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Ma J, Ross L, Grube C, Wang HS. Toxicity of low dose bisphenols in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and human cardiac organoids - Impact on contractile function and hypertrophy. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141567. [PMID: 38417488 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogs are common environmental chemicals with various adverse health impacts, including cardiac toxicity. In this study, we examined the long term effect of low dose BPA and three common BPA analogs, bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol AF (BPAF), in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) based models. HiPSC-CMs and human cardiac organoids were exposed to these chemicals for 4-5 or 20 days. 1 nM BPA, BPS, and BPAF, but not BPF, resulted in suppressed myocyte contractility, retarded contraction kinetics, and aberrant Ca2+ transients in hiPSC-CMs. In cardiac organoids, BPAF and BPA, but not the other bisphenols, resulted in suppressed contraction and Ca2+ transients, and aberrant contraction kinetics. The order of toxicities was BPAF > BPA>∼BPS > BPF and the toxicities of BPAF and BPA were more pronounced under longer exposure. The impact of BPAF on myocyte contraction and Ca2+ handling was mediated by reduction of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ load and inhibition of L-type Ca2+ channel involving alternation of Ca2+ handling proteins. Impaired myocyte Ca2+ handling plays a key role in cardiac pathophysiology and is a characteristic of cardiac hypertrophy; therefore we examined the potential pro-hypertrophic cardiotoxicity of these bisphenols. Four to five day exposure to BPAF did not cause hypertrophy in normal hiPSC-CMs, but significantly exacerbated the hypertrophic phenotype in myocytes with existing hypertrophy induced by endothelin-1, characterized by increased cell size and elevated expression of the hypertrophic marker proBNP. This pro-hypertrophic cardiotoxicity was also occurred in cardiac organoids, with BPAF having the strongest toxicity, followed by BPA. Our findings demonstrate that long term exposures to BPA and some of its analogs cause contractile dysfunction and abnormal Ca2+ handling, and have potential pro-hypertrophic cardiotoxicity in human heart cells/tissues, and suggest that some bisphenol chemicals may be a risk factor for cardiac hypertrophy in human hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA.
| | - Leah Ross
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
| | - Christian Grube
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
| | - Hong-Sheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
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Cooper BL, Salameh S, Posnack NG. Comparative cardiotoxicity assessment of bisphenol chemicals and estradiol using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Toxicol Sci 2024; 198:273-287. [PMID: 38310357 PMCID: PMC10964748 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is commonly used to manufacture consumer and medical-grade plastics. Due to health concerns, BPA substitutes are being incorporated-including bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF)-without a comprehensive understanding of their toxicological profile. Previous studies suggest that bisphenol chemicals perturb cardiac electrophysiology in a manner that is similar to 17β-estradiol (E2). We aimed to compare the effects of E2 with BPA, BPF, and BPS using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM). Cardiac parameters were evaluated using microelectrode array (MEA) technology and live-cell fluorescent imaging. Cardiac metrics remained relatively stable after exposure to nanomolar concentrations (1-1000 nM) of E2, BPA, BPF, or BPS. At higher micromolar concentrations, chemical exposures decreased the depolarization spike amplitude, and shortened the field potential, action potential duration, and calcium transient duration (E2 ≥ BPA ≥ BPF ≫ BPS). Cardiomyocyte physiology was largely undisturbed by BPS. BPA-induced effects were exaggerated when coadministered with an L-type calcium channel (LTCC) antagonist or E2, and reduced when coadministered with an LTCC agonist or an estrogen receptor alpha antagonist. E2-induced effects were not exaggerated by coadministration with an LTCC antagonist. Although the observed cardiac effects of E2 and BPA were similar, a few distinct differences suggest that these chemicals may act (in part) through different mechanisms. hiPSC-CM are a useful model for screening cardiotoxic chemicals, nevertheless, the described findings should be validated using a more complex ex vivo and/or in vivo model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake L Cooper
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA
- Children’s National Heart Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, USA
| | - Shatha Salameh
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA
- Children’s National Heart Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, USA
| | - Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA
- Children’s National Heart Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, USA
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Lee SG, Song GE, Seok J, Kim J, Kim MW, Rhee J, Park S, Jeong KS, Lee S, Lee YH, Jeong Y, Chung HM, Kim CY. Evaluation of the cardiotoxicity potential of bisphenol analogues in human induced pluripotent stem cells derived cardiomyocytes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 272:116108. [PMID: 38364764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The importance of evaluating the cardiotoxicity potential of common chemicals as well as new drugs is increasing as a result of the development of animal alternative test methods using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM). Bisphenol A (BPA), which is used as a main material in plastics, is known as an endocrine-disrupting chemical, and recently reported to cause cardiotoxicity through inhibition of ion channels in CMs even with acute exposure. Accordingly, the need for the development of alternatives to BPA has been highlighted, and structural analogues including bisphenol AF, C, E, F, and S have been developed. However, cardiotoxicity data for analogues of bisphenol are not well known. In this study, in order to evaluate the cardiotoxicity potential of analogues, including BPA, a survival test of hiPSC-CMs and a dual-cardiotoxicity evaluation based on a multi-electrode array were performed. Acute exposure to all bisphenol analogues did not affect survival rate, but spike amplitude, beat period, and field potential duration were decreased in a dose-dependent manner in most of the bisphenols except bisphenol S. In addition, bisphenols, except for bisphenol S, reduced the contractile force of hiPSC-CMs and resulted in beating arrest at high doses. Taken together, it can be suggested that the developed bisphenol analogues could cause cardiotoxicity even with acute exposure, and it is considered that the application of the MEA-based dual-cardiotoxicity evaluation method can be an effective help in the development of safe alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul-Gi Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-Ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Eun Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Woo Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooeon Rhee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinhye Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Sik Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Suemin Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hyeong Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngin Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Min Chung
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-Ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Miraecell Bio Co. Ltd., Seoul 04795, Republic of Korea
| | - C-Yoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Cooper BL, Salameh S, Posnack NG. Comparative cardiotoxicity assessment of bisphenol chemicals and estradiol using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.13.557564. [PMID: 37745451 PMCID: PMC10515916 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.13.557564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Bisphenol A (BPA) is commonly used to manufacture consumer and medical-grade plastics. Due to health concerns, BPA substitutes are being incorporated - including bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF) - without a comprehensive understanding of their toxicological profile. Objective Previous studies suggest that bisphenol chemicals perturb cardiac electrophysiology in a manner that is similar to 17β-estradiol (E2). We aimed to compare the effects of E2 with BPA, BPF, and BPS using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM). Methods Cardiac parameters were evaluated using microelectrode array (MEA) technology and live-cell fluorescent imaging at baseline and in response to chemical exposure (0.001-100 μM). Results Cardiac metrics remained relatively stable after exposure to nanomolar concentrations (1-1,000 nM) of E2, BPA, BPF, or BPS. At higher micromolar concentrations, chemical exposures resulted in a decrease in the depolarizing spike amplitude, shorter field potential and action potential duration, shorter calcium transient duration, and decrease in hiPSC-CM contractility (E2 > BPA > BPF >> BPS). Cardiomyocyte physiology was largely undisturbed by BPS exposure. BPA-induced effects were exaggerated when co-administered with an L-type calcium channel antagonist (verapamil) or E2 - and reduced when co-administered with an L-type calcium channel agonist (Bay K8644) or an estrogen receptor alpha antagonist (MPP). E2-induced effects generally mirrored those of BPA, but were not exaggerated by co-administration with an L-type calcium channel antagonist. Discussion Collectively across multiple cardiac endpoints, E2 was the most potent and BPS was the least potent disruptor of hiPSC-CM function. Although the observed cardiac effects of E2 and BPA were similar, a few distinct differences suggest that these chemicals may act (in part) through different mechanisms. hiPSC-CM are a useful model for screening cardiotoxic chemicals, nevertheless, the described in vitro findings should be validated using a more complex ex vivo and/or in vivo model.
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Fonseca MI, Lorigo M, Cairrao E. Evaluation of the bisphenol A-induced vascular toxicity on human umbilical artery. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 226:115628. [PMID: 36907341 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most widely used synthetic compound in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Worryingly, BPA is an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) with an estrogenic, androgenic, or anti-androgenic activities. However, the vascular implications of BPA exposome in pregnancy is unclear. In this sense, the present work proposed to understand how BPA exposure impair the vasculature of the pregnant women. To elucidate this, ex vivo studies were performed using human umbilical arteries to explore the acute and chronic effects of BPA. The mode of action of BPA was also explored by analysing the activity (by ex vivo studies) and expression (in vitro studies) analysis of Ca2+ and K+-channels and soluble guanyl cyclase. Moreover, in silico docking simulations were performed to unveil the modes of interactions of BPA with the proteins involved in these signalling pathways. Our study showed that the exposure to BPA may modify the vasorelaxant response of HUA, interfering with NO/sGC/cGMP/PKG pathway by modulation of sGC and activation of BKCa channels. Moreover, our findings suggest that BPA can modulate the HUA reactivity, increasing the L-type Ca2+ Channels (LTCC) activity, a common vascular response observed in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Inês Fonseca
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; FCS - UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Margarida Lorigo
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; FCS - UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; C4-UBI, Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-501, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; FCS - UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; C4-UBI, Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-501, Covilhã, Portugal.
