressure (P < 0.001) and heart rate (P < 0.001) were reduced by alpha-trinositol. CONCLUSION The inhibition by alpha-trinositol of ST-toxin induced intestinal secretion is primarily secondary to inhibition of secretory mechanisms and only to lesser extent due to increased absorption. The detailed mechanisms of action have not been clarified but may involve suppression of inflammation possibly by means of cellular signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-M Lahti
- Institution of Surgical Specialties, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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Bosan S, Kareco T, Ruehlmann D, Chen KYM, Walley KR. Three-dimensional capillary geometry in gut tissue. Microsc Res Tech 2003; 61:428-37. [PMID: 12845569 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Accurate characterization of capillary geometry is of the utmost importance for physiological tissue studies such as oxygen transport. We show that 3D microscopy can be used to measure tissue capillary geometry both in normal and disease states. We imaged fluorescently labeled gut mucosa capillary beds of three control rats and three rats 4 hours after i.p. injection of 9 mg/kg endotoxin. We used serial optical sectioning microscopy coupled with deconvolution to reconstruct 3D capillary geometry. Theoretical point spread functions accounting for depth into the specimen resulted in better reconstructions than experimentally measured point spread functions. We next derived the distribution of the shortest distances to the nearest capillary from all extravascular tissue voxels. In normal rats the shortest-distance distributions were remarkably constant despite widely varying capillary geometry. Furthermore, the mean of the shortest-distance distributions increased significantly for endotoxemic rats (4.8+/-0.4 microm) compared to controls (4.3+/-0.3 microm, P<0.05). Hence, serial sectioning microscopy provides an accurate venue for measuring physiologically relevant 3D capillary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorel Bosan
- UBC McDonald Research Laboratories, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6
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Kono H, Fujii H, Asakawa M, Yamamoto M, Matsuda M, Maki A, Matsumoto Y. Protective effects of medium-chain triglycerides on the liver and gut in rats administered endotoxin. Ann Surg 2003; 237:246-55. [PMID: 12560783 PMCID: PMC1522134 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000048450.44868.b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) prevent organ injuries and mortality in rats administered endotoxin and to investigate effects of MCT on the gut. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Since dietary MCTs prevent alcohol-induced liver injury by inhibiting activation of Kupffer cells in the enteral feeding model, the authors hypothesized that MCT could prevent deleterious conditions in endotoxemia. METHODS After a preliminary experiment determined the optimal dose of MCT, rats were given MCT (5 g/kg per day) or the same dose of corn oil by gavage daily for 1 week. Then, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was administered intravenously and survival was assessed for the next 24 hours. For analysis of mechanisms, rats were killed 9 hours after LPS injection and serum and liver sections were collected. To investigate effects of MCT on the gut, pathologic change, permeability, and microflora were assessed. Kupffer cells isolated by collagenase digestion and differential centrifugation were used for endotoxin receptor CD14 immunoblotting, phagocytic index, and TNF-alpha production assay. RESULTS All rats given corn oil died after LPS administration; however, this mortality was prevented by MCT in a dose-dependent manner. Rats given corn oil showed liver injury after LPS administration. In contrast, MCT prevented this pathologic change nearly completely. MCT blunted CD14 expression on the Kupffer cells and TNF-alpha production by isolated Kupffer cells; however, there were no differences in phagocytic index between the two groups. The length of the intestinal epithelium was increased in the MCT group compared to the corn oil group. Further, after LPS administration, increases in gut permeability and injury were prevented by MCT. Importantly, MCT also prevented hepatic energy charge and gut injuries in this condition. CONCLUSIONS Enteral feeding using MCT could be a practical way of protecting the liver and intestine during endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kono
- First Department of Surgery, Yamanashi Medical University, Yamanashi, Japan.
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