1
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Jaddivada S, Gundiah N. Physical biology of cell-substrate interactions under cyclic stretch. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024; 23:433-451. [PMID: 38010479 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01783-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensitive focal adhesion (FA) complexes mediate dynamic interactions between cells and substrates and regulate cellular function. Integrins in FA complexes link substrate ligands to stress fibers (SFs) and aid load transfer and traction generation. We developed a one-dimensional, multi-scale, stochastic finite element model of a fibroblast on a substrate that includes calcium signaling, SF remodeling, and FA dynamics. We linked stochastic dynamics, describing the formation and clustering of integrins to substrate ligands via motor-clutches, to a continuum level SF contractility model at various locations along the cell length. We quantified changes in cellular responses with substrate stiffness, ligand density, and cyclic stretch. Results show that tractions and integrin recruitments varied along the cell length; tractions were maximum at lamellar regions and reduced to zero at the cell center. Optimal substrate stiffness, based on maximum tractions exerted by the cell, shifted toward stiffer substrates at high ligand densities. Mean tractions varied biphasically with substrate stiffness and peaked at the optimal substrate stiffness. Cytosolic calcium increased monotonically with substrate stiffness and accumulated near lamellipodial regions. Cyclic stretch increased the cytosolic calcium, integrin concentrations, and tractions at lamellipodial and intermediate regions on compliant substrates. The optimal substrate stiffness under stretch shifted toward compliant substrates for a given ligand density. Stretch also caused cell deadhesions beyond a critical substrate stiffness. FA's destabilized on stiff substrates under cyclic stretch. An increase in substrate stiffness and cyclic stretch resulted in higher fibroblast contractility. These results show that chemomechanical coupling is essential in mechanosensing responses underlying cell-substrate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Jaddivada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Namrata Gundiah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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2
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Zhao J, Yoshizumi M. A Comprehensive Retrospective Study on the Mechanisms of Cyclic Mechanical Stretch-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Death Underlying Aortic Dissection and Potential Therapeutics for Preventing Acute Aortic Aneurysm and Associated Ruptures. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2544. [PMID: 38473793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute aortic dissection (AAD) and associated ruptures are the leading causes of death in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Hypertension is a prime risk factor for AAD. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying AAD remain poorly understood. We previously reported that cyclic mechanical stretch (CMS) leads to the death of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs). This review focuses on the mechanisms of CMS-induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) death. Moreover, we have also discussed the potential therapeutics for preventing AAD and aneurysm ruptures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Masanori Yoshizumi
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
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3
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Meijer E, Giles R, van Dijk CGM, Maringanti R, Wissing TB, Appels Y, Chrifi I, Crielaard H, Verhaar MC, Smits AI, Cheng C. Effect of Mechanical Stimuli on the Phenotypic Plasticity of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in a 3D Hydrogel. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5716-5729. [PMID: 38032545 PMCID: PMC10731661 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a pivotal role in vascular homeostasis, with dysregulation leading to vascular complications. Human-induced pluripotent stem-cell (hiPSC)-derived VSMCs offer prospects for personalized disease modeling and regenerative strategies. Current research lacks comparative studies on the impact of three-dimensional (3D) substrate properties under cyclic strain on phenotypic adaptation in hiPSC-derived VSMCs. Here, we aim to investigate the impact of intrinsic substrate properties, such as the hydrogel's elastic modulus and cross-linking density in a 3D static and dynamic environment, on the phenotypical adaptation of human mural cells derived from hiPSC-derived organoids (ODMCs), compared to aortic VSMCs. Methods and results: ODMCs were cultured in two-dimensional (2D) conditions with synthetic or contractile differentiation medium or in 3D Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMa) substrates with varying degrees of functionalization and percentages to modulate Young's modulus and cross-linking density. Cells in 3D substrates were exposed to cyclic, unidirectional strain. Phenotype characterization was conducted using specific markers through immunofluorescence and gene expression analysis. Under static 2D culture, ODMCs derived from hiPSCs exhibited a VSMC phenotype, expressing key mural markers, and demonstrated a level of phenotypic plasticity similar to primary human VSMCs. In static 3D culture, a substrate with a higher Young's modulus and cross-linking density promoted a contractile phenotype in ODMCs and VSMCs. Dynamic stimulation in the 3D substrate promoted a switch toward a contractile phenotype in both cell types. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates phenotypic plasticity of human ODMCs in response to 2D biological and 3D mechanical stimuli that equals that of primary human VSMCs. These findings may contribute to the advancement of tailored approaches for vascular disease modeling and regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elana
M. Meijer
- Department
of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Internal Medicine and
Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Regenerative
Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical
Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel Giles
- Department
of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Internal Medicine and
Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Regenerative
Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical
Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Christian G. M. van Dijk
- Department
of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Internal Medicine and
Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Regenerative
Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical
Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Ranganath Maringanti
- Department
of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Internal Medicine and
Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Regenerative
Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical
Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Experimental
Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thorax
Center Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar B. Wissing
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology; Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology; Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Ymke Appels
- Department
of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Internal Medicine and
Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Regenerative
Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical
Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Ihsan Chrifi
- Department
of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Internal Medicine and
Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Regenerative
Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical
Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Experimental
Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thorax
Center Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Crielaard
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus Medical
Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C. Verhaar
- Department
of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Internal Medicine and
Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Regenerative
Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical
Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Anthal I.P.M. Smits
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology; Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology; Eindhoven 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Cheng
- Department
of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Internal Medicine and
Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Regenerative
Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical
Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Experimental
Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thorax
Center Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
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Sivaraman S, Ravishankar P, Rao RR. Differentiation and Engineering of Human Stem Cells for Smooth Muscle Generation. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2023; 29:1-9. [PMID: 35491587 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2022.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are responsible for 31% of global deaths and are considered the main cause of death and disability worldwide. Stem cells from various sources have become attractive options for a range of cell-based therapies for smooth muscle tissue regeneration. However, for efficient myogenic differentiation, the stem cell characteristics, cell culture conditions, and their respective microenvironments need to be carefully assessed. This review covers the various approaches involved in the regeneration of vascular smooth muscles by conditioning human stem cells. This article delves into the different sources of stem cells used in the generation of myogenic tissues, the role of soluble growth factors, use of scaffolding techniques, biomolecular cues, relevance of mechanical stimulation, and key transcription factors involved, aimed at inducing myogenic differentiation. Impact statement The review article's main goal is to discuss the recent advances in the field of smooth muscle tissue regeneration. We look at various cell sources, growth factors, scaffolds, mechanical stimuli, and factors involved in smooth muscle formation. These stem cell-based approaches for vascular muscle formation will provide various options for cell-based therapies with long-term beneficial effects on patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Sivaraman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Prashanth Ravishankar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Raj R Rao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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5
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Nakagawa A, Hayakawa S, Cheng Y, Honda A, Yuzawa R, Ogawa R, Oishi Y. Cyclic stretch regulates immune responses via tank-binding kinase 1 expression in macrophages. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 13:185-194. [PMID: 36416450 PMCID: PMC9808586 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages distributed in tissues throughout the body contribute to homeostasis. In the inflammatory state, macrophages undergo mechanical stress that regulates the signal transduction of immune responses and various cellular functions. However, the effects of the inflammatory response on macrophages under physiological cyclic stretch are unclear. We found that physiological cyclic stretch suppresses inflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages by regulating NF-κB activity. NF-κB phosphorylation at Ser536 in macrophages was inhibited, suggesting that tank-binding kinase (TBK1) regulates NF-κB activity during physiological stress. Moreover, TBK1 expression was suppressed by physiological stretch, and TBK1 knockdown by siRNA induced the suppression of NF-κB phosphorylation at Ser536. In conclusion, physiological stretch triggers suppression of a TBK1-dependent excessive inflammatory response, which may be necessary to maintain tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nakagawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of MedicineNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Sumio Hayakawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of MedicineNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Yinglan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of MedicineNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Azusa Honda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of MedicineNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan,Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic SurgeryNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Ryo Yuzawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of MedicineNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Rei Ogawa