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James RS, Seebacher F, Tallis J. Can animals tune tissue mechanics in response to changing environments caused by anthropogenic impacts? J Exp Biol 2023; 226:287009. [PMID: 36779312 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change and pollution are impacting environments across the globe. This Review summarises the potential impact of such anthropogenic effects on animal tissue mechanics, given the consequences for animal locomotor performance and behaviour. More specifically, in light of current literature, this Review focuses on evaluating the acute and chronic effects of temperature on the mechanical function of muscle tissues. For ectotherms, maximal muscle performance typically occurs at temperatures approximating the natural environment of the species. However, species vary in their ability to acclimate to chronic changes in temperature, which is likely to have longer-term effects on species range. Some species undergo periods of dormancy to avoid extreme temperature or drought. Whilst the skeletal muscle of such species generally appears to be adapted to minimise muscle atrophy and maintain performance for emergence from dormancy, the increased occurrence of extreme climatic conditions may reduce the survival of individuals in such environments. This Review also considers the likely impact of anthropogenic pollutants, such as hormones and heavy metals, on animal tissue mechanics, noting the relative paucity of literature directly investigating this key area. Future work needs to determine the direct effects of anthropogenic environmental changes on animal tissues and related changes in locomotor performance and behaviour, including accounting for currently unknown interactions between environmental factors, e.g. temperature and pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob S James
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Frank Seebacher
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jason Tallis
- Research Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
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Cooper BL, Posnack NG. Choice of experimental model determines translational impact: The link between bisphenol A and cardiotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 174:113667. [PMID: 36791906 PMCID: PMC10441008 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Blake L Cooper
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States; Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States; Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.
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Della Rocca Y, Traini EM, Diomede F, Fonticoli L, Trubiani O, Paganelli A, Pizzicannella J, Marconi GD. Current Evidence on Bisphenol A Exposure and the Molecular Mechanism Involved in Related Pathological Conditions. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030908. [PMID: 36986769 PMCID: PMC10053246 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the so-called endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of different morbid conditions: immune-mediated disorders, type-2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The purpose of this review is to analyze the mechanism of action of bisphenol A, with a special focus on mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) and adipogenesis. Its uses will be assessed in various fields: dental, orthopedic, and industrial. The different pathological or physiological conditions altered by BPA and the related molecular pathways will be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylenia Della Rocca
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Enrico Matteo Traini
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca Diomede
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Luigia Fonticoli
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Oriana Trubiani
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence: (O.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessia Paganelli
- PhD Course in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: (O.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Jacopo Pizzicannella
- Department of Engineering and Geology, University “G. d’ Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Viale Pindaro 42, 65127 Pescara, Italy
| | - Guya Diletta Marconi
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Tvrdý V, Dias P, Nejmanová I, Carazo A, Jirkovský E, Pourová J, Fadraersada J, Moravcová M, Peterlin Mašič L, Sollner Dolenc M, Mladěnka P. The effects of bisphenols on the cardiovascular system ex vivo and in vivo. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137565. [PMID: 36528156 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The human population is regularly exposed to bisphenols. The first compound of this class, bisphenol A, is burdened by numerous reports of its potential toxicity and has been hence replaced by its analogues, so-called next generation bisphenols. Their widespread use has made them pervasive throughout the environment. These endocrine disrupting chemicals can affect the cardiovascular system, and hence the aim of this study was to test 14 bisphenols (A, AF, AP, B, BP, C, E, F, G, M, P, PH, S and Z), and compare their effects in vitro (human and rat cell lines), ex vivo (isolated rat aorta) and in vivo (Wistar Han rats, acutely or chronically exposed to low environmental and high toxic doses). The majority of the tested bisphenols relaxed rat aorta, but their potency varied markedly. The most potent compound, bisphenol AF, had an EC50 of 57 μM. The mechanism of action was likely based on the inhibition of calcium influx via L-type calcium channels. The cytotoxicity of bisphenols towards 4 human and rat cell lines (H9c2, A-10, MCF7/S0.5 and MCF7/182R-6) showed variable potencies ranging from units of micromolar to millimolar concentrations. Based on these data, an effect on arterial blood pressure and possible cardiotoxicity was expected. Contrarily, the in vivo acute effects of three doses (0.005, 0.05 and 2.5 mg/kg) of bisphenol AF and 3 other analogues (A, S and F) on the cardiovascular system were rather biologically negligible. The most potent bisphenol, AF, was also administered chronically at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg for 4 weeks to rats, but had no impact on arterial blood pressure. Our results showed that bisphenols can relax vascular smooth muscles, but the effective concentrations are too high to produce clear cardiovascular effects in relation to common biological exposure as was confirmed with the most potent bisphenol AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Tvrdý
- The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Patrícia Dias
- The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Iveta Nejmanová
- The Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Alejandro Carazo
- The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Eduard Jirkovský
- The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Pourová
- The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaka Fadraersada
- The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Monika Moravcová
- The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucija Peterlin Mašič
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Marija Sollner Dolenc
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Qin JY, Jia W, Ru S, Xiong JQ, Wang J, Wang W, Hao L, Zhang X. Bisphenols induce cardiotoxicity in zebrafish embryos: Role of the thyroid hormone receptor pathway. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 254:106354. [PMID: 36423468 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenols are frequently found in the environment and have been of emerging concern because of their adverse effects on aquatic animals and humans. In this study, we demonstrated that bisphenol A, S, and F (BPA, BPS, BPF) at environmental concentrations induced cardiotoxicity in zebrafish embryos. BPA decreased heart rate at 96 hpf (hours post fertilization) and increased the distance between the sinus venosus (SV) and bulbus arteriosus (BA), in zebrafish. BPF promoted heart pumping and stroke volume, shortened the SV-BAdistance, and increased body weight. Furthermore, we found that BPA increased the expression of the dio3b, thrβ, and myh7 genes but decreased the transcription of dio2. In contrast, BPF downregulated the expression of myh7 but upregulated that of thrβ. Molecular docking results showed that both BPA and BPF are predicted to bind tightly to the active pockets of zebrafish THRβ with affinities of -4.7 and -4.77 kcal/mol, respectively. However, BPS did not significantly affect dio3b, thrβ, and myh7 transcription and had a higher affinity for zebrafish THRβ (-2.13 kcal/mol). These findings suggest that although BPA, BPS, and BPF have similar structures, they may induce cardiotoxicity through different molecular mechanisms involving thyroid hormone systems. This investigation provides novel insights into the potential mechanism of cardiotoxicity from the perspective of thyroid disruption and offer a cautionary role for the use of BPA substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yu Qin
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Wenyi Jia
- College of urban and environmental sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jiu-Qiang Xiong
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Liping Hao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Connors LT, Zhu HL, Gill M, Walsh E, Singh RD, Easson S, Ahmed SB, Habibi HR, Cole WC, Thompson JA. Prenatal exposure to a low dose of BPS causes sex-dependent alterations to vascular endothelial function in adult offspring. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:933572. [PMID: 36310694 PMCID: PMC9606655 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.933572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bisphenol S (BPS) is among the most commonly used substitutes for Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disrupting chemical used as a plasticizer in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Bisphenols interfere with estrogen receptor (ER) signaling, which modulates vascular function through stimulation of nitric oxide (NO) production via endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). BPS can cross into the placenta and accumulates in the fetal compartment to a greater extent than BPA, potentially interfering with key developmental events. Little is known regarding the developmental impact of exposure to BPA substitutes, particularly with respect to the vasculature. Objective: To determine if prenatal BPS exposure influences vascular health in adulthood. Methods: At the time of mating, female C57BL/6 dams were administered BPS (250 nM) or vehicle control in the drinking water, and exposure continued during lactation. At 12-week of age, mesenteric arteries were excised from male and female offspring and assessed for responses to an endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine, ACh) and endothelium-independent (sodium nitroprusside, SNP) vasodilator. Endothelium-dependent dilation was measured in the presence or absence of L-NAME, an eNOS inhibitor. To further explore the role of NO and ER signaling, wire myography was used to assess ACh responses in aortic rings after acute exposure to BPS in the presence or absence of L-NAME or an ER antagonist. Results: Increased ACh dilation and increased sensitivity to Phe were observed in microvessels from BPS-exposed females, while no changes were observed in male offspring. Differences in ACh-induced dilation between control or BPS-exposed females were eliminated with L-NAME. Increased dilatory responses to ACh after acute BPS exposure were observed in aortic rings from female mice only, and differences were eliminated with inhibition of eNOS or inhibition of ER. Conclusion: Prenatal BPS exposure leads to persistent changes in endothelium-dependent vascular function in a sex-specific manner that appears to be modulated by interaction of BPS with ER signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam T. Connors
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hai-Lei Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Manvir Gill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Emma Walsh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Radha D. Singh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sarah Easson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sofia B. Ahmed
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hamid R. Habibi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - William C. Cole
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jennifer A. Thompson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,*Correspondence: Jennifer A. Thompson,
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12
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Endocrine-Disrupting Effects of Bisphenol A on the Cardiovascular System: A Review. J Xenobiot 2022; 12:181-213. [PMID: 35893265 PMCID: PMC9326625 DOI: 10.3390/jox12030015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the plastic monomer and plasticizer bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most widely used chemicals. BPA is present in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, commonly used in food storage and industrial or medical products. However, the use of this synthetic compound is a growing concern, as BPA is an endocrine-disrupting compound and can bind mainly to estrogen receptors, interfering with different functions at the cardiovascular level. Several studies have investigated the disruptive effects of BPA; however, its cardiotoxicity remains unclear. Therefore, this review’s purpose is to address the most recent studies on the implications of BPA on the cardiovascular system. Our findings suggest that BPA impairs cardiac excitability through intracellular mechanisms, involving the inhibition of the main ion channels, changes in Ca2+ handling, the induction of oxidative stress, and epigenetic modifications. Our data support that BPA exposure increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) including atherosclerosis and its risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes. Furthermore, BPA exposure is also particularly harmful in pregnancy, promoting the development of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. In summary, BPA exposure compromises human health, promoting the development and progression of CVDs and risk factors. Further studies are needed to clarify the human health effects of BPA-induced cardiotoxicity.
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13
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Dias P, Tvdrý V, Jirkovský E, Dolenc MS, Peterlin Mašič L, Mladěnka P. The effects of bisphenols on the cardiovascular system. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:66-87. [PMID: 35394415 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2046690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenols, endocrine disrupting chemicals, have frequently been used for producing food packaging materials. The best-known member, bisphenol A (BPA), has been linked to impaired foetal development in animals. Possible negative effects of BPA on human health have resulted in the production of novel, so-called next-generation (NextGen) bisphenols whose effects on humans are much less explored or even missing. This review aimed to summarise and critically assess the main findings and shortages in current bisphenol research in relation to their potential impact on the cardiovascular system in real biological exposure. Because of the common presence of bisphenols in daily use products, humans are clearly exposed to these compounds. Most data are available on BPA, where total serum levels (i.e. included conjugated metabolite) can reach up to ∼430 nM, while free bisphenol levels have been reported up to ∼80 nM. Limited data are available for other bisphenols, but maximal serum levels of bisphenol S have been reported (680 nM). Such levels seem to be negligible, although in vitro studies have showed effects on ion channels, and thyroid, oestrogenic and androgenic receptors in low micromolar concentrations. Ex vivo studies suggest vasodilatory effects of bisphenols. This stays in clear contrast to the elevation of arterial blood pressure documented in vivo and in observatory cross-sectional human studies. Bisphenols are also claimed to have a negative effect on lipidic spectrum and coronary artery disease. Regardless, the reported data are generally inconsistent and unsatisfactory. Hence novel well-designed studies, testing in particular NextGen bisphenols, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Dias
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Tvdrý
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Eduard Jirkovský
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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14
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Cooper BL, Posnack NG. Characteristics of Bisphenol Cardiotoxicity: Impaired Excitability, Contractility, and Relaxation. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2022; 22:273-280. [PMID: 35143014 PMCID: PMC9204785 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-022-09719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol a (BPA) is a high production volume chemical that is frequently used to manufacture epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics. BPA-containing products are now pervasive, and as a result, biomonitoring studies report widespread exposure in > 90% of adults, adolescents, and children. Both epidemiological and experimental studies have reported associations between BPA exposure and adverse cardiovascular health outcomes. With increasing concerns regarding BPA exposure, a few structurally similar bisphenol chemicals have been introduced as replacements, including bisphenol s (BPS) and bisphenol f (BPF). In accordance with the recently established "Key characteristics of cardiovascular toxicants", we reviewed the literature to highlight the immediate effects of bisphenol chemicals on (1) cardiac excitability, and (2) contractility and relaxation. BPA inhibits key cardiac ion channels, impairs cardiac excitability, and acts as a more potent inhibitor as compared to BPF and BPS. Through the inhibition of calcium current, some studies report that bisphenol chemicals can act as negative inotropic agents. Yet, others suggest that low dose exposures may increase contractility and precipitate triggered arrhythmias via the phosphorylation of key calcium handling proteins. Accordingly, we propose additional considerations for future work to comprehensively address the cardiac safety profile of BPA, as compared to replacement chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake L. Cooper
- Children’s National Heart Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA,Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA,Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA. .,Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA.
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15
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Posnack NG. Cardiac toxicity from bisphenol A: Are electrophysiology and calcium handling perturbations dose-dependent? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 431:115740. [PMID: 34619161 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Children's National Hospital, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Heart Institute, Washington, DC, United States; George Washington University, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington, DC, United States.
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16
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Zulkifli S, Rahman AA, Kadir SHSA, Nor NSM. Bisphenol A and its effects on the systemic organs of children. Eur J Pediatr 2021; 180:3111-3127. [PMID: 33893858 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For the past two decades, growing research has been pointing to multiple repercussions of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure to human health. BPA is a synthetic oestrogen which primarily targets the endocrine system; however, the compound also disturbs other systemic organ functions, in which the magnitude of impacts in those other systems is as comparable to those in the endocrine system. To date, the discoveries on the association between BPA and health outcomes mainly came from animal and in vitro studies, with limited human studies which emphasised on children's health. In this comprehensive review, we summarised studies on human, in vivo and in vitro models to understand the consequences of pre-, post- and perinatal BPA exposure on the perinatal, children and adult health, encompassing cardiovascular, neurodevelopmental, endocrine and reproductive effects.Conclusion: Evidence from in vitro and animal studies may provide further support and better understanding on the correlation between environmental BPA exposure and its detrimental effects in humans and child development, despite the difficulties to draw direct causal relations of BPA effects on the pathophysiology of the diseases/syndromes in children, due to differences in body system complexity between children and adults, as well as between animal and in vitro models and humans. What is known: • Very limited reviews are available on how BPA adversely affects children's health. • Previous papers mainly covered two systems in children. What is new: • Comprehensive review on the detrimental effects of BPA on children health outcomes, including expectations on adult health outcomes following perinatal BPA exposure, as well as covering a small part of BPA alternatives. • Essentially, BPA exposure during pregnancy has huge impacts on the foetus in which it may cause changes in foetal epigenetic programming, resulting in disease onsets during childhood as well as adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zulkifli
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh, Jalan Hospital, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Amirah Abdul Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh, Jalan Hospital, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh, Jalan Hospital, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia.,Institute for Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh, Jalan Hospital, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Noor Shafina Mohd Nor
- Institute for Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh, Jalan Hospital, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia. .,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh, Jalan Hospital, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia.