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic SurgeryNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Yumiko Oishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of MedicineNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
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6
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An agent-based model of vibration-induced intimal hyperplasia. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 21:1457-1481. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Steele LA, Spiller KL, Cohen S, Rom S, Polyak B. Temporal Control over Macrophage Phenotype and the Host Response via Magnetically Actuated Scaffolds. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:3526-3541. [PMID: 35838679 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic strain generated at the cell-material interface is critical for the engraftment of biomaterials. Mechanosensitive immune cells, macrophages regulate the host-material interaction immediately after implantation by priming the environment and remodeling ongoing regenerative processes. This study investigated the ability of mechanically active scaffolds to modulate macrophage function in vitro and in vivo. Remotely actuated magnetic scaffolds enhance the phenotype of murine classically activated (M1) macrophages, as shown by the increased expression of the M1 cell-surface marker CD86 and increased secretion of multiple M1 cytokines. When scaffolds were implanted subcutaneously into mice and treated with magnetic stimulation for 3 days beginning at either day 0 or day 5 post-implantation, the cellular infiltrate was enriched for host macrophages. Macrophage expression of the M1 marker CD86 was increased, with downstream effects on vascularization and the foreign body response. Such effects were not observed when the magnetic treatment was applied at later time points after implantation (days 12-15). These results advance our understanding of how remotely controlled mechanical cues, namely, cyclic strain, impact macrophage function and demonstrate the feasibility of using mechanically active nanomaterials to modulate the host response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Steele
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia 19102, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kara L Spiller
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Bossone 712, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Smadar Cohen
- The Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell (RMSC) Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva Blvd. 1, Bldg. 42, Room 328, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Slava Rom
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia 19140, Pennsylvania, United States.,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building, Room 842, Philadelphia 19140, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Boris Polyak
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia 19102, Pennsylvania, United States
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8
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Patient-derived microphysiological model identifies the therapeutic potential of metformin for thoracic aortic aneurysm. EBioMedicine 2022; 81:104080. [PMID: 35636318 PMCID: PMC9156889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) is the permanent dilation of the thoracic aortic wall that predisposes patients to lethal events such as aortic dissection or rupture, for which effective medical therapy remains scarce. Human-relevant microphysiological models serve as a promising tool in drug screening and discovery. Methods We developed a dynamic, rhythmically stretching, three-dimensional microphysiological model. Using patient-derived human aortic smooth muscle cells (HAoSMCs), we tested the biological features of the model and compared them with native aortic tissues. Drug testing was performed on the individualized TAA models, and the potentially effective drug was further tested using β-aminopropionitrile-treated mice and retrospective clinical data. Findings The HAoSMCs on the model recapitulated the expressions of many TAA-related genes in tissue. Phenotypic switching and mitochondrial dysfunction, two disease hallmarks of TAA, were highlighted on the microphysiological model: the TAA-derived HAoSMCs exhibited lower alpha-smooth muscle actin expression, lower mitochondrial membrane potential, lower oxygen consumption rate and higher superoxide accumulation than control cells, while these differences were not evidently reflected in two-dimensional culture flasks. Model-based drug testing demonstrated that metformin partially recovered contractile phenotype and mitochondrial function in TAA patients’ cells. Mouse experiment and clinical investigations also demonstrated better preserved aortic microstructure, higher nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide level and lower aortic diameter with metformin treatment. Interpretation These findings support the application of this human-relevant microphysiological model in studying personalized disease characteristics and facilitating drug discovery for TAA. Metformin may regulate contractile phenotypes and metabolic dysfunctions in diseased HAoSMCs and limit aortic dilation. Funding This work was supported by grants from National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC1005002), National Natural Science Foundation of China (82070482, 81771971, 81772007, 51927805, and 21734003), the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (20ZR1411700, 18ZR1407000, 17JC1400200, and 20YF1406900), Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2017SHZDZX01), and Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (Innovation Program 2017-01-07-00-07-E00027). Y.S.Z. was not supported by any of these funds; instead, the Brigham Research Institute is acknowledged.
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9
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Manokawinchoke J, Limraksasin P, Okawa H, Pavasant P, Egusa H, Osathanon T. Intermittent compressive force induces cell cycling and reduces apoptosis in embryoid bodies of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. Int J Oral Sci 2022; 14:1. [PMID: 34980892 PMCID: PMC8724316 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro manipulation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by environmental factors is of great interest for three-dimensional (3D) tissue/organ induction. The effects of mechanical force depend on many factors, including force and cell type. However, information on such effects in iPSCs is lacking. The aim of this study was to identify a molecular mechanism in iPSCs responding to intermittent compressive force (ICF) by analyzing the global gene expression profile. Embryoid bodies of mouse iPSCs, attached on a tissue culture plate in 3D form, were subjected to ICF in serum-free culture medium for 24 h. Gene ontology analyses for RNA sequencing data demonstrated that genes differentially regulated by ICF were mainly associated with metabolic processes, membrane and protein binding. Topology-based analysis demonstrated that ICF induced genes in cell cycle categories and downregulated genes associated with metabolic processes. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database revealed differentially regulated genes related to the p53 signaling pathway and cell cycle. qPCR analysis demonstrated significant upregulation of Ccnd1, Cdk6 and Ccng1. Flow cytometry showed that ICF induced cell cycle and proliferation, while reducing the number of apoptotic cells. ICF also upregulated transforming growth factor β1 (Tgfb1) at both mRNA and protein levels, and pretreatment with a TGF-β inhibitor (SB431542) prior to ICF abolished ICF-induced Ccnd1 and Cdk6 expression. Taken together, these findings show that TGF-β signaling in iPSCs enhances proliferation and decreases apoptosis in response to ICF, that could give rise to an efficient protocol to manipulate iPSCs for organoid fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeranan Manokawinchoke
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.,Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Phoonsuk Limraksasin
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.,Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Hiroko Okawa
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Prasit Pavasant
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Egusa
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan. .,Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Thanaphum Osathanon
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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10
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Karakaya C, van Asten JGM, Ristori T, Sahlgren CM, Loerakker S. Mechano-regulated cell-cell signaling in the context of cardiovascular tissue engineering. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 21:5-54. [PMID: 34613528 PMCID: PMC8807458 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01521-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular tissue engineering (CVTE) aims to create living tissues, with the ability to grow and remodel, as replacements for diseased blood vessels and heart valves. Despite promising results, the (long-term) functionality of these engineered tissues still needs improvement to reach broad clinical application. The functionality of native tissues is ensured by their specific mechanical properties directly arising from tissue organization. We therefore hypothesize that establishing a native-like tissue organization is vital to overcome the limitations of current CVTE approaches. To achieve this aim, a better understanding of the growth and remodeling (G&R) mechanisms of cardiovascular tissues is necessary. Cells are the main mediators of tissue G&R, and their behavior is strongly influenced by both mechanical stimuli and cell-cell signaling. An increasing number of signaling pathways has also been identified as mechanosensitive. As such, they may have a key underlying role in regulating the G&R of tissues in response to mechanical stimuli. A more detailed understanding of mechano-regulated cell-cell signaling may thus be crucial to advance CVTE, as it could inspire new methods to control tissue G&R and improve the organization and functionality of engineered tissues, thereby accelerating clinical translation. In this review, we discuss the organization and biomechanics of native cardiovascular tissues; recent CVTE studies emphasizing the obtained engineered tissue organization; and the interplay between mechanical stimuli, cell behavior, and cell-cell signaling. In addition, we review past contributions of computational models in understanding and predicting mechano-regulated tissue G&R and cell-cell signaling to highlight their potential role in future CVTE strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Karakaya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jordy G M van Asten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Tommaso Ristori
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cecilia M Sahlgren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biosciences, Åbo Akademi, Turku, Finland
| | - Sandra Loerakker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands. .,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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11
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Jensen LF, Bentzon JF, Albarrán-Juárez J. The Phenotypic Responses of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Exposed to Mechanical Cues. Cells 2021; 10:2209. [PMID: 34571858 PMCID: PMC8469800 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the development of atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases, vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) located in the intima and media of blood vessels shift from a contractile state towards other phenotypes that differ substantially from differentiated SMCs. In addition, these cells acquire new functions, such as the production of alternative extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and signal molecules. A similar shift in cell phenotype is observed when SMCs are removed from their native environment and placed in a culture, presumably due to the absence of the physiological signals that maintain and regulate the SMC phenotype in the vasculature. The far majority of studies describing SMC functions have been performed under standard culture conditions in which cells adhere to a rigid and static plastic plate. While these studies have contributed to discovering key molecular pathways regulating SMCs, they have a significant limitation: the ECM microenvironment and the mechanical forces transmitted through the matrix to SMCs are generally not considered. Here, we review and discuss the recent literature on how the mechanical forces and derived biochemical signals have been shown to modulate the vascular SMC phenotype and provide new perspectives about their importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Filt Jensen
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (L.F.J.); (J.F.B.)
| | - Jacob Fog Bentzon
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (L.F.J.); (J.F.B.)
- Experimental Pathology of Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Julian Albarrán-Juárez
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (L.F.J.); (J.F.B.)