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17
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Escarda-Castro E, Herráez MP, Lombó M. Effects of bisphenol A exposure during cardiac cell differentiation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117567. [PMID: 34126515 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heart development requires a precise temporal regulation of gene expression in cardiomyoblasts. Therefore, the transcriptional changes in differentiating cells can lead to congenital heart diseases. Although the genetic mutations underlie most of these alterations, exposure to environmental contaminants, such as bisphenol A (BPA), has been recently considered as a risk factor as well. In this study we investigated the genotoxic and epigenotoxic effects of BPA throughout cardiomyocyte differentiation. H9c2 cells (rat myoblasts) were exposed to 10 and 30 μM BPA before and during the last two days of cardiac-driven differentiation. Then, we have analysed the phenotypic and molecular modifications (at transcriptional, genetic and epigenetic level). The results showed that treated myoblasts developed a skeletal muscle cell-like phenotype. The transcriptional changes induced by BPA in genes codifying proteins involved in heart differentiation and function depend on the window of exposure to BPA. The exposure before differentiation repressed the expression of heart transcription factors (Hand2 and Gata4), whereas exposure during differentiation reduced the expression of cardiac-specific genes (Tnnt2, Myom2, Sln, and Atp2a1). Additionally, significant effects were observed regarding DNA damage and histone acetylation levels after the two periods of BPA exposure: in cells exposed to the toxicant the percentage of DNA repair foci (formed by the co-localization of γH2AX and 53BP1) increased in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the treatment with the toxicant triggered a decrease in the epigenetic marks H3K9ac and H3K27ac. Our in vitro results reveal that BPA seriously interferes with the process of cardiomyocyte differentiation, which could be related to the reported in vivo effects of this toxicant on cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Escarda-Castro
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - María Paz Herráez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of León, Campus Vegazana s/n, León, 24071, Spain
| | - Marta Lombó
- Department of Animal Reproduction, INIA, Av. Puerta de Hierro, 18, Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Lind L, Araujo JA, Barchowsky A, Belcher S, Berridge BR, Chiamvimonvat N, Chiu WA, Cogliano VJ, Elmore S, Farraj AK, Gomes AV, McHale CM, Meyer-Tamaki KB, Posnack NG, Vargas HM, Yang X, Zeise L, Zhou C, Smith MT. Key Characteristics of Cardiovascular Toxicants. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:95001. [PMID: 34558968 PMCID: PMC8462506 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of chemical agents having properties that confer potential hazard called key characteristics (KCs) was first developed to identify carcinogenic hazards. Identification of KCs of cardiovascular (CV) toxicants could facilitate the systematic assessment of CV hazards and understanding of assay and data gaps associated with current approaches. OBJECTIVES We sought to develop a consensus-based synthesis of scientific evidence on the KCs of chemical and nonchemical agents known to cause CV toxicity along with methods to measure them. METHODS An expert working group was convened to discuss mechanisms associated with CV toxicity. RESULTS The group identified 12 KCs of CV toxicants, defined as exogenous agents that adversely interfere with function of the CV system. The KCs were organized into those primarily affecting cardiac tissue (numbers 1-4 below), the vascular system (5-7), or both (8-12), as follows: 1) impairs regulation of cardiac excitability, 2) impairs cardiac contractility and relaxation, 3) induces cardiomyocyte injury and death, 4) induces proliferation of valve stroma, 5) impacts endothelial and vascular function, 6) alters hemostasis, 7) causes dyslipidemia, 8) impairs mitochondrial function, 9) modifies autonomic nervous system activity, 10) induces oxidative stress, 11) causes inflammation, and 12) alters hormone signaling. DISCUSSION These 12 KCs can be used to help identify pharmaceuticals and environmental pollutants as CV toxicants, as well as to better understand the mechanistic underpinnings of their toxicity. For example, evidence exists that fine particulate matter [PM ≤2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)] air pollution, arsenic, anthracycline drugs, and other exogenous chemicals possess one or more of the described KCs. In conclusion, the KCs could be used to identify potential CV toxicants and to define a set of test methods to evaluate CV toxicity in a more comprehensive and standardized manner than current approaches. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9321.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, University of Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jesus A. Araujo
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aaron Barchowsky
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott Belcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian R. Berridge
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nipavan Chiamvimonvat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Vincent J. Cogliano
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Sarah Elmore
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Aimen K. Farraj
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aldrin V. Gomes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cliona M. McHale
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Children’s National Heart Institute and the Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hugo M. Vargas
- Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Xi Yang
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Office of Cardiology, Hematology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren Zeise
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Martyn T. Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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19
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Prudencio TM, Swift LM, Guerrelli D, Cooper B, Reilly M, Ciccarelli N, Sheng J, Jaimes R, Posnack NG. Bisphenol S and bisphenol F are less disruptive to cardiac electrophysiology, as compared to bisphenol A. Toxicol Sci 2021; 183:214-226. [PMID: 34240201 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high-production volume chemical used to manufacture consumer and medical-grade plastic products. Due to its ubiquity, the general population can incur daily environmental exposure to BPA, while heightened exposure has been reported in intensive care patients and industrial workers. Due to health concerns, structural analogues are being explored as replacements for BPA. This study aimed to examine the direct effects of BPA on cardiac electrophysiology compared with recently developed alternatives, including BPS (bisphenol S) and BPF (bisphenol F). Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were performed on cell lines transfected to express the voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav1.5), L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (Cav1.2), or the rapidly activating delayed rectifier potassium channel (hERG). Cardiac electrophysiology parameters were measured using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) and intact, whole rat heart preparations. BPA was the most potent inhibitor of fast/peak (INa-P) and late (INa-L) sodium channel (IC50= 55.3, 23.6 µM, respectively), L-type calcium channel (IC50= 30.8 µM) and hERG channel current (IC50= 127 µM). Inhibitory effects on L-type calcium channels were supported by microelectrode array recordings, which revealed a shortening of the extracellular field potential (akin to QT interval). BPA and BPF exposures slowed atrioventricular (AV) conduction and increased AV node refractoriness in isolated rat heart preparations, in a dose-dependent manner (BPA: +9.2% 0.001 µM, +95.7% 100 µM; BPF: +20.7% 100 µM). BPS did not alter any of the cardiac electrophysiology parameters tested. Results of this study demonstrate that BPA and BPF exert an immediate inhibitory effect on cardiac ion channels, while BPS is markedly less potent. Additional studies are necessary to fully elucidate the safety profile of bisphenol analogues on the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas M Prudencio
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Luther M Swift
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Devon Guerrelli
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Blake Cooper
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Marissa Reilly
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nina Ciccarelli
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Rafael Jaimes
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
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20
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Moon S, Yu SH, Lee CB, Park YJ, Yoo HJ, Kim DS. Effects of bisphenol A on cardiovascular disease: An epidemiological study using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2016 and meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:142941. [PMID: 33158523 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As the most widely consumed endocrine-disrupting chemical, bisphenol A (BPA) has been linked to reproductive dysfunction, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. However, the evidence for an association between BPA and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains insufficient. In the present study, we aimed to identify the association between BPA and CVD, using data from the 2003-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). We estimated urine BPA concentration after adjustments for creatinine (ng/mg) and normalized the asymmetrical distribution using natural logarithmic transformation (ln-BPA/Cr). A multivariate logistic regression was performed to evaluate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for CVD, with ln-BPA/Cr concentration as predictor. We then performed a Mantel-Haenszel meta-analysis with five eligible studies and NHANES 2003-2016 data. Our subjects were 11,857 adults from the NHANES data. After adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), cigarette smoking, diabetes status, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, OR between ln-BPA/Cr and CVD was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.02-1.24). After propensity-score-matching with age, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, cigarette smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, OR continued to be significant for the association between ln-BPA/Cr and CVD (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.04-1.33). A restricted cubic spline plot of this relationship revealed a dose-dependent increase in OR. However, untransformed BPA had a linear relationship with CVD only at low concentrations, whereas the OR of BPA plateaued at high concentrations. In a meta-analysis with 22,878 subjects, after adjusting for age, sex, and various cardiometabolic risk factors, OR was 1.13 (95% CI, 1.03-1.23). In conclusion, our study provides additional epidemiological evidence supporting an association between BPA and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinje Moon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Yu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Beom Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Yoo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, CM Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Sun Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Filice M, Leo S, Mazza R, Amelio D, Garofalo F, Imbrogno S, Cerra MC, Gattuso A. The heart of the adult goldfish Carassius auratus as a target of Bisphenol A: a multifaceted analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116177. [PMID: 33290955 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a contaminant whose presence in aquatic environments is increasing. In fish embryos and larvae, it severely affects cardiac development; however, its influence on the heart function of adult fish has been scarcely analyzed. This study investigated the effects of the in vivo exposure to BPA on heart physiology, morphology, and oxidative balance in the goldfish Carassius auratus. Adult fish were exposed for 4 and 10 days to two BPA concentrations (10 μM and 25 μM). Ex vivo working heart preparations showed that high concentrations of BPA negatively affected cardiac hemodynamics, as revealed by an impaired Frank-Starling response. This was paralleled by increased cardio-somatic indices and by myocardial structural changes. An altered oxidative status and a modulation of stress (HSPs) and pro-apoptotic (Bax and Cytochrome C) proteins expression were also observed in the heart of animals exposed to BPA, with detrimental effects at the highest concentration and the longest exposure time. Results suggest that, in the adult goldfish, BPA may induce stressful conditions to the heart with time- and concentration-dependent deleterious morpho-functional alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariacristina Filice