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12
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The molecular mechanism of mechanotransduction in vascular homeostasis and disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 134:2399-2418. [PMID: 32936305 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels are constantly exposed to mechanical stimuli such as shear stress due to flow and pulsatile stretch. The extracellular matrix maintains the structural integrity of the vessel wall and coordinates with a dynamic mechanical environment to provide cues to initiate intracellular signaling pathway(s), thereby changing cellular behaviors and functions. However, the precise role of matrix-cell interactions involved in mechanotransduction during vascular homeostasis and disease development remains to be fully determined. In this review, we introduce hemodynamics forces in blood vessels and the initial sensors of mechanical stimuli, including cell-cell junctional molecules, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), multiple ion channels, and a variety of small GTPases. We then highlight the molecular mechanotransduction events in the vessel wall triggered by laminar shear stress (LSS) and disturbed shear stress (DSS) on vascular endothelial cells (ECs), and cyclic stretch in ECs and vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs)-both of which activate several key transcription factors. Finally, we provide a recent overview of matrix-cell interactions and mechanotransduction centered on fibronectin in ECs and thrombospondin-1 in SMCs. The results of this review suggest that abnormal mechanical cues or altered responses to mechanical stimuli in EC and SMCs serve as the molecular basis of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension and aortic aneurysms. Collecting evidence and advancing knowledge on the mechanotransduction in the vessel wall can lead to a new direction of therapeutic interventions for vascular diseases.
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Mathieu PS, Fitzpatrick E, Di Luca M, Cahill PA, Lally C. Resident multipotent vascular stem cells exhibit amplitude dependent strain avoidance similar to that of vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 521:762-768. [PMID: 31706573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and presents as a narrowing or occlusion of the arterial lumen. Interventions to re-open the arterial lumen can result in re-occlusion through intimal hyperplasia. Historically only de-differentiated vascular smooth muscle cells were thought to contribute to intimal hyperplasia. However recent significant evidence suggests that resident medial multipotent vascular stem cells (MVSC) may also play a role. We therefore investigated the strain response of MVSC since these resident cells are also subjected to strain within their native environment. Accordingly, we applied uniaxial 1 Hz cyclic uniaxial tensile strain at three amplitudes around a mean strain of 5%, (4-6%, 2-8% and 0-10%) to either rat MVSC or rat VSMC before their strain response was evaluated. While both cell types strain avoid, the strain avoidant response was greater for MVSC after 24 h, while VSMC strain avoid to a greater degree after 72 h. Additionally, both cell types increase strain avoidance as strain amplitude is increased. Moreover, MVSC and VSMC both demonstrate a strain-induced decrease in cell number, an effect more pronounced for MVSC. These experiments demonstrate for the first time the mechano-sensitivity of MVSC that may influence intimal thickening, and emphasizes the importance of strain amplitude in controlling the response of vascular cells in tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattie S Mathieu
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emma Fitzpatrick
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mariana Di Luca
- School of Biotechnology, Vascular Biology & Therapeutics Group, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paul A Cahill
- School of Biotechnology, Vascular Biology & Therapeutics Group, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Caitríona Lally
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Comparative study of variations in mechanical stress and strain of human blood vessels: mechanical reference for vascular cell mechano-biology. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:519-531. [PMID: 31494790 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The diseases of human blood vessels are closely associated with local mechanical variations. A better understanding of the quantitative correlation in mechanical environment between the current mechano-biological studies and vascular physiological or pathological conditions in vivo is crucial for evaluating numerous existing results and exploring new factors for disease discovery. In this study, six representative human blood vessels with known experimental measurements were selected, and their stress and strain variations in vessel walls under different blood pressures were analyzed based on nonlinear elastic theory. The results suggest that conventional mechano-biological experiments seeking the different biological expressions of cells at high/low mechanical loadings are ambiguous as references for studying vascular diseases, because distinct "site-specific" characteristics appear in different vessels. The present results demonstrate that the inner surface of the vessel wall does not always suffer the most severe stretch under high blood pressures comparing to the outer surface. Higher tension on the outer surface of aortas supports the hypothesis of the outside-in inflammation dominated by aortic adventitial fibroblasts. These results indicate that cellular studies at different mechanical niches should be "disease-specific" as well. The present results demonstrate considerable stress gradients across the wall thickness, which indicate micro-scale mechanical variations existing around the vascular cells, and imply that the physiological or pathological changes are not static processes confined within isolated regions, but are coupled with dynamic cell behaviors such as migration. The results suggest that the stress gradients, as well as the mechanical stresses and strains, are key factors constituting the mechanical niches, which may shed new light on "factor-specific" experiments of vascular cell mechano-biology.
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15
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Keshavarzian M, Meyer CA, Hayenga HN. In Silico Tissue Engineering: A Coupled Agent-Based Finite Element Approach. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2019; 25:641-654. [PMID: 31392930 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2019.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the increase in prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and the limited availability of autologous blood vessels and saphenous vein grafts have motivated the development of tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs). However, compliance mismatch and poor mechanical properties of the TEVGs remain as two major issues that need to be addressed. Researchers have investigated the role of various culture conditions and mechanical conditioning in deposition and orientation of collagen fibers, which are the key structural components in the vascular wall; however, the intrinsic complexity of mechanobiological interactions demands implementing new engineering approaches that allow researchers to investigate various scenarios more efficiently. In this study, we utilized a coupled agent-based finite element analysis (AB-FEA) modeling approach to study the effect of various loading modes (uniaxial, biaxial, and equibiaxial), boundary conditions, stretch magnitudes, and growth factor concentrations on growth and remodeling of smooth muscle cell-populated TEVGs, with specific focus on collagen deposition and orientation. Our simulations (12 weeks of culture) showed that biaxial cyclic loading (and not uniaxial or equibiaxial) leads to alignment of collagen fibers in the physiological directions. Moreover, axial boundary conditions of the TEVG act as determinants of fiber orientations. Decreasing the serum concentration, from 10% to 5% or 1%, significantly decreased the growth and remodeling speed, but only affected the fiber orientation in the 1% serum case. In conclusion, in silico tissue engineering has the potential to evolve the future of tissue engineering, as it will allow researchers to conceptualize various interactions and investigate numerous scenarios with great speed. In this study, we were able to predict the orientation of collagen fibers in TEVGs using a coupled AB-FEA model in less than 8 h. Impact Statement Tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) hold potential to replace the current gold standard of vascular grafting, saphenous vein grafts. However, developing TEVGs that mimic the mechanical performance of the native tissue remains a challenging task. We developed a computational model of the grafts' remodeling processes and studied the effects of various loading mechanisms and culture conditions on collagen fiber orientation, which is a key factor in mechanical performance of the grafts. We were able to predict the fiber orientations accurately and show that biaxial loading and axial boundary conditions are important factors in collagen fiber organization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clark A Meyer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas
| | - Heather N Hayenga
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas
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Nakayama KH, Alcazar C, Yang G, Quarta M, Paine P, Doan L, Davies A, Rando TA, Huang NF. Rehabilitative exercise and spatially patterned nanofibrillar scaffolds enhance vascularization and innervation following volumetric muscle loss. NPJ Regen Med 2018; 3:16. [PMID: 30245849 PMCID: PMC6141593 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-018-0054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle regeneration can be permanently impaired by traumatic injuries, despite the high regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle. Implantation of engineered biomimetic scaffolds to the site of muscle ablation may serve as an attractive off-the-shelf therapeutic approach. The objective of the study was to histologically assess the therapeutic benefit of a three-dimensional spatially patterned collagen scaffold, in conjunction with rehabilitative exercise, for treatment of volumetric muscle loss. To mimic the physiologic organization of skeletal muscle, which is generally composed of myofibers aligned in parallel, three-dimensional parallel-aligned nanofibrillar collagen scaffolds were fabricated. When implanted into the ablated murine tibialis anterior muscle, the aligned nanofibrillar scaffolds, in conjunction with voluntary caged wheel exercise, significantly improved the density of perfused microvessels, in comparison to treatments of the randomly oriented nanofibrillar scaffold, decellularized scaffold, or in the untreated control group. The abundance of neuromuscular junctions was 19-fold higher when treated with aligned nanofibrillar scaffolds in conjunction with exercise, in comparison to treatment of aligned scaffold without exercise. Although, the density of de novo myofibers was not significantly improved by aligned scaffolds, regardless of exercise activity, the cross-sectional area of regenerating myofibers was increased by > 60% when treated with either aligned and randomly oriented scaffolds, in comparison to treatment of decellularized scaffold or untreated controls. These findings demonstrate that voluntary exercise improved the regenerative effect of aligned scaffolds by augmenting neurovascularization, and have important implications in the design of engineered biomimetic scaffolds for treatment of traumatic muscle injury. A collagen scaffold designed to mimic skeletal muscle, together with rehabilitative exercise, can help regenerate nerves and blood vessels following traumatic muscle injury. Ngan Huang from Stanford University, California, USA, and colleagues created scaffolding composed of collagen nanofibers aligned in parallel, as natural muscle fibers are. They implanted these specially patterned collagen constructs into the shins of mice that had no tibialis anterior muscles. Mice given the opportunity to exercise formed far more nerve connections in their injured muscles compared to mice without exercise wheels in their cages. Active mice also developed significantly more blood vessels in their injured muscles with the parallel-aligned scaffolds compared to other animals with randomly oriented scaffolds, decellularized scaffolds or no implant at all. The findings highlight the potential of combining exercise and biomimetic scaffolds to treat muscle trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina H Nakayama
- 1Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.,2The Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.,3Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Cynthia Alcazar
- 1Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
| | - Guang Yang
- 1Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.,2The Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Marco Quarta
- 1Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.,4Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304 USA
| | - Patrick Paine
- 1Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
| | - Linda Doan
- 1Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
| | - Adam Davies
- 1Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
| | - Thomas A Rando
- 1Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.,4Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304 USA
| | - Ngan F Huang
- 1Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.,2The Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.,3Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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17
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Guo F, Yang L, Luo J, Quan H, Wang Z, Peng H, Hong C, Li J, Jiang Z, Zhang L, Qin X. Involvement of CGRP-RCP in the caveolin-1/ERK1/2 signal pathway in the static pressure-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6910-6920. [PMID: 29741760 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous study suggested that the receptor component protein (RCP), one of the components of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor, plays a multiple role in the cellular signal transduction. The study was designed to investigate whether or not the RCP involved in the regulation of caveolin-1/extracellular signal-regulated kinases-1 and -2 (ERK1/2) signal pathway in the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation induced by static pressure. Mouse-derived VSMCs line A10 (A10 VSMCs) was served as project in this experiment. Results showed that the A10 VSMCs viability and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression which were increased by static pressure were inhibited by pretreatment of CGRP. In like manner, the expressions of the decreased-caveolin-1 and the increased-phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) induced by static pressure were significantly reversed by pretreatment of CGRP, respectively. Meanwhile, the expression of RCP was up-regulated by the static pressure. Silence of RCP gene with the small interrupt RNA (siRNA) not only significantly increased A10 VSMC proliferation but also increased the expression of p-ERK1/2 in response to static pressure. When treatment of A10 VSMCs with 120-mmHg static pressure for different time, however, the protein band of caveolin-1 and RCP was the least at time point of 10 min, but the p-ERK1/2 expression was the most maximum. In conclusion, RCP maybe involved in the static pressure-induced A10 VSMCs proliferation by regulation of caveolin-1/ERK1/2 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Guo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Li Yang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jingfei Luo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Haiyan Quan
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hongyan Peng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Chenliang Hong
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jie Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhisheng Jiang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Palmer Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Palmer College of Chiropractic, Port Orange, Florida
| | - Xuping Qin
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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18
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Davenport C, Harper E, Rochfort KD, Forde H, Smith D, Cummins PM. RANKL Inhibits the Production of Osteoprotegerin from Smooth Muscle Cells under Basal Conditions and following Exposure to Cyclic Strain. J Vasc Res 2018; 55:111-123. [PMID: 29635231 DOI: 10.1159/000486787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) promotes vascular calcification, while osteoprotegerin (OPG) opposes it by blocking RANKL activity. It remains unclear which vascular cell populations produce and secrete OPG/RANKL. This study characterizes the production of OPG/RANKL from human aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells (HAECs and HASMCs) under various conditions. HAECs and HASMCs were exposed to inflammatory stimuli (tumor necrosis factor-α or hyperglycemia) or physiological levels of hemodynamic (cyclic) strain. After 72 h, both cells and supernatant media were harvested for assessment of OPG/RANKL production. Based on initial findings, the experiments involving HASMCs were then repeated in the presence of exogenous RANKL. OPG was produced and secreted by HASMCs and (to a considerably lesser degree) HAECs under basal conditions. Inflammatory stimuli upregulated OPG production in both cell populations. Cyclic strain significantly upregulated OPG production in HASMCs. Neither cell population produced RANKL. Exposing HASMCs to exogenous RANKL inhibited basal OPG production and completely abrogated the strain-mediated upregulation of OPG. These data suggest that HASMCs are a significant source of OPG within the vasculature but that RANKL, once present, downregulates this production and appears capable of preventing the "protective" upregulation of OPG seen with HASMCs exposed to physiological levels of cyclic strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Davenport
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emma Harper
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Keith D Rochfort
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.,National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hannah Forde
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Diarmuid Smith
- Department of Academic Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philip M Cummins
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.,National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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In vitro remodeling and structural characterization of degradable polymer scaffold-based tissue-engineered vascular grafts using optical coherence tomography. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 370:417-426. [PMID: 28887711 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-destructive imaging strategies to monitor long-term cultures is essential for vascular engineering. The goal of this study is to investigate whether optical coherence tomography (OCT) can be a suitable approach to monitor the long-term remodeling process of biodegradable polymeric scaffold-based tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVG) after pulsatile stimulation and to observe polymeric scaffold degradation during bioreactor cultivation. In the present study, a perfusion system driven by a ventricular assist device was provided for a three-dimensional culture system as a pulsatile force. We characterized the structural features of wall thickness and polyglycolic acid degradation based on optical signal attenuation using catheter-based OCT. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed morphological changes. Also, polymer degradation and the detection of different types of collagen was visualized after 4 weeks of culture by means of polarized microscopy. Findings on OCT imaging correlated with those on histological examination and revealed the effects of pulsatile stimulation on the development of engineered vessels. This finding demonstrated that real-time imaging with OCT may be a promising tool for monitoring the growth and remodeling characterization of TEVG and provide a basis to promote the ideal and long-term culture of vascular tissue engineering.
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20
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Keshavarzian M, Meyer CA, Hayenga HN. Mechanobiological model of arterial growth and remodeling. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2017; 17:87-101. [PMID: 28823079 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-017-0946-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A coupled agent-based model (ABM) and finite element analysis (FEA) computational framework is developed to study the interplay of bio-chemo-mechanical factors in blood vessels and their role in maintaining homeostasis. The agent-based model implements the power of REPAST Simphony libraries and adapts its environment for biological simulations. Coupling a continuum-level model (FEA) to a cellular-level model (ABM) has enabled this computational framework to capture the response of blood vessels to increased or decreased levels of growth factors, proteases and other signaling molecules (on the micro scale) as well as altered blood pressure. Performance of the model is assessed by simulating porcine left anterior descending artery under normotensive conditions and transient increases in blood pressure and by analyzing sensitivity of the model to variations in the rule parameters of the ABM. These simulations proved that the model is stable under normotensive conditions and can recover from transient increases in blood pressure. Sensitivity studies revealed that the model is most sensitive to variations in the concentration of growth factors that affect cellular proliferation and regulate extracellular matrix composition (mainly collagen).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziyar Keshavarzian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Clark A Meyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Heather N Hayenga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
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21
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The arterial microenvironment: the where and why of atherosclerosis. Biochem J 2017; 473:1281-95. [PMID: 27208212 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the large and medium sized arteries is classically driven by systemic factors, such as elevated cholesterol and blood pressure. However, work over the past several decades has established that atherosclerotic plaque development involves a complex coordination of both systemic and local cues that ultimately determine where plaques form and how plaques progress. Although current therapeutics for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease primarily target the systemic risk factors, a large array of studies suggest that the local microenvironment, including arterial mechanics, matrix remodelling and lipid deposition, plays a vital role in regulating the local susceptibility to plaque development through the regulation of vascular cell function. Additionally, these microenvironmental stimuli are capable of tuning other aspects of the microenvironment through collective adaptation. In this review, we will discuss the components of the arterial microenvironment, how these components cross-talk to shape the local microenvironment, and the effect of microenvironmental stimuli on vascular cell function during atherosclerotic plaque formation.