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Serena Leo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Rosa Mazza
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Daniela Amelio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Filippo Garofalo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Sandra Imbrogno
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Cerra
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Alfonsina Gattuso
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
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22
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Mohsenzadeh MS, Razavi BM, Imenshahidi M, Mohajeri SA, Rameshrad M, Hosseinzadeh H. Evaluation of green tea extract and epigallocatechin gallate effects on bisphenol A-induced vascular toxicity in isolated rat aorta and cytotoxicity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Phytother Res 2020; 35:996-1009. [PMID: 32893422 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess bisphenol A (BPA)-induced vascular toxicity, the effectiveness of green tea extract and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) against BPA toxicity, and possible underlying mechanisms. In isolated rat aorta, contractile and relaxant responses as well as malondialdehyde levels were evaluated. Cell viability and effects on the protein levels of apoptotic (bax, bcl2, and caspase-3), autophagic (LC3), and cell adhesion molecules were calculated using the MTT method and western blotting in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). BPA increased aorta MDA levels (p < .0001) and decreased vascular responses to KCl [20 and 40 mM (p < .0001), 80 mM (p < .001)], phenylephrine [10-8 , 10-6 , and 10-5 M (p < .001), 10-7 and 10-4 M (p < .0001)], and acetylcholine [10-6 M (p < .01), 10-5 and 10-4 M (p < .0001)]. In HUVECs, BPA enhanced the levels of LC3A/B, bax/bcl2 ratio, cleaved caspase-3, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Green tea extract, EGCG, and vitamin E co-treatment with BPA diminished the toxic effects of BPA. These findings provide evidence that green tea extract and EGCG possess beneficial effects in preventing BPA-induced vascular toxicity through increasing the antioxidant activities and the regulation of signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Sadat Mohsenzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Imenshahidi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Mohajeri
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Rameshrad
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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23
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Ramadan M, Cooper B, Posnack NG. Bisphenols and phthalates: Plastic chemical exposures can contribute to adverse cardiovascular health outcomes. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1362-1385. [PMID: 32691967 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates and bisphenols are high production volume chemicals that are used in the manufacturing of consumer and medical products. Given the ubiquity of bisphenol and phthalate chemicals in the environment, biomonitoring studies routinely detect these chemicals in 75-90% of the general population. Accumulating evidence suggests that such chemical exposures may influence human health outcomes, including cardiovascular health. These associations are particularly worrisome for sensitive populations, including fetal, infant and pediatric groups-with underdeveloped metabolic capabilities and developing organ systems. In the presented article, we aimed to review the literature on environmental and clinical exposures to bisphenols and phthalates, highlight experimental work that suggests that these chemicals may exert a negative influence on cardiovascular health, and emphasize areas of concern that relate to vulnerable pediatric groups. Gaps in our current knowledge are also discussed, so that future endeavors may resolve the relationship between chemical exposures and the impact on pediatric cardiovascular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manelle Ramadan
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Blake Cooper
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, George Washington University, School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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24
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Zhang YF, Shan C, Wang Y, Qian LL, Jia DD, Zhang YF, Hao XD, Xu HM. Cardiovascular toxicity and mechanism of bisphenol A and emerging risk of bisphenol S. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:137952. [PMID: 32213405 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and animal studies indicate that increased exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) induces various human cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, dilated cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Bisphenol S (BPS), an alternative to BPA, is increasingly present in various consumer products and human bodies worldwide. Recently, emerging evidence has shown that BPS might be related to cardiovascular disorders. In this review, we present striking evidence of the correlation between BPA exposure and various CVDs, and show that a nonmonotonic dose-response curve (NMDRC) was common in studies of the CV effects of BPA in vivo. The CV impairment induced by low doses of BPA should be highlighted, especially during developmental exposure or during coexposure with other risk factors. Furthermore, we explored the possible underlying mechanisms of these effects-particularly nuclear receptor signaling, ion channels, and epigenetic mechanisms-and the possible participation of lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and cell signaling. As the potential risks of BPA exposure in humans are still noteworthy, studies of BPA in CVDs should be strengthened, especially with respect to the mechanisms, prevention and treatment. Moreover, the potential CV risk of BPS reported by in vivo studies calls for immediate epidemiological investigations and animal studies to reveal the relationships of BPS and other BPA alternatives with human CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Feng Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Deng Zhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Chan Shan
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Deng Zhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Deng Zhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Li-Li Qian
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Deng Zhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Dong-Dong Jia
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Deng Zhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yi-Fei Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Deng Zhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Hao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Deng Zhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Hai-Ming Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
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25
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Dyavanapalli J, Rodriguez J, Rocha Dos Santos C, Escobar JB, Dwyer MK, Schloen J, Lee KM, Wolaver W, Wang X, Dergacheva O, Michelini LC, Schunke KJ, Spurney CF, Kay MW, Mendelowitz D. Activation of Oxytocin Neurons Improves Cardiac Function in a Pressure-Overload Model of Heart Failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:484-497. [PMID: 32478209 PMCID: PMC7251188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic OXT neurons were chronically activated using a chemogenetic approach in an animal model of HF. Synaptic release of OXT onto parasympathetic autonomic targets was reduced in animals with HF but restored with daily treatment consisting of activation of OXT neurons. Long-term daily OXT neuron activation increased parasympathetic activity to the heart and reduced mortality, cardiac inflammation, and fibrosis and improved critical longitudinal in vivo indices of cardiac function. The benefits in cardiac function and autonomic balance in HF closely tracked the study-designed differences in initiation of OXT neuron activation in different groups.
This work shows long-term restoration of the hypothalamic oxytocin (OXT) network preserves OXT release, reduces mortality, cardiac inflammation, fibrosis, and improves autonomic tone and cardiac function in a model of heart failure. Intranasal administration of OXT in patients mimics the short-term changes seen in animals by increasing parasympathetic—and decreasing sympathetic—cardiac activity. This work provides the essential translational foundation to determine if approaches that mimic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) OXT neuron activation, such as safe, noninvasive, and well-tolerated intranasal administration of OXT, can be beneficial in patients with heart failure.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- CHO, Chinese hamster ovary
- CNO, clozapine-N-oxide
- CVN, cardiac vagal neuron
- ChR2, channelrhodopsin
- DMNX, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus
- DREADD, designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drug
- HF, heart failure
- IL, interleukin
- LV, left ventricle
- LVDP, left ventricle- developed pressure
- OXT, oxytocin
- PVN, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
- SD, standard deviation
- TAC, transascending aortic constriction
- heart failure
- oxytocin
- parasympathetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhansi Dyavanapalli
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Jeannette Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | | | - Joan B Escobar
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Mary Kate Dwyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - John Schloen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Kyung-Min Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Whitney Wolaver
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Olga Dergacheva
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Lisete C Michelini
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Kathryn J Schunke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Christopher F Spurney
- Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Matthew W Kay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - David Mendelowitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
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26
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Vanani AR, Mahdavinia M, Shirani M, Alizadeh S, Dehghani MA. Protective effects of quercetin against oxidative stress induced by bisphenol-A in rat cardiac mitochondria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:15093-15102. [PMID: 32064580 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Research has shown a relationship between the exposures to a chemical agent called bisphenol-A (BPA), which is extensively used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. This association is most likely caused by the BPA's ability to disrupt multiple cardiac mechanisms, including mitochondrial functions. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the ability of quercetin (QUER) to limit the cardiotoxic effect of BPA in the rat's cardiac mitochondria. The experiment was carried out on 32 male Wistar rats, which were randomly assigned to four groups. The negative control group received olive oil; the positive control group received olive oil plus BPA (250 mg/kg); the third group received olive oil, BPA, and QUER (75 mg/kg); and the fourth group received olive oil and QUER, all orally for 14 days. The rats were slaughtered 24 h after the last treatment. The measured parameters included creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as the biomarkers of cardiotoxicity, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C and HDL-C) as the measures of dyslipidemia, glutathione (GSH) content, catalase activity (CAT), reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and the level of damage to the mitochondrial membranes as the indicators of the impact of QUER on the BPA cardiotoxic effect. Finally, the rats treated with QUER showed better results in terms of serum CK-MB, serum LDH, serum lipid profile, GSH level, CAT activity, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), LPO, and ROS. According to the results, QUER could be used as a protective agent against BPA-induced mitochondrial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Raesi Vanani
- Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Masoud Mahdavinia
- Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Shirani
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Said Alizadeh
- Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Dehghani
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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27
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Reventun P, Sanchez-Esteban S, Cook A, Cuadrado I, Roza C, Moreno-Gomez-Toledano R, Muñoz C, Zaragoza C, Bosch RJ, Saura M. Bisphenol A induces coronary endothelial cell necroptosis by activating RIP3/CamKII dependent pathway. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4190. [PMID: 32144343 PMCID: PMC7060177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies link long term exposure to xenoestrogen Bisphenol-A to adverse cardiovascular effects. Our previous results show that BPA induces hypertension by a mechanism involving CamKII activation and increased redox stress caused by eNOS uncoupling. Recently, CamKII sustained activation has been recognized as a central mediator of programmed cell death in cardiovascular diseases, including necroptosis. However, the role of necroptosis in cardiac response to BPA had not yet been explored. Mice exposed to BPA for 16 weeks showed altered heart function, electrical conduction, and increased blood pressure. Besides, a stress test showed ST-segment depression, indicative of cardiac ischemia. The hearts exhibited cardiac hypertrophy and reduced vascularization, interstitial edema, and large hemorrhagic foci accompanied by fibrinogen deposits. BPA initiated a cardiac inflammatory response, up-regulation of M1 macrophage polarization, and increased oxidative stress, coinciding with the increased expression of CamKII and the necroptotic effector RIP3. In addition, cell death was especially evident in coronary endothelial cells within hemorrhagic areas, and Evans blue extravasation indicated a vascular leak in response to Bisphenol-A. Consistent with the in vivo findings, BPA increased the necroptosis/apoptosis ratio, the expression of RIP3, and CamKII activation in endothelial cells. Necrostatin-1, an inhibitor of necroptosis, alleviated BPA induced cardiac dysfunction and prevented the inflammatory and hemorrhagic response in mice. Mechanistically, silencing of RIP3 reversed BPA-induced necroptosis and CamKII activation in endothelial cells, while inhibition of CamKII activation by KN-93 had no effect on RIP3 expression but decreased necroptotic cell death suggesting that BPA induced necroptosis is mediated by a RIP 3/CamKII dependent pathway. Our results reveal a novel pathogenic role of BPA on the coronary circulation. BPA induces endothelial cell necroptosis, promotes the weakening of coronary vascular wall, which caused internal ventricular hemorrhages, delaying the reparative process and ultimately leading to cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Reventun
- Biology systems Dpt, University Alcalá (UAH), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - A Cook
- Biology systems Dpt, University Alcalá (UAH), Madrid, Spain
| | - I Cuadrado
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botanics Dpt, Complutense University (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Roza
- Biology systems Dpt, University Alcalá (UAH), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - C Muñoz
- Biology systems Dpt, University Alcalá (UAH), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Zaragoza
- Joint Unit of Cardiovascular Research University Francisco de Vitoria and Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - R J Bosch
- Biology systems Dpt, University Alcalá (UAH), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Saura
- Biology systems Dpt, University Alcalá (UAH), Madrid, Spain.
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28
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a non-subsiding disease that remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. CVD has been associated with endocrine disruptors, such as bisphenol A (BPA). This review critically summarizes existing findings on BPA and hypertension, with particular attention to genomic, non-genomic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms of action that render BPA as a cardiovascular estrogenic disruptor. RECENT FINDINGS Owing to its similar estrogenic structure, BPA has been shown to affect various phenotypes that are regulated by the natural hormone, estrogen. Indeed, BPA has been shown to interact with estrogen receptors, located both in the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm/nucleus. Given that estrogen plays an important role in cardiovascular physiology, a contributing role for BPA in CVD would not be unexpected. Existing literature, though limited, established BPA as a source of disruption in cardiovascular health, particularly hypertension. However, effects of BPA are largely dependent on the dose, patient gender, tissue, and developmental stage of the exposed tissue/organ. Accumulating evidence argues for an adverse effect of BPA on blood pressure, with this effect being gender, dose, and time specific. Thus, comprehensive studies which take these factors and other parameters, like epigenetic factors, into account are warranted before a thorough understanding is at hand.
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29
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Kim JJ, Kumar S, Kumar V, Lee YM, Kim YS, Kumar V. Bisphenols as a Legacy Pollutant, and Their Effects on Organ Vulnerability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:E112. [PMID: 31877889 PMCID: PMC6982222 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenols are widely used in the synthesis of polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, and thermal paper, which are used in manufacturing items of daily use. Packaged foods and drinks are the main sources of exposure to bisphenols. These chemicals affect humans and animals by disrupting the estrogen, androgen, progesterone, thyroid, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor functions. Bisphenols exert numerous harmful effects because of their interaction with receptors, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell signal alterations. Both cohort and case-control studies have determined an association between bisphenol exposure and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, reproductive abnormalities, obesity, and diabetes. Prenatal exposure to bisphenols results in developmental disorders in animals. These chemicals also affect the immune cells and play a significant role in initiating the inflammatory response. Exposure to bisphenols exhibit age, gender, and dose-dependent effects. Even at low concentrations, bisphenols exert toxicity, and hence deserve a critical assessment of their uses. Since bisphenols have a global influence on human health, the need to discover the underlying pathways involved in all disease conditions is essential. Furthermore, it is important to promote the use of alternatives for bisphenols, thereby restricting their uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Joo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea; (J.-J.K.); (Y.-M.L.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh 758307, Vietnam;
| | - Yun-Mi Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea; (J.-J.K.); (Y.-M.L.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - You-Sam Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea; (J.-J.K.); (Y.-M.L.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea; (J.-J.K.); (Y.-M.L.); (Y.-S.K.)
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30
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Bisphenol S rapidly depresses heart function through estrogen receptor-β and decreases phospholamban phosphorylation in a sex-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15948. [PMID: 31685870 PMCID: PMC6828810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52350-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The health effects of the endocrine disruptor Bisphenol A (BPA) led to its partial replacement with Bisphenol S (BPS) in several products including food containers, toys, and thermal paper receipts. The acute effects of BPS on myocardial contractility are unknown. We perfused mouse hearts from both sexes for 15 min with physiologically relevant doses of BPS or BPA. In females BPS (1 nM) decreased left ventricular systolic pressure by 5 min, whereas BPA (1 nM) effects were delayed to 10 min. BPS effects in male mice were attenuated. In both sexes ER-β antagonism abolished the effects of BPS. Cardiac myofilament function was not impacted by BPS or BPA in either sex, although there were sex-dependent differences in troponin I phosphorylation. BPS increased phospholamban phosphorylation at S16 only in female hearts, whereas BPA reduced phosphorylation in both sexes. BPA decreased phospholamban phosphorylation at T17 in both sexes while BPS caused dephosphorylation only in females. This is the first study to compare sex differences in the acute myocardial response to physiologically relevant levels of BPS and BPA, and demonstrates a rapid ability of both to depress heart function. This study raises concerns about the safety of BPS as a replacement for BPA.
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31
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Pinto C, Hao R, Grimaldi M, Thrikawala S, Boulahtouf A, Aït-Aïssa S, Brion F, Gustafsson JÅ, Balaguer P, Bondesson M. Differential activity of BPA, BPAF and BPC on zebrafish estrogen receptors in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 380:114709. [PMID: 31415773 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The high volume production compound bisphenol A (BPA) is of environmental concern largely because of its estrogenic activity. Consequently, BPA analogues have been synthesized to be considered as replacement molecules for BPA. These analogues need to be thoroughly evaluated for their estrogenic activity. Here, we combined mechanism zebrafish-based assays to examine estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities of BPA and two of its analogues, bisphenol AF (BPAF) and bisphenol C (BPC) in vitro and in vivo. In vitro reporter cell lines were used to investigate agonistic and antagonistic effects of the three bisphenols on the three zebrafish estrogen receptors. The transgenic Tg(5 × ERE:GFP) and Cyp19a1b-GFP zebrafish lines were then used to analyze estrogenic and anti-estrogenic responses of the three bisphenols in vivo. BPA, BPAF and BPC were agonists with different potencies for the three zebrafish estrogen receptors in vitro. The potent zfERα-mediated activity of BPA and BPAF in vitro resulted in vivo by activation of GFP expression in zebrafish larvae in the heart (zfERα-dependent) at lower concentrations, and in the liver (zfERβ-dependent) at higher concentrations. BPC induced zfERβ-mediated luciferase expression in vitro, and the zfERβ agonism led to activation of GFP expression in the liver and the brain in vivo. In addition, BPC acted as a full antagonist on zfERα, and completely inhibited estrogen-induced GFP expression in the heart of the zebrafish larvae. To summarize, applying a combination of zebrafish-based in vitro and in vivo methods to evaluate bisphenol analogues for estrogenic activity will facilitate the prioritization of these chemicals for further analysis in higher vertebrates as well as the risk assessment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pinto
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Ruixin Hao
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Marina Grimaldi
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34298 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Savini Thrikawala
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Abdelhay Boulahtouf
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34298 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Selim Aït-Aïssa
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des risques (INERIS), Unité Ecotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - François Brion
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des risques (INERIS), Unité Ecotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34298 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.