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22
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Xu ZC, Zhang Q, Li H. Engineering of the human vessel wall with hair follicle stem cells in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:417-422. [PMID: 27959397 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.6013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) are increasingly used as a stem cell paradigm in vascular tissue engineering due to the fact that they are a rich source of easily accessible multipotent adult stem cells. Promising results have been demonstrated with small diameter (less than 6 mm) tissue engineered blood vessels under low blood pressure, however engineering large vessels (>6 mm in diameter) remains a challenge due to the fact it demands a higher number of seed cells and higher quality biomechanical properties. The aim of the current study was to engineer a large vessel (6 mm in diameter) with differentiated smooth muscle cells (SMCs) induced from human (h)HFSCs using transforming growth factor‑β1 and platelet‑derived growth factor BB in combination with low‑serum culture medium. The cells were seeded onto polyglycolic acid and then wrapped around a silicone tube and further cultured in vitro. A round vessel wall was formed subsequent to 8 weeks of culture. Histological examination indicated that layers of smooth muscle‑like cells and collagenous fibres were oriented in the induced group. In contrast, disorganised cells and collagenous fibres were apparent in the undifferentiated group. The approach developed in the current study demonstrated potential for constructing large muscular vessels with differentiated SMCs induced from hHFSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Cheng Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Life Information and Instrument Engineering, Hangzhou Electronic Science and Technology University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
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23
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Chawla V, Simionescu A, Langan EM, LaBerge M. Influence of Clinically Relevant Mechanical Forces on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Under Chronic High Glucose: An In Vitro Dynamic Disease Model. Ann Vasc Surg 2016; 34:212-26. [PMID: 27126714 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we subjected vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) to acute and chronic high glucose conditions under physiologically relevant levels of cyclic strain and low wall shear forces to compare phenotypic modulation and thus conceptualize a dynamic-disease test model which captures cellular response more accurately in comparison with static cultures. METHODS P2-P6 rat aortic smooth muscle cells were seeded on type I collagen-coated silicone membranes and subjected to 0-7% cyclic strain at 1 Hz and 0.3 dynes/cm(2) shear stress from flow for 24 hr under acute (25 mM d-glucose, 84 hr) and chronic high glucose conditions (25 mM d-glucose, 3-4 weeks). Samples were analyzed for cell proliferation, percent apoptosis, cellular hypertrophy, and expression levels of smooth muscle contractile state-associated markers with 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS Concomitant application of cyclic strain and flow shear resulted in an overall increase in proliferation of VSMCs under both acute and chronic high glucose conditions as compared with normal glucose control (P < 0.0001). Application of both cyclic strain and cyclic strain shear resulted in a significant increase in percent apoptosis with chronic high glucose treatment in comparison with both normal glucose controls (P < 0.0001) and acute high glucose (P < 0.0001). Cellular hypertrophy as estimated by measuring cell area and aspect ratio revealed a significantly altered morphology due to concomitant loading under chronic high glucose conditions with significantly higher cell area (P < 0.0001) and lower aspect ratio (P < 0.0001) indicative of a relatively rounded morphology as compared with normal glucose controls. Western blot analysis demonstrated reduced expression of SM α-actin (P < 0.0001), calponin (P < 0.0001), and SM22α (P = 0.0008) for concomitant loading under chronic high glucose treatment as compared with normal glucose controls. CONCLUSIONS Concomitant application of cyclic strain and low wall shear stress resulted in greater phenotypic modulation of VSMCs due to chronic high glucose treatment as compared with normal glucose controls, thus implicating cellular-response differences which may impact progression of in-stent restenosis in diabetic patients with poorly controlled hyperglycemia. Similarity of VSMC response from our study to existing preclinical models of diabetes and reports of altered phenotype of VSMCs isolated from diabetic patients substantiate the relevance of our dynamic disease test model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Chawla
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | | | - Eugene M Langan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Greenville Health System, Greenville, SC
| | - Martine LaBerge
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC.
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24
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Yao R, Wong JY. The effects of mechanical stimulation on controlling and maintaining marrow stromal cell differentiation into vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biomech Eng 2015; 137:020907. [PMID: 25429403 DOI: 10.1115/1.4029255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For patients suffering from severe coronary heart disease (CHD), the development of a cell-based tissue engineered blood vessel (TEBV) has great potential to overcome current issues with synthetic graft materials. While marrow stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising source of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) for TEBV construction, they have been shown to differentiate into both the VSMC and osteoblast lineages under different rates of dynamic strain. Determining the permanence of strain-induced MSC differentiation into VSMCs is therefore a significant step toward successful TEBV development. In this study, initial experiments where a cyclic 10% strain was imposed on MSCs for 24 h at 0.1 Hz, 0.5 Hz, and 1 Hz determined that cells stretched at 1 Hz expressed significantly higher levels of VSMC-specific genetic and protein markers compared to samples stretched at 0.1 Hz. Conversely, samples stretched at 0.1 Hz expressed higher levels of osteoblast-specific genetic and protein markers compared to the samples stretched at 1 Hz. More importantly, sequential application of 24-48 h periods of 0.1 Hz and 1 Hz strain-induced genetic and protein marker expression levels similar to the VSMC profile seen with 1 Hz alone. This effect was observed regardless of whether the cells were first strained at 0.1 Hz followed by strain at 1 Hz, or vice versa. Our results suggest that the strain-induced VSMC phenotype is a more terminally differentiated state than the strain-induced osteoblast phenotype, and as result, VSMC obtained from strain-induced differentiation would have potential uses in TEBV construction.
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Yang YC, Wang XD, Huang K, Wang L, Jiang ZL, Qi YX. Temporal phosphoproteomics to investigate the mechanotransduction of vascular smooth muscle cells in response to cyclic stretch. J Biomech 2014; 47:3622-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Raaz U, Toh R, Maegdefessel L, Adam M, Nakagami F, Emrich FC, Spin JM, Tsao PS. Hemodynamic regulation of reactive oxygen species: implications for vascular diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:914-28. [PMID: 23879326 PMCID: PMC3924901 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Arterial blood vessels functionally and structurally adapt to altering hemodynamic forces in order to accommodate changing needs and to provide stress homeostasis. This ability is achieved at the cellular level by converting mechanical stimulation into biochemical signals (i.e., mechanotransduction). Physiological mechanical stress helps maintain vascular structure and function, whereas pathologic or aberrant stress may impair cellular mechano-signaling, and initiate or augment cellular processes that drive disease. RECENT ADVANCES Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may represent an intriguing class of mechanically regulated second messengers. Chronically enhanced ROS generation may be induced by adverse mechanical stresses, and is associated with a multitude of vascular diseases. Although a causal relationship has clearly been demonstrated in large numbers of animal studies, an effective ROS-modulating therapy still remains to be established by clinical studies. CRITICAL ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS This review article focuses on the role of various mechanical forces (in the form of laminar shear stress, oscillatory shear stress, or cyclic stretch) as modulators of ROS-driven signaling, and their subsequent effects on vascular biology and homeostasis, as well as on specific diseases such as arteriosclerosis, hypertension, and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Specifically, it highlights the significance of the various NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoforms as critical ROS generators in the vasculature. Directed targeting of defined components in the complex network of ROS (mechano-)signaling may represent a key for successful translation of experimental findings into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Raaz
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
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Dinardo CL, Venturini G, Zhou EH, Watanabe IS, Campos LCG, Dariolli R, da Motta-Leal-Filho JM, Carvalho VM, Cardozo KHM, Krieger JE, Alencar AM, Pereira AC. Variation of mechanical properties and quantitative proteomics of VSMC along the arterial tree. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H505-16. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00655.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are thought to assume a quiescent and homogeneous mechanical behavior after arterial tree development phase. However, VSMCs are known to be molecularly heterogeneous in other aspects and their mechanics may play a role in pathological situations. Our aim was to evaluate VSMCs from different arterial beds in terms of mechanics and proteomics, as well as investigate factors that may influence this phenotype. VSMCs obtained from seven arteries were studied using optical magnetic twisting cytometry (both in static state and after stretching) and shotgun proteomics. VSMC mechanical data were correlated with anatomical parameters and ultrastructural images of their vessels of origin. Femoral, renal, abdominal aorta, carotid, mammary, and thoracic aorta exhibited descending order of stiffness (G, P < 0.001). VSMC mechanical data correlated with the vessel percentage of elastin and amount of surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), which decreased with the distance from the heart. After 48 h of stretching simulating regional blood flow of elastic arteries, VSMCs exhibited a reduction in basal rigidity. VSMCs from the thoracic aorta expressed a significantly higher amount of proteins related to cytoskeleton structure and organization vs. VSMCs from the femoral artery. VSMCs are heterogeneous in terms of mechanical properties and expression/organization of cytoskeleton proteins along the arterial tree. The mechanical phenotype correlates with the composition of ECM and can be modulated by cyclic stretching imposed on VSMCs by blood flow circumferential stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Luana Dinardo
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Venturini
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Enhua H. Zhou
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ii Sei Watanabe
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Anatomy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Dariolli
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - José Eduardo Krieger
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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Maegdefessel L, Dalman RL, Tsao PS. Pathogenesis of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: MicroRNAs, Proteases, Genetic Associations. Annu Rev Med 2014; 65:49-62. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-101712-174206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald L. Dalman
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305;
| | - Philip S. Tsao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305;
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
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Yamashita O, Yoshimura K, Nagasawa A, Ueda K, Morikage N, Ikeda Y, Hamano K. Periostin links mechanical strain to inflammation in abdominal aortic aneurysm. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79753. [PMID: 24260297 PMCID: PMC3833967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are characterized by chronic inflammation, which contributes to the pathological remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Although mechanical stress has been suggested to promote inflammation in AAA, the molecular mechanism remains uncertain. Periostin is a matricellular protein known to respond to mechanical strain. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of periostin in mechanotransduction in the pathogenesis of AAA. METHODS AND RESULTS We found significant increases in periostin protein levels in the walls of human AAA specimens. Tissue localization of periostin was associated with inflammatory cell infiltration and destruction of elastic fibers. We examined whether mechanical strain could stimulate periostin expression in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Cells subjected to 20% uniaxial cyclic strains showed significant increases in periostin protein expression, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation, and secretions of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and the active form of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2. These changes were largely abolished by a periostin-neutralizing antibody and by the FAK inhibitor, PF573228. Interestingly, inhibition of either periostin or FAK caused suppression of the other, indicating a positive feedback loop. In human AAA tissues in ex vivo culture, MCP-1 secretion was dramatically suppressed by PF573228. Moreover, in vivo, periaortic application of recombinant periostin in mice led to FAK activation and MCP-1 upregulation in the aortic walls, which resulted in marked cellular infiltration. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that periostin plays an important role in mechanotransduction that maintains inflammation via FAK activation in AAA.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/genetics
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Female
- Focal Adhesion Kinase 1/genetics
- Focal Adhesion Kinase 1/metabolism
- Humans
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Rats
- Up-Regulation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yamashita
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Koichi Yoshimura
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
- Graduate School of Health and Welfare, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ayako Nagasawa
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Koshiro Ueda
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Morikage
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Kimikazu Hamano
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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Smooth muscle phenotype switching in blast traumatic brain injury-induced cerebral vasospasm. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 5:385-93. [PMID: 24323722 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to increased survival rates among soldiers exposed to explosive blasts, blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) has become much more prevalent in recent years. Cerebral vasospasm (CVS) is a common manifestation of brain injury whose incidence is significantly increased in bTBI. CVS is characterized by initial vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) hypercontractility, followed by prolonged vessel remodeling and lumen occlusion, and is traditionally associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), but recent results suggest that mechanical injury during bTBI can cause mechanotransduced VSMC hypercontractility and phenotype switching necessary for CVS development, even in the absence of SAH. Here, we review the mechanisms by which mechanical stimulation and SAH can synergistically drive CVS progression, complicating treatment options in bTBI patients.
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Tajsic T, Morrell NW. Smooth muscle cell hypertrophy, proliferation, migration and apoptosis in pulmonary hypertension. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:295-317. [PMID: 23737174 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a multifactorial disease characterized by sustained elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP). Central to the pathobiology of this disease is the process of vascular remodelling. This process involves structural and functional changes to the normal architecture of the walls of pulmonary arteries (PAs) that lead to increased muscularization of the muscular PAs, muscularization of the peripheral, previously nonmuscular, arteries of the respiratory acinus, formation of neointima, and formation of plexiform lesions. Underlying or contributing to the development of these lesions is hypertrophy, proliferation, migration, and resistance to apoptosis of medial cells and this article is concerned with the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these processes. In the first part of the article we focus on the concept of smooth muscle cell phenotype and the difficulties surrounding the identification and characterization of the cell/cells involved in the remodelling of the vessel media and we review the general mechanisms of cell hypertrophy, proliferation, migration and apoptosis. Then, in the larger part of the article, we review the factors identified thus far to be involved in PH intiation and/or progression and review and discuss their effects on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) the predominant cells in the tunica media of PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Tajsic
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Qiu J, Zheng Y, Hu J, Liao D, Gregersen H, Deng X, Fan Y, Wang G. Biomechanical regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell functions: from in vitro to in vivo understanding. J R Soc Interface 2013; 11:20130852. [PMID: 24152813 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) have critical functions in vascular diseases. Haemodynamic factors are important regulators of VSMC functions in vascular pathophysiology. VSMCs are physiologically active in the three-dimensional matrix and interact with the shear stress sensor of endothelial cells (ECs). The purpose of this review is to illustrate how haemodynamic factors regulate VSMC functions under two-dimensional conditions in vitro or three-dimensional co-culture conditions in vivo. Recent advances show that high shear stress induces VSMC apoptosis through endothelial-released nitric oxide and low shear stress upregulates VSMC proliferation and migration through platelet-derived growth factor released by ECs. This differential regulation emphasizes the need to construct more actual environments for future research on vascular diseases (such as atherosclerosis and hypertension) and cardiovascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhui Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory in Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, , Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
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Sha B, Gao W, Wang S, Gou X, Li W, Liang X, Qu Z, Xu F, Lu TJ. Oxidative stress increased hepatotoxicity induced by nano-titanium dioxide in BRL-3A cells and Sprague-Dawley rats. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:345-56. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baoyong Sha
- Lab of Cell Biology & Translational Medicine; Xi'an Medical University; Xi'an 710021 People's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 People's Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710061 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| | - Xingchun Gou
- Lab of Cell Biology & Translational Medicine; Xi'an Medical University; Xi'an 710021 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Graduate School of the Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an 710032 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Liang
- Department of Stomatology; Second Provincial People's Hospital of Gansu; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Qu
- School of Thermal Energy and Power Engineering; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 People's Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 People's Republic of China
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Maegdefessel L, Spin JM, Adam M, Raaz U, Toh R, Nakagami F, Tsao PS. Micromanaging abdominal aortic aneurysms. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14374-94. [PMID: 23852016 PMCID: PMC3742249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease to human morbidity and mortality has increased in the aging, industrialized world. In response, extraordinary efforts have been launched to determine the molecular and pathophysiological characteristics of the diseased aorta. This work aims to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to limit AAA expansion and, ultimately, rupture. Contributions from multiple research groups have uncovered a complex transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory milieu, which is believed to be essential for maintaining aortic vascular homeostasis. Recently, novel small noncoding RNAs, called microRNAs, have been identified as important transcriptional and post-transcriptional inhibitors of gene expression. MicroRNAs are thought to "fine tune" the translational output of their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) by promoting mRNA degradation or inhibiting translation. With the discovery that microRNAs act as powerful regulators in the context of a wide variety of diseases, it is only logical that microRNAs be thoroughly explored as potential therapeutic entities. This current review summarizes interesting findings regarding the intriguing roles and benefits of microRNA expression modulation during AAA initiation and propagation. These studies utilize disease-relevant murine models, as well as human tissue from patients undergoing surgical aortic aneurysm repair. Furthermore, we critically examine future therapeutic strategies with regard to their clinical and translational feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Maegdefessel
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-17176, Sweden; E-Mail:
| | - Joshua M. Spin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5406, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.S.); (M.A.); (U.R.); (R.T.); (F.N.)
| | - Matti Adam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5406, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.S.); (M.A.); (U.R.); (R.T.); (F.N.)
| | - Uwe Raaz
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5406, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.S.); (M.A.); (U.R.); (R.T.); (F.N.)
| | - Ryuji Toh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5406, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.S.); (M.A.); (U.R.); (R.T.); (F.N.)
| | - Futoshi Nakagami
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5406, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.S.); (M.A.); (U.R.); (R.T.); (F.N.)