| | - Maria Bondesson
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA
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Feiteiro J, Mariana M, Glória S, Cairrao E. Inhibition of L-type calcium channels by Bisphenol A in rat aorta smooth muscle. J Toxicol Sci 2018; 43:579-586. [PMID: 30298846 DOI: 10.2131/jts.43.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting chemical used on a wide range in industry. This compound has been used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. For this reason and their global use, BPA is one of the most common environmental chemicals to which humans are exposed. This exposure can cause several adverse health outcomes, including at the cardiovascular level. The regulation of ion channels in vascular smooth muscle is pivotal and important for vasoreactivity, and changes in their flux can be involved in the pathophysiology of some cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to analyse in rat aorta whether the vasorelaxant effect of BPA is mediated by L-type Ca2+ channels inhibition. Using male Wistar rat aorta artery rings in the organ bath we analysed the contractility, and to study the activity of calcium current in A7r5 cells we used the whole cell configuration of Patch Clamp technique. Regarding the contractility experiences we observed that in both NA and KCl contraction, BPA caused a rapid and concentration-dependent relaxation. The electrophysiology experiments showed that BPA inhibited the basal and BAY K8644-stimulated whole-cell L-type Ca2+ channel (W-CLTCC) currents, indicating that this drug blocks the L-type Ca2+ channels. Our results suggest that BPA inhibits the W-CLTCC, leading to the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Feiteiro
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Beira Interior, Portugal
| | - Melissa Mariana
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Beira Interior, Portugal
| | - Solage Glória
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Beira Interior, Portugal
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Beira Interior, Portugal
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Khodayar MJ, Kalantari H, Mahdavinia M, Khorsandi L, Alboghobeish S, Samimi A, Alizadeh S, Zeidooni L. Protective effect of naringin against BPA-induced cardiotoxicity through prevention of oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 43:85-95. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1504958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Khodayar
- Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Heibatollah Kalantari
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Masoud Mahdavinia
- Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Layasadat Khorsandi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Soheila Alboghobeish
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Azin Samimi
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeid Alizadeh
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Leila Zeidooni
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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34
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Rameshrad M, Imenshahidi M, Razavi BM, Iranshahi M, Hosseinzadeh H. Bisphenol A vascular toxicity: Protective effect of Vitis vinifera
(grape) seed extract and resveratrol. Phytother Res 2018; 32:2396-2407. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rameshrad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Mohsen Imenshahidi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Mehrdad Iranshahi
- Biotechnology Research Center; Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
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Garrott K, Dyavanapalli J, Cauley E, Dwyer MK, Kuzmiak-Glancy S, Wang X, Mendelowitz D, Kay MW. Chronic activation of hypothalamic oxytocin neurons improves cardiac function during left ventricular hypertrophy-induced heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:1318-1328. [PMID: 28472396 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims A distinctive hallmark of heart failure (HF) is autonomic imbalance, consisting of increased sympathetic activity, and decreased parasympathetic tone. Recent work suggests that activation of hypothalamic oxytocin (OXT) neurons could improve autonomic balance during HF. We hypothesized that a novel method of chronic selective activation of hypothalamic OXT neurons will improve cardiac function and reduce inflammation and fibrosis in a rat model of HF. Methods and results Two groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent trans-ascending aortic constriction (TAC) to induce left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy that progresses to HF. In one TAC group, OXT neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus were chronically activated by selective expression and activation of excitatory DREADDs receptors with daily injections of clozapine N-oxide (CNO) (TAC + OXT). Two additional age-matched groups received either saline injections (Control) or CNO injections for excitatory DREADDs activation (OXT NORM). Heart rate (HR), LV developed pressure (LVDP), and coronary flow rate were measured in isolated heart experiments. Isoproterenol (0.01 nM-1.0 µM) was administered to evaluate β-adrenergic sensitivity. We found that increases in cellular hypertrophy and myocardial collagen density in TAC were blunted in TAC + OXT animals. Inflammatory cytokine IL-1β expression was more than twice higher in TAC than all other hearts. LVDP, rate pressure product (RPP), contractility, and relaxation were depressed in TAC compared with all other groups. The response of TAC and TAC + OXT hearts to isoproterenol was blunted, with no significant increase in RPP, contractility, or relaxation. However, HR in TAC + OXT animals increased to match Control at higher doses of isoproterenol. Conclusions Activation of hypothalamic OXT neurons to elevate parasympathetic tone reduced cellular hypertrophy, levels of IL-1β, and fibrosis during TAC-induced HF in rats. Cardiac contractility parameters were significantly higher in TAC + OXT compared with TAC animals. HR sensitivity, but not contractile sensitivity, to β-adrenergic stimulation was improved in TAC + OXT hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Garrott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, GWU Science and Engineering Hall, 800?22nd Street NW, Suite 5000, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Jhansi Dyavanapalli
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Ross Hall, 2300 Eye St. NW, Suite 640, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Edmund Cauley
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Ross Hall, 2300 Eye St. NW, Suite 640, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Mary Kate Dwyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, GWU Science and Engineering Hall, 800?22nd Street NW, Suite 5000, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Sarah Kuzmiak-Glancy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, GWU Science and Engineering Hall, 800?22nd Street NW, Suite 5000, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Ross Hall, 2300 Eye St. NW, Suite 640, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - David Mendelowitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Ross Hall, 2300 Eye St. NW, Suite 640, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Matthew W Kay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, GWU Science and Engineering Hall, 800?22nd Street NW, Suite 5000, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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Ramadan M, Sherman M, Jaimes R, Chaluvadi A, Swift L, Posnack NG. Disruption of neonatal cardiomyocyte physiology following exposure to bisphenol-a. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7356. [PMID: 29743542 PMCID: PMC5943481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25719-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol chemicals are commonly used in the manufacturing of polycarbonate plastics, polyvinyl chloride plastics, resins, and thermal printing applications. Humans are inadvertently exposed to bisphenols through contact with consumer products and/or medical devices. Recent reports have shown a link between bisphenol-a (BPA) exposure and adverse cardiovascular outcomes; although these studies have been limited to adult subjects and models. Since cardiac physiology differs significantly between the developing and adult heart, we aimed to assess the impact of BPA exposure on cardiac function, using a neonatal cardiomyocyte model. Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes were monitored to assess cell viability, spontaneous beating rate, beat rate variability, and calcium-handling parameters in the presence of control or bisphenol-supplemented media. A range of doses were tested to mimic environmental exposure (10-9-10-8M), maximum clinical exposure (10-5M), and supraphysiological exposure levels (10-4M). Acute BPA exposure altered cardiomyocyte functionality, resulting in a slowed spontaneous beating rate and increased beat rate variability. BPA exposure also impaired intracellular calcium handling, resulting in diminished calcium transient amplitudes, prolonged calcium transient upstroke and duration time. Alterations in calcium handling also increased the propensity for alternans and skipped beats. Notably, the effect of BPA-treatment on calcium handling was partially reversible. Our data suggest that acute BPA exposure could precipitate secondary adverse effects on contractile performance and/or electrical alternans, both of which are dependent on intracellular calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manelle Ramadan
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric and Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, USA
- Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, USA
| | - Meredith Sherman
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric and Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, USA
| | - Rafael Jaimes
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric and Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, USA
- Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, USA
| | - Ashika Chaluvadi
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric and Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, USA
| | - Luther Swift
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric and Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, USA
- Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, USA
| | - Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric and Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, USA.
- Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, USA.