| | - Philip S. Tsao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5406, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.S.); (M.A.); (U.R.); (R.T.); (F.N.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-650-498-6317; Fax: +1-650-725-2178
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Multiscale Modeling in Vascular Disease and Tissue Engineering. MULTISCALE COMPUTER MODELING IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/8415_2012_159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Song JT, Hu B, Qu HY, Bi CL, Huang XZ, Zhang M. Mechanical stretch modulates microRNA 21 expression, participating in proliferation and apoptosis in cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47657. [PMID: 23082189 PMCID: PMC3474731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Stretch affects vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and apoptosis, and several responsible genes have been proposed. We tested whether the expression of microRNA 21 (miR-21) is modulated by stretch and is involved in stretch-induced proliferation and apoptosis of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). Methods and Results RT-PCR revealed that elevated stretch (16% elongation, 1 Hz) increased miR-21 expression in cultured HASMCs, and moderate stretch (10% elongation, 1 Hz) decreased the expression. BrdU incorporation assay and cell counting showed miR-21 involved in the proliferation of HASMCs mediated by stretch, likely by regulating the expression of p27 and phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (p-Rb). FACS analysis revealed that the complex of miR-21 and programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4) participated in regulating apoptosis with stretch. Stretch increased the expression of primary miR-21 and pre-miR-21 in HASMCs. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) demonstrated that stretch increased NF-κB and AP-1 activities in HASMCs, and blockade of AP-1 activity by c-jun siRNA significantly suppressed stretch-induced miR-21 expression. Conclusions Cyclic stretch modulates miR-21 expression in cultured HASMCs, and miR-21 plays important roles in regulating proliferation and apoptosis mediated by stretch. Stretch upregulates miR-21 expression at least in part at the transcription level and AP-1 is essential for stretch-induced miR-21 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian tao Song
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Mao X, Said R, Louis H, Max JP, Bourhim M, Challande P, Wahl D, Li Z, Regnault V, Lacolley P. Cyclic stretch-induced thrombin generation by rat vascular smooth muscle cells is mediated by the integrin αvβ3 pathway. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 96:513-23. [PMID: 22915765 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic modulation plays a pivotal role in atherothrombotic diseases. Thrombin generation at the surface of VSMCs and activation of integrin mechanotransduction pathways represent potential mechanisms. Here, we examine whether mechanical stretch increases thrombin generation on cultured rat aortic VSMCs. METHODS AND RESULTS The integrin α(v)β(3) antagonist peptide (cRGDPV) dose-dependently decreased thrombin generation without stretch. Static stretch (5%, 1 Hz) failed to modify the thrombin-forming capacity of VSMCs, whereas 10% cyclic stretch during 60 and 360 min enhanced integrin α(v)β(3) expression and thrombin generation at the surface of VSMCs by 30% without inducing apoptosis. Cyclic stretch also stimulated Src phosphorylation, cleavage of talin, and binding of prothrombin to VSMCs. Upregulation of α(v)β(3) expression, Src phosphorylation, and enhanced thrombin generation by cyclic stretch were abolished by cRGDPV and silencing RNA (siRNA) against α(v) as well as by selective inhibition of integrin α(v)β(3) inside-out signalling by a talin-siRNA. Complete abolition of stretch-induced VSMC-supported thrombin generation by the RGT peptide, which disrupts the interaction of Src with the β(3) cytoplasmic tail, demonstrates the link between outside-in pathways involving β(3)-Src interaction and thrombin activity dependent on inside-out signalling. CONCLUSION These data show that the contribution of cyclic stretch to VSMC-supported thrombin generation is driven by the integrin α(v)β(3) signalling pathway and suggest a role for pulsatility-induced intramural thrombin in VSMC-dependent vascular remodelling.
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Cyclic mechanical strain maintains Nanog expression through PI3K/Akt signaling in mouse embryonic stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1726-32. [PMID: 22683858 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical strain has been reported to affect the proliferation/differentiation of many cell types; however, the effects of mechanotransduction on self-renewal as well as pluripotency of embryonic stem (ES) cells remains unknown. To investigate the effects of mechanical strain on mouse ES cell fate, we examined the expression of Nanog, which is an essential regulator of self-renewal and pluripotency as well as Nanog-associated intracellular signaling during uniaxial cyclic mechanical strain. The mouse ES cell line, CCE was plated onto elastic membranes, and we applied 10% strain at 0.17 Hz. The expression of Nanog was reduced during ES cell differentiation in response to the withdrawal of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF); however, two days of cyclic mechanical strain attenuated this reduction of Nanog expression. On the other hand, the cyclic mechanical strain promoted PI3K-Akt signaling, which is reported as an upstream of Nanog transcription. The cyclic mechanical strain-induced Akt phosphorylation was blunted by the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin. Furthermore, cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin polymerization, also inhibited the mechanical strain-induced increase in phospho-Akt. These findings imply that mechanical force plays a role in regulating Nanog expression in ES cells through the actin cytoskeleton-PI3K-Akt signaling.
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Richards JM, Farrar EJ, Kornreich BG, Moïse NS, Butcher JT. The mechanobiology of mitral valve function, degeneration, and repair. J Vet Cardiol 2012; 14:47-58. [PMID: 22366572 PMCID: PMC3586284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In degenerative valve disease, the highly organized mitral valve leaflet matrix stratification is progressively destroyed and replaced with proteoglycan rich, mechanically inadequate tissue. This is driven by the actions of originally quiescent valve interstitial cells that become active contractile and migratory myofibroblasts. While treatment for myxomatous mitral valve disease in humans ranges from repair to total replacement, therapies in dogs focus on treating the consequences of the resulting mitral regurgitation. The fundamental gap in our understanding is how the resident valve cells respond to altered mechanical signals to drive tissue remodeling. Despite the pathological similarities and high clinical occurrence, surprisingly little mechanistic insight has been gleaned from the dog. This review presents what is known about mitral valve mechanobiology from clinical, in vivo, and in vitro data. There are a number of experimental strategies already available to pursue this significant opportunity, but success requires the collaboration between veterinary clinicians, scientists, and engineers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily J. Farrar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA
| | - Bruce G. Kornreich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA
| | - N. Sydney Moïse
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA
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Schmitt S, Hendricks P, Weir J, Somasundaram R, Sittampalam GS, Nirmalanandhan VS. Stretching mechanotransduction from the lung to the lab: approaches and physiological relevance in drug discovery. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2012; 10:137-47. [PMID: 22352900 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2011.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have shown a great deal of interest and research into the understanding of the biological and physiological roles of mechanical forces on cellular behavior. Despite these reports, in vitro screening of new molecular entities for lung ailments is still performed in static cell culture models. Failure to incorporate the effects of mechanical forces during early stages of screening could significantly reduce the success rate of drug candidates in the highly expensive clinical phases of the drug discovery pipeline. The objective of this review is to expand our current understanding of lung mechanotransduction and extend its applicability to cellular physiology and new drug screening paradigms. This review covers early in vivo studies and the importance of mechanical forces in normal lung development, use of different types of bioreactors that simulate in vivo movements in a controlled in vitro cell culture environment, and recent research using dynamic cell culture models. The cells in lungs are subjected to constant stretching (mechanical forces) in regular cycles due to involuntary expansion and contraction during respiration. The effects of stretch on normal and abnormal (disease) lung cells under pathological conditions are discussed. The potential benefits of extending dynamic cell culture models (screening in the presence of forces) and the associated challenges are also discussed in this review. Based on this review, the authors advocate the development of dynamic high throughput screening models that could facilitate the rapid translation of in vitro biology to animal models and clinical efficacy. These concepts are translatable to cardiovascular, digestive, and musculoskeletal tissues and in vitro cell systems employed routinely in drug-screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schmitt
- School of Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66160, USA.
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Fioretta ES, Fledderus JO, Burakowska-Meise EA, Baaijens FPT, Verhaar MC, Bouten CVC. Polymer-based Scaffold Designs For In Situ Vascular Tissue Engineering: Controlling Recruitment and Differentiation Behavior of Endothelial Colony Forming Cells. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:577-90. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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RACK1 Regulates Src Activity on Apoptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Induced by Cyclic Strain. Cell Mol Bioeng 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-011-0185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Zahedmanesh H, Lally C. A multiscale mechanobiological modelling framework using agent-based models and finite element analysis: application to vascular tissue engineering. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2011; 11:363-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-011-0316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Tata U, Xu H, Rao SMN, Chuong CJ, Nguyen KT, Chiao JC. A Novel Multiwell Device to Study Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Responses Under Cyclic Strain. J Nanotechnol Eng Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4003928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are constantly exposed to cyclic stretch in the body, which makes it beneficial to study the effects of cyclic stretch on VSMCs. In this study, we developed a poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) compact six-well device that can be used to study the combined effect of cyclic strain and various growth factors on cultured VSMCs. Cell adhesion, alignment, and proliferation under 10% or 20% cyclic strain at 1 Hz were studied using this surface-enhanced PDMS device. The combined effects of cyclic strain with either transforming growth factor-β, vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, or epidermal growth factor on VSMC proliferation was also examined. Results showed that VSMCs adhered well on the surface-enhanced multiwell device and they aligned perpendicularly to the direction of the cyclic strain. Cell proliferation was inhibited by 10% cyclic strain at 1 Hz compared with static control. The mitogenic effects of the growth factor were less potent under either 10% or 20% cyclic strain. With simple modification to accommodate more wells, this device could potentially be a useful tool for more economical, high throughput screening application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Tata
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019
| | - Hao Xu
- Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75216; Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019
| | - Smitha M. N. Rao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019
| | - Cheng-Jen Chuong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019
| | - Kytai T. Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019
| | - J.-C. Chiao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019
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45
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Thorne BC, Hayenga HN, Humphrey JD, Peirce SM. Toward a multi-scale computational model of arterial adaptation in hypertension: verification of a multi-cell agent based model. Front Physiol 2011; 2:20. [PMID: 21720536 PMCID: PMC3118494 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Agent-based models (ABMs) represent a novel approach to study and simulate complex mechano chemo-biological responses at the cellular level. Such models have been used to simulate a variety of emergent responses in the vasculature, including angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Although not used previously to study large vessel adaptations, we submit that ABMs will prove equally useful in such studies when combined with well-established continuum models to form multi-scale models of tissue-level phenomena. In order to couple agent-based and continuum models, however, there is a need to ensure that each model faithfully represents the best data available at the relevant scale and that there is consistency between models under baseline conditions. Toward this end, we describe the development and verification of an ABM of endothelial and smooth muscle cell responses to mechanical stimuli in a large artery. A refined rule-set is proposed based on a broad literature search, a new scoring system for assigning confidence in the rules, and a parameter sensitivity study. To illustrate the utility of these new methods for rule selection, as well as the consistency achieved with continuum-level models, we simulate the behavior of a mouse aorta during homeostasis and in response to both transient and sustained increases in pressure. The simulated responses depend on the altered cellular production of seven key mitogenic, synthetic, and proteolytic biomolecules, which in turn control the turnover of intramural cells and extracellular matrix. These events are responsible for gross changes in vessel wall morphology. This new ABM is shown to be appropriately stable under homeostatic conditions, insensitive to transient elevations in blood pressure, and responsive to increased intramural wall stress in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C. Thorne
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Heather N. Hayenga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX, USA
| | - Jay D. Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shayn M. Peirce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA, USA
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Combined effects of surface morphology and mechanical straining magnitudes on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells without using biochemical reagents. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:860652. [PMID: 21403908 PMCID: PMC3043320 DOI: 10.1155/2011/860652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing studies examining the control of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation into desired cell types have used a variety of biochemical reagents such as growth factors despite possible side effects. Recently, the roles of biomimetic microphysical environments have drawn much attention in this field. We studied MSC differentiation and changes in gene expression in relation to osteoblast-like cell and smooth muscle-like cell type resulting from various microphysical environments, including differing magnitudes of tensile strain and substrate geometries for 8 days. In addition, we also investigated the residual effects of those selected microphysical environment factors on the differentiation by ceasing those factors for 3 days. The results of this study showed the effects of the strain magnitudes and surface geometries. However, the genes which are related to the same cell type showed different responses depending on the changes in strain magnitude and surface geometry. Also, different responses were observed three days after the straining was stopped. These data confirm that controlling microenvironments so that they mimic those in vivo contributes to the differentiation of MSCs into specific cell types. And duration of straining engagement was also found to play important roles along with surface geometry.
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Beamish JA, He P, Kottke-Marchant K, Marchant RE. Molecular regulation of contractile smooth muscle cell phenotype: implications for vascular tissue engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 16:467-91. [PMID: 20334504 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The molecular regulation of smooth muscle cell (SMC) behavior is reviewed, with particular emphasis on stimuli that promote the contractile phenotype. SMCs can shift reversibly along a continuum from a quiescent, contractile phenotype to a synthetic phenotype, which is characterized by proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. This phenotypic plasticity can be harnessed for tissue engineering. Cultured synthetic SMCs have been used to engineer smooth muscle tissues with organized ECM and cell populations. However, returning SMCs to a contractile phenotype remains a key challenge. This review will integrate recent work on how soluble signaling factors, ECM, mechanical stimulation, and other cells contribute to the regulation of contractile SMC phenotype. The signal transduction pathways and mechanisms of gene expression induced by these stimuli are beginning to be elucidated and provide useful information for the quantitative analysis of SMC phenotype in engineered tissues. Progress in the development of tissue-engineered scaffold systems that implement biochemical, mechanical, or novel polymer fabrication approaches to promote contractile phenotype will also be reviewed. The application of an improved molecular understanding of SMC biology will facilitate the design of more potent cell-instructive scaffold systems to regulate SMC behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Beamish
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7207, USA
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Qi YX, Qu MJ, Yan ZQ, Zhao D, Jiang XH, Shen BR, Jiang ZL. Cyclic strain modulates migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells via Rho-GDIalpha, Rac1, and p38 pathway. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:906-14. [PMID: 20069557 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic strain is an important inducer of proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) which are involved in vascular remodeling during hypertension. However, its mechanism remains to be elucidated. VSMCs of rat aorta were exposed to cyclic strains in vitro with defined parameters, the static, 5%-strain (physiological) and 15%-strain (pathological), at 1.25 Hz for 24 h respectively. Then the possible signaling molecules participated in strain-induced VSMC migration and proliferation were investigated. The results showed that 15%-strain significantly increased VSMC migration and proliferation in comparison with 5%-strain. Expression of Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor alpha (Rho-GDIalpha) was repressed by 15%-strain, but expressions of phospho-Rac1 and phospho-p38 were increased. Expressions of phospho-Akt and phospho-ERK1/2 were similar between the static, 5%-strain and 15%-strain groups. Rho-GDIalpha "knock-down" by target siRNA transfection increased migration and proliferation of VSMCs, and up-regulated phosphorylation of Rac1 and p38 in all groups. Rac1 "knock-down" repressed migration and proliferation of VSMCs, down-regulated phosphorylation of p38, but had no effect on Rho-GDIalpha expression. When siRNAs of Rho-GDIalpha and Rac1 were co-transfected to VSMCs, the expressions of Rho-GDIalpha and phospho-Rac1 were both decreased, and the effects of Rho-GDIalpha "knock-down" were blocked. Rho-GDIalpha "knock-down" promoted while Rac1 "knock-down" postponed the assembly of stress fibers and focal adhesions in static. The results demonstrate that the pathological cyclic strain might induce migration and proliferation of VSMCs via repressing expression of Rho-GDIalpha, which subsequently verified phosphorylations of Rac1 and p38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xin Qi
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Pyle AL, Young PP. Atheromas feel the pressure: biomechanical stress and atherosclerosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:4-9. [PMID: 20558573 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic vascular disease, is the underlying cause of over half the deaths in the United States each year. Variations in local vascular hemodynamics predispose select sites in the vasculature to atherosclerosis, and the atherosclerotic lesions, in turn alter the biomechanical functioning of the local microenvironment, the consequences of which are not well understood on a molecular level. Further progress in the field of atherosclerosis will require an understanding of the relationship between biomechanics, the tissue microenvironment, and the cellular and molecular response to these factors. This review summarizes this field, particularly within the context of the vascular smooth muscle cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Pyle
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 1161 21 Ave. South. C2217A MCN, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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50
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Applying controlled non-uniform deformation for in vitro studies of cell mechanobiology. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2010; 9:329-44. [PMID: 20169395 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-009-0179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cells within connective tissues routinely experience a wide range of non-uniform mechanical loads that regulate many cell behaviors. In this study, we developed an experimental system to produce complex strain patterns for the study of strain magnitude, anisotropy, and gradient effects on cells in culture. A standard equibiaxial cell stretching system was modified by affixing glass coverslips (5, 10, or 15 mm diameter) to the center of 35 mm diameter flexible-bottomed culture wells. Ring inserts were utilized to limit applied strain to different levels in each individual well at a given vacuum pressure thus enabling parallel experiments at different strain levels. Deformation fields were measured using high-density mapping for up to 6% applied strain. The addition of the rigid inclusion creates strong circumferential and radial strain gradients, with a continuous range of stretch anisotropy ranging from strip biaxial to equibiaxial strain and radial strains up to 24% near the inclusion. Dermal fibroblasts seeded within our 2D system (5 mm inclusions; 2% applied strain for 2 days at 0.2 Hz) demonstrated the characteristic orientation perpendicular to the direction of principal strain. Dermal fibroblasts seeded within fibrin gels (5 mm inclusions; 6% applied strain for 8 days at 0.2 Hz) oriented themselves similarly and compacted their surrounding matrix to an increasing extent with local strain magnitude. This study verifies how inhomogeneous strain fields can be produced in a tunable and simply constructed system and demonstrates the potential utility for studying gradients with a continuous spectrum of strain magnitudes and anisotropies.
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