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37
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Gonçalves R, Zanatta AP, Cavalari FC, do Nascimento MAW, Delalande-Lecapitaine C, Bouraïma-Lelong H, Silva FRMB. Acute effect of bisphenol A: Signaling pathways on calcium influx in immature rat testes. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 77:94-102. [PMID: 29476780 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the acute effect of low concentrations of BPA on calcium influx and the mechanism of action of BPA in this rapid response in the rat testis. BPA increased calcium influx at 1 pM and 1 nM at 300 s of incubation, in a similar manner to that of estradiol. At 1 pM, BPA stimulated calcium influx independently of classical estrogen receptors, consistent with a G-protein coupled receptor. This effect also involves the modulation of ionic channels, such as K+, TRPV1 and Cl- channels. Furthermore, BPA is able to modulate calcium from intracellular storages by inhibiting SERCA and activating IP3 receptor/Ca2+ channels at the endoplasmic reticulum and activate kinase proteins, such as PKA and PKC. The rapid responses of BPA on calcium influx could, in turn, trigger a cross talk by MEK and p38MAPK activation and also mediate genomic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Hormônios & Transdução de Sinais, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; UNOCHAPECÓ, Brazil; Normandie Univ, France; UNICAEN, Laboratoire Estrogènes, Reproduction, Cancer, CAEN cedex 5, France
| | | | - Fernanda Carvalho Cavalari
- Laboratório de Hormônios & Transdução de Sinais, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Monica Andressa Wessner do Nascimento
- Laboratório de Hormônios & Transdução de Sinais, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Christelle Delalande-Lecapitaine
- Normandie Univ, France; UNICAEN, Laboratoire Estrogènes, Reproduction, Cancer, CAEN cedex 5, France; INRA USC 2006, CAEN cedex 5, France
| | - Hélène Bouraïma-Lelong
- Normandie Univ, France; UNICAEN, Laboratoire Estrogènes, Reproduction, Cancer, CAEN cedex 5, France; INRA USC 2006, CAEN cedex 5, France
| | - Fátima Regina Mena Barreto Silva
- Laboratório de Hormônios & Transdução de Sinais, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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38
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Gear R, Kendziorski JA, Belcher SM. Effects of bisphenol A on incidence and severity of cardiac lesions in the NCTR-Sprague-Dawley rat: A CLARITY-BPA study. Toxicol Lett 2017; 275:123-135. [PMID: 28499613 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine whether bisphenol A (BPA) had adverse effects indicative of cardiac toxicity. As part of the "Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on BPA Toxicity" (CLARITY-BPA), study dams and offspring were exposed by daily gavage to five doses of BPA ranging from 2.5 to 25000μg/kg/day, 0.05 or 0.5μg/kg/day 17α-ethinyl-estradiol (EE) or 0.3% carboxymethylcellulose vehicle. Exposure-related effects were analyzed in isolated hearts by quantitative morphometry and histopathology. No dose-related changes in body weight were detected. Across all exposure groups including vehicle controls, body weight of continuously dosed males was reduced compared to males dosed only until PND21. Heart weight was increased only in females exposed to EE, and consistent alterations in LV wall thickness were not observed. Exposure-related changes in collagen accumulation were minor and limited to highest EE exposure groups with increased collagen accumulation in PND21 males. Decreased collagen was observed in hearts of BPA or EE exposed females at PND90 and PND180. In BPA or EE treated females cardiomyopathy incidence and severity was significantly increased compared to control females at PND21 with myocardial degeneration observed in both males and females at PND21 and PND90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Gear
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0575, United States
| | - Jessica A Kendziorski
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, Molecular, Cellular and Biochemical Pharmacology PhD Graduate Training Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Scott M Belcher
- Department of Biological Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0575, United States.
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Cheng W, Zhou R, Liang F, Wei H, Feng Y, Wang Y. Application of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Test to Detect Gender-Specific Effect of Chemicals: A Supplementary Tool for Embryotoxicity Prediction. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1519-33. [PMID: 27445234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gender effect is an inherent property of chemicals, characterized by variations caused by the chemical-biology interaction. It has widely existed, but the shortage of an appropriate model restricts the study on gender-specific effect. The embryonic stem cell test (EST) has been utilized as an alternative test for developmental toxicity. Despite its numerous improvements, mouse embryonic stem cells with an XX karyotype have not been used in the EST, which restricts the ability of the EST to identify gender-specific effects during high-throughput-screening (HTS) of chemicals to date. To address this, the embryonic stem cell (ESC) SP3 line with an XX karyotype was used to establish a "female" model as a complement to EST. Here, we proposed a "double-objects in unison" (DOU)-EST, which consisted of male ESC and female ESC; a seven-day EST protocol was utilized, and the gender-specific effect of chemicals was determined and discriminated; the replacement of myosin heavy chain (MHC) with myosin light chain (MLC) provided a suitable molecular biomarker in the DOU-EST. New linear discriminant functions were given in the purpose of distinguishing chemicals into three classes, namely, no gender-specific effect, male-susceptive, and female-susceptive. For 15 chemicals in the training set, the concordances of prediction result as no gender effect, male susceptive, and female susceptive were 86.67%, 86.67%, and 93.33%, respectively, the sensitivities were 66.67%, 83.33%, and 83.33%, respectively, and the specificities were 91.67%, 88.89%, and 100%, respectively; the total accuracy of DOU-EST was 86.67%. For three chemicals in the test set, one was incorrectively predicted. The possible reason for misclassification may due to the absence of hormone environment in vitro. Leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) indicated a mean error rate of 18.34%. Taken together, these data suggested a good performance of the proposed DOU-EST. Emerging chemicals with undiscovered gender-specific effects are anticipated to be screened with the DOU-EST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Ren Zhou
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Fan Liang
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Wei
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China.,Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Yan Feng
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China.,Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200336, P.R. China.,Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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40
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Ljunggren SA, Iggland M, Rönn M, Lind L, Lind PM, Karlsson H. Altered heart proteome in fructose-fed Fisher 344 rats exposed to bisphenol A. Toxicology 2016; 347-349:6-16. [PMID: 26930160 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), is an artificial estrogen initially produced for medical purposes but is today widely used in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Exposure-related reproductive disorders have been found, but recently it has also been suggested that BPA may be involved in obesity, diabetes, myocardial hypertrophy and myocardial infarction in humans. To mimic a modern lifestyle, female rats were fed with fructose or fructose plus BPA (0.25mg/L drinking water). The myocardial left ventricle proteome of water controls, fructose-fed and fructose-fed plus BPA supplemented rats was explored. The proteome was investigated using nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry identification. In total, 41 proteins were significantly altered by BPA exposure compared to water or fructose controls. Principal component analysis and cellular process enrichment analysis of altered proteins suggested increased fatty acid transport and oxidation, increased ROS generation and altered structural integrity of the myocardial left ventricle in the fructose-fed BPA-exposed rats, indicating unfavorable effects on the myocardium. In conclusion, BPA exposure in the rats induces major alterations in the myocardial proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Ljunggren
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - M Iggland
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - M Rönn
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - L Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - P M Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - H Karlsson
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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41
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Jaimes R, Kuzmiak-Glancy S, Brooks DM, Swift LM, Posnack NG, Kay MW. Functional response of the isolated, perfused normoxic heart to pyruvate dehydrogenase activation by dichloroacetate and pyruvate. Pflugers Arch 2015; 468:131-142. [PMID: 26142699 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dichloroacetate (DCA) and pyruvate activate pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), a key enzyme that modulates glucose oxidation and mitochondrial NADH production. Both compounds improve recovery after ischemia in isolated hearts. However, the action of DCA and pyruvate in normoxic myocardium is incompletely understood. We measured the effect of DCA and pyruvate on contraction, mitochondrial redox state, and intracellular calcium cycling in isolated rat hearts during normoxic perfusion. Normalized epicardial NADH fluorescence (nNADH) and left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) were measured before and after administering DCA (5 mM) or pyruvate (5 mM). Optical mapping of Rhod-2AM was used to measure cytosolic calcium kinetics. DCA maximally activated PDH, increasing the ratio of active to total PDH from 0.48 ± 0.03 to 1.03 ± 0.03. Pyruvate sub-maximally activated PDH to a ratio of 0.75 ± 0.02. DCA and pyruvate increased LVDP. When glucose was the only exogenous fuel, pyruvate increased nNADH by 21.4 ± 2.9 % while DCA reduced nNADH by 21.4 ± 6.1 % and elevated the incidence of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). When lactate, pyruvate, and glucose were provided together as exogenous fuels, nNADH increased with DCA, indicating that PDH activation with glucose as the only exogenous fuel depletes PDH substrate. Calcium transient time-to-peak was shortened by DCA and pyruvate and SR calcium re-uptake was 30 % longer. DCA and pyruvate increased SR calcium load in myocyte monolayers. Overall, during normoxia when glucose is the only exogenous fuel, DCA elevates SR calcium, increases LVDP and contractility, and diminishes mitochondrial NADH. Administering DCA with plasma levels of lactate and pyruvate mitigates the drop in mitochondrial NADH and prevents PVCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Jaimes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, GWU Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Suite 5000, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Sarah Kuzmiak-Glancy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, GWU Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Suite 5000, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Daina M Brooks
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, GWU Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Suite 5000, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Luther M Swift
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Nikki G Posnack
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Matthew W Kay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, GWU Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Suite 5000, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
